Chapter 4 Identification Keys. Identification to genus. Technical terms

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 Identifiation Keys BWARS ee-ook These are the really important tools for identifying ees. Only the most experiened are ale to identify some of these insets from a sighting in the field. Eventually, after a deal of field and key experiene, there omes an understanding of what various speies may e. Jizz, the time of year and plants eing visited, are lues as to the identifiation of some speies. However even keying out a dead speimen an ring its prolems. Identifiation to genus This proves really diffiult for newomers. As a result many people prefer to use more than one set of keys to onfirm their identifiation. Indeed, even the most experiened will admit to using more than one. Therefore two keys, using different approahes, have een inluded in this hapter, though you may well find that one or the other suits your approah and understanding est. These keys have een tested and simplified wherever possile and should make the task less onerous. The many super drawings, oth of whole insets and detail, omine to ease the task. Keys to speies follow on from this first, most important step ut are not overed in this volume, though details of where to find them are given in the hapter on genera. Tehnial terms While we have attempted to redue jargon to a minimum, inevitaly some tehnial terms have een used. These are shown in the glossary. BWARS-BOOK omplete V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 1

2 Key to the genera of British ees (y Graham Collins) Introdution BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 2 BWARS ee-ook There are around 250 speies of ee ourring in Britain. They are an interesting group to study eause of their iology and eology and are attrative insets in themselves. Identifiation of ees needs to start with identifiation to generi level; one more experiene has een gained it is usually ovious what genus is involved just from the look of the inset. The keys presented here should enale almost all ee speimens to e assigned to a genus. It is designed for the eginner and omplex tehnial terms are kept to a minimum. A glossary is provided and most features used in the key are illustrated in the relevant ouplet. Ease of use is paramount and long, omplex ouplets allowing for every eventuality have een avoided so from time to time a partiular speimen might prove diffiult or impossile to key out, espeially when only a few genera have een enountered. Put it to one side and try again when more material has een aumulated and you have more experiene. The key will only work with British examples of the genera and other works will need to e onsulted for European material. The genus Dufourea, until reently onsidered extint in Britain, is omitted from the key. Cheklist is it a ee? Many insets mimi ees while at the same time a numer of ees, mostly leptoparasiti speies, are distintly wasp-like. Before working through the keys it is sensile to hek that your inset is a ee! Two pairs of memranous wings; the forewings with 9 10 enlosed ells, the hindwing with a row of hooks on its front edge whih onnet it to the forewing in flight. Mandiles present, etween whih a tongue is usually visile. Antennae with segments (e areful, the seond segment an e very short and partially hidden within the first; however, the third is usually long and distintly onial, differing from the following segments). Distint onstrition etween thorax and adomen ( wasp-waist ), not easy to see in very hairy speies. Plumose hairs; ranhed hairs adapted to arry pollen, these are usually ovious in nonparasiti speies ut in parasiti ees only a few remain, partiularly on the propodeum and elow the thorax. Simple hairs may also e present. First segment of hind tarsus usually flatter and wider than following segments. How to use the keys Having killed the ee, preferaly in the fumes of ethyl aetate ut, as an alternative, 24 hours in a domesti freezer will suffie, it should e mounted. Continental pins are reommended to failitate handling and to allow multiple laelling. The inset should e positioned aout one-third from the head so that enough room is left to manipulate the pin without damaging the ee. Appendages should e moved away from the ody, the mandiles opened if possile (don t fore them, the jaw musles are muh stronger than the nek musles and loss of the head is almost inevitale). In addition, if the ee is a male (see Key 1), the genital apsule should e extrated from the gaster using a pin. Ideally it will e fully visile ut still attahed to the ody. If it is neessary to remove

3 it ompletely, it an e mounted on a piee of ard attahed to the same pin as the ee. All speimens should e laelled with olleting data (at least site, vie-ounty, full grid referene, full date and olletor), and, one identified, a determination lael with the name of the speies, the determiner and the date determined. Separate keys are given to males and females. In many ases males and females of the same speies are distintly more different than the same sexes of losely related speies. Identifying a ee to genus is only the first step in the proess, identifiation to speies is the ultimate aim and most pulished keys, and those in the long-awaited British Bees ook, treat the sexes separately. It is thus sensile to get used to reognising males and females from the start. Failure to do so orretly will ause prolems as different haraters are used in the two keys. Chek the inset agrees with the haraters listed aove and move on to Key 1. Eah key onsists of ouplets whih list alternative harater states. In this key they are sudivided into lauses, with, for example, the alternatives eing a or aa, or. Where possile the desription is aompanied y a figure whih illustrates the position and state of eah harater, ut a separate glossary is also given. Clauses are presented in order suh that easy to see, definitive haraters are used efore more variale and omparative ones. Tongue haraters, used in a numer of other keys, are only used where asolutely neessary as the tongue may well e hidden. Charaters of wing venation are used widely. They are generally very onstant, ut oasionally partiular veins an e wholly or partially asent, although often traes remain, espeially at the juntion with other veins; it is est to hek oth wings. Starting at ouplet 1, read eah lause and its alternative efore making a deision eah half of the ouplet will then lead on to either another ouplet or the answer. If there appears to e a onflit etween the two halves of a ouplet you may have gone wrong earlier. You have two options. Either follow eah lead and see if the situation resolves, or go ak to the previous ouplet and hek it again. The numer of the previous ouplet is given in rakets next to the urrent ouplet numer. Aknowledgements I thank the following for their omments on the draft key: Mike Edwards, Roger Hawkins and Arthur Ewing. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 3

4 Some speial layout figures fig. 1 tarsus fig. 2 gaster fig. 3 fae fig. 4 thorax fig. 5 forewing fig. 6 hindwing BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 4

5 Key 1 1 a Antennae with 12 segments 1 d Gaster with six visile tergites Sting present, whih may protrude after death Sopa, or pollen olleting apparatus, often present, either on the hind legs or elow the gaster (asent in the parasiti, usually wasp-like, speies)... females key 2 aa Antenna with 13 segments 1 dd Gaster with seven visile tergites (ut in some genera, the apial ones folded eneath the end of gaster) Complex internal genitalia present in the form of a apsule (whih should e hooked out with a pin to failitate identifiation in ertain genera) Never with sopa (although inidental olletion of pollen may our through foraging for netar)... males key 3 The antenna omprises: a sape (the elongate asal segment), a pediel (often very small), and a numer of flagellar segments. Sometimes the pediel is so small that it is lost within the sape and an inorret segmental ount may result. An alternative way of ounting is that the first flagellar segment (third segment of the antenna) is often longer and more onial than the following segments. Start with this one and ount to the end, then add 2. Sometimes it helps to ount from the tip towards the ase. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 5

