ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE PADISE MONASTERY

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1 ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE PADISE MONASTERY LEMBI LÕUGAS and LIINA MALDRE Tallinna Ülikool, Ajaloo Instituut (Tallinn University, Institute of History), Rüütli 6, 00 Tallinn, Estonia; TERESA TOMEK Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Sławkowska 7, -06 Kraków, Poland VILLU KADAKAS Tallinna Ülikool, Ajaloo Instituut (Tallinn University, Institute of History), Rüütli 6, 00 Tallinn, Estonia INTRODUCTION during the excavations in 00 and 0 in Padise monastery (see kadakas, this volume) - especially from the monastic period deserves special attention. Preliminary results of osteological studies are presented by l. Maldre (mammals), sented by V. kadakas, head of the excavations. MAMMALS - - squirrel and rat in the livonian war period material (Fig. ). no big differences in -

2 lembi lõugas, liina MAldre, teresa tomek and VillU kadakas 7th 8th cc (n=5) saj (n=5) Livonian War (n=56) Liivi sõda (n=56) th 5th cc (n=66). 5. saj (n=66) Bos taurus / cattle / veis Ovis aries / sheep / lammas Sus dom. / pig / siga Equus caballus / horse / hobune Felis dom. / cat / kass Alces alces / elk / põder Fig.. Number of mammal bones and species composition by periods. Jn. Imetajaluude arv ja liigiline koostis perioodide kaupa. Drawing / Joonis: Liina Maldre Lepus sp. / hare / jänes Sciurus vulgaris /red squirrel / orav Rattus sp. / rat / rott 7th 8th cc (n=5) saj (n=5) Livonian War (n=56) Liivi sõda (n=56) th 5th cc (n=66). 5. saj (n=66) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 60% 80% 90% 00% Bos taurus / cattle / veis Ovis aries / sheep / lammas Sus dom. / pig / siga Fig.. Percentage of domestic animal bones by periods. Jn. Koduloomaliikide luude protsentuaalne jagunemine perioodide kaupa. Drawing / Joonis: Liina Maldre respectively, as the Padise abbey had been established only in the beginning of the th century, the similar percentage of species in different periods is not surprising. in the monastic estate. More or less all body areas are represented, only the horn cores of large numbers of vertebrae and rib fragments, also shoulder and pelvis area fragments. As these are typically the richest meatbearing bones, it indicates consumption of qual- both hacking and cutting. chop marks occur mostly on the diaphysis near the joints, on

ArchAeoZoologicAl evidence FroM the PAdise MonAsterY 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5 6 5 6 5 6 Bos taurus / cattle / veis Ovis aries / sheep / lammas Sus dom. / pig / siga Proc.

3 ArchAeoZoologicAl evidence FroM the PAdise MonAsterY 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Bos taurus / cattle / veis Ovis aries / sheep / lammas Sus dom. / pig / siga Proc. corn Cranium Vertebrae Scapula 5 Ulna 6 Mandibula Hyoid Dentes Costae Fig.. Representation of mammal parts. Jn. Imetajate skeletielementide esindatus. Drawing / Joonis: Liina Maldre Humerus Pelvis Femur Patella Radius Tibia Fibula Ossa carpi Os metacarpale Ossa tarsi Os metatarsale Phalanges therefore the marks represent the primary disarticulation of the carcass, but also the secondary breakage of bones during food preparation. knife marks are often on the insides of ribs, on the attaching points of the diaphysis ligaments and close to the articular capsule - bones. on the pieces connected to the monastic period no marks of cutting and hacking could be noticed, one metacarpal bone had been preserved intact, the rest as fragments, but it remains unclear if these had been broken deliberately. in the material of the livo- fore the material of both the monastic and livonian war periods is quite similar in terms of anatomic composition. At least during preliminary study no important differences

