AKA Reporter JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN KOI ASSOCIATION INC

Transcription

1 August September AKA Reporter JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN KOI ASSOCIATION INC

2 AUSTRALIAN KOI FARM 83 JERSEY ROAD, BRINGELLY NSW 2556 TEL: (02) FAX: (02) WEBSITE: A.K.F. Fisheries Lic. No. F A.B.N Breeding and selling pure Japanese Koi and pond & bio filtration construction for over 25 years Show Quality & Pond Quality Koi Pond Consultancy Pond Restoration Low Maintenance Mechanical & Bio Filters To Suit Any Pond Custom Made Filters Pre Fabricated Fiberglass Ponds Accredited Seller Of Oase Filters & Pumps Koi Food - High Protein Spirulina Enhanced Wholesale & Retail Fish and Food Air Pumps & Accessories Hoses & Fittings Filter Media - Japanese Mats & Bioballs Large Range Of Pumps U.V s To Suit Any Pond Size Medications & Other Pond Additives Open to The Public 7 Days

3 AKA Reporter August September 2017 Administrative Members and contact details 2 President s Report 3 Meeting Notices and Agendas, New Members, Auction Dates, AKA Committee Meeting Dates 4 5 Carpageddon is coming, but we re not prepared by Simon Chapman 6 AKA s Pond Tour 7 AKA s 19th Annual Young Koi Show 8 AKA Mid-Northern NSW News by John Irwin 9 A show with a difference: the Future Champions Show by Kate McGill-Andrews 10 _ Pheromones for koi hobbyists by Robert Wicker 13 Appreciation and history of Taisho Sanke by Kate McGill-Andrews 17 Buy, swap and sell 26 Table Show Results 28 Thank you to our advertisers... Australian Koi Farm Inside front cover PondToss 27 AKA Members Supplies Inside back cover The Pond Man Back cover For all advertising enquiries please contact Gordon Kilborn or AKA Reporter is published by the Australian Koi Association Inc. ABN Advertising enquiries: Gordon Kilborn or Newsletter production All correspondence to: The Secretary, Australian Koi Association, 17 Westmore Drive, West Pennant Hills NSW 2125 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this magazine are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of the Australian Koi Association or its management. Nor does the Association accept responsibility for the claims made by advertisers or members in respect of any service or items offered for sale herein Australian Koi Association Inc. Scan this tag with your phone August September

4 The Australian Koi Association Inc. Patron: Professor Simon Chapman AO PhD FASSA Bankstown Branch President Ian Andrews Vice President Arthur Johnston Secretary Carol Durrant Treasurer Bryce Hough (02) (Ph/Fax) / Public Officer John Rhodes (02) Committee Members Show Coordinator Paul Miglionico (02) / Show Support Group Graham and Lee Fameli Joe and Rita Borg (02) Rene Smeets Membership Officer David Durrant (Subscriptions to PO Box 68 St Clair NSW 2759) Supply Officers Ron and Max Farrugia (02) / Auction Coordinator Heinz Zimmermann Assistant Auction Master Boun Keakham AKA Reporter Editor Kate McGill-Andrews (02) Photography John Ling Shanye Murray Advertising/Distribution Gordon Kilborn (02) / Committee Support Panel Publicity Alf Mizzi (02) Librarian Heinz Zimmermann Catering George and Betty Ludbrook (02) Social Secretary Heinz Zimmermann Sizing and Assets John Rhodes (02) Webmaster and Facebook Shayne Murray Table Show Registrar Barbara Walter (02) AKA Mid Northern NSW Branch Chairman John Irwin Secretary Robyn Brierley (02) Supplies John Irwin Website Facebook Life Members Ethel Allen*; Ian Andrews; Jack Cohen*; Mary Cohen; Max Farrugia; Ron Farrugia; Barbara and Bryce Hough; Arthur Johnston; Gordon Kilborn; Yvonne Louis; Betty and George Ludbrook; Kate McGill-Andrews; Dorothy Miglionico; Paul Miglionico; Ken Newton; Dave Pogson*; Arthur Robinson; Alan Walter*; Barbara Walter; Harry Watson*; Robert Wood*; Heinz Zimmermann *Deceased All correspondence Australian Koi Association, 17 Westmore Drive, West Pennant Hills NSW AKA REPORTER

5 President s Report Coming up we have a really wonderful Pond Tour on Sunday 13th August, which will take in some really nice koi ponds as well as a 250,000-litre koi pond under construction. Also one of the smaller koi ponds being visited is surrounded by some of the best private bonsais I have seen on display. Final pond on the day will be Kate and mine where we will be providing lunch to our visitors before their homeward departure. If you are looking to build that dream koi pond then this is the tour for you, as you will see lots of ideas to help with your design. Not to be missed! Reserve your spot with Heinz Zimmerman on Kate and I were delighted to be asked to Judge at the recent Macarthur Branch Future Champions Show, a real treat for us both as we rarely get to judge side-by-side. Special congratulations go to Heinz Zimmermann for taking out the Grand Champion with a beautiful Beni Kikokuryu, a real show stopper! Reserve Champion went to Terry McNeil with a very high class Kinginrin Kohaku. A big thank you to all the other exhibitors for contributing to a fantastic day of really first-class Nishikigoi. Plans are underway for AKA s 19th Annual Young Koi Show to be held in the club hall on Sunday 1st October. We hope to make it really special and will be catering a Chinese lunch. As per last years successful launch we will be holding this event in Japanese clear bags. Details are on Page 8. At our September meeting night we are running another fun Koi Trivia Quiz. The idea being to increase everyone s knowledge of the koi hobby, novice and experienced hobbyists included. We will be setting up teams to compete and pizzas will be provided on the night. A must-not-miss fun evening. Finally, I would like to congratulate both Martin Rocliffe and Bradley Bradley for being formally recognised with Honorary Life Membership to KSA for services and dedication to the koi hobby. Well done Martin and Bradley Yours in koi, Ian Andrews President AKA AKA s Patron, Professor Simon Chapman (centre), presents Martin Rocliffe (left) and Bradley Bradley (right) with KSA Life Membership. August September

