PEST ID FACT SHEET: ANT ADULT

Transcription

1 PEST ID FACT SHEET: ANT ADULT FAMILY: Formicidae indet Surface of fruit and in packaging. NOTE: The presence of one ant could mean more ants are present and potentially a contamination issue Shape: Marking: Light brown to black (dependent on species). 2 5mm (dependent on species). Three pairs of prominent legs. Slender. Very distinct divisions of head, thorax and abdomen with a double constriction between thorax and abdomen. No prominent markings. Wingless (except in sexual forms which possess two pairs of membranous wings). One pair of compound eyes (may be very reduced in some species). One pair of prominent elbowed antennae. A B Image references: A. Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org B. Phil Bendle, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 NZ) Avocado Industry Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Ant - adult

2 PEST ID FACT SHEET: ANT JUVENILE FAMILY: Formicidae indet Surface of fruit and in packaging. White. 2-5mm. Vary in shape depending on the species but in general are plump and resemble a comma. Distinct head capsule. Some can be sleek or with ridges on back. larvae pupae larvae Image references: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Avocado Industry Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Ant - juvenile

3 PEST ID FACT SHEET: Armoured scales FAMILY: Diaspididae indet Cap: Shape: The scale cap of armoured scales typically found on avocados can range from white (in early stages) to light tan to dark brown. Immature scale are 0.5-3mm. Mature scale are up to 3 mm in diameter. Immobile, with no visible legs - only have functional legs in their youngest stage (crawlers). Fixed to fruit surface. Armoured scales secrete a waxy covering over their body (the cap). This can be removed to reveal the actual scale body underneath. Circular to oval. Edges can be irregular. Flattened at sides, slightly dome shaped. Image references NZ Avocado Live/Dead identification Remove cap and refer to Armoured scale live/dead pest identification factsheet. NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Armoured scales

4 PEST ID FACT SHEET: Armoured scales live/dead FAMILY: Diaspididae indet Cap: Armoured scales secrete a waxy covering over their body (the cap). This can be removed to reveal the actual scale body underneath. LIVE: Bright yellow to golden DEAD: Dark yellow to brown Body contents: LIVE: Filled with liquid giving it a turgis appearence DEAD: Dry or very little liquid remaining giving it a shrivelled appearence Live scale fluid filled, whole and yellow in colour Dead scale Body shrivelled, dehydrated, easily damaged and dark yellow/brown in colour Image references G. Hill, HortResearch NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Armoured scales

5 PEST ID FACT SHEET: BOOKLICE ADULT AND JUVENILE ORDER: Psocoptera indet Surface of the fruit. Shape: Marking: Eyes Pale fawn to dark brown. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. 2 3 mm. Three pairs of prominent legs. Very distinct head, thorax and abdomen. Head prominent. Connected to thorax by very thick neck. No prominent markings. Adults usually possess two pairs of membranous wings but some species are wingless. One pair of bulging compound eyes. One pair of prominent slender antennae. A B Image reference: A. Mohammed El Damir, Bugwood.org B. David short, (CC BY 2.0) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Booklice adult & juvenile

6 PEST ID FACT SHEET: CATERPILLARS - LARVAE ORDER: Lepidoptera Variable colour and markings. Up to 30mm long. Soft tubular, segmented bodies with well developed hard head. Biting mouthparts with a pair of mandibles. May have hairs or spines over body. Small simple eyes. Difficult to see. Very small. 3 pairs of jointed legs at the front of body. 6 pairs of short fleshy pro legs at the back. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used A B Image references A. Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org B. 義欽黃, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Caterpillar - larvae

7 PEST ID FACT SHEET: COCKROACH EGGS ORDER: Blattodea indet Usually at stem ends. Shape: Texture: Dark brown. Egg case is up to 8mm long, divided into compartments, each containing a single egg. Bean shaped. Smooth (no hairs), glossy. 8mm American cockroach egg German cockroach egg Actual Size reference: Gary Alpert, Harvard University Bugwood.org NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 Pest ID Factsheet: Cockroach eggs

