STABLJIKE U OBLIKA SKUPINE AN T H RI SCU S (APIACEAE) U HRVATSKOJ. With Summary in English GORDAN LUKAČ

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1 Acta Bot. Croat. 50, 67 77, CODEN:ABCRA2 ISSN DLAKAVOST SRODSTVENE S I LV E ST RIS AGG. UDC : (497.1) = 862 Izvorni znanstveni rad STABLJIKE U OBLIKA SKUPINE AN T H RI SCU S (APIACEAE) U HRVATSKOJ With Summary in English GORDAN LUKAČ (Botanički zavod Prirođoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu) Primljeno Izvršena je analiza dlakavosti stabljike na 62 biljke srodstvene skupine Anthrlscus silvestris agg. s 15 različitih lokaliteta Hrvatske. Intenzitet i brojnost dlaka po jedinici površine (1 mm2) prikazana je na različitim visinama stabljike. Najveću dlakavost pokazuje vrsta Anthrlscus fumarioides (Waldst. et Kit.) Spreng., nešto slabiju A. silvestris (L.) Hoffm. i A. nitida (Wahlenb.) Garcke, a najslabiju skupina biljaka za koju autor drži da su hibriđi, te su označene kao A. nitida X A. silvestris. Intenzitet dlakavosti opada od baze prema vršnom dijelu stabljike. Uvod D lake (trihom i) kao tvorevine epiđerm e (Netolitsky 1932) nastaju kom biniranim u tjecajim a abiotičkih i biotičkih faktora (M c M i 1 - l a n 1964), te ih treba sm atrati kom pleksnom p ojavom (J o h n s o n 1975). B roj i oblik p o jedinici površine m ože utjecati na intenzitet refleksije, odnosno apsorpcije svjetlosti i različite fiziološk e procese u biljci npr. prom jene poten cijaln o letalnih tem peratura, procese transpiracije i dr. (Eherlinger & Cook 1987). U tvrđena je i sezonska varijabilnost dlakavosti (Mettler & Greg 1969). Osim što se istraživanju tipova dlaka kao važnih dijagnostičkih osobina pridaje velika pozornost (A n - drzejew ska&swietoslaw ski 1987,1988, Lovašen-Eberh a r d t et al. 1987), istražuje se i dlakavost na nivou čitavih fitocenoza (Johnson 1975). 67