4 lembi lõugas, liina MAldre, teresa tomek and VillU kadakas most of the livonian war period bones come from isolated contexts and therefore the bones, their study results could be random and therefore are not discussed here. is data based on epiphyseal fusion. Most of the consumed beef seems to come from logical changes refer to the usage of older cattle, especially among the monastic period bones. the sheep bones from the monastic period indicate that about half of sheep not possible to specify according to epiphyseal fusion if piglet meat had been consumed BIRDS bone material of bird vs. mammal fauna (Fig. ). the distribution of species in different of the fragmentation of geese bones and the similarity of remains from three species of Anser genus, i.e. bean goose (A. fabalisa. albifrons), greylag goose (A. anser 7th 8th cc (n=5) saj (n=5) Livonian War (n=56) Liivi sõda (n=56) th 5th cc (n=66). 5. saj (n=66) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 60% 80% 90% 00% Mammalia / mammals / imetajad Aves / birds / linnud Fig.. Representation of skeletal parts. Jn. Skeletielementide esindatus. Drawing / Joonis: Liina Maldre

5 ArchAeoZoologicAl evidence FroM the PAdise MonAsterY Table. Bird bones. List of species. NISP = number of identified specimen; MNI = minimum number of individuals. Tabel. Linnuluud. Liikide nimekiri. NISP = määratud eksemplaride hulk; MNI = indiviidide miinimumarv. Compiled by / Koostanud: Teresa Tomek Taxon / Liik Cygnus cygnus Anser sp. Branta leucopsis Anas platyrhynchos Clangula hyemalis Anatidae Tetrao tetrix Tetrastes bonasia Coturnix coturnix Gallus gallus Tringa totanus Columba livia domestica Corvus monedula Corvidae Aves indet. Total / Kokku goose bernacle goose mallard longed-tailed duck black grouse common quail hen redshank domestic pigeon laululuik hani sinikael-part aul teder kana punajalg-tilder kodutuvi hakk NISP +cf +cf 99+cf +cf 7 MNI 9 5 Remarks / Märkused Probable male Mergellus albellus Corvus monedula 7th 8th cc (n=7) saj (n=7) Livonian War (n=9) Liivi sõda (n=9) th 5th cc (n=9). 5. saj (n=9) 0% 0% 0% 60% 80% 00% Cygnus cygnus / whooper swan / laululuik Anser sp. / goose / hani Branta leucopsis / barnacle goose / valgepõsk-lagle Anas platyrhynchos / mallard / sinikael-part Clangua hyemalis / long-tailed Duck / aul Anatidae / anatids small size / väike partlane Tetrao tetrix / black grouse / teder Fig. 5. Percentage of bird bones of different species by periods. Jn 5. Linnuliikide luude osatähtsus perioodide kaupa. Drawing / Joonis: Liina Maldre Tetrastes bonasia / hazel grouse / laanepüü Coturnix coturnix / common quail / põldvutt Gallus gallus / hen / kana Columba livia dom. / domestic pigeon / kodutuvi Corvus monedula / jackdaw / hakk Corvidae indet. / corvine indet. / väike vareslane Galliformes and Anseriformes its nearest vicinity. the notion of breeding of hen in the area is supported by a relatively

6 lembi lõugas, liina MAldre, teresa tomek and VillU kadakas of Columba livia- might have even been a breed species. nesting in the monastery itself is probable be- birds. itants of the monastery or surrounding populations. But it is more probable that this bone have been a bigger number of their remains. cle goose, redshank and common quail). one species (common quail) inhabits also environments are present in the vicinity of Padise. Most of the bones of game birds came from the livonian war period. Bird bones from the monastic period came the damages to bones include cutting off the carpometacarpus, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, sternum of hen, vertebra of goose, nicks on tibiotarsus of black grouse, traces of burning/scorching: tibiotarsus and femur of hen. these indicate that breeding species as Table. Bird bones. Distribution of skeletal elements. Tabel. Linnuluud. Skeleti osade jaotus. Compiled by / Koostanud: Teresa Tomek Bone / Luu Cranium Mandibula Vertebra Sternum Costa Coracoid Scapula Furcula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpometacarpus Pelvis Femur Tibiotarsus Fibula Tarsometatarsus Phalanx digiti pedis Fragment indet. Total / Kokku Total / Kokku Frequently represented species / enamesindatud liigid Gallus gallus / hen / kana Anser sp. / goose / hani

ArchAeoZoologicAl evidence FroM the PAdise MonAsterY particular parts of skeletons have not been represented equally. the most numerous bones leg (tibiotarsus, femur) (table ). FISH also collected.