6 AKA News and Events Join our monthly meetings All members and friends are invited to attend our meetings, at which we discuss the general business of the Association, hear presentations from koi experts and enjoy the social company of other koi fanciers. Our meetings also include a table show competition and a raffle draw. Meetings are held in a family-friendly venue at the Scottish Hall, 4 Weigand Avenue, Bankstown, on the first Wednesday of each month. August Meeting The August General Meeting of the Australian Koi Association Inc will be held at the Scottish Hall, 4 Weigand Avenue Bankstown, Wednesday 2 August 2017, 7.30 pm. 1. Welcome to members and guests 2. Apologies 3. Confirmation of minutes of previous monthly general meeting held 5 July. 4. Raffle 5. Reports 6. General Business 7. Raffle Draw September Meeting The September General Meeting of the Australian Koi Association Inc will be held at the Scottish Hall, 4 Weigand Avenue Bankstown, Wednesday 6 September 2017, 7.30 pm. 1. Welcome to members and guests AKA Subscriptions Due 1st July. Have you renewed yet...? Contact Membership Officer Dave Durrant Apologies 3. Confirmation of minutes of previous monthly general meeting held 2 August June. 4. Raffle 5. Reports 6. General Business 7. Koi Trivia Quiz Night hosted by Bradley Bradley 8. Raffle Draw New members New members are always assured of a friendly welcome when attending the AKA s monthly meetings. Help and advice is available if required and our Supply Officers can provide you with koi food and accessories at favourable prices. Call our membership officer (details on page 2). New members we welcome this month are: Minh Le Warren & Amanda Bleakley Tie & Linda Liu Contributions to the AKA Reporter We welcome any contributions to this newsletter. If you have news, articles or photographs that you think would be of interest to members, send them to Ian Andrews either by (ian. andrews@fujifilm.com.au) or call Ian on Articles should preferably be submitted in MS Word or similar word processing files. Photographs should be submitted as separate files, not embedded in the article itself. KSA Auction Dates Sunday 10th Sep 2017 Sunday 22nd Oct 2017 Sunday 3rd Dec AKA REPORTER

7 AKA auction dates Held at Auburn Botanic Gardens (entry from Killeen Street, Auburn). Commencing at am. Quality fish at reasonable prices! Food and refreshments available. Fish food and other fish keeping supplies also available. Bankstown City NSW Chapter Zen Nippon Airinkai Sunday 6th August 2017 Sunday 8th October 2017 Sunday 19th November 2017 AKA Committee Meeting Dates AKA Committee meetings are held on the third Monday of every month. Monday 21 August 2017 Monday 18 September 2017 Monday 16 October 2017 Monday 20 November 2017 Congratulations Shaw Congratulations to Shaw Ng for taking home the Grand Champion prize at this years KSA Pet and Garden Show (that s his koi on the right). This gave Shaw the "double crown" this year having already won AKA's Grand Champion with a different sanke. (It must be nice to have so many wonderful sanke to choose from!...editor). August September

8 Carpageddon is coming, but we re not prepared Simon Chapman After the cane toad, there are few feral animals so loathed by Australians. Carp were introduced into our waters over 100 years ago. Today no one really knows how many are in the rivers of our eastern states and particularly the Murray- Darling, but if you were to say 10 million, few aquatic scientists would contradict you. When mature, the toothless, slimy fish are typically cm in length and weigh 2 14 kg. They can easily live 20 years. The female can lay some 300,000 eggs a year, although many of these are eaten and otherwise don t survive. Carp forage in river beds and the water for food and are one cause of increased turbidity or muddiness. However they are not the biggest contributor to water degradation by a long shot. The extensive loss of riverbank vegetation contributes to bank instability and massive increases in sediment run-off. Then there are the salinity issues driven by irrigation and illadvised land clearing, the pesticide and fertiliser run-off promoting toxic algae. The struggle for native fish to recover against these water quality impacts is further impacted by dams, roadways and weirs impeding their natural spawning movements, generating cold water pollution such that they no longer get the seasonal signals to spawn, and irrigation pumps altering flood signals for spawning, Plans are well advanced to release the carp herpes virus into NSW rivers in The CSIRO estimates that it will quickly kill an estimated per cent of carp which come into contact with it. Tests under laboratory controlled conditions have found no evidence that the virus has any effects on other aquatic species. So Barnaby Joyce is getting very excited that Australia s estimated 10 million river rabbits days are numbered. But there remain very serious questions about the wisdom of doing this. Once the release occurs, there is no turning back. It will not be like a batch of vaccine that can be somehow recalled. The lethal virus first appeared in Israel in 1998 and then spread to other nations through 6 commerce in koi (ornamental carp). Appeared is code for mutated. No one is cavalier enough to say the Israel mutation will be the end of the story. A mutation occurred in a benign virus to produce a strain lethal to carp, so who s to rule out further mutations in the wild that might one day sooner or later prove lethal to other introduced and native species? In the cautious language of scientific never say never the CSIRO says of its experiments: These results strongly suggest that both spillover infections and species jumps are highly unlikely. While many fishing groups are welcoming the release, will they be as sanguine if it mutates and threatens favoured fish like trout or Murray cod? Trials estimate that the release will rapidly kill some 80 per cent of carp that come into contact with it. Those that survive will carry the virus and breed resistant fish which will need different control strategies. It has the potential to be transferred to other rivers and dams by water birds and flooding. A 2013 CSIRO report noted that a survey of 109 major rivers in Japan which found four to five years after an initial outbreak of carp herpes virus had occurred almost every river in Japan was contaminated. But carp can still be readily seen in Japanese rivers, so the virus does not eradicate them. Estimates are that the release here will cause a carpageddon with between 2-6 million tonnes of dead carp putrefying in NSW rivers. Those promoting the release acknowledge this will pose a significant and urgent clean-up problem, as this decomposing biomass will deoxygenate the waterways where they die and rot, posing serious threat to all other water life and well as stinking like Hades. The plan is to release the virus first into the Lachlan river. So who will clean up the millions of dead fish along its 1440 kilometre length? Where are the armies of people who will put their lives on hold for weeks to do the clean up, and find the massive number of boats needed to access and carry the rotting carcasses? Here s a thought. Why not make the trial release into Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, which teems with carp? Those now whistling AKA REPORTER

9 dixie about the safety and the ease of the clean up could be transparently monitored as they attempt what would be a comparatively small task compared to the thousands of kilometres of rivers. Local shops could do roaring trade in face masks for Canberrians. Another biological control is the development of daughterless carp. Carp can be genetically modified to produce only male offspring. This would see the fish die out within a carp generation. Why are we seeing so little about this strategy? Simon Chapman is emeritus professor of public health at Sydney University and patron of the Australian Koi Association. Article reprinted by kind permission of the Sydney Morning Herald. AKA s POND TOUR Sunday 13 August Visit four addresses and see some great koi ponds and bonsais. Kick off at 9:00 AM at Galston. Finishing just after lunch (supplied) at West Pennant Hills. Bookings are essential for catering purposes. Bookings via Heinz Zimmerman (Pond Tour address details will be provided when you book) August September