2 G. L U K A C U oblika srodstvene skupine A nthriscus silvestris dlake su jedn ostavne, jednostanične (si. 1) i bez žlijezda (Gangadhara & Inamdar 1977, Strobl & Wittmann 1988). D uljina i broj na jedinici površine znatno im variraju. Watzl (1912) ističe da se dlake n ajintenzivnije razvijaju u don jem dijelu b iljk e i na d on jim listovim a. Slično je u tvrd io i Nikolić (1989) u roda Thalictrum. Fritsch (1897) izdvaja posve gole prim jerke vrste A. jum arioides iz Istre, a Thellung (1926) i Watzl (1912) prem a dlakavosti opisuju form e i varijetete. A nalizom dlakavosti prim jeraka srodstvene skupine A. silvestris nastojala se prikazati uloga ove dijagnostičke osobine pri determ inaciji srodnih vrsta, te u k ojoj se m jeri i k ojom pouzdanošću m ože koristiti pri taksonom skim istraživanjim a navedenog kom pleksa. Materijal i metode rada Dlakavost u vrsta A nthriscus silvestris (L.) H offm., A. jum arioides (W aldst. et Kit.) Spreng., A. nitida (W ahlenb.) G arcke i hibridnih biljaka A. nitida X A. silvestris utvrđena je na površini od 1 m m 2 s različitih visina stabljike (tab. 1). E kološke karakteristike staništa, s obzirom na osvijetljen ost, vid ljive su iz tab. 2. Za b roja n je je korištena m režica okulara uz n jegovo povećan je od 5X i 0 objektiv. Iz vrijednosti dobivenih b rojan jem izraženi su: aritm etička sredina (X ), standardna d evijacija (s. đ.), m edian (M), m inim um (min.), m aksim um (m ax.), standardna pogreška srednje vrijednosti (S J i k oeficijent varijabilnosti (K v) (Sokal & Rohlf 1973, Ben-Horim & Levy 1984). Da bi se utvrdili stu pn jevi dlakavosti stabljike u p o je dinih vrsta, intenzitet dlakavosti na različitim visinam a stabljike, te ovisnost dlakavosti o nadm orskoj visini staništa, izvedena je jednostavna regresija (Ben-Horim & Levy 1984). Prom atran je utjecaj osvijetljenosti u staništu na dlakavost biljaka. R azlika u dlakavosti stabljika izm eđu pojedin ih vrsta testirana je M ann-w hitney U -testom uz točnost od 99,5%> i granicu p ovjeren ja od 0,005 (Sokal & Rohlf 1981). A n alizirane su 62 biljk e s 15 različitih lokaliteta iz Hrvatske. Rezultati i diskusija U vrste A. silvestris n ajveća dlakavost zabilježena je na visinam a od 2 do 30 cm (si. 2). Sam o u pojedin om slučaju bili su i vršni d ijelovi p ojedin ačn o dlakavi. U kupno je analizirano 13 biljaka s 4 lokaliteta. Sličan intenzitet dlakavosti pokazivale su b iljk e u sjen ovitim i intenzivno osvijetljenim staništima. V rsta A. nitida pokazuje sličan raspored dlaka po stabljici (si. 3) kao i srodan A. silvestris. U pravilu su gorn ji d ijelovi stabljike iznad 50 cm goli. U zorak se sastojao od 16 biljaka s 5 lokaliteta. Jednaku dlakavost pokazivale su b iljk e na osvijetljenim i sjenovitim staništima. N ajm anja dlakavost zabilježena je u hibridnih biljaka A. nitida X A. silvestris (si. 4). U uzorku je bilo 14 biljaka s 5 različitih lokaliteta. Intenzitet dlakavosti stabljike u A. silvestris, A. nitida i hibridnih biljaka opada s visinom, tako da su b iljk e u vršnom dijelu u pravilu gole (tab. 3, si. 2, 3, 4). 68

3 ANTHRISCUS SILVESTRIS D L A K A V O S T S T A B L J IK E Tab. 1. Visine stabljika na kojima su brojane dlake, vrsta biljke i broj analiziranih primjeraka. Tab. 1. Heights of the stem, names of species and number of investigated specimens. Vrsta Species Visina biljke Heights of the stem Broj primjeraka Number o f specimens A. fumarioides 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, A. silvestris 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, A. nitida 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, A. nitida X 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, A. silvestris Tab. 2. Ekološke karakteristike osvijetljenosti staništa. Tab. 2. Light conditions on habitat of investigated species. Vrsta Lokalitet Svjetlo Sjena Species Locality Illumined Shaded Velebit / 5* A. fumarioides L. Lešće 5* / Učka 4 / Biokovo 5 / Cerovačke pećine 5 / A. silvestris Varaždin 3 / Velebit 2 3 Prigorec / 3 Samobor 3 / A. nitida Papuk / 3 Velebit 3 / Jasenak 4 / A. nitida Velebit 3 5 X Jasenak 1 A. silvestris Samobor 5 / * Broj primjeraka (Number of specimens) 69

4 G. L U K A C Tab. 3. Statistički parametri za dlakavost pri određenim visinama stabljike u vrsta Anthriscus silvestris, A. nitida, A. nitida X A. silvestris i A. fumarioides. Tab. 3. Statistical parameters for hairiness at certain heights of the stem in the species Anthriscus silvestris, A. nitida, A. nitida X A. silvestris and A. fumarioides. Vrsta (species) Visina stabljike (Height of stem) X S.d. Med. Min. Max. s. Kv jm. tltflt ISbUS silvestris Anthriscus nitida vi. nt Jit1 sons nitida X Anthriscus silvestris Anthriscus fumarioides X srednja vrijednost Mean value S. d. standardna devijacija Standard deviation Med. median Median Min. minimum Minimum Max. maksimum Maximum s, standardna pogreška srednje vrijednosti Standard error of mean value K, koeficijent varijabilnosti Variability coefficient 70