6 Key 2 females a aa 1 a Forewing with two sumarginal ells aa Forewing with three sumarginal ells (1) a Surfae of eyes with long dense hairs Gaster strongly narrowing to pointed apex... Coelioxys aa Surfae of eyes are Medium-sized to large ees (9 16 mm); gaster rather shining and with pale ands or wedge-shaped spots formed of flattened hairs; sutellum with rearward-pointing projetions either side; no sopa. Cleptoparasiti on Megahile and Anthophora. Gaster more-or-less parallel sided or oval, rounded at apex... 3 a aa 2 Very rarely, aerrant individuals of speies with three sumarginal ells appear to have only two through the loss or redution of a ross-vein. Often this missing ross-vein an e seen as a vestige, or as short appendixes, at its juntion with the other veins. If entirely asent you will e fored to follow the wrong half of the ouplet and the key will fail at a later point or the ee will not math the riteria in the generi desription in this ase you should try the option for three sumarginal ells. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 6

7 3 (2) a Vein 2m-u meets M eyond point where 3rs-m does... 4 aa Vein 2m-u meets M opposite seond sumarginal ell (3) a Gaster lak or at most with ream-oloured spots or ands, fae and legs without olour No sopa present Arolium present etween tarsal laws... Stelis Small to medium-sized speies (5 11 mm); lak, sometimes with pale markings on gaster; rather shining, heavily-armoured speies. Cleptoparasiti on Osmia, Hoplitis, Anthidium and Heriades. aa Gaster with right yellow spots, similar olour present on fae and legs Dense golden-yellow sopa on underside of gaster No arolium etween tarsal laws... Anthidium One British speies maniatum. Large (11 15 mm); lak with yellow spots on gaster, tiiae, sides of mesonotum, tegulae, top of head, fae and mandiles. a aa 5 (3) a Arolium present etween tarsal laws... 6 aa Arolium asent... Megahile Medium-sized to large speies (9 18 mm); head large, mandiles triangular with road utting edge arrying several teeth; sopa present on underside of gaster. Leaf-utter Bees. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 7

8 d dd 6 (5) a Sopa (pollen olleting hairs) present, either on hind leg or underside of gaster Fae lak eneath any hairs Legs lak, without yellow markings d Tongue pointed at apex, fairly short to long... 7 aa No ovious sopa present dd EITHER yellow markings present on fae OR fae lak with projeting loes at lower orners of lypeus and a ulge elow antennal ases forming a triangular onavity Legs almost hairless and with lear yellow markings Tongue short and iloed at apex... Hylaeus Small to medium-sized speies (4 8 mm); very sparselyhaired ees; lak with yellow on legs and (usually) fae. 7 (6) a Sopa on hind legs... 8 aa Sopa on underside of gaster a aa 8 (7) a Basal vein (seond setion of M) almost straight... 9 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 8

9 aa Basal vein (seond setion of M) fairly strongly arhed (8) a Mesonotum very sparsely haired; surfae rightly shining etween the puntures Gaster sparsely haired, exept for the apial tergites, without hint of pale ands Pygidium triangular with a lunt or rounded apex and raised median keelpanurgus Medium-sized speies (7 10 mm); shiny lak with pale, long haired sopa. aa Mesonotum densely haired with a mixture of lak and golden-yellow hairs; surfae matt etween the puntures Gaster with apial half of tergites 2 4 overed with dense, pale flattened hairs, ontrasting with the sparser lak hairs of the asal halves, thus appearing anded Pygidium long triangular with a deeply nothed apex, its surfae flat... Dasypoda One British speies hirtipes. Large (13 15 mm); anded ee with onspiuous sopa, the hairs of whih are onsideraly longer then the thikness of the tiia. 10 (8) a Medium-sized speies, not over 10 mm First tergite smooth and shining, with small widely-spaed puntures, almost hairless Marginal area of tergite 2 smooth and impuntate... Maropis aa Large speies, mm One British speies europaea. Shining lak ee, with pale hair-ands on the apial tergites. Assoiated with yellow loosestrife. First tergite densely overed with deep puntures, from whih arise long hairs Marginal area of tergite 2 rather densely puntate and with surfae dulled.. Euera BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 9

10 Large, dull speies, with pale ands on apial tergites. a aa 11 (7) a First tergite of gaster with a strongly raised sharp ridge at front, separating dorsal surfae from anterior fae Viewed from aove, this ridge distintly onave... Heriades One British speies trunorum. Medium-sized (7 8 mm), rather slender ee; ody shining with dense, deep puntures; lypeus with paired median apial tuerles. aa First tergite of gaster more-or-less smoothly urved from dorsal surfae to anterior fae, without a distint transverse keel If hange in surfae texture etween dorsal surfae and anterior fae gives the impression of a vague ridge, this ridge viewed from aove almost straight a,, aa,, 12 (11) a Mandiles long and narrow, tapering towards apex BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 10

11 d BWARS ee-ook At rest, upper edge of mandiles nowhere near lypeus, ut leaving an opening through whih the larum is learly visile Larum very long, so that its tip is visile elow apies of losed mandiles Thorax elongate, area ehind sutellum horizontal, almost as long as vertial posterior fae of propodeum... Chelostoma Small to medium-sized speies (5 11 mm), shining lak with elongate adomen. aa Mandiles shorter, length less than twie asal width, parallel sided or widening towards apex At rest, upper edge of mandiles fitting losely against edge of lypeus Larum longer than wide ut not projeting elow apies of losed mandiles dd Thorax short, falling away vertially immediately ehind sutellum a aa 13 (12) a On mesonotum, parapsidal lines short, sarely longer than wide, appearing as a raised, flattened area usually distint from surrounding puntures (move speimen relative to light-soure to reate refletions) AND/OR Sopal hairs golden-reddish or lak... Osmia Medium-sized to large speies (7 14 mm); many either with long, dense red hair or metalli integument. Mason ees. aa On mesonotum, parapsidal lines linear, many times longer than wide, not always ovious AND Sopal hairs white... Hoplitis Medium-sized speies (6 10 mm); sparsely haired with lak integument. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 11

12 14 (1) a Surfae of eyes with long dense hairs Marginal ell long and narrow... Apis The Honey Bee. aa Surfae of eyes are Marginal ell usually shorter and roader a,, 15 (14) a Vein 2m-u strongly S-shaped, the lower end ulging outwards Tongue short and iloed at apex Head, viewed from in front, rather triangular, the inner margins of the eyes onverging ventrally... Colletes Medium-sized to large ees (8 16 mm), most speies with dense flattened hairs overing the marginal areas of the tergites, produing a anded effet; sopa on hind legs. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 12

13 aa Vein 2m-u usually straight, at most slightly urved and then not owed outward at lower end (illustration, next ouplet) Tongue variale in length ut always pointed at apex Head more rounded or oval, inner margins of eyes usually more parallel a aa 16 (15) a Basal vein strongly arhed with a distint end towards lower end, forming almost a right angle where it meets the longitudinal vein aa Basal vein almost straight or slightly and evenly arhed, the lower end meeting the longitudinal vein at an aute angle a 17 (16) a Fifth tergite with a speialised hair path, the rima, in the form of a entral, longitudinal are area surrounded on eah side y dense, flattened hairs Sopa on hind legs Integument wholly lak or metalli lue or green aa Fifth tergite without rima, either almost are or with flattened hairs forming a omplete apial and No ovious sopa Integument either metalli lue or with some tergites lear lood-red BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 13