Most vari- to the pedestrians gate in the northern courtyard, from approximately the time of the livonian war, the second half of the 6th century.

7 ArchAeoZoologicAl evidence FroM the PAdise MonAsterY particular parts of skeletons have not been represented equally. the most numerous bones leg (tibiotarsus, femur) (table ). FISH also collected. such collection contains a lot of pinnae and rib fragments, but more valuable information is obtained from the - vided into three different sets, according to different periods (table ). Most vari- to the pedestrians gate in the northern courtyard, from approximately the time of the livonian war, the second half of the 6th century. there the highest num- bones and bone fragments are divided as - from the medieval occupation layers, from ca. Fig. 6. Less than mm vertebra of vendace, Coregonus albula from a specimen of ca. 8 cm. Jn 6. Pisut alla mm suurune rääbise selgroolüli (võimalik isendi suurus u 8 cm). Photo / Foto: Lembi Lõugas Fig. 7. Over mm vertebra of vendace, Coregonus albula from a specimen of ca. cm. Jn 7. Üle mm rääbise selgroolüli (võimalik isendi suurus u cm). Photo / Foto: Lembi Lõugas

8 lembi lõugas, liina MAldre, teresa tomek and VillU kadakas Table. Number of identified bone specimens by find context and fish species. Tabel. Identifitseeritud luud leiukontekstide ja kalaliikide kaupa. Compiled by / Koostanud: Lembi Lõugas Taxon / Liik th 5th cc /. 5. saj Second half of the 6th c. / 6. saj teine pool ca. 7th 8th cc / u saj Clupea harengus membras Gadus morhua Scophthalmus maximus Anguilla anguilla Salmo trutta Coregonus lavaretus Coregonus albula Lota lota Esox lucius Lucioperca lucioperca Cyprinidae Abramis brama Vimba vimba Rutilus rutilus Leuciscus leuciscus Leuciscus idus Total / Kokku baltic herring cod turbot eel trout european vendace burbot pike perch pikeperch cyprinids indet. bream vimba roach dace ide tursk lest kammeljas angerjas (meri)forell siig luts haug ahven koha karplased latikas vimb teib courtyard. ca. ants, i.e. typical farm species like the carp and gibel carp (or crucian carp) are absent. or from the basin of lake Peipsi, eastern estonia. ) the absence of sprat (Sprattus sprattus - pecially noticeable in the set from the second half of the 6th century. it is probable that the perch about 0 cm. 90

9 ArchAeoZoologicAl evidence FroM the PAdise MonAsterY - CONCLUSIONS considering the intense fragmentation of the osteological material, the amount of mammal bones is still too small to make thorough conclusions on stock-raising in the from different periods is so similar regarding its anatomic and species composition studies in several directions, including traditions of raising domestic animals, farming cistercian monasteries. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by the Central Baltic Interreg IV A Education and Science SF0005s and SF000s08. Special thanks are to Eleri Mustonen and Toomas Orav for carrying out the water-sieving of soil from Padise and collecting small bones from the sieved fractions. REFERENCES Burton, J. & Kerr, J. 0. the cistercians in the Middle Ages. woodbridge. Ryder, M. L the Animal remains found at Salminen, T. 0. colonists on the shores of the gulf of Finland. Medieval settlement in the coastal regions of estonia 9

10 PADISE KLOOSTRIST KOGUTUD ARHEOZOOLOOGILINE MATERJAL Lembi Lõugas, Liina Maldre, Teresa Tomek ja Villu Kadakas - Galliformes) ja hanelised (Anseriformes puhul peaks see liik olema arvukamalt materjalis esindatud. oletust kinnitab ka asjaolu, et enam on esindatud liharohkete kerepiirkondade luud (tabel ). huvitavaks Arvestades luuainese tugevat fragmenteeritust, on imetajaluude osas materjali kogus esialgu siiski liiga 9

Appendix x Bird and Fish Bones S. Hamilton-dyer

Appendix x Bird and Fish Bones S. Hamilton-dyer X.1 Introduction and Methodology Bird and fish bones were hand-collected from excavation e4028 at Bective Abbey, Co. Meath, between 2009 and 2012 by Geraldine