5 ANTHRISCUS SILVESTR1S D L A K A V O S T S T A B L J IK E SI. 1. Tip jednostaničnih dlaka u oblika srodstvene skupine Anthriscus silvestris. Fig. 1. Type of the trichomes in Anthriscus silvestris agg. SI. 2. Srednje vrijednosti dlakavosti stabljike (n = 13) sa tri lokaliteta u Hrvatskoj i zajednička srednja vrijednost dlakavosti u vrste Anthriscus silvestris (L.) Hoffm. Fig. 2. Mean values of stem hairiness (n = 13) from three localities in Croatia and common mean value of hairiness in A. silvestris (L.) Hoffm. 71

6 G. L U K A C SI. 3. Srednje vrijednosti dlakavosti stabljike (n = 16) s tri lokaliteta Hrvatske i zajednička srednja vrijednost dlakavosti u vrste Anthriscus nitida (Wahlenb.) Hazsl. Fig. 3. Mean values of stem hairiness (n = 16) from three localities in Croatia and common mean value of hairiness in A. nitida (Wahlenb.) Hazsl. SI. 4. Srednje vrijednosti dlakavosti stabljike (n = 14) s tri lokaliteta Hrvatske i zajednička srednja vrijednost dlakavosti u hibridnih biljaka (Anthriscus nitida X A. silvestris). Fig. 4. Mean values of stem hairiness (m = 14) from three localities in Croatia and common mean value of hairiness in A. nitida X A. silvestris hybrid. 72

7 ANTHRISCUS SILVESTRIS D L A K A V O S T S T A B L J IK E Srednja vrijednost broja dlaka o Velebit Srednja vrijednost broja dlaka (mm2 ) SI. 5. Srednje vrijednosti dlakavosti stabljike (n = 19) sa četiri lokaliteta Hrvatske i zajednička srednja vrijednost dlakavosti u vrste Anthriscus fumarioides (W. et K.) Spr. Fig. 5. Mean values of stem hairiness (n = 19) from four localities in Croatia and common mean value of hairiness in A. fumarioides (W. et K.) Spr. SI. 6. Srednje vrijednosti broja dlaka za pojedine vrste i hibridne biljke. Fig. 6. Mean values o f hair number for every species and hybrid plants. 73

8 G. L U K A C V rsta A. jum arioides pokazuje n ajveću dlakavost stabljike na svim visinama (osobito od cm ). M anja dlakavost je zabilježena jedino u nek olik o prim jeraka s U čke i B iok ova (uzorak od 19 biljaka, si. 5). O v d je su uočene različitosti u dlakavosti s obzirom na rast u staništu pod utjecajem svjetla ili sjene. T ako su biljk e s vrh ova planina U čke i B iok o va u svijetlim biotopim a bile gole, dok su b iljk e u sjenovitim staništima V elebita bile intenzivno dlakave. Tab. 4. Statistički značajne razlike u broju dlaka stabljike između pojedinih vrsta (statistički značajna razlika je potcrtana). Tab. 4. Statistical)' importand differences (underlined) of number of stem hairs between investigated species. A. nítida A, silvestris A. nítida A. nítida X A. nitida x A. silvestris A. silvestris A. Jumarioides Srednja vrijednost broja dlaka (mm2 ) Ličko Lešće $ Velebit $ Učka + Biokovo SI. 7. Jednostavna regresija za srednje vrijednosti broja dlaka u vrste A n- thriscus jumarioides s obzirom na nadmorsku visinu. Fig. 7. Simple regression of hair number mean value in A. jumarioides species with species respect to the altitude (above sea level). 74