14 18 (17) a Gaster with ands or spots of whitish flattened hairs situated on the marginal areas of the tergites (glossary, fig. 2), often extending eyond the apial margin and thus masking it Outer ross-veins similar in thikness and pigmentation to adjaent wing veins... Halitus Small to medium-sized speies (6 11 mm); integument lak or metalli ronzy green. aa If gaster with pathes of whitish flattened hairs, these are situated asally, often originating elow the apial margin of the preeding tergite whih is thus ovious; in some speies these hair pathes asent or indistint Cross-veins towards wing tip usually finer and less oviously pigmented than adjaent longitudinal veins... Lasioglossum Small to medium-sized speies (5 11 mm); integument lak or metalli greenish to luish. 19 (17) a Integument oviously metalli luish... Ceratina One British speies yanea. Fairly small (6 7 mm), shining metalli lue ee. Nests, and overwinters, in ramle stems. The Blue Carpenter Bee. aa Integument lak, with several tergites ompletely lood-red... Spheodes Very small to medium-sized speies (4 12 mm), gaster lak with more-or-less extensive red elt, usually rather shining; heavily puntured head and thorax. Cleptoparasiti on speies of Lasioglossum, Halitus and Andrena. 20 (16) a Wings strongly purplish-iridesent Very large speies, over 18 mm, with entirely lak hairs on ody and legs... Xyloopa One speies violaea a vagrant to Britain, ut seen more often in reent years and ould eome estalished. aa Wings usually lear, at most smoky rownish Often smaller, if as large as 18 mm then ody usually with ands or spots of lighter oloured hairs BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 14

15 a aa 21 (20) a Lower order of third sumarginal ell (measured etween intersetion with its ordering ross-veins) distintly longer than that of seond sumarginal ell aa Lower order of third sumarginal ell more-or-less equal in length to that of seond or even shorter (21) a Fairly distint sopa on hind legs Integument dark or with reddish marks or ands, not metalli aa No evident sopa Integument distintly metalli luish... Ceratina One British speies yanea. Fairly small (6 7 mm), shining metalli lue ee. Nests, and overwinters, in ramle stems. The Blue Carpenter Bee. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 15

16 a, d dd 23 (22) a Faial foveae present distint depressions just inside inner order of eyes and lined with very short, dense hairs giving a velvety appearane d Two suantennal sutures present, showing as shining lines desending from antennal soket to meet upper order of lypeus, the shining suture defining the lypeus slightly thikened at these points Jugal loe of hindwing long, its length, measured from ase of wing, distintly more than half the length of laval loe, usually reahing as far out as the vein losing the uital ell [are needed it may e folded under] Last tarsal segment slender, at least three times as long as wide... Andrena Small to large speies (6 15 mm); a very large and diverse genus with speies ranging from almost hairless to densely haired, shining to dull, some anded, and some with reddish markings on gaster. aa Faial foveae asent, the fae inside eyes not depressed or lined with velvety hairs dd One suantennal suture present Jugal loe of hindwing short, less than half length of laval loe, and not nearly reahing vein losing the uital ell Last tarsal segment road, aout twie as long as wide... Melitta Medium-sized to large speies (10 15 mm); integument dark; gaster with either whitish hair ands or an orange tail. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 16

17 24 (21) a One or more pairs of legs marked with or ompletely yellow or reddishorange aa All legs with integument entirely lak (24) a Gaster with paired pale spots formed from dense flattened hairs Axillae, on either side of sutellum, large and triangular, projeting akwards as a pair of teeth... Epeolus Medium-sized speies (6 11 mm); leptoparasites of Colletes. aa Gaster without pathes of dense flattened hairs, instead patterned y yellow, red or rownish spots or ands due to pigmentation of the integument Axillae, on either side of sutellum, small and inonspiuous, not projeting akwards as teeth... Nomada Small to large speies (4 15 mm); gaster patterned with red or yellow and shining (thus wasp-like), head and thorax often heavily puntured. Cleptoparasites of Andrena, Lasioglossum, Melitta and Euera. a aa 26 (24) a Veins 2m-u and 3rs-m touhing where they meet vein M BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 17

18 BWARS ee-ook Sopa present on hind leg... Anthophora Fairly to very large speies (10 17 mm); usually rather hairy; gaster with hair ands in some speies; eyes, in life, sometimes rather greenish. aa Vein 2m-u meeting M learly nearer ase of wing than 3rs-m does Sopa either entirely asent, or pollen-olleting apparatus present in the form of a oriulum the hind tiia flat and shiny and ordered y long hairs a, aa, 27 (26) a Cheek (malar spae) short; distane from lower margin of eye to mandiular ase less than one fifth of width of mandile here Fae strongly protruding, lypeus at aout 45º to vertial Gaster mainly sparsely haired and shining, with very long hairs onfined to ase, tergites with paired lateral spots formed from flattened hairs... Meleta Large to very large ees (12 16 mm), lak with greyishwhite hair; sutellum with paired apial prongs (diffiult to see eneath hair). Cleptoparasites of Anthophora. aa Cheek (malar spae) long, equal to or longer than width of mandiular ase Fae almost flat, lypeus vertial Gaster relatively densely long-haired, espeially towards apex, never with rounded spots ut often with omplete ands of oloured hair... Bomus Medium-sized to very large speies (10 35 mm); Bumleees, with pollen-asket, and Cukoo Bumleees, without. [Inludes the former genus Psithyrus now onsidered a sugenus of Bomus]. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 18

19 Key 3 males a aa 1 a Forewing with two sumarginal ells aa Forewing with three sumarginal ells (1) a Antennae exeptionally long, at least as long as forewing... Euera Large speies (12 16 mm); rather hairy; fae yellow. aa Antennae normal, rarely more than half as long as forewing (2) a Fae with yellow markings... 4 aa Fae with integument lak, although it may e overed with dense pale hairs Very rarely, aerrant individuals of speies with three sumarginal ells appear to have only two through the loss or redution of a ross-vein. Often this missing ross-vein an e seen as a vestige, or as short appendixes, at its juntion with the other veins. If entirely asent you will e fored to follow the wrong half of the ouplet and the key will fail at a later point or the ee will not math the riteria in the generi desription in this ase you should try the option for three sumarginal ells. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 19