10 AKA s 19th Annual Young Koi Show 9.30 am pm Sunday 1 October at the Club Hall Varieties Kokaku, Sanke. Showa, Utsuri, Metallic, Non Metallic, Kinginrin, Ogon One entry per variety Sizes: 250 mm mm Entries on the day to Show Chairman Paul Miglionico Chinese lunch provided 8 AKA REPORTER

11 AKA Mid Northern NSW News The weather has been great in our area but I had a problem the other day. A few male koi were pushing around one of my female koi. Somebody forgot to tell them it was not breeding season. As it was 25 degrees and in the middle of July this was not expected. We had a great pond tour around the Coffs Harbour area, starting off at Chris and Sally Archer s farm. Their pond and koi just looked great. Most of us went for a tour around their property checking out their dams. Gary Lauder s pond was next. Gary s drum filter system always gets members attention. The filter is a credit to him, a little complex at first glance but once you understand it, it s all OK. Not far away we were off to Jim and Judith Bishop home to look at their pond a lovely clean rectangular pond setup with a drum filtration system in a tropical theme. Special thank you to Robyn and Glennis who prepared a BBQ sausage sizzle lunch at beautiful Korora Beach Park while we were enjoying the first part of our pond tour. After our big lunch we headed off to Oliver Smith s home to check out the last pond for the day. Oliver s ponds all looked good. Oliver had installed a new aeration system to his main pond. He told us that his koi had improved with the new system. We have a social outing, a table show and a talk on preparing for breeding coming up over the next few months. We will have the dates and information out to our group soon. Until next time, John Irwin August September

12 A show with a difference: the Future Champions Show Kate McGill-Andrews For several years now, the Macarthur Branch of the Koi Society of Australia (KSA) has pioneered a very novel and interesting small koi show to try to identify future fish, those young koi likely to go on and do well as they become adult and hopefully even as more mature, large koi. Entries are limited; each exhibitor requested to display only a single example of each of seven varieties: Kohaku, Sanke, Showa, Shiro Utsuri, Metallic, Non-metallic and Kin-Gin-Rin. The metallic group is self-explanatory and the nonmetallic group includes all other non-metallic varieties, for example, Koromo, Bekko, Asagi- Shusui, and Kawarimono. A single size category is fielded, all young koi up to 300 mm. Ian and I were delighted to receive an invitation to judge the show this year; we enjoy judging together and rarely have the opportunity. Held at Mount Annan Flower Power garden centre, this year the bins were laid out on the lawn in front of the main building so we had plenty of light, especially since we were blessed with a lovely bright sunshine winter s day. Ian and I were asked to select a Grand Kate and Ian judging. Champion (GC) and Reserve Champion koi; the results to be posted immediately and then go on and select the winner from each variety. These koi were only announced at prize giving, to retain anticipation throughout the show. A final award, introduced for the first time this year, involved everyone attending the show wishing to participate. After spending time looking around the bins, attendees were able to write down which single koi they preferred, (excluding GC and Reserve), on a voting slip. The slips were collected in a box and votes counted towards the end of the show. The exhibitor attracting the highest number of votes won a prize for the koi everyone had selected. This is a lovely way of involving all the visitors more closely in a show. Of the 60 koi exhibited we made a first short-list for GC of six koi there were some very nice entries! After whittling the list down to three, eliminating a final koi was quite difficult. We were looking at very different varieties with very different appreciation criteria. A metallic Beni Kikokuryu (or Kin Kikokuryu), a Sanke and a Kin-Gin-Rin Kohaku. All were excellent quality and shape, making our decision quite tough. After careful deliberation and much discussion, we decided that of the three, the Sanke didn t quite live up to its competition. Sumi at this point was a little one-sided without evidence of other markings likely to emerge later, although this is not to say that more sumi will not develop in future, just on the day, considering that we were looking for potential, the Sanke perhaps posed the largest question mark of our three GC contenders. We both certainly hope this koi goes on to great things, it demonstrated one of the strongest figures of any koi exhibited, always a useful pointer to future large size. Both the Beni Kikokuryu and the Kin- 10 AKA REPORTER

13 Grand Champion. Reserve Champion. BIV Kohaku. BIV Showa. BIV Utsuri. Gin-Rin Kohaku were superb examples of their varieties, the Beni Kikokuryu particularly, being a well-grown, strong koi with an excellent shape for this variety notoriously difficult to achieve. Its lustre was good and both beni (hi) and sumi excellent. The Kin-Gin-Rin Kohaku was slightly smaller, with a slender, but good figure. The white skin and hi were excellent quality and the quite extensive hi pattern should fit this koi at all growth stages. Kin-Gin-Rin scaling was superb, August September

14 BIV Kin-Gin-Rin. BIV Metallic. BIV Non-metallic. BIV Sanke. The GC presentation. almost beta-gin in style (the whole scale shines) and very neatly arranged along the whole length of the koi. Very difficult to choose between these koi! In the end, we awarded GC to the Beni Kikokuryu giving Reserve to the Kin-Gin-Rin Kohaku. Having the stronger figure and demonstrating an excellence rarely seen in this variety at any age we felt this was the right decision on the day. We hope that both koi develop into future champions for many years to come. We carefully selected a winner for each of the seven categories, excluding the two show winning koi (see photographs). Perhaps the greatest surprise was the Kin-Gin-Rin winner. 12 This was a very small Kohaku (possibly from a late spawning?) but when closely examined proved to have a good figure, lovely white skin, strong, homogeneous hi plus very good Kin- Gin-Rin. We certainly hope this koi grows well, because it has real promise. Ian and I very much enjoyed the day. Thank you very much to the sponsors, exhibitors, show organisers and Macarthur Branch for inviting us to participate this year and for their very generous hospitality. We look forward to seeing the winning koi at future shows! AKA REPORTER