9 ANTHRISCUS SILVESTRES D L A K A V O S T S T A B L J IK E S rednje vrijed n osti dlakavosti na pojed in im visinam a stabljike (tab. 3, si. 6) pokazuju da je čitava stabljika vrste A. fum arioides dlakava (od toga jed in o odstupaju b iljk e s U čke i B iokova). Ostale vrste su najđlakav ije u don jem dijelu, dok im prem a vrhu dlakavost opada. U sporedbe broja dlaka stabljike neparam etrijskim M ann-w hitney U -testom pokazuju da značajne razlike postoje izm eđu A. fum arioides i ostalih vrsta (tab. 4). U sporedbe srednjih vrijednosti b roja dlaka stabljike s nadm orskom visinom s pom oću jedn ostavn e regresije pokazuje (si. 7) da je broj dlaka neovisan o nadm orskoj visini. Takav tip dlakavosti, osim genetičkim, u vjetovan je n ajvjeroja tn ije čitavim setom najrazličitijih ekoloških fak tora. U vrste A. silvestris zabilježeni su različiti stupnjevi dlakavosti (Thellung 1926), pa prem a tom e i velik broj varijeteta. Ipak, niti na jednom lokalitetu n ije nađena posve gola biljka. Isto v rijed i za vrstu A. nitida, te hibridne biljke. Treba istaknuti da je najveća dlakavost uočena u posve m ladih prim jeraka i da je s rastom b iljk e u glavnom opadala, što je danas v eć u nekih rod ova poznato (N i k o 1 i ć 1989). V eća dlakavost vrste A. fum arioides zabilježena je u biljaka s V elebita. T e b iljk e rasle su u staništima k oja su veći dio dana bila u sjeni. Naprotiv, b iljk e s U čke im ale su kao i b iljk e s B iok ova m anji b roj dlaka, ili su bile posve gole (Watzl 1912), prem da su rasle u biotopim a s intenzivnim u tjecajem svjetla. U k ojoj m jeri je u pitanju utjecaj ekoloških faktora (Johnson 1975, Nikolić, u tisku), ili je dlakavost strogo genetički uvjetovana, treba još utvrditi na većem b roju prim jeraka i eksperim entalno. Zaključak A nalizom broja dlaka stabljike u 62 b iljk e utvrđena je dlakavost u vrsta A nthriscus silvestris, A. nitida, A. fum arioides i hibridnih biljaka A. nitida X A. silvestris. Za stabljike svih vrsta karakterističan je sam o jedan tip jednostaničnih dlaka. B roj i raspored dlaka, te i M ann-w hitney U -test za vrijednosti dlakavosti stabljike ukazuju na blisku srodnost vrste A. silvestris, A. nitida i hibridnih biljaka. Po intenzitetu, broj dlaka opada od vrste A. silvestris prem a A. nitida, a najslabiju dlakavost pokazuju hibridne b iljk e A. nitida X A. silvestris. Intenzitet dlakavosti s obzirom na utjecaj svjetla u staništu n ije pokazivao neke bitn ije razlike u sjen o- vitim odnosno osvijetljenim staništima. N ajjača dlakavost je zabilježena u vrste A. fum arioides, čim e se ta vrsta s obzirom na dlakavost bitn o razlikuje od vrsta A. silvestris, A. nitida i hibridnih biljaka. Sam o pojedin e biljk e s B iokova i U čke bile su slabo dlakave ili čak posve gole, prem da su rasle u intenzivno osvijetljenim staništima. N aprotiv, b iljk e iz sjene (Velebit) bile su intenzivno dlakave. Jedan od ekoloških faktora, nadm orska visina, jednostavnom regresijom i prem a rezultatim a istraživanja, nem a hitnijeg utjecaja na broj i intenzitet dlaka duž stabljike. Svakako velik utjecaj na dlakavost treba pridati ekološkim fak torima staništa. Dlakavost u ovom slučaju nema značajniju dijagnostičku vrijednost. 75