20 4 (3) a Gaster with paired, lateral, right yellow spots Tergites 6 and 7 of gaster with prominent, hook-like projetions... Anthidium aa Gaster ompletely lak One British speies maniatum. Large (11 15 mm); lak with yellow spots on gaster, tiiae, tegulae, top of head, fae and mandiles. Apial tergites usually unadorned, at most with a median, down-urved projetion on last tergite (4) a Legs with yellow spots on at least tiiae or tarsi Legs slender, hind tiia oval in ross-setion Apex of gaster simple... Hylaeus aa Legs ompletely lak Small to medium-sized speies (4 8 mm); very sparselyhaired ees; lak with yellow on legs, fae and sometimes parts of thorax; tongue short with iloed apex. Legs roust, hind femur and tiia strongly swollen, the latter rather triangular in ross-setion Last tergite of gaster with median, down-urved, tongue-like projetion. Maropis One British speies europaea. Shining lak ee, with pale hair-ands on the apial tergites and yellow fae. Assoiated with yellow loosestrife. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 20

21 6 (3) a Surfae of eyes with long dense hairs Tergite 6 (apparent apex) of gaster with three pairs of posteriorly projeting spines... Coelioxys aa Surfae of eyes are Medium-sized to large speies (9 14 mm); head and thorax densely and deeply puntured; gaster lak and shiny, tapered towards apex, with ands of white, flattened hairs; sutellum with rearward-pointing hooks either side. Cleptoparasiti on Megahile and Anthophora. Tergite 6 without three pairs of spines, at most with roughened rim... 7 a aa 7 (6) a Arolium present etween tarsal laws... 8 aa Arolium, etween tarsal laws, asent... Megahile Medium-sized to large speies (9 15 mm); mandile with road utting edge with 3 4 teeth; tongue long; some speies with front tarsus modified, expanded and pale-oloured. Leafutter Bees. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 21

22 a aa 8 (7) a Vein 2m-u reahing vein M at or eyond the point that vein 3rs-m does... Stelis Small to medium-sized speies (5 10 mm); gaster lak, lak with narrow pale margins to tergites or lak with pale lateral spots; rather shining, heavily-armoured speies. Cleptoparasiti on Osmia, Hoplitis, Anthidium and Heriades. aa Vein 2m-u reahing vein M efore 3rs-m does, thus entering seond sumarginal ell... 9 a aa 9 (8) a First tergite of gaster with a strong transverse ridge at front, separating dorsal surfae from anterior fae... Heriades One British speies trunorum. Medium-sized (7 8 mm), rather slender ee; ody shining with dense, deep puntures. aa First tergite of gaster with dorsal surfae smoothly rounded into anterior fae BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 22

23 a aa 10 (9) a Larum muh wider than long, easily seen even when sikle-shaped mandiles are losed aa Larum longer than wide; in some speies onealed y road, triangular mandiles (10) a Mesonotum lak and shining with distint ut sparse puntures Larum fitting into exision in lower part of lypeus so that the lower orders of eah are level Jugal loe of hindwing long, well over half length of laval loe, and extending as far as or eyond vein losing uital ell... Panurgus Medium-sized speies (7 9 mm); deeply lak and shiny; rather hairless. aa Mesonotum rownish-lak, surfae matt with indistint puntures BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 23

24 Larum hinged elow level of lypeus Jugal loe of hindwing very short, muh less than half length of laval loe and not reahing anywhere near as far as vein losing uital ell... Dasypoda One British speies hirtipes. Large (12 14 mm); anded ee with long hairs on gaster, thorax, legs and fae. a aa 12 (10) a Parapsidal lines short, sarely longer than wide, appearing as a raised, flattened area usually distint from surrounding puntures (move speimen relative to light-soure to reate refletions) OR sternite 1 with a long ventral spine. Gaster with sternite 2 flat and unmodified Integument may e slightly metalli ut lak in some speies... Osmia Medium-sized to large speies (7 13 mm); many either with long ut sparse red hair or metalli integument. Mason ees. aa Parapsidal lines linear, many times longer than wide, not always ovious Gaster with sternite 2 modified into a raised welt Integument always lak a aa 13 (12) a Tergite 7 of gaster ending in two, downward-pointing projetions with a deep noth etween them (view from ehind) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 24

25 Rim of tergite 6 with smooth outline BWARS ee-ook Thorax elongate; propodeum long, with a distint division etween dorsal and posterior surfaes, the dorsal area with a series of raised longitudinal keels... Chelostoma Small to medium-sized speies (5 11 mm); rather shining, lak, elongate ody. aa Tergite 7 of gaster ending in a single median point, this segment somewhat urved eneath the end of the gaster and partially onealed y tergite 6 (view from ehind) Rim of tergite 6 with small lateral teeth Thorax ompat; propodeum short and rounded, almost vertial with no ovious dorsal surfae... Hoplitis Medium-sized speies (6 10 mm); gaster shining, sparsely haired with lak integument. 14 (1) a Surfae of eyes with long dense hairs Marginal ell long and narrow... Apis The Honey Bee; drones infrequently found. aa Surfae of eyes are Marginal ell usually shorter and roader (14) a Wings strongly purplish-iridesent Very large speies, over 18 mm Body overed with dense, lakish-purple hairs... Xyloopa One speies violaea a vagrant to Britain, ut seen more often in reent years and ould eome estalished. aa Wings usually lear, at most smoky Often smaller, if as large as 18 mm then ody with ands or spots of lighter oloured hairs If overed with dense, lak hairs then marginal ell divided in two y an extremely fine vertial false vein and jugal loe entirely asent BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 25

26 a,, 16 (15) a Vein 2m-u strongly S-shaped, the lower end ulging outwards Tongue short and iloed at apex Head, viewed from in front, rather triangular, the inner margins of the eyes onverging ventrally... Colletes Medium-sized to large ees (7 15 mm), most speies with dense flattened hairs overing the marginal areas of the tergites, produing a anded effet; sternum 7 modified with lateral extensions (needs to e fully visile for identifiation). aa Vein 2m-u usually straight, at most slightly urved and then not owed outward at lower end Tongue variale in length ut always pointed at apex Head more rounded or oval, inner margins of eyes usually more parallel a aa 17 (16) a Basal vein strongly arhed with a distint end towards lower end, forming almost a right angle where it meets the longitudinal vein BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 26

27 aa Basal vein almost straight or slightly and evenly arhed, the lower end meeting the longitudinal vein at an aute angle d dd 18 (17) a Usually, one or more tergites of gaster marked with reddish or orangerown, shining, with sparse puntures and almost hairless - ut may e ompletely lak d Fae with integument lak (exept, perhaps, tips of mandiles) Legs lak, at most tarsi transluent reddish-rown Antenna lak and usually with ventral surfae of apial segments with a puesent depression asally, thus appearing knoly... Spheodes Very small to medium-sized speies (4 11 mm); gaster lak, usually with more-or-less extensive red elt ut melani examples our, usually rather shining; heavily puntured head and thorax. Cleptoparasites of speies of Lasioglossum, Halitus and Andrena. aa Tergites usually lak or dark-metalli; if red-marked then often with pathes of whitish, flattened hairs and legs with yellow markings dd Fae nearly always with yellow markings, at least at apex of lypeus Legs lak or with yellow markings on tiia and/or tarsus Antennae variale, sometimes yellowish-orange elow, ut segments usually more-or-less ylindrial and with even overing of puesene BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 27