8 PEST ID FACT SHEET: COCKROACH ADULT AND JUVENILE ORDER: Blattodea indet. Surface of fruit and is a passenger pest so look in packaging. Light brown to black. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults mm. Body leathery with a waxy finish. Oval & flattened shape. May have 2 pairs of well developed wings (sepcies dependent). Tail: One pair of dark eyes, not easily visible. Very long and thread-like. Prominent, bristly. A. German cockroach B. American cockroach C. Gisborne cockroach Note the absence of wings Image reference: A. Kansas Department of Agriculture Archive, Bugwood.org B. Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Bugwood.org C. Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Cockroach adult & juvenile

9 PEST ID FACT SHEET: EARWIG ADULT AND JUVENILE FAMILY: Forficulidae indet Shape: Marking: Eyes Antennae Dark brown/black and shiny. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. Up to 15mm. 3 pairs. Slightly elongated. Prominent pair of curved forceps at tail end. Distinct head, thorax and abdomen. No obvious markings. Short stubby wing cases with folded membranous wings beneath. One pair of compound eyes. One pair of slender antennae with many small similar segments. reference: Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Earwig adult & juvenile

10 PEST ID FACT SHEET: FULLER S ROSE WEEVIL ADULT SPECIES: Asynonychus cervinus Passenger pest so look in packaging. Snout: Grey/brown with intermixed white scales. Darker on the sides. Distinguishing short, oblique, white line halfway along the body on each side. 8 mm. Hard bodied. Wing covers are fused. Cannot fly. Eyes are in lateral position and appear bulging. Prominent elbowed antennae. 3 pairs of prominent legs, thick basal joint on first pair of legs. A short snout that curves downwards. Not as pronouced as many weevils. A minimum of a 10x lens shall be used. 8mm B Actual Size A 10 x magnification Image reference: A. Zespri pest identification manual, B. Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: FRW - adult

11 PEST ID FACT SHEET: FULLER S ROSE WEEVIL EGGS SPECIES: Asynonychus cervinus Stem end and surface of fruit. Shape Yellow - gold eggs. Stuck together in a white, foamy mass. Clusters of up to 60. Each cluster is approximately 5mm in diameter. Oval shape and flattened. A minimum of a 10x lens shall be used. Image reference: Graeme Clare, Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: FRW - eggs

12 PEST ID FACT SHEET: FUNGAL BEETLE - ADULT FAMILY: Latridiidae indet Head Dark brown to black. 1-2mm. Oval shaped. Concealed beneath wing cases. Prominent, bulging. Medium length antenanne with distinct swollen tips. 3 pairs, lighter in colour than the body. Visible. A minimum of a 10x lens shall be used. 2mm A B Image reference: A. Sarefo, (CC BY-SA 3.0) B. Udo Schmidt, _Enicmus_minutus_(Linn%C3%A9,_1767)_Syn.-_Lathridius_minutus_(Linn%C3%A9,_1767)_( ).png, (CC BY- SA 2.0) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Fungal Beetle - adult

13 PEST ID FACT SHEET: HOODED BEETLE - ADULT FAMILY: Corylophidae indet Tail: Head Light brown. 1mm or less. Rounded. Concealed beneath wing cases. No tail. Prominent, bulging. Medium length antenanne with distinct swollen tips. 3 pairs, lighter in colour than the body. Head retracted under the thorax. A minimum of a 10x lens shall be used. 0.8mm A B Image reference: A. Mike Quinn, some rights reserved (CC BY-ND-NC 1.0) B. S.E. Thorpe, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Hooded Beetle - adult

14 PEST ID FACT SHEET: LADYBIRDS - ADULT FAMILY: Coccinellidae Variety of colours (e.g. orange, yellow, red, blue). Shiny and generally patterned. 1-10mm. Females tend to be larger than males. Oval, domed in shape. Hard forewings cover membrane hind wings. Two eyes. Clubbed and short. Usually hidden beneath the body when disturbed. 3 pairs. Short and usually hidden beneath the body when disturbed. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used A B C Image references: A. Phil Bendle, B. Giles San Martin, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA 2.0) C. Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Ladybird - adult