15 Pheromones for koi hobbyists Robert Wicker It has been known for many years that fish are able to release compounds into their environment that influence behavior and can serve as a means of communication. These compounds, which are known as pheromones, have been well known for many species of both fresh and saltwater fish. Pheromones play a vital role in many aspects of a fish s lifecycle. This article is an attempt to give a broad overview of what is known about pheromones and how this applies to the koi hobbyist. The term pheromone was first utilized by Karlson and Luscher in A pheromone can be defined as a molecule or group of molecules that stimulate a specific reaction or response from a fish s sensory system. These molecules may be thought of as signals to the fish s sensory system and the response can be learned or may be innate, that is either learned or as an evolutionary process. In the case of pheromones the signals are picked up from the olfactory system or the sense of smell. Currently, there are considered to be five general categories of pheromones. The categories are derived by their particular biologic function: 1. Alarm cues chemicals released by an injury are known to cause a predator response resulting in a fleeing behavior. 2. Non-reproductive recognition and aggregation thought to be bile acids and l-amino acids which result in fish being able to recognize other members of their species and encourage aggregation or schooling. 3. Individual and kin recognition odours that help with recognition of young and possible schooling. Possible agents include l-amino acids, a possible gene product excreted in August September

16 urine, or peptides. 4. Ornament odours odours that can be used in combination with the visual or auditory signals to promote territory recognition. These chemicals or compounds are as yet unknown. 5. Reproductive odours many reproductive hormones and their derivatives/byproducts are excreted as messages to announce reproductive state. Anatomy and physiology The anatomy and physiology of the carp olfactory system has been well studied. The anatomy is shown in Diagram 1. Carp utilize flaps of skin over their nares to pull water across very delicate cells lining the rosettes. Odorants then stimulate rosette cells, which then transmit signals from the short olfactory nerves to the olfactory bulb. Then via the olfactory tracts the signals travel directly into different areas of the brain for interpretation and response initiation. Within the olfactory tracts are three separate bundles of nerve fibers that have very unique functions. The three different bundles have shown to go to specific areas of the brain to modulate three particular behaviors: 1. Feeding behaviors 2. Reproduction 3. Alarm and habitat cues. The cells responsible for odour recognition are also incredibly sensitive to pollutants and metals which will be discussed later in this article. As discussed in the general categories of pheromones, there are many potential molecules that can serve as pheromones bile acids, amino acids, and reproductive hormones to name a few. Metabolic byproducts of sex hormone metabolism can serve as pheromones and mixtures of different pheromones may elicit different and stronger responses. As research continues the role of other molecules, acting alone or in combination, are sure to be discovered. Reproductive pheromones Studies of goldfish and carp have revealed their reproductive processes are very similar. The three requirements for spawning are having reproductive mature fish, spawning material for eggs to be laid, and water temperature above 60 F (15.6 C). The hormonal processes typically start in the days to hours prior to spawning. Figure 1 highlights the hormonal and pheromone changes in the period of time leading up to spawning in a goldfish model. An initial complex is released from the female to recruit males to the area. This recrudescent pheromone has not yet been identified in carp.the pivotal pheromones 14 AKA REPORTER

17 as spawning proceeds are androstenedione, progesterone(p) derivatives(17,20 beta-p & 17,20 beta-p-s) and prostaglandin F2alpha(PGF2alpha) and it s derivative 15K-PGF2 alpha. As indicated by the table, the different pheromones elicit behaviors from the males. Androstenedione causes the males to be aggressive toward each other. The progesterone derivatives cause the males to follow and chase the females. While the release of prostaglandins cause the courtship and spawning behaviors. The sum of all these events resulting in milt and eggs being produced and matured to optimize fertilization at spawning. Alarm pheromones As beginning hobbyists, a valuable lesson to learn is the ability to handle koi in as gentle and non-aggressive fashion as possible. Large sums of money can be spent on soft pliable nets to minimize injury to the fish and also to minimize release of skin/mucous compounds which serve as very powerful alarm cues. The release of skin/mucous compounds from injuries can cause a fear response which will result in other fish in the area to aggressively attempt flight, resulting in potential injury. Pollution, chemicals, and metals effects on pheromones Multiple studies have shown that pollution, chemicals, and metals can affect pheromones at many different levels. Figure 2 shows the pathway of pheromone release, transfer, and reception with the associated influences at each step. Common things that we may take for granted that can affect pheromones include a fish s energy status, disease state, parasites and disease. The water itself can play a role as temperature, ph, and currents can affect pheromones especially at the transmission phase. Carp are exquisitely sensitive to exogenous hormones (especially reproductive hormones) that could be found in waste water. Pesticides can be transported via runoff and wind and are designed to be active at very low concentrations. Most pesticides act on the neurologic system and can effect the olfactory system directly. Metals, especially copper, can be found in algaecides, pesticides, fungicides, and certain paints. Copper is toxic to olfactory cells and has been shown to affect behavioral responses to pheromones at very low levels. Medications and water additives that are commonly used in our ponds can affect pheromones. Charcoal could potentially remove pheromones from the water column by absorption. Reports of potassium permanganate and malachite green stopping spawning activities are most likely from their dual action of directly affecting olfactory cells and as potent oxidizing agents denaturing/destroying pheromones. Formal studies to confirm these effects have yet to be done. Potential uses for pheromones Massive resources have been utilized in an attempt to find ways to control the common carp population in the Murray-Darling River basins in Australia. At the time of publication, a controversial plan utilizing the release of KHV (Koi Herpes Virus) has been proposed and is under intense scrutiny and debate. Another plan under investigation is the utilization of selective pheromones to aid in trapping carp. The use of pheromones to selectively guide carp to specific areas in an attempt to control population expansion is currently being studied. This method of population control has been effectively used to capture large numbers of ovulating lamprey females in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Studies at the University of Minnesota have identified three pheromones which could be used in this setting. A male-derived pheromone hormone that attracts females, a female-derived pheromone that attracts males, and a carp-identifying pheromone that augments the other pheromones. Although expensive, these pheromones could be manufactured in a large enough scale for commercial application. Initial studies utilized Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) implants in female fish to induce pheromone release that lasted up to two weeks. Injections were found to be impractical as the PGF2 alpha is metabolized in 1-2 hours. These early studies found traps worked best when a female could be seen by the males, when trap entrances are designed so that the carp don t touch (carp learn from trapping experiences), and the traps have to be emptied frequently. The implants allowed a pheromone release greater than a 1000x the naturally occurring levels. A fact of particular interest was the implanted female could produce enough pheromones to attract males in an area the size of an Olympic swimming pool. The use of pheromones could be used not only to aid in trapping, but to disrupt areas commonly travelled by carp, decrease reproductive efficiency, or potentially as repellents. More studies are needed to evaluate August September