28 19 (18) a Integument metalli lue AND legs lak exept for a minute yellow spot at ase of eah tiia Mandiles rather short and narrowing aruptly towards apex, ending in three teeth, lak Jugal loe of hindwing very short, muh less than half length of laval loe and not reahing anywhere near as far as vein losing uital ell... Ceratina One British speies yanea. Fairly small (6 7 mm), shining metalli lue ee. Nests, and overwinters, in ramle stems. The Blue Carpenter Bee. aa Integument lak, or if metalli then legs either entirely lak or more extensively yellow Mandiles sikle-shaped, narrowing evenly from ase to a simple point, sometimes yellow-marked Jugal loe of hindwing long, well over half length of laval loe, and extending as far as or eyond vein losing uital ell (19) a Bands or spots of whitish flattened hairs, if present, situated on apial part of eah tergite, usually extending eyond the apial margin and thus masking it; sometimes with asal ands AS WELL Outer ross-veins of similar thikness and pigmentation to adjaent veins IF head and thorax metalli ronze or green, then legs predominantly yellow or orange... Halitus Small to medium-sized speies (6 11 mm); integument lak or metalli greenish; legs extensively yellow. aa Bands or spots of whitish flattened hairs, if present, situated asally and often originating eneath the apial margin of the previous tergite Outer ross-veins thinner and less well pigmented than adjaent veins (less distint than in females and sometimes very diffiult to appreiate) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 28

29 IF head and thorax metalli ronze or green, then legs dark with at most tarsi yellow... Lasioglossum Very small to medium-sized speies (4 12 mm); integument lak or metalli greenish to luish; legs usually less extensively yellow than in Halitus. 21 (17) a Fae and/or mandiles with lear yellow or reddish-yellow markings on the integument aa Fae, and mandiles, exept perhaps extreme apex, lak (ut may have yellow hair) (21) a Integument shining metalli lue Mandiles rather short and narrowing aruptly towards apex... Ceratina One British speies yanea. Fairly small (6 7 mm), shining metalli lue ee. Nests, and overwinters, in ramle stems. The Blue Carpenter Bee. aa Integument lak or marked with yellow or reddish-yellow Mandiles long, narrowing evenly from ase to apex (sometimes with an aessory tooth) (22) a Some part of front or mid femora or tiiae lear yellow or reddish-yellow, usually fairly extensively (if, very oasionally, front and mid femora and tarsi apparently rownish-lak then gaster with yellow spots on the integument of one or more tergites) aa Front and mid femora and tiiae ompletely lak or rownish-lak BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 29

30 24 (23) a Gaster with paired pale spots formed from dense flattened sale-like hairs Axillae, on either side of sutellum, large and triangular, projeting akwards as a pair of teeth... Epeolus Medium-sized speies (6 11 mm); leptoparasites of Colletes. aa Gaster without sale-like hairs, instead patterned y yellow, red or rownish spots or ands due to pigmentation of the integument Axillae, on either side of sutellum, small and inonspiuous, not projeting akwards as teeth... Nomada Small to large speies (4 15 mm); gaster patterned and shining (hene wasp-like), head and thorax often heavily puntured. Cleptoparasites of Andrena, Lasioglossum, Melitta and Euera. 25 (23) a First segment of antenna (sape) with a yellow mark on front surfae, ontrasting with rest of antenna BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 30

31 BWARS ee-ook One suantennal suture present, visile as a lak line utting through yellow faial mark aove lypeus Jugal loe of hindwing very short, muh less than half length of laval loe [are needed may e folded under]... Anthophora Fairly to very large speies (9 16 mm); usually rather hairy; gaster with hair ands in some speies; eyes, in life, sometimes rather greenish. aa First segment of antenna (sape) rownish-lak, like rest of antenna Two suantennal sutures present, showing as shining lines desending from antennal soket to meet upper order of lypeus, the shining suture defining the lypeus slightly thikened at these points Jugal loe of hindwing long, more than half length of laval loe and reahing as far as the vein losing the uital ell... Andrena (in part) Fairly small to large speies (6 15 mm); a small setion of this large genus has the fae marked with yellow; one speies with tergites 2 and 3 lood-red. a aa 26 (21) a Lower order of third sumarginal ell (measured etween intersetion with its ordering ross-veins) distintly longer than that of seond sumarginal ell aa Lower order of third sumarginal ell more-or-less equal in length to that of seond or even shorter BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 31

32 a aa 27 (26) a Jugal loe of hindwing long; its length, measured from ase of wing, distintly more than half the length of laval loe, usually reahing as far out as the vein losing the uital ell [are needed may e folded under] Two suantennal sutures present, showing as shining lines desending from antennal soket to meet upper order of lypeus, the shining suture defining the lypeus slightly thikened at these points Last tarsal segment slender, at least three times as long as wide... Andrena Small to large speies (5 15 mm); a very large and diverse genus with speies ranging from almost hairless to densely haired, shining to dull, some anded, and some with reddish markings on gaster. aa Jugal loe of hindwing short, less than half length of laval loe, and not nearly reahing vein losing the uital ell One suantennal suture present Last tarsal segment road, aout twie as long as wide... Melitta Medium-sized to large speies (8 13 mm); integument dark; some speies with whitish hair ands on gaster; most speies with antennal segments long and onave elow, the antennae appearing knoly. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 32

33 a, aa, 28 (26) a Cheek (malar spae) short, distane from lower margin of eye to mandiular ase less than one fifth of width of mandile here Fae strongly protruding, lypeus at aout 45º to vertial Gaster mainly sparsely haired and shining, with very long hairs onfined to ase, tergites with paired lateral spots formed from flattened hairs... Meleta Large to very large ees (12 16 mm), lak with greyishwhite hair; sutellum with paired apial prongs (diffiult to see eneath hair). Cleptoparasites of Anthophora. aa Cheek (malar spae) long, equal to or longer than width of mandiular ase Fae almost flat, lypeus vertial Gaster relatively densely long-haired, espeially towards apex, never with rounded spots ut often with omplete or interrupted ands of oloured hair... Bomus Large to very large speies (12 17 mm); Bumleees and Cukoo Bumleees. [Inludes the former genus Psithyrus now onsidered a sugenus of Bomus]. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 33

