K E Y T O T H E W IL D F O W L O F T H E W O R L D

Transcription

1 K E Y T O T H E W IL D F O W L O F T H E W O R L D By PETER SC O TT these illustrations mainly show the birds in full breeding plumage. From June until October the drakes of many of the species of ducks from the Northern Hemisphere go into an eclipse plumage over the period when the flight feathers are moulted and the birds are flightless. In this eclipse plumage the male in most cases looks very much like the female. Where only one bird is shown as representative of each form, as in the swans, geese, Whistling Ducks, etc., the sexes are the same in plumage, or, as in certain species of ducks, similar but with the female slightly duller. In a few cases the female is so similar to that of a closely allied race that she is omitted in order to save space. There are four different scales in use one for the swans (Plate 2), one for the geese and Shelgeese (Plates 3, 4, 5 and 7), one for Whistling Ducks, Shelducks, and Perching Geese (Plates 1, 6, 8 and 17), one for the ducks (Plates 9-16 and 18-23). This disparity is necessary because Teal would be too small to show the markings if drawn on the same scale as swans, all of which must be shown on one page. The artist has seen a large number of the forms alive. In cases where he is not familiar with the bird the name in the textis marked f. Species and subspecies on the British List are marked *. There are 240 forms of swans, geese and ducks 145 full species. O f the forms, 46 (40 full species) are on the British List. The classification is based on that of Delacour and Mayr ( Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. I, March, 1945) with certain modifications, some of them suggested by Mr Jean Delacour himself. The geographical distribution is largely based on Peters (Check-List of Birds o f the World) and Hellmayr and Conover ( Catalogue of Birds o f the Americas). Acknowledgements are made to the authors of these works. E R R A T A An unexpected lapse o f time between the completion o f the drawings and the printing o f the Key has allowed certain new information to be included with these corrections Plate I X P late X P late X I P late X I I P la te X I I I P la te X I V P late X V I U n der Com m on Pintail, Anas acuta should read Anas acuta acuta. T h e last line o f this page should not be in italics. U n d e r C a m p b ell Island Flightless T e a l, after Islands). add : V e r y few in existence but probably never num erous. U n d er Laysan T eal, after H onolulu ). ad d : P robably now extinct. T h e d raw in g should show the P elew Island G rey D u ck som ew hat sm aller th an it does. U n der Celebes G rey D uck the subspecific nam e percua should read percna. U n d er G abon B lack D uck add f after scientific nam e. U n d e r C o ues s G a d w a ll, after H a w a ii). ad d : A lm ost certain ly n o w extin ct. D elete d in W idgeon in third, fourth and fifth English names. A b e rra n t species o f A n a tin i should read A b e rra n t species o f trib e A n a tin i. D elete hyphens in R osy-bill and Canvas-back. U n d er C an vasb ack, the specific n am e valisneria should read vallisneria. T h e bird is n am ed after one o f its food plan ts w h ich in turn is n am ed after a n Italia n botanist V allisneri. T h e d raw in g o f the A u stralian P y g m y G oose should show th at it is substantially larger than the Indian Pygm y Goose. P la te X V I I H a rtla u b s T e a l should read H a rtla u b s D u ck. Plate X V I I I U nder Pacific Eider the subspecific nam e v. nigra should read v-nigra. U n d e r F aero e E id er the subspecific nam e Jaeroeensis should read faroeensis. Plate X X D elete hyphens in G olden -eye and Buffle-head. P late X X I I A b e rra n t species o f trib e should read A b erra n t species o f tribe O x y u rin i. P la te X X I I I U n d e r Ja m es s or Southern T o rren t D u ck the subspecific n am e fraenata should read franata.