18 effectiveness of pheromone induced trapping, both financially and in reduction of carp biomass. Areas of continued study need to address safety with the release of chemicals into the public waterways as well as the potential effects on local ecology. Currently, there are pheromone products commercially available used as attractants for fishing enthusiasts. These same products were thought to promote feeding behaviors that would result in improved fish growth in aquaculture. Indeed, there was an initial study that did show improved food utilization and growth, but literature searches could find no other studies to corroborate the preliminary findings. Conclusion Pheromones remain a fertile ground for further research into their effects on fish behavior and communication. Whether knowingly or unknowingly, many koi hobbyists and breeders have utilized the science of pheromones in their everyday handling of their fish, water management, and spawning techniques. In the near future, they may also be helpful in areas where carp are considered a pest or burden to natural ecosystems. References Sorensen, P.W., & Wisendon, B.D. (2015). Fish Pheromones and Related Cues. Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell. Kobayashi, M., Sorensen, P.W. & Stacey, N.E. (2002). Hormonal and pheromonal control of spawning behavior in the goldfish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 26, issue 1. Copyright 2002, Springer. T. Breithaupt & M. Thiel. Chemical Communication in Crustaceans. Copyright 2010, Springer Business and Science Media. Karlson, P. and Luscher, M. (1959) Pheromones a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature, 183, PestSmart Connect. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from uploads/2014/01/cpfs8_pheromone-attractants.pdf Acknowledgement: My research into this topic would not have been possible without the assistance of Dr. Peter Sorensen, who was patient enough to answer many s and whose book was the main reference for the content of this article. 16 AKA REPORTER

19 Appreciation and history of Taisho Sanke Kate McGill-Andrews Despite there being thirteen basic varieties of living jewels, or Nishikigoi (brocaded carp), each with their particular characteristics and beauty, three dominate the koi industry and have fascinated breeders, dealers and hobbyists alike for many decades. These three koi varieties are Kohaku (red and white), Taisho Sanke and Showa Sanshoku (both, red, black and white, but in different configurations). The big three are also called the Go-Sanke varieties, because of their comparison to the historical Tokugawa Gosanke, a powerful ruling alliance or shogunate, formed from three closely related, and most important, Japanese families (Mito, Kishu and Owari) during the Edo period ( ). Hence Go-Sanke refers to the three most important families, whether people or koi (Alan Rogers, Nishikigoi International 1996). Since Taisho Sanke, or Sanke as this variety is most commonly referred to, has done so well at two of the three major shows in Australia this year (Grand Champion at both the AKA & KSA shows, also taking several other awards), it seemed timely to take another detailed look at the history and appreciation of Sanke (photo 1). The Sanke Story The history of Nishikigoi variety development is very colourful, not least because so much of it appears to have happened almost by accident, just someone being curious or noticing an unusual feature. The establishment of Sanke as a koi variety is considered to be in 1917 (during the Taisho era) because a koi farmer called Eizaburo Hoshino started to work in 1916 with the parent Kohaku originally owned by Heitaro Sato in Urgara, which produced some offspring showing black spots. Most of these odd-looking koi went into the cook-pot as worthless! The story is that Heitaro s son liked the look of the spotted Kohaku and three were kept for him to play with. They came to the attention of Chuzo Kawakami, who bought and displayed them, creating something of a local sensation. However, when Heitaro bred the parent koi (oyagoi) again the next year, only about 10 fry showed any sumi and, disappointed, he decided to sell them (the oyagoi), hence they finally came to Eizaburo Photo 1: A very memorable Sanke. Hoshino another year later. He is credited with producing the very first recognisable Sanke (Interviews with the Elders Nicherin August 2000). These very early Sanke were called Shima Sanke, because of black stripes appearing in the fins. The name Taisho gradually became accepted, as Sanke was established in that era as a new breed. Little information is available on the history of Sanke over the next 30 years. We can only assume they were continually bred and slowly improved during this period, although it is inferred that sumi quality remained poor, markings breaking up readily. The story is taken up again in the late 1940s with the development of the well recognised Torazo and Sadazo lines. The Torazo (tiger) Sanke is first credited to Torakichi Kawakami of the Urakawa koi farm in 1949 bred from an Eizaburo Hoshini Sanke female with another Sanke male and a Yagozen Kohaku male. The Torazo line is marked by August September

20 Photo 2: Sanke sumi on the body but the koi has motoguro. Photo 3: Sanke or Showa??? Elements of both. Photo 4: Sanke or Showa??? No sumi on head or pectorals. Sanke demonstrating stable, saddle shaped, blue-black sumi markings with a very high gloss (Urakawa Koi Farm - Nicherin December 2000). Again, by inference, the Torazo represented a quantum leap in sumi quality and possibly size of sumi markings. It is said that the great days of the Torazo line lasted for four years post its emergence, until the original Yagozen Kohaku male of the breeding group died (Interviews with the Elders Nicherin August 2000). A second great line of Sanke, the Sadazo, followed Torazo, first recognised in and produced by Sadazo Kawakami, Nigorisawa. With Torazo, Sadazo appears to complete the foundation stock of all modern Sanke. Wellknown lines including Jinbei, Kichinai and Matsunosuke followed decades later; with Kichinai probably the earliest, ( ). Toshio Sakai, originally from Niigata Prefecture, but now based in Isawa is credited with having the greatest impact on modern Sanke development, re-introducing wild Magoi into the Matsunosuke line and bringing with it a vast improvement in growth potential. In 2002 one of his Sanke s won the All Japan Combined Show at a length of 101 cm. Recognising Sanke from Showa Add a third pattern element black (sumi) to a Kohaku and you could have either Sanke or Showa, depending upon the extent and positioning of the sumi. In earlier years, quality of the sumi could also have been added as a 18 Photo 5: Sanke may lack impressiveness when compared to Showa. defining feature between Sanke and Showa, but in recent years, sumi quality has become very similar on both varieties. Even more confusing in modern times, positioning of sumi between the two varieties, once fairly cut and dried has AKA REPORTER