34 Key to the Genera of British Bees (y Geoff Allen) Introdution to the key reognizing ees BWARS ee-ook Bees elong to the vast inset order Hymenoptera, whih is identified y a omination of features (haraters) of the wings. To e plaed in this order, unless a wingless sex, the inset must possess two pairs of memranous wings, the forewings larger than the hind. Further, the wings on eah side must e linked in flight y a row of hooks on the hind-wing whih engage with a fold in the forewing. The wing venation is redued ompared with some other inset orders. The Hymenoptera have a omplete, four stage life yle, i.e. egg, larva, pupa and adult. Right fore and hind-wings of two speies of ees Within the Hymenoptera is plaed a suorder Aporita (the wasp-waisted insets) whih ontains the auleates (ees, wasps and ants) and the parasitoid groups, suh as the ihneumons, halids and gall wasps. The wasp waist is a onstrition etween the first segment of the true adomen, alled the propodeum, and the seond adominal segment, whih is the first segment of the gaster. The propodeum is fused roadly to the metathorax, the last segment of the true thorax, forming a omposite unit sometimes termed the alitrunk. A ee from the left side showing the onstrition etween the propodeum and 1 st gastral segment The auleates are divided into three superfamilies: Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea. The ee family is part of the last of these. The lassifiation of the ees as one taxonomi family is a diret onsequene of the uniform struture of these insets. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 34

35 The ees are partiularly related to four families of solitary wasps, the Ampuliidae, Craronidae, Heterogynaidae and Spheidae. All five families have an important harater in ommon, the shape of the pronotal tuerle, whih onsequently plaes them in the superfamily Apoidea. The apoid pronotal tuerle is a loe whih extends akwards from the side of the pronotum overing the prothorai spirale ut not reahing the tegula (forewing ase), as seen from the side. In the Vespoidea, whih inludes our familiar soial wasps amongst many other groups, the pronotum is variously formed ut always reahes the tegula. Also, in Apoidea, the pronotum urves round ventrally, almost ompletely enirling the propleuron, to whih slerite the forelegs are attahed. Dorsally, the main part of the apoid pronotum usually resemles a narrow ollar at the front of the thorax. a) Monosapyga (Sapygidae) ) Prionemis (Pompilidae) a vespoid wasp a vespoid wasp ) Anistroerus (Vespidae) d) Pemphredon (Craronidae) a vespoid wasp an apoid wasp e) Hylaeus (Apidae) f) Hylaeus a ee Thoraxes of vespoids and apoids, pronotum infilled and tegula stippled lateral views apart from f), whih is a dorsal view. Bees an e separated from all wasps y two main features in pinned speimens. The ees, inluding oth independent and parasiti speies, have ranhed or feathered hairs at least somewhere on the ody. In non-parasiti forms these hairs are aundant. They gather pollen from flowers and assist in its transportation to the nest. The other main harater uniting the ees as a sientifi family is the form of the hind asitarsus, whih is laterally flattened (i.e. BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 35

36 from side to side) and usually ears a om of ristly hairs, whih in the female of free-living forms moves pollen from the ody hairs to the sopa or the oriula, to arry during flight. The sexes of the ees are usually quite easy to separate and with a little experiene, it an e easier in the field to reognize the sex of a ee y its jiz than to identify it to speies. The males have a genital apsule whih is usually withdrawn into the apex of the gaster and whih only eomes apparent when the ee is aout to mate. The females have a sting in the same situation in the gaster ut this is redued in funtion in some ees. In all British ees, males have antennae with 13 segments, inluding the first, elongate segment (the sape), and the gaster has seven visile dorsal plates (tergites). The females have 12 and six, respetively. The ventral plates, alled sternites, orrespond in numer y sex ut in some male ees not all seven are visile, partiularly in those genera where the tip of gaster tends to url under the fore part at rest. In these instanes, the apial tergite may appear to e on the underside, sometimes apparently separated y a ridge aross tergite 6. How to use the key Eah numer in the key represents a ouplet. A ouplet is a pair of ontrasting sets of haraters (sometimes alled lugs or leads ) whih should enale a hoie to e made as to whih most represents the ee eing examined. Starting at the top (ouplet 1), hoose one of the two alternative harater sets - the one whih is most representative of the ee - then go to the ouplet orresponding to the numer at the end of this alternative. This leads to another ouplet with two hoies, and so on. Eventually, a ouplet is reahed where the appropriate hoie will give the generi name of the ee onerned. On oasion, it may e diffiult to distinguish whih alternative in a ouplet most fits your ee. In this situation, first hek that you have not made a mistake earlier in the key; then, if not, y following oth hoies one at a time, a deision may eventually e made. Notes on the key The key requires good visiility of the mouthparts and wings (see Appendix on Preparation of ees for identifiation ; a photograph is highly unlikely to provide sight of all the haraters needed to identify a ee). The key is rather artifiial. That is, some of the haraters used ut aross what are assumed to e natural groupings. The haraters have een seleted as the easiest ones from whih to make a hoie of lugs. For example, the numer of sumarginal ells is not onstant in some of the higher groupings; there may e two or three in different genera of some sufamilies. In one genus, Euera, there are even some non- British speies whih have three sumarginals instead of the usual two for the genus! NB The key will only work for British ees; even on the near ontinent there are speies additional to those found in the U.K., for whih the key may not run true. The key 1 Forewing with 2 sumarginal ells (Fig 1; ells laelled I & II... 2 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 36

37 Fig 1 Fig 2 - Forewing with 3 sumarginal ells (Fig 2; I, II & III) [CAUTION: when looking for the numer of sumarginal ells, examine oth forewings. In speies normally with 3 sumarginals the oasional speimen may have only 2 in one forewing, this eing an aerration. It is extremely rare for this anomaly to our in oth forewings of one speimen]. 2(1) Tongue of ee (shaded area) long to very long ompared to the adjaent mouthparts, sometimes roadened just efore the tip (Fig 3, also Figs 7 & 9); jugal loe (JL) of hindwing redued, shorter than half the length of the laval loe (CL) (Fig 4), ut aout equal to half in Coelioxys, whih has very hairy ompound eyes, and in Megahile, whih has a distintly onave front fae to the first tergite and no arolia Fig 3 Fig 5 Fig 4 Fig 6 - Tongue (shaded area) short, projeting only a little eyond the adjaent mouthparts (Fig 5), usually pointed ut sometimes iloed; jugal loe (JL) of hindwing longer than half the length of the laval loe (CL) (Fig 6), ut aout equal to half in Maropis and slightly less than half in Dasypoda (see Figs 40 & 41) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 37

38 3(2) Large speies (male 15 mm, female mm in length); the male with very long antennae (Fig 7) (when laid ak over the ee the antenna reahes to the apex of the gaster); the female with the sopa (pollen-arrying rush) on the hind legs (Fig 8) Euera (2 British spp) (Fig 11, male) Fig 7 Fig 8 Fig 9 Fig 10 Fig 11 - Variously sized; the male with shorter antennae (Fig 9); the female with the sopa (pollen-arrying rush) onfined to the underside of the gaster (Fig 10), or asent in parasiti genera BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 38