2 PLATE I Sub-order ANSERES Fam ily A N A T ID Æ Sub-Family A N S E R A N A T I N Æ Tribe A N S E R A N A T IN IN I Magpie Goose. Anseranas semipalmata. Southern N ew G uinea and Australia. (Breeds in large num bers in Arnhem land.) Sub-Family A N S E R IN Æ Tribe D E N D R O C Y G N I N I (Whistling Ducks or Tree Ducks) Spotted Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna guttata. E ast Indies (M in d an ao, Celebes, M olu ccas, T en im b er, A ru, N e w G u in ea, B ism ark A rc h ip ela g o ). Plumed or Eyton s Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna eytoni. A ustralia and Tasm ania. East Indian Wandering Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna arcuata arcuata. E ast Indies (Borneo, S u m atra, J a v a, B ali, S u m ba, T im o r, Celebes, A m b o in a and perhaps other M oluccas and Philippines). Australian Wandering Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna arcuata australis.] A u stralia and southern N ew G u in ea. Birds in northern N e w G u in ea and N ew C aled o n ia p ro b a b ly in tergrade w ith D. a. a r c u a t a. Lesser Wandering Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna arcuata pygmaea.f N e w B ritain (and form erly F iji Islands, w h ere it has p ro b a b ly been exterm in ated b y the introduction o f the mongoose). Fulvous Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna bicolor. Southern C a lifo rn ia to south-eastern T exas and south to cen tral M ex ico ; n orthern tro p ical S outh A m e rica from C o lo m b ia to the G u ia n a s; B razil, P eru, south to P a ra g u ay and northern A rg e n tin a ; East A frica from L ake C h a d to N a ta l; M ad agasca r; In d ia, C eylo n and B u rm a, south to P egu. (This is p ro b a b ly the m ost extrao rd in ary distribution o f a n y species o f bird. There is no geographical variation throughout this huge and broken range.) Black-billed Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna arborea. W est Indies (B ah am a Islands, G reater A n tilles C u b a, H aiti, J a m a ica, Puerto R ic o V irgin Islands, Leew ard Islands, M artinique). Javan or Indian Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna javanica. In d ia from Sin d eastw ards to coast o f southern C h in a, south to C eylo n, N ico b ar Islands, M a la y Peninsula, Siam, C o ch in C h in a ; R iu K iu Islands, south-w estern B orneo, S u m atra and Java. White-faced Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna viduata. T ro p ica l S outh A m e rica, south to the A rg en tin e C h aco, P a ra g u ay and U ru g u a y. Africa» south o f the Sahara to southern A ngola and the Tran svaal; M adagascar; Com oro Islands- Red-billed Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis. E xtrem e southern T exas and M ex ico, south th rough C en tra l A m erica to P an am a, w here it in tergrades w ith D. a. d i s c o l o r. Grey-breasted Whistling Duck. Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor. South A m e rica from eastern P an am a to northern A rg en tin a, b u t not south o f E cu ad o r on the w est side of the Andes.

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4 PLATE II Tribe A N S E R IN I (Swans and Geese) Coscoroba Swan. Coscoroba coscoroba. E xtrem e southern B razil, U ru g u a y, P a ragu ay, A rg en tin a, C h ile (in cludin g T ierra del F u ego), and F alklan d Islands. T h is species m a y m ore p ro p erly belong to the D e n d. r o c y g n. i n i. Black Swan. Cygnus atratus. Australia (except north central) and Tasm ania. Introduced into N ew Zealand. *Mute Swan. Cygnus olor. N o w breeds w ild in southern S can d in avia, D en m ark, R ussia, A sia M in o r and Persia, east th rough T u rkestan to M o n g o lia. A lso in sem i-w ild state in B ritish Isles. In w in ter to north A frica, Black Sea, north-western India and K orea. Black-necked Swan. Cygnus melanocoryphus. Southern B razil, P a ra g u ay, U ru g u a y, F alkla n d Islands, A rg e n tin a and C h ile, south to Tierra del Fuego. Whistling Swan. Cygnus columbianus columbianus. N orth A m erica, breedin g chiefly north o f A rc tic C ircle from A lask a to H udson B ay, and w in terin g on the A tla n tic coast from C hesapeake B ay to C u rritu ck Sound and the P acific coast from southern Alaska to California. *Bewick s Swan. Cygnus columbianus bewickii. Breeds in n orthern R ussia from the K a n in peninsula and n orth ern S ib eria, east to the L e n a D e lta ; south in w in ter to the British Isles, northern E u rope, C asp ian Sea and cen tral A sia. Eastern Bewick s or Jankowski s Swan. Cygnus columbianus jankowskii. Breeds from the d elta o f the L e n a to the d elta o f the K o ly m a ; south to C h in a and J a p a n in w in ter. T h e re is som e d o u bt w hether this race, w h ich is said to be slightly larger an d w ith m ore yellow on bill, can be shown to be really distinct from C. c. b e w i c k i i. Whooper Swan. Cygnus Cygnus Cygnus. Breeds G reen lan d, Icelan d, northern S can d in avia, eastw ards to K a m c h a tk a and w inters British Isles, w estern E urope, cen tral A sia, C h in a and J a p a n. Icelan d and G reen lan d birds h ave been separated as C. c. i s l a n d i c u s, b u t this is d o u b tfu lly distinct. Trumpeter Swan. Cygnus Cygnus buccinator. F orm erly b red th rough out N o rth A m erica. N o w know n to breed o n ly in A lb e rta, British C o lu m b ia, M o n ta n a and W yom in g, and possibly in in terior o f A la sk a. T h e species is v irtu ally n on-m igratory and there are p ro b a b ly n ot m an y m ore th an 1,000 in dividuals in existence.