15 PEST ID FACT SHEET: LADYBIRDS - LARVAE FAMILY: Coccinellidae Variable - grey, black or blue. May have bright yellow or orange markings at later stages. <4mm in length. Elongated and slightly oblong in shape. May have spines or patterns. Two eyes. 3 pairs. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used A B C Image references: A. Tim Holmes, Plant & Food Research B. Sonya Broughton, Department of Agriculture & Food Western Australia, Bugwood.org C. Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet; Ladybird - larvae

16 PEST ID FACT SHEET: LEAFROLLER - ADULT FAMILY: Tortricidae Cryptic colours with brown/grey. 8-15mm. Characteristic bell shape. Span of 15-30mm. Brown/tan and patterned. Two. Short, approximately half body length. 3 pairs. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used reference: Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Leafroller - adult

17 PEST ID FACT SHEET: LEAFROLLER - LARVAE FAMILY: Tortricidae Green body, pale to dark depending on species mm. Green/dark brown head. Body can be transluscent or opaque, with or without markings. Not really hairy, or smooth, with just a few short bristles. None Small simple eyes. Difficult to see. Very small. 3 pairs of thoracic legs, 4 pairs prolegs and one pair on the last body segment. Do not loop as they move. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used Image references: NZ Avocado NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Leafroller - larvae

18 PEST ID FACT SHEET: LEAFROLLER - EGGS FAMILY: Tortricidae Shape: Texture: Yellow/green. Individual approximately 1mm. Flat oval masses. Frisbee-shaped, not elongated or under webbing. Covered with a translucent waxy secretion. A B Image references A. Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein, TortAI: Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, USDA APHIS ITP, Bugwood.org B. Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania, Bugwood.org NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Leafroller - eggs

19 PEST ID FACT SHEET: MEALYBUG ADULT FAMILY: Pseudococcidae Tail Pinkish-grey bodies covered with white, powdery wax. A single dark stripe runs down the middle of the back. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults mm. Greyish. Long tailed mealybug has 2 pairs of tail filaments one pair longer than the body and a second pair not so long. Very short. Short legs not visible when viewed from above. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used 4mm A & B. Longtailed mealy bug C. Citrus mealybug Image references A. David Cappaert, Bugwood.org B. Chazz Hesselein, Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Bugwood.org C. J.A. Davidson, Univ. Md, College Pk, Bugwood.org NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Mealybug - adult

20 PEST ID FACT SHEET: MILLIPEDE ADULT AND JUVENILE CLASS: Diplopoda indet Dark brown, dark grey to black. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. Shape: Marking: Wings Eyes Antennae Mostly up to 2 3 cm, but some forest dwelling species are much larger. Many legs with two pairs to every body segment except the first two. Note: juvenile millipedes may have several legless segments at the end of the body. Very long and slender. Round head. Rest of body consists of many similar segments. No obvious markings. One pair of compound eyes. One pair of short antenae. A B Image references: A. Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Bugwood.org B. Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Millipede adult & juvenile

21 PEST ID FACT SHEET: MITES ADULT AND JUVENILE ORDER: Thrombidiformes indet Stem end and surface of fruit. Vary from pale yellow through to brown and red. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. Extremely varied. Some of the larger soil mites can exceed 5 mm in size, while small ones can be less than 0.2 mm. Single body region. Very tiny eyes (or absent). Most are blind. 4 pairs of legs. The first pair of legs can appear antennae-like.very early juvenile stage has only 3 pairs of legs. A B C D 0.5mm Image reference: A. Western Australian Agriculture Authority (Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, WA B, C & D Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Mites adult & juvenile

22 PEST ID FACT SHEET: ORIBATID MITES ADULT & JUVENILE SUBORDER: Oribatida Stem end and surface of fruit. Conspicuous, very dark mite. Dark brown to black. Often smooth and shiny. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. Tail: 0.2-1mm in length. Body round or domed often referred to as beetle mites. Usually absent. 4 pairs of legs, slow moving. A B C 1mm Image reference: A. Plant & Food Research B. Jason Michael Crockwell, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-ND) C. Katja Schulz, some rights reserved (CC BY) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Oribatid mites adult & juvenile

