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22 10 Available at and referred to by various retailers eg. Aldi Australia 11 The European Scientific Veterinary Committee concluded in 1996 that the welfare conditions of hens kept in conventional cages are inadequate, and their needs cannot be met in conventional cages. The Council Directive 1999/74/EC stipulated that the highest possible standards should therefore be introduced to improve conditions, and that barren conventional cages be prohibited as of Assurewel featherloss benchmarking tool, Featherwel, Hennovation:
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29 i Nicol CJ, Bouwsema J, Caplen G, Davies AC, Hockenhull J, Lambton SL, Lines JA, Mullan S, Weeks CA (2017) Farmed Bird Welfare Science Review. Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources ii Girard, T. et al Feeding, foraging, and feather pecking behaviours in precision-fed and skip-a-day-fed broiler breeder pullets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 188, iii McCowan B, Schrader J, DiLorenzo AM, Cardona C, Klingborg D Effects of Induced Molting on the Well-Being of Egg-Laying Hens. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 9, iv Nicol et al (2017) v Hartcher K, Jones B (2017) The welfare of layer hens in cage and cage-free housing systems. World s Poultry Science Journal 73: vi RSPCA Australia (2016) Scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of phasing out cages for all poultry. vii IBISWorld (2015) Egg farming in Australia. IBISWorld Industry Report A0172. viii IBISWorld (2015) ix RSPCA Australia (2016) x Shields, S. Greger, M Animal Welfare and Food Safety Aspects of Confining Broiler Chickens to Cages. Animals 2013, 3, xi Prayitno DS, Phillips CJ, Omed H (1997) The effects of color of lighting on the behavior and production of meat chickens. Poult Sci 76: xii Robins A and Phillips CJC (2011) International approaches to the welfare of meat chickens. World s Poult Sci J 67: xiii Jong I De, Berg C, Butterworth A, Estevéz I (2012) Scientific report updating the EFSA opinions on the welfare of broilers and broiler breeders. xiv Deep A, Schwean-Lardner K, Crowe TG, et al (2010) Effect of light intensity on broiler production, processing characteristics, and welfare. Poult Sci 89: xv Blatchford RA, Klasing KC, Shivaprasad HL, et al (2009) The effect of light intensity on the behavior, eye and leg health, and immune function of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 88: xvi EFSA (2010) Scientific Opinion on welfare aspects of the management and housing of the grand-parent and parent stocks raised and kept for breeding purposes. EFSA J 8:1 81. xvii Classen H, Deep A, Raginski C, et al (2012) Low light intensity effects on broiler chickens. In: WPC2012. xviii Deep A, Schwean-Lardner K, Crowe TG, et al (2012) Effect of light intensity on broiler behaviour and diurnal rhythms. Appl Anim Behav Sci 136: xix Kristensen H (2008) The effects of light intensity, gradual changes between light and dark and definition of darkness for the behaviour and welfare of broiler chickens, laying hens, pullets and turkeys. xx Blatchford RA, Archer GS, Mench JA (2012) Contrast in light intensity, rather than day length, influences the behavior and health of broiler chickens xxi Deep A, Schwean-Lardner K, Crowe TG, et al (2012) Effect of light intensity on broiler behaviour and diurnal rhythms. Appl Anim Behav Sci 136: xxii Nicol et al, 2017 xxiii Bailie, C.L. Ball, M.E.E, O Connell, N.E (2013) Influence of the provision of natural light and straw bales on activity levels and leg health in commercial broiler chickens. Animal (2013), 7:4, pp xxiv Hartcher and Jones, 2017 xxv Widowski TM, Duncan IJ. (2000) Working for a dustbath: are hens increasing pleasure rather than reducing suffering? Appl Anim Behav Sci 68: xxvi Lay DC, Fulton RM, Hester PY, et al (2011) Hen welfare in different housing systems. Poult Sci 90: xxvii Baxter M, Carley L, O Connell N (in press) Evaluation of a dustbathing substrate and straw bales as environmental enrichments in commercial broiler housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. xxviii Shields, S and Greger M (2013) xxix Sparrey J, Sandercock DA, Sparks NHC and Sandilands V (2014) Current and novel methods for killing poultry individually on-farm World's Poultry Science Association, World's Poultry Science Journal, 70: xxx Martin JE, McKeegan DEF, Sparrey J and Sandilands V (2017) Evaluation of the potential killing performance of novel percussive and cervical dislocation tools in chicken cadavers, British Poultry Science 58:
30 xxxi Lines, JA. Jones, TA. Berry, PS. Cook, P. Spence, J Schofield, CP Evaluation of a breast support conveyor to improve poultry welfare on the shackle line. Veterinary Record (2011) 129 xxxii Lines, TA. Berry, PS. Cook, P. Spence, J Schofield, CP Improving the poultry shackle line. Animal Welfare 2012, 21(S2):69-74 xxxiii Nicol et al, 2017 xxxiv Rao, MA. Knowles, TG, Wootton, SB The effect of pre-stun shocks in electrical water-bath stunners on carcase and meat quality in broilers. Animal Welfare 2013, 22:79-84 xxxv Marino, L Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken. Anim Cogn (2017) 20: xxxvi The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Scientific Opinion on the influence of genetic parameters on the welfare and the resistance to stress of commercial broilers. EFSA Journal (2010a) 8(7): xxxvii Oltenacu, P.A. (2009). Genetic improvements for production and animal welfare. In: Welfare of production animals: assessment and management of risks (Eds. Smulders F.J.M., Algers B.). Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Pp World Animal Protection report (2016) Change for Chickens World Animal Protection (2018) scientific fact sheet on the impact of broiler or breeder cages. World Animal Protection (2018) scientific fact sheet on broiler fast growth genetics and why slower growth matters to chickens. World Animal Protection (2018) scientific fact sheet on broiler stocking density and why maximum 30kg/sqm matters to chickens. World Animal Protection (2018) scientific fact sheet on enrichment for meat chickens. RSPCA report (2016) the welfare of layer hens in cage and cage-free housing systems RSPCA (2016) scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of phasing out cages for all poultry. RSPCA (2016) scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of providing litter and dustbaths for indoor poultry. RSPCA (2016) scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of providing minimum lux levels RSPCA (2016) scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of providing nests for all hens. RSPCA (2016) scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of providing water for ducks. RSPCA (2016) scientific evidence on the welfare benefits of providing perches for all poultry. xxxviii Kaukonen, E. Norring, M. Valros, A. (2016) Perches and elevated platforms in commercial broiler farms: use and effect on walking ability, incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia and bone mineral content. Animal, page 1 of 8 xxxix Norring, M. Kaukonen, E. Valros, A. (2016) The use of perches and platforms by broiler chickens. Applied An Behav Sci 184:91-96 xl Yngvesson, J. Wallenbeck, A. Jonsson, L. Gunnarsson, S Behaviour of broilers in semi-commercial organic rearing behaviour and mortality of hybrids with rapid or slow growth rate. International Society for Applied Ethology Abstracts Edinburgh 2016 congress, p239 xli Gebhardt-Henrich, S G. Toscano M.J. Hanno Wurbel, H. (2016). Perching behavior in broiler breeders International Society for Applied Ethology Abstracts Edinburgh 2016 congress, p282 xlii Leone, E.H. Este vez, I Economic and Welfare Benefits of Environmental Enrichment for Broiler Breeders Poultry Science 87:
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