21 Go-Sanke Early Timeline 1889 Kunizo Hiroi develops the first true Kohaku 1915 Early Kohaku are exhibited at the Taisho Exhibition in Tokyo 1917 Eizaburo Hoshino develops the first Sanke Jukichi Hoshino breeds the first Showa 1935 Establishment of Tomoin Kohaku as a specific line 1949 Birth of the Torazo Sanke line Start of the Sadazo Sanke line Kichinai Sanke becomes established 1964 Birth of the Kobayashi Showa 1967 The Kobayashi Showa wins the 1st All Japan (ZNA) Show 1968 The first Inazuma patterned Kohaku wins the 2nd All Japan (ZNA) Show 1970 A Sanke wins the 4th All Japan (ZNA) Show 1978 The famous Crown Sanke wins the 10th All Japan Show Photo 6: Sanke with minimal but interesting sumi. Photo 7: Sanke with heavy sumi showing poor edges. become somewhat blurred. Sanke sometimes carry a black pectoral fin joint (motoguro), rather extensive body sumi and sumi on the head in unexpected postitions (see photos 2, 3, 4). Likewise, modern or Kindai Showa can resemble a Sanke quite closely. Quality of white skin (shiroji) and red (beni or hi) has been comparable on all Go-Sanke members for much longer than quality of sumi. All appreciation points expected for Kohaku also apply to Sanke and Showa. Always recognise however, that to achieve the same degree of excellence, when you have a third pattern element in the equation, is much more difficult (photo 5). Correct classification of Sanke from Showa, Photo 8: An impressive Showa showing a classical head pattern for comparison. has thus often posed a problem for beginners, because essentially they carry the same colours and can have similar patterns. However, in most cases, the two varieties can be distinguished by applying a few very simple rules. 1. In general, Sanke sumi is more usually seen above the lateral line as relatively small markings, often demonstrating a rounded appearance (photo 6). In contrast, Showa sumi can be very extensive, as either large blocks or jagged looking markings crossing the back and extending well below the lateral line. 2. Sanke are not expected to have any sumi on the head, particularly towards the nose, although again, in recent years (due to August September

22 Photo 9: An excellent body but small sumi markings lack impressiveness. Photo 10: A massive Sanke with dense sumi. Photo 11: Sanke with well placed sumi. breeding experiments towards improving sumi quality), Sanke are sometimes seen with some sumi on the forehead or cheek (photo 7). Generally however, it will not be extensive and should not be confused with Showa sumi. Showa, in contrast to Sanke, are expected to show sumi on the head, which may be quite extensive. Typical and well-recognised patterns are either a line dividing the head vertically from forehead to nose (menware or hachiware), or a V (Japanese Kanji symbol) shape on the forehead with a separate nose sumi (photo 8). These patterns are by no means universal however, there is much variability and occasionally a recognisable Showa will have no sumi at all on the head, although this is quite unusual. 3. The pectoral and other fins of Sanke may be plain white, but often carry light sumi stripes (tejima or tezumi). Heavier markings have been seen occasionally, in recent years, but are not really a Sanke feature (see photos 2 & 3). In general terms, only Showa demonstrate true motoguro, or black pectoral fin joints. On a young Showa, the entire pectoral may be black, but the colour should retract, as the koi becomes older, particularly if the leading ray carries a white stripe. Exceptions to classification of Sanke and Showa are the same as those for Kohaku. Kanoko Sanke 20 or Showa are classified with Kawarimono, Kin- Gin-Rin examples in Kin-Gin-Rin (A). If a Sanke or Showa has a single forehead beni marking with no beni on the body, they are classified as Tancho. If a Go-Sanke doitsu class is included at a show, Doitsu Sanke and Showa are included with doitsu Kohaku examples. Occasionally, Sanke and Showa are seen with almost no shiroji, (Aka Sanke and Hi Showa respectively). At first glance they may appear to be two-coloured koi (Aka Bekko or Hi Utsuri). However, if you can find a distinct line somewhere on the head or body, with shiroji below it, the koi is either Sanke or Showa, depending on sumi arrangement. Aka Sanke and Hi Showa are not thought to look as elegant as Sanke or Showa with more extensive white skin, although some hobbyists appreciate them. Appreciating Sanke Comparing Sanke and Showa, historically Sanke have tended to be lighter in style, due to size and placement of sumi markings (photo 9). Very early modern Sanke tended to develop quite heavy, scattered body sumi markings and fin striping, but over the years a huge reduction occurred, leaving Sanke looking much cleaner and more attractive. In the early 1990s, we saw sumi markings on the body reduce in size and number, but improve in depth and quality of colour. Gradually, since that time, size of sumi markings AKA REPORTER

23 Photo 12: Showa with extensive and impressive sumi. has increased, but without the heavy fin stripes. Today, the quality of sumi on Sanke can be incredibly impressive; lacquer black, dense, large and cleanly finished (photo 10). Little scattering of sumi occurs and often a beautiful threedimensional effect is seen, due to the presence of sashi of sumi, the blue shaded leading edge where sumi inserts under white skin. The result of sumi improvements has been to create a Sanke that is more powerful in appearance, but at the same time retaining a very clean impression. Positioning of sumi must complement beni and shiroji patterns, ideally creating a pattern that leads the eye along the koi from head to tail. All three elements should give a balanced impression in all areas, very difficult to achieve, considering high quality of all pattern elements is also a requirement for excellence. A critical appreciation point for Sanke is considered to be a sumi marking on the shoulder, preferably on a white base (photo 11). Sumi against white is considered more impressive. For many years sumi on white skin was thought to be called tsubo sumi, but in reality we learn that tsubo sumi actually means well-placed, rather than against Photo 13: Scattered sumi lacks appeal. a specific base. Sadly, Sanke still seem to have a way to go before they successfully compete for top awards, certainly in Japan. Kohaku and Showa have dominated the field for many years now. The simple but stunning elegance of a perfectly finished massive Kohaku has always been hard to beat and Showa, now also achieving huge size, positively compete with their complex, geometric, often deeply wrapping sumi patterns (photo 12). If you think of the comparison between Bekko and Shiro Utsuri, both black and white koi, it will clearly show the disadvantage Sanke have to overcome. They generally cannot achieve the same level of impressiveness (photo 13). Perhaps one day! Author s Note: Historical information about koi is, sadly, very incomplete. How good it would be if a koi association in Japan, like ZNA, would sponsor a University student to research the topic thoroughly, before much of it is lost forever. Even better, if the results were published in English! Photographs courtesy of Ian Andrews August September