39 4(3) In the forewing, the seond reurrent vein (2m-u) meets the median vein (M) at the outer end of, or eyond, the seond sumarginal ell (II) (Fig 12) Fig 12 Fig 13 - In the forewing, 2m-u meets M in the seond sumarginal ell (Fig 13) (4) Gaster with paired yellow integumental spots on most tergites; the female with a pronouned gastral sopa (as in Fig 10); the male with a spiny apex to the gaster Anthidium (1 British sp) (Fig 14) Fig 14 Fig 15 - Gaster with pale whitish integumental ands or spots, or unmarked; the female without a sopa; the male laks spines at the apex of the gaster Stelis (4 British spp) (Fig 15) 6(4) Compound eyes, C, very hairy (Fig 16) Coelioxys (7 British spp) (Fig 17) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 39

40 Fig 16 Fig 17 Fig 18 - Compound eyes not hairy (Fig 18) (6) Apial tarsal joints without an arolium (Fig 19); jugal loe of hindwing aout half the length of the laval loe (as in Fig 20); front fae of tergite 1 of the gaster always distintly onave.. Megahile (inluding Chaliodoma) (9 British spp) (Fig 20) Fig 19 Fig 20 Fig 21 - The apial tarsal joints with a prominent arolium (a projetion etween the tarsal laws, Fig 21); jugal loe of hindwing short, muh less than half the length of the laval loe (as in Figs 22 & 23); front fae of tergite 1 slightly onvex to slightly onave, exept for Heriades, where it is onave and delimited y a strong ridge (7) Bee roust in appearane (Figs 22, 26 & 27), always without a strong ridge separating the dorsal surfae from the front fae of the first gastral tergite; sometimes very hairy BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 40

41 Fig 22 Fig 23 - Bee elongate, i.e. appearing narrow and ylindrial (Fig 23), though often very small (down to 5 mm in length), if tending to e roust, then with a strong ridge separating the dorsal surfae and front fae of the first gastral segment (as in Fig 28); usually with rather sparse hairs (8) Parapsidal lines on mesosutum short, aout as wide as long and often appearing as small round shining areas (may e osured y dense hair) (Fig 24); the gaster is usually densely hairy aove and/or metalli/sumetalli; tergite 4 without a white marginal hair and (unless very sun-leahed)...osmia [part] (10 British spp) (Fig 26) Fig 24 Fig 25A Fig 25B Fig 26 Fig 27 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 41

42 - Parapsidal lines on mesosutum longer, up to five times longer than wide (Hoplitis, Fig 25B), or sometimes long ut width redued so as to form a narrow groove diffiult to distinguish among the puntures (Osmia spinulosa, Fig 25A); the gaster never metalli oloured; tergite 4 with a white, sometimes dense, marginal hair and (Figs 22 & 27) (9) Axilla autely pointed (Fig 25A); male with a long spine on the first gastral sternite; female with a golden sopa....osmia spinulosa (Fig 27) - Axilla with posterolateral margin rounded (Fig 25B); male with a transverse apial proess on the seond sternite; female with an off-white sopa Hoplitis (2 British spp) (Fig 22) 11(8) The first gastral tergite with a transverse ridge separating the dorsal area from the anterior area (Fig 28)..... Heriades (2 British spp) (Fig 30, male) Fig 28 Fig 29 Fig 30 - The first gastral tergite without a transverse ridge, the dorsal area sloping into the anterior area (Fig 29) Chelostoma (2 British spp) (Fig 23) 12(2) Moderately small to very small (length 4.5 to 9 mm); rather hairless, lak ees, the female with no sopa, i.e. without a rush of hairs for arrying pollen; the ase of the tiiae and usually the fae with yellow spotting, the male s fae may e extensively ivory white or yellow; tongue (shaded area) ifid and roadest at the apex (Fig 31).. Hylaeus (12 British spp) (Fig 32) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 42

43 Fig 31 Fig 32 Fig 33 - Variously sized ees; often very hairy, the female with a sopa, as in Fig 8; without white or yellow spots, exept the lypeus and slerite aove of the male Maropis whih are wholly yellow; tongue pointed at the apex (Fig 33) (12) Basal vein of forewing strongly urved (Fig 34) Fig 34 Fig 35 - Basal vein of forewing only gently urved (Fig 35) (13) Gaster with well-developed white hair ands...rophites (1 British sp) [proaly extint] - Gaster without hair ands dufourea (2 British spp) [One, perhaps oth, proaly extint] 15(13) On the fae of the ee, 2 sutures or grooves run from eah antennal soket down to the lypeus (Fig 36) (the inner groove may e very diffiult to see); forewing with marginal ell trunate at outer end (Fig 35); jugal loe of hind-wing long, nearly as BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 43

44 long as the laval loe... Panurgus (2 British spp) (Fig 39) Fig 36 Fig 37 Fig 38 Fig 39 - On the fae of the ee, only 1 groove runs from eah antennal soket down to the lypeus (Fig 37); forewing with marginal ell narrowing to the outer end (Fig 38); jugal loe of hind-wing shorter, no longer than half the length of the laval loe (15) Base of gaster shining lak and tergites 3 to 4 or 5 with narrow white adpressed hair ands or streaks; hind legs highly modified, with at least the tiia and asitarsus enlarged; sopal hairs are off-white on tiia and lak on asitarsus (as in Fig 40); in the female thorax with lak hairs interspersed with the rown, with only rown hairs in the male; the male with the lypeus (and the slerite aove) yellow.....maropis (1 British sp) (Fig 40) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 44 Fig 41

45 Fig 40 - Gaster dull, with strong white hair ands in fresh females, and golden-rown ands in the fresh male; female hind legs with dense, golden sopa; in oth sexes thorax with rown hairs, paler at the sides; the male with fae lak eneath the hairs......dasypoda (1 British sp) (Fig 41) 17(1) Tongue of ee short, usually pointed ut sometimes iloed, projeting only a little eyond the adjaent mouthparts (Fig 42); jugal loe (JL) of hindwing longer than half the length of the laval loe (CL) (Fig 43) exept in Melitta, where it is slightly shorter than half Fig 42 Fig 44 Fig 43 Fig 45 - Tongue long to very long ompared with the adjaent mouthparts, sometimes with a roadened tip (Fig 44); jugal loe (JL) of hindwing redued (asent in Apis and Bomus), shorter than half the length of the laval loe (Fig 45) (17) In the forewing, the third sumarginal ell (III) elongate, so that its length as measured on the median vein (M) is nearly as long as the first ell (I) (Fig 46) Fig 46 Fig 47 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 45

46 - The third sumarginal ell distintly shorter than the first, as measured aove (Fig 47) (18) The hind-wing jugal loe elongate, nearly as long as the laval loe (as in Fig 51); the final segment of the antennae very oliquely trunate at the apex, appearing almost onial in some aspets (Fig 48); on the fae of the ee, 2 sutures or grooves run from eah antennal soket down to the lypeus (this may not e apparent in some hairy faed speies - the inner groove may e very diffiult to see) (Fig 50); the female with a depressed, felty area adjaent to the inner margin of eah ompound eye (not felty in the male) (Fig 50). Andrena (68 British spp) (Fig 51) Fig 48 Fig 49 Fig 50 Fig 51 Fig 52 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 46