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6 PLATE III Canada Goose. Branta canadensis canadensis. Breeds in N ew foundlan d and L ab rador, east o f the H eigh t o f L a n d and on the M agd alen Islands. W in ters on the A tla n tic coast from N o v a Scotia, south to F lorida. Introduced into E n glan d for first tim e in seventeenth cen tury. N o w regard ed as British bird. Central o r Todd s Canada Goose. Branta canadensis interior. B reeds from northern M an ito b a, Baffin Island and the east side o f H udson B ay, south to northern M in n eso ta and Jam es B ay. W in ters from southern Illinois and Chesapeake B ay, south to Florida and Lousiana. Great Basin Canada Goose. Branta canadensis moffitti. Breeds from central British Colum bia, centra} A lberta and Saskatchewan, south to northeastern C alifo rn ia, northern U ta h, northern C o lo rado and south D akota. T h is race does not m ove far on m igration but has been recorded in w in ter from southern British C o lu m b ia, north-western W yom ing and Arkansas, south to California and the G u lf o f M exico. Western Canada Goose. Branta canadensis occidentalis. Breeds on P acific coast and islands from P rince W illia m Sound, A lask a to Q u een C h arlotte Islands, British C o lu m b ia. M a in ly resident, b u t a few m o ve as far south as north-w estern Californ ia. Tundra Canada Goose. Branta canadensis leucopareia. Breeds on A le u tia n Islands, A rc tic coast from Point B arrow, east to M ack en zie D elta and p ro b a b ly rou n d lakes in interior o f the tu ndra betw een Y u k o n and K u sk o k w im rivers on the A lask a Peninsula w here it has been suggested that it m a y in tergrade w ith B. c. o c c i d e n t a l i s. W inters in w estern U.S. from northern W ashin gton to eastern T exas and northern M exico. Lesser Canada Goose. Branta canadensis parvipes. Breeds th rough out the in terior o f northern N o rth A m erica p ro b a b ly from cen tral A lask a, east to H udson B a y and south to northern British C o lu m b ia and M an ito b a w here it intergrades w ith B. c. m o f f i t t i and B. c. i n t e r i o r. Breeds also on Baffin and S outham p to n Islands. M igrates m ain ly w est o f the M ississippi. W inters in southern U.S. from C aliforn ia to Louisiana and south to M exico. Richardson s Goose. Branta canadensis hutchinsii. Breeds on the eastern A rc tic coasts o f C a n ad a. M igrates th rough the in terior m ain ly west o f the M ississippi and east o f the R o c k y M oun tains. W in ters in T exas and M exico. Cackling Goose. Branta canadensis minima. K n ow n to breed only on Bering Sea coast o f Alaska between mouths o f Y u kon and K uskokw im rivers, b u t m ay do so from B erin g S trait to Bristol B a y and perhaps on K o tzeb u e Sound. M igrates dow n P acific coast o f N o rth A m erica to w in ter in C aliforn ia, m ain ly in Sacram ento and San Joaquin valleys. Asiatic Cackling Goose. Branta canadensis asiatica.f B elieved to breed on coasts o f extrem e north-east o f A sia and to w in ter on the P acific coast o f Siberia, rarely to Japan. Hawaiian Goose o r Ne-ne. Branta sandvicensis. H aw a iian Islands. N o w reported to be not m ore th an fifty in dividuals left in the w orld. Barnacle Goose. Branta leucopsis. Breeds in north-east G reen lan d, Spitzb ergen and possibly F ra n z Josep h L a n d, and w inters m ain ly in S co tland and Irelan d, also on the coasts o f G erm an y, D en m ark and H ollan d. T h e species appears to have greatly decreased during this century. Light-bellied Brent Goose. Branta bernicla hrota. Breeds on coasts and islands o f eastern A rc tic C a n a d a, G reen lan d and S p itzbergen. W inters in Ireland and on A tlan tic coast o f U.S. from N ew Jersey to N orth Carolina. Dark-bellied Brent Goose. Branta bernicla bernicla. Breeds in A rc tic E u ro p e and A sia from N o v a y a Z e m ly a and K o lg u ev, east to the T a im y r Peninsula. W in ters on the coasts o f G erm an y, D en m ark, H ollan d, E n gland, Scotland, and F rance. Pacific Black Brant. Branta bernicla nigricans. Breeds on coasts and islands o f w estern A rc tic C a n a d a, n orth ern A lask a, Siberia, w est to T a im y r Peninsula. W in ters on the A siatic shores o f the P acific, south to J a p a n and northern C h in a and on the N orth Am erican shores from V an cou ver Island to Low er California. Red-breasted Goose. Branta ruficollis. Breeds on S ib erian tu n d ra from the O b to the K h a ta n g a. W in ters in the southern p art o f the C asp ian S ea and in the A r a l S e a; ra rely in E u rope, ten fu lly auth enticated records for Britain (two o f them on the N ew Grounds 1909 and 194a).