24 Learning More About Koi Classification There are now many books available to help you learn to classify koi. Here, some are listed, the first four being the most up to date. The first two are the only dedicated books on koi varieties: 1. Kokugyo: Mamoru Kodama (2002) 2. Koi Appreciation The First Step: Kate McGill (2001 Updated and reprinted 2006) 3. Koi A Handbook on Keeping Nishikigoi: Servaas de Kock & Ronnie Watt (2006) 4. Koi: Steve Hickling, Mick Martin, Bernice Brewster & Nick Fletcher (2002) 5. Koi Kichi: Peter Waddington (1995) 6. The Ultimate Koi: Edited by Nick Fletcher (1999) 7. The Enigma of Koi: Barry Goodwin (1997) 8. Manual to Nishikigoi: Takeo Kuroki (Editions 1 8, ) 9. Koi of the World: Dr Herbert R Axelrod (1973) 10. Koi: Grant Fujita (for the Associated Koi Clubs of America AKCA, date unknown) 11. Living Jewels Koi Keeping in South Africa: Ronnie Watt & Servaas de Kock (1996) 12. Koi on the Web just Google Koi Classification! A Very Famous Taisho Sanke The Crown Sanke is a highly recognisable and acclaimed koi, because of the very unusual maruten (separate) head pattern, which looks a little like a crown in shape This famous Sanke won the 10th All Japan Nishikigoi Show in 1978, demonstrating exceptional quality for that time. A powerful figure is complemented by beautiful clean looking shiroji. Notice that the pectoral fins show no sumi stripes. The plain white fins, neat white tail stop (odome) and the fairly large area of white skin over the shoulders lift the rather heavy body patterning on this Sanke. Deeply coloured beni describes a running pattern with inserts of white rising up from the belly. Sumi placement is excellent, mostly on white skin, but look at the quality compared to that seen on top quality Sanke available today. There is no comparison. One small area of beni on the shoulder of this koi is also weak, but in her day, the Crown Sanke was very special and will always be remembered. The Crown Sanke. Photo by kind permission from ZNA. 22 AKA REPORTER

25 The Loulan story There have been millions of koi bred since the first strangely coloured carp was discovered in the mountains of Niigata in northern Japan two centuries ago, but during the summer of 1976 one very special koi was about to hatch from a very special spawning. This spawning occurred at Ogawa Koi Farm based in Sasebo on Kyushu Island at the southern most tip of Japan and was to be a defining moment in the history of koi. One of the small koi hatched from the many thousands of eggs spawned that day, was a tiny Kohaku that was to become the most famous koi ever produced. To continue the story of this koi we must go back to the very beginning. Ogawa Farm was founded by Heikichi Ogawa and from the very beginning he and his brother Yukichi Ogawa had concentrated on one particular aspect of their koi and that was their desire to only produce koi with stunning snow white skin. The whiteness of the skin was the one defining factor that they felt made a koi truly special and their aim was to produce a koi with skin as beautiful as the white porcelain (Kakiemon) that the region around Sasebo was famous for. Heikichi Ogawa wanted to breed a koi with truly white skin that could win the All Japan Koi Show and this was to be his long life ambition. Ogawa Koi Farm started their breeding process by using Ohshita Koi of Tomoin bloodline and by extremely selective breeding for successive years they had been very successful in producing koi with the super white skin that they desired. Due to their obsession with whiteness, they always selected their koi with this feature in mind, it was white or nothing! This quest caused Ogawa koi to be instantly recognisable, not only from their white skin, but also from their unusual patterns. These strikingly different patterns had come about as a direct result of the obsession with white skin. The Oyagoi (broodstock) that Ogawa was using by 1976 had become very different compared with other farms at the time; the parent koi had very little, if any resemblance of a traditional pattern and were being used purely for their whiteness. Therefore their offspring were unlike any other koi being produced anywhere in Japan and it was from these Oyagoi that a special koi was to be spawned. That special koi was a tiny Kohaku with outstanding white skin (obviously that goes without saying!) and a unique pattern that simply gleamed. From the koi s first days Heikichi Ogawa had great hopes for the future of this koi, he felt this could be the one. When the koi reached 3 years old she was absolutely beautiful and was sold for the first time, not because Heikichi Ogawa had given up on the koi, but every koi has its price. However the koi was purchased by one of Ogawa Koi Farm s best customers and they were still very much in control of its future. By the mid eighties the koi had changed hands again and was purchased by Mr Imanishi. Ogawa Koi Farm. The fry ponds. August September

26 Whilst the koi was in his ownership the major headlines in the Far East at the time were being made by a group of archaeologists excavating in the lost city of Loulan on the famous the Silk Road in China. They had unearthed a quite remarkable mummified body. The mummy was clearly, despite being entombed for thousands of years, that of a very beautiful woman and was dubbed the Loulan Beauty. Mr Imanishi who was an old and romantic decided to name his beautiful Ogawa Kohaku after the mysterious woman from Chinas ancient lost city. From that day on the koi was to be known as Loulan. While Loulan was under the ownership of Mr Imanishi, Heikichi Ogawa still had confidence in Loulan s future; however Loulan had captivated another of Ogawa Koi Farm s regular customers, Mr Hashimoto. He had fallen in love with the koi and after protracted negotiations eventually became Loulans third owner. Up until Mr Hashimoto s ownership Loulan rather amazingly had never been near a koi show, but this is not as remarkable as it seems. Similarly many of the world s greatest oil paintings are owned by art collectors for their own personal enjoyment and Loulan had spent her time swimming around the mud ponds of Ogawa Koi Farm purely for the enjoyment of her owners. Even though Loulan s previous owners had not had any thoughts of showing her, Heikichi Ogawa s mind was still very much on her winning the All Japan Koi Show. He was not interested in anything other than the Grand Champion Prize, so until she was in a position to win this he would continue to grow and develop the koi with just this goal in mind. Finally in 1989, after thirteen years of slow but ever improving development Mr Hashimoto and Heikichi Ogawa decided it was time to launch Loulan onto the national stage and enter her in Japans second largest koi show, the ZNA all Japan Koi Show. Heikichi Ogawa was extremely nervous as he had invested much of his life in this koi and hoped that Loulan s distinctiveness would be finally be accepted by the judges. His worries were not with the quality of Loulan, this was never an issue, he was just concerned that the judges would not be able to accept Loulan s unique pattern, regardless of her qualities, over the more traditional styles of koi that were still popular at the time. Heikichi Ogawa s worries were to be correct as Loulan failed to win the Grand Champion prize. His disappointment was immense, after 24 Loulan, the most beautiful koi of all time. striving for so many years he had put huge amounts of pressure on himself to win; he found falling at the first hurdle very hard to deal with. However, he took a little comfort in the fact that she was easily the most popular koi at the show. The weeks following the show, all the talk amongst Japan s koi fraternity was centered around Loulan and she actually created more headlines than the Grand Champion itself. This spurred Heikichi Ogawa and Mr Hashimoto on to take further action, Heikichi s dream was still there to be achieved and would not be allowed to die. Due to the nationwide acclaim that Loulan was receiving from Japan s Shinkokai, the AKA REPORTER