23 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SCALE LIVE/DEAD PHOTO CHART FAMILY: Diaspididae LIVE Scale fluid filled, whole, yellow (1,2,3,4). Scale fluid filled intact with minor discolouration/staining or glassiness (5,6). DEAD Body shrivelled/dehydrated and easily damaged. Dark yellow/brown (7,8,9). Body partially collapsed, limited contents remain (10). Body total collapsed or missing (11). NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Scale live/dead

24 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SEEDBUG ADULT & JUVENILE FAMILY: Lygaeidae indet Passenger pest so look in packaging. Occurrence: Early spring to late autumn. Often associated with weedy areas around packhouse or loading area, especially wire weeds. Can crawl into bins / trays of fruit. Grey to brown / blackish. Note: juvenile stages are simialr in shape and colour to adults. Other Wheatbug: 3-5 mm in length and 2mm in width. Seedbug: Can be up to 8mm in length. Oval, slightly flattened, softish. Wings develop through nymph (juvenile) stages. When fully developed, wings (relatively clear at the tips) are normally folded flat over the body and can look like a distinctive V shape on its back. Prominent, bulging. Long, prominent antennae. 3 pairs, long and slender. Very active, move quickly. Can move quickly and will often play dead. A B Image reference: A. James Bailey, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC) B. Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Seedbug - Adult

25 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SHIELD BEETLE FAMILY: Pentatomidae Thorax Head Bright green to brown with a variety of markings depending on species mm. Shield shaped with an elongated and oval form. 2 pairs of overlapping wings. The front wings are hardened and the back wings are thin and membranous. Round in shape. 1 pair with 5 segments each. Most species have coloured bands around their antennae. 3 pairs of banded legs. Scent glands. When threatened will release contents of the glands. Piercing and sucking mouth parts. A minimum of a 10x lens shall be used. A. Shield bug (stink bug) B. Brown mamorated stink bug Image reference: A. Phil Bendle, B. Yerpo, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Shield beetle

26 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SLATER ADULT & JUVENILE ORDER: Isopoda indet Shape: Marking: Eyes Antennae Grey. Up to 12mm. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. At least 7 pairs. Oval to elongated. Two body regions, head and thorax/abdomen. An armadillo like body with 8 10 distinct segments. Slightly flattened. No distinct markings. One pair. One pair. B Image reference: Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Bugwood.org NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Slater adult & juvenile

27 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SLIPPERY MOSS SNAIL ADULT AND JUVENILE SPECIES: Cochlicopa lubrica Shape: Marking: Wings / Antennae Shades of light brown/grey. Up to 5 mm. Moves on a soft elongate foot. Conical tapering hard outer shell. Soft fleshy body encased in hard shell. Distinguishable by shell shape. Note: juvenile snails are similar to adult snails but they do not have a fully formed shell-lip. No strong markings on shell apart from different shades of grey. No true antennae. Replaced by soft extendable tentacles. A B Image references: A. Landcare Research, some rights reserved (CC-BY 4.0) B. Aleksandrs Balodis, some rights reserved (CC-BY SA 3.0) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Slippery Moss Snail adult & juvenile

28 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SNAIL - ADULT AND JUVENILE CLASS: Gastropoda Surface of the fruit. Antennae Shades of brown/grey. Common garden variety shell up to 32mm, native species shell 1-2mm to 5-6cm in diameter. Moves on a soft elongate foot. Soft fleshy body encased in hard shell. Note: juvenile snails are similar to adult snails but they do not have a fully formed shell-lip. No true antennae. Replaced by two pairs of soft extendable tentacles. Juvenile Adult Image references Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Snail -adult & juvenile

29 PEST ID FACT SHEET: Soft Scales FAMILY: Coccidae Shape: Varying colour depending on species. Body has a glistening-smooth, waxy, or cottony surface. Immature scale are 0.5-3mm. Mature scale are up to 5-6 mm in diameter. Immobile, with no visible legs - only have functional legs in their youngest stage (crawlers). Fixed to fruit surface. Circular to oval. Edges can be irregular. Flattened at sides, slightly dome shaped. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used. Chinese wax scale pink scale White wax scale Image references: Peter Lo, Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2018 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Unidentified Scale Soft Scales