47 - The jugal loe only approximately half the length of the laval loe (as in Fig 52); the final segment of the antennae rather squarely trunate (Fig 49); on the fae of the ee, only 1 groove runs from eah antennal soket down to the lypeus (sometimes hairy faed, when groove is diffiult to see); the female and male without a depressed, felty area adjaent to the inner margin of the ompound eyes. Melitta (4 British spp) (Fig 52) 20(18) Basal vein of forewing only gently urved; seond reurrent vein (2m-u) urved outwards in an S shape (Fig 53); tongue ifid and roadest at the apex (shaded area) (Fig 54)..... Colletes (9 British spp) (Fig 57) Fig 53 Fig 55 Fig 54 Fig 56 Fig 57 - Basal vein of forewing strongly urved or arhed; seond reurrent vein urved inwards (Fig 55); tongue pointed (Fig 56) (20) Tergite 5 of female gaster without a speialised preapial "rima", i.e. the hair unparted and thin (Fig 58); ase of female gaster with at least part of first and all of seond tergites red; male with flagellar segments speialised, either with a longitudinal ridge or with transverse, depressed hair ands (either of whih an give the antenna a "knoly" appearane) (Fig 59), and often with a very fine lattiework of ridges as seen under moderately high power; apex of male lypeus always without a pale marking, though often with pale hairs. Spheodes (16 British spp) (Fig 60) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 47

48 Fig 58 Fig 59 Fig 60 Fig 61 Fig 62 - Female with the preapial tuft on tergite 5 of the gaster speialised to form the "rima" i.e. this tuft is omposed of longitudinally parted, adpressed hair (Fig 61); the female gaster is predominantly lak, dark rown or metalli green eneath any hairs; male with flagellar segments of the antenna unspeialised (Fig 62), though often pale eneath; apex of male lypeus usually, and mandiles often, with a pale ream or yellow spot (21) On the middle tergites, the hair ands or spots at the apial margin of the segment (as in Fig 65), in the metalli speies there may additionally e a and at the ase of tergite 2; in the female, the third sumarginal ross vein and seond reurrent vein (2m-u) of forewing are pigmented similarly to adjaent veins (Fig 63)... Halitus (6 British spp) (Fig 65) Fig 63 Fig 64 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 48

49 Fig 65 Fig 66 - On the middle tergites, the hair ands or spots either at the ase of the segment (as in Fig 66) or asent; in the female, the third sumarginal ross vein (sometimes additionally the seond ross vein) and seond reurrent vein more faintly pigmented than adjaent veins (Fig 64).. Lasioglossum (31 British spp) (Fig 66) 23(17) A small (length 5 to 6 mm), rather hairless, faintly metalli lue ee; forewing venation as in Fig Ceratina (1 British sp) (Fig 68) Fig 67 Fig 68 - Not metalli lue, speies small to very large, sometimes very hairy; forewing venation unlike Fig (23) Gaster of ee with paired white hair spots or tufts at sides of some tergites Gaster without paired white hair spots at sides of tergites (24) Small to medium (length 6 to 9 mm), rather hairless ees; the thorax with only pale, adpressed hair in streaks; with paired white/off-white adpressed hair spots on the gaster; the sutellum frequently marked with red; legs eyond the femur rik red BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 49

50 with lak tiial spurs... Epeolus (2 British spp) (Fig 69) Fig 69 Fig 70 Fig 71 - Muh larger (length 13 to 17 mm), hairy ees; the thorax with upstanding hairs, at least some lak; some tergites with paired lateral white tufts of hair; sutellum dark eneath any hairs; legs lak; forewing venation as in Fig Meleta (2 British spp) (Fig 71, male) 26(24) Rather hairless ees; very small to moderately large (length 4.5 to 15 mm); usually onspiuously marked with red and/or yellow, and most often wasp-like in appearane; mandiles usually running to a simple point (as in Fig 72), oasionally (2 speies) divided at the tip to form two adjaent teeth (Fig 73); fae Fig 72. Nomada (28 British spp) (Figs 74 & 75) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 50

51 Fig 72 Fig 73 Fig 74 Fig 75 Fig 76 Fig 77 - Hairy; where any yellow markings, these mainly onfined to the lypeus; mandiles with at least one inner tooth near the apex (Fig 76), sometimes two, or often with the apex modified into a utting edge with nothes (Fig 77) (26) Jugal loe of hind-wing present; malar spae (the spae etween the ottom of the ompound eye and the root of the mandile) very short, muh shorter than the asal width of the mandile (Figs 78 & 80); hind tiia of female with a sopa, that is a rush of pollen-arrying hairs; lypeus of male usually, and that of female sometimes, with yellow markings BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 51

52 Fig 78 Fig 79 - Jugal loe of hindwing asent; malar spae long to very long, at least as long as the asal width of the mandile (Fig 79); hind tiia of female usually with a oriula, i.e. a flattened, hairless, shining area oupying most of the outside of the segment and surrounded y urved stiff hairs that hold the olleted pollen in a aked mass; lypeus of oth male and female without yellow markings (27) Mouthparts of ee only of moderate length, galea unusually short and wide (Fig 80); ase of the first segment of the gaster onave, defining an aarinium in some speies (a pouh whih may e infested with mites); stigma of forewing very redued, so as to e sarely disernile on the usually strongly iridesent wing, forewing venation as in Fig 81; usually very large ees, length up to 25 mm, resemling large Bomus.... Xyloopa (1 vagrant sp) Fig 80 Fig 81 Fig 82 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 52

53 Fig 83 - Mouthparts of ee unusually long, galea long and slender (Fig 78); ase of the first segment of gaster nearly flat, without an aarinium; stigma of forewing more visile, wings not strongly iridesent, forewing venation as in Fig 82; (medium sized roust ees, length 9 to 17 mm, some speies resemling small Bomus).... Anthophora (5 British spp) (Fig 83) [The odd speimen of Meleta laking white hair pathes on the gaster may run to this ouplet ut will not fit either alternative. Males of this genus do not have a yellow marked lypeus and the form of the third sumarginal ell will also separate them]. 29(27) Forewing with a shorter, roader marginal ell (Fig 84); first sumarginal ell (I) with a omplete false vein (Fig 84); ompound eyes without hairs; usually roust ees; gastral tergites lak eneath the usually dense hair (length 7 to 22 mm)..... Bomus (inluding Psithyrus) (26 British spp) (Fig 86) Fig 84 Fig 85 BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 53

54 Fig 86 Fig 87 - Forewing with an elongate, narrow marginal ell (Fig 85); first sumarginal ell without a false vein (Fig 85); ompound eyes hairy; ee not roust (exept male/drone, whih is rarely olleted); gastral tergites dark rown, frequently marked with one or more orange ands (the worker with asal, adpressed hair ands) Apis (1 British sp) (Fig 87) BWARS-BOOK V2A.do/rev.12/5/12 54