27 true koi men who make up the members of the Japanese Koi breeders and dealers association, it was decided that Loulan would contest the 22nd All Japan Koi Show of The Shinkokai-organized All Japan Koi Show is the biggest and best koi show in Japan and therefore the world, winning this competition is the pinnacle for all koi breeders. Loulan was now 14 years old, with a length of 82 cm, stunning snow-white skin and deep crimson red, her time had come. Loulan won the 22nd All Japan Koi Show with ease and Ogawa Koi Farm s place in history had been assured. The victory party could now get underway, but tragically the celebrations for the Ogawa family lasted a mere 24 hours, the day after the fulfillment of his life s ambition Heikichi Ogawa sadly passed away. Two years then followed before Ogawa Koi Farm was ready to enter Heikichi s Loulan into another show. In 1992 Yukichi Ogawa decided to try and cement his brother s and the Ogawa family s name in koi folklore by entering Loulan in the 24th All Japan Koi Show, with the aim of winning the Grand Champion prize for an unprecedented second time. At the age of sixteen, when most Koi are many years past their best, Loulan now measuring 86 cm and still captivating all those that saw her, triumphed again. She became the first koi ever to win the coveted title twice. In the history of the All Japan Show, dating back to its inception in 1968, no koi has ever achieved this feat or done so since. Loulan continued to captivate all those who saw her for the years after her second win and retained all her stunning qualities right up until her death in the late nineties. Pictures of Loulan are still used to this day in many koi publications the world over and in a recent poll conducted by Rinko Magazine, Japan s number one koi publication, Loulan was voted the best kohaku of all time, with her truly white-as-snow skin and stunning deep red, she had become Japan s favourite koi. Not only had Heikichi Ogawa bred the most beautiful koi ever produced, he had also changed the way koi are viewed and appreciated. Quality of skin was now recognised to be the real beauty of koi. August September

28 Buy, swap and sell Buy, swap and sell notices can be placed free by members. Please call Ian Andrews on or for more information. For Sale K1 Filter Media (ideal for moving fluid bath chamber) 2 Bags (100 litres) $ each Call Ron on For Sale Cheap Koi Ponds 2 x 2500 Litre Ponds $250 ea 1 x 1000 Litre Pond $180 (Filter for Free) Call Nancy For Sale Pre-loved, filtering-experienced BIO BALLS in 20 litre bags, about 400 pieces per bag (can supply lots of bags) CHEAP CHEAP CHEAP $ 15 per bag = a huge bargain! Call Heinz The Australian Koi Association does not accept responsibility for the quality of any items or any transactions advertised under Buy, Swap and Sell. 26 AKA REPORTER

29 August September

30 Table Show Results June 2017 Open Sanke Kinginrin Kawarimono Judge 1st Brad Bradley Jimmy Tran Shayne Murray Terry McNeil Judge s Choice Kawirimono (Ochiba Shigure) Shayne Murray July 2017 Open Sanke Kawarimono Kinginrin Tancho Judge 1st Kim Trieu Kevin & Misa Wong Kim Trieu Kevin & Misa Wong Paul Miglionico Judge s Choice Kawirimono (Ochiba Shigure) Kevin & Misa Wong Judge s Choice for June: Ochiba Shigure, Shayne Murray. 28 Judge s Choice for July: Ochiba Shigure, Kevin and Misa Wong. AKA REPORTER

31 Supplies available to AKA members Contact Ron and Max Farrugia for all supplies listed on (02) or Hours: Mon to Fri 8.00 am pm Sat and Sun 8.00 am am FOOD Flake-Tropical 1 kg $35.00 Flake 200 mg $8.00 Fry Food 1 kg $20.00 AKA Growth Food 5 kg $35.00 No.1 High Protein Crumble 1kg $19.00 No.2 High Protein Crumble 1kg $19.00 No.3 High Protein Crumble 1kg $19.00 Baby Koi Pellets 1kg $8.00 Pond Sticks 4 kg $35.00 AKA Premium Growth Food 5 kg $45.00 AKA Growth Food (small pellet) 5kg $35 Orca Quick Grow medium koi food 10 kg $80.00 MEDICINE Malachite Green 20 gms $30.00 Methylene Blue 18 gms $30.00 Clean Fish CF 50 1litre $45.00 Condy s Crystals 200 gms $30.00 Oil of Cloves 100 ml $30.00 AIR Air Stones small $1.00 Air Stones 50 mm $6.00 Air Tube per metre $2.00 Green plastic air tube Roll $50.00 PUMPS XF 171 Davey Pump P.O.A. HIBLOW 20 litre/hour $ HIBLOW 40 litre/hour $ HIBLOW 60 litre/hour $ HIBLOW 80 litre/hour $ Aquarium Air Pump $25.00 SUBMERSIBLES King litres/hour $ King litres/hour $ King litres/hour $ King litres/hour $ WATER Sodium Thiosulphate 1 kg $15.00 Extra Water Purifier 1 Litre $20.00 Extra Water Purifier 20 Litres $ MISCELLANEOUS Large Plastic Bags $1.50 Carbonate hardness raising 2 kg $6.00 Clear Pond 200 mg $30.00 Slurpy Pump fitted for use $ Algae Fix 500 ml $25.00 Clear plastic Table Show tanks $20.00 Virkon S broad spectrum disinfectant 250g $25.00 NETS 6 Nets $ Nets $5.00 TEST KITS Ammonia Test Kit $20.00 ph Test Kit $20.00 Carbon Hardness Test Kit $20.00 Please Note: Members orders for supplies for delivery at the monthly meetings are to be in the Tuesday prior to the meeting. Members ordering supplies for postal delivery should send money order or cheque payable to Australian Koi Association to 32 Hardy Ave, Riverwood Please ensure cost of return postage is included.

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