30 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SPIDER ADULT & JUVENILE ORDER: Araneae indet Surface of fruit and can also be found in packaging. Mostly shaded of grey/brown. Often mottled. Note: juvenile stages are similar in shape and colour to adults. Shape: Marking: Wings / Antennae From 2mm to more than 1cm (dependent on species and life stage). 4 pairs. Generally rounded. Abdomen elongated in some species. Two distinct body regions. Head and thorax merged into one abdomen. Often dark markings against a lighter backround. Up to six pairs of eyes at the front end of head/thorax. reference: Phil Bendle, NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Spider adult & juvenile

31 PEST ID FACT SHEET: SPRINGTAIL ADULT CLASS: Collembola Look for on fruit: Tail: Variable yellow, tan, blue, pink, purple, white, brown, grey. Generally 2-3 mm in length. Variable body types - soft body, prominent body segments, elongated or globular. Most have a spring folded beneath the body that is used for jumping. This is often difficult to see. None or not visible. Variable long, slender, short, blunt. 3 pairs of short legs. reference: Jesse Rorabaugh, NZ Avocado Council November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Springtail - adult

32 PEST ID FACT SHEET: UNIDENTIFIED BEETLE - ADULT ORDER: Coleoptera On the surface of fruit. Mouth: Varies, but usually dark. Vary greatly in shape and size from 1mm 50mm+. Appear to have only two body part regions as the thorax and abdomen are concealed by wingcases. All have thick, hardened wing covers which may protect a second pair of membranous wings, which are used for flight. Compound and may be divided or notched to some degree. Vary greatly. The legs are multi-segmented and end in two to five small joints called tarsi. The hind legs of some are enlarged for jumping. Usually have one pair of claws at the end of each leg. Mouth parts may appear as large pincers at the front. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used A B Image reference: A. Phil Bendle, B. Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Unidentified beetle - adult

33 PEST ID FACT SHEET: UNIDENTIFIED THRIP - ADULT ORDER: Thysanoptera indet Variable. Usually black or yellow-brown, but may have red, black or white markings. 1-2 mm. Elongated, elliptical and slender. Generally have two pairs of long, narrow wings fringed with fine hairs but some species are wingless. Colour varies from pale yellow to light or dark brown. Folded flat over the body at rest. Eyes are dark in colour and are prominent. Medium length antennae (7-8 segments). No claws at tips of legs. May jump when disturbed. 2mm Greenhouse thrip Image references Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Unidentified Thrip - adult

34 PEST ID FACT SHEET: UNIDENTIFIED THRIP - JUVENILE ORDER: Thysanoptera indet The immature stages of Thrips are much lighter in colour than the adults, in most species pale yellow. 0.5 to 1.5 mm. The general body shape is similar to the adult with an elongated and slender abdomen. There are four instars (development stages). The first two show no signs of wings, but instars 3 and 4 have distinct wing studs. Not developed so cannot fly. Dark in colour (often red) and easy to see. Medium length antennae (7-8 segments). 3 pairs. No claws at the tips of legs. A Juvenile greenhouse thrips B C Image reference: A. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org B. Tim Holmes, Plant and Food Research C. Tim Holmes, Plant and Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Unidentified Thrip - juvenile

35 PEST ID FACT SHEET: WEEVILS - ADULT FAMILY: Curculionidae indet Surface of fruit and packaging. Snout: Other: Brown, grey to black. Usually less than 6 mm, but can be up to 10mm. Very hard bodied. Narrow head and shoulders. Membranous wings present beneath in some species. Hard wing cases covering back of body. Normally prominent, black. Elbowed antennae on each side of the snout. 3 pairs. Front of head is drawn out into a snout. Sometimes play dead when disturbed. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used Image references Landcare Research, (CC BY 4.0) NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Weevils - adult

36 PEST ID FACT SHEET: WEEVILS - LARVAE FAMILY: Curculionidae indet White/cream. 1-6mm in length. Soft, tubular bodies. May have a dark head. A minimum of 10x hand lens shall be used reference: Tim Holmes, Plant & Food Research NZ Avocado Council Ltd November 2017 PEST ID Fact Sheet: Weevils - larvae