10 G. L U K A C Literatura Andrzejewska-Golec, Em. & J. Swietoslawski, 1987: The morphology of hairs in species of Plantago L. sectio Coronopus DC. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 56 (3)i Andrzejewska-Goiec, Em. & J. Swietoslawski, 1988: The morphology of hairs in species of Plantago L. sections Leucopsyllium Decne and Hym enopsyllium Pilger. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 57 (1);, Ben Horim, M. & H. Levy, 1984: Statistics. Decisions and Application in Business and Economics. Second Edition New York. Ehlerlinger, J. R. & C. S. Cook, 1987: Leaf Hairs in Eucelia (Asteraceae). Amer. Jour. Bot. 74, (10), Fritsch, K., 1897: Exkursionsflora für Österreich (mit Anschluss von Galizien, Bukovina und Dalmatien). Wien. Gangadhara, M., J. A. Inamdar, 1977: Trichomes and Stomata, and their taxonomic Significance in the Urticales. PI. Sys. Evol. 127, Johnson, H. B., 1975: Plant pubescence: an ecological perspective. Bot. Rew. 41(3), Lovašen-Eberhardt, Ž., Z. Martinis, I. Trinajstić, M. Tuđa, 1987: M ikrofenotaksonomske karakteristike crnike (Quercus ilex L.). Acta Bot. Croat. 46, Mc Millan, C., 1964: Ecotypic differentiation within four North American prairie grasses. I Morphological variation within transplanted community fractions. Amer. Jour. Bot. 51, Mettler, L. E., T. G. Gregg, 1969: Population genetics and evolution. Pretince Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffo, New Yersey. Netolitsky, F., 1932: Die Pflanzenhaare. In: Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie (Ed. by K. Linsbauer). 4 (2),1 253, Berlin. Nikolić, T., 1989: Fenotipska varijabilnost i njen taksonomski značaj kod Thdlictrum minus kompleksa i vrste Thalictrum velebiticum Deg. Magistarski rad, Zagreb. Nikolić, T., u pripremi: Phenotipic plasticity and its taxonomic significance in Thalictrum minus complex. Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1973: Itroduction to Biostatistics. W. H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco. Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1981: Biometry. H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco. Strobl, W. & H. Wittmann, 1988: Morphologische, soziologische und karyologische Studien an Anthriscus nitida (Wahlenb.) Hazsl. einer häufig übersehene Art der heimischen Flora. Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 59, Thellung, A., 1926: Farn. Umbelliferae (Morison) B. Juss. In: Hegi, G., Ilustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. 5 (2>, , Hansen Verlag München. Watzl, B., 1912: Über Anthriscus fumarioides (W. K.) Sprengel, österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 62,

11 ANTHRISCUS SILVESTRIS D L A K A V O S T S T A B L J IK E SUMMARY STEM HAIRINESS IN ANTHRISCUS SILVESTRIS AGG. IN CROATIA Gordan Lukac (Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb) The paper presents the results of an investigation of stem hairs of the follow in g representatives of the taxons studied: A nthriscus silvestris, A. nitida, A. jum arioides and the hybrid plants A. nitida X A. silvestris. O nly one type o f one-cell hairs was fou n d in all the taxons. Their num ber and arrangem ent suggest a very close relation betw een A. silvestris, A. nitida and hybrid plants A. nitida X A. silvestris form s. The results w ere tested b y M ann-w hitney U-test. The greatest num ber o f hairs on the stem was fou n d in A. ju m a rioides form s, then in A. silvestris and A. nitida. The sm allest num ber of hairs was fou n d in the hybrid form s. In the num ber of hairs, the species A. jum arioides d iffered m ost from the other species, bu t there w ere som e samples w h ich w ere less hairy, this m ay be a result of som e ecological factors. One o f the factors exam ined, the altitude above sea-level, does not seem to have any influence on the hairiness o f the stem in this species. Mr. Gordan Lukač Botanički zavod Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Marulićev trg 20/II Zagreb, Hrvatska (Croatia) 77

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