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8 PLATE IV Swan Goose. Anser cygnoides. Breeds in S ib eria from the T o b o l and the O b to K a m ch a tk a, the C o m m an d er and K u rile Islands, south to the A ltai, Lake Baikal and Ussuri. W inters in China. *Bean Goose (Yellow-billed Bean Goose). Anser arvensis arvensis. Breeds in the taig a (w ooded country) in the A rc tic from L a p la n d, eastw ards to the Yen esei. In w inter, south to B ritain (now v ery local and rather rare), H ollan d, M ed iterran ean, B lack and C asp ian Seas, T u rkestan. T h e lim its o f the ranges o f this and the n ext four races are not yet very w ell understood. M iddendorf s Bean Goose. Anser arvensis sibiricus.\ Breeds in taig a in A rc tic S ib eria from the T a im y r Peninsula to the C h u ck ch i Peninsula. W inters in C h in a and Ja p a n. Tundra or Western Bean Goose. Anser arvensis rossicus. Lim its o f b reedin g ran ge n ot w orked out. P ro b a b ly breeds in K o lg u e v, N o v a y a Z e m ly a, and on tundra shores o f A rctic Russia and Siberia, west o f the m outh o f the Yenesei. Thick-billed or Eastern Bean Goose. Anser arvensis se{rrirostris, f Breeds on the tundra shores ó f Siberia, east o f the Yenesei. W inters in C hin a and Japan. Sushkin s Goose. Anser arvensis neglectus.f B elieved to breed on N o v a y a Z e m ly a and K o lg u ev. A p p a ren tly used to m igrate th rough the U fa G o vern m en t to w in ter in H u n gary, w here it has n o t been recorded since It is possible th at the race has been absorbed b y a ch an ge o f ran ge o f A. a. r o s s i c u s. It is also possible that it is no m ore than a colour phase o f r o s s i c u s. *Pink-footed Goose. Anser arvensis brachyrhynchus. Breeds in north-east G reen lan d, Icelan d, S p itzbergen, and possibly F ran z Joseph L a n d. W inters alm ost entirely in E n gland and Scotland ; a few in H ollan d. (U p to ten years ago m ore than 1,000 cam e to the N ew G rounds every Septem ber. L a te ly the num ber has been less than 100. T h ey leave again in Novem ber.) * White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons albifrons. Breeds on the A rc tic coasts o f E urope, A sia and N o rth A m e rica from the K a n in Peninsula, east to the B erin g Strait, A laska and w estern A rc tic C a n a d a. W inters in E n gland, w estern E urope, M ed iterran ean, B lack and C asp ian Seas, north ern In d ia, C h in a and J a p a n ; western N orth Am erica, south to California and the G u lf o f M exico. * Greenland White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons flavirostris. Breeds in n orth-w est G reen lan d. W in ters in Irelan d, w est S co tland, occasionally W ales, western E ngland and eastern N orth Am erica. Tule Goose. Anser albifrons gambelli. R ep orted b reedin g on the P erry R iv e r in the centre o f the A rc tic coast o f C a n ad a. W inters v ery lo ca lly in the Sacram ento V a lle y, C alifo rn ia. T h is ra ce is p ro b a b ly v ery lim ited in num bers. Th ere m ay be no m ore than 1,000 in the w orld. *Lesser White-fronted Goose. Anser erythropus. Breeds, la rg ely on m oun tain lakes and tarns, from N o rw egia n L a p la n d, eastw ards to the K o ly m a in S ib eria and perhaps to the C h u ck ch i Peninsula. W in ters in southern E u rope, B lack and C a sp ian Seas, T u rkestan, north-w est In d ia, C h in a, J a p a n. N in e records for Britain (six o f them on the N ew Grounds). * Greylag Goose. Anser anser anser. Breeds in Icelan d, S can d in avia and n orth ern S cotlan d (the o n ly indigenous species o f goose to breed in Britain ). W inters in H olland, Britain, France and Spain. Eastern Greylag Goose. Anser anser rubrirostris. Breeds from eastern E u rope (Poland, H u n g ary and Balkans) and N o rth A frica, through M esopotam ia and cen tral A sia to K a m ch atk a. In w in ter to the M ed iterran ean, B lack and C asp ian Seas, Seistan, north-w est In d ia and C h in a.

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10 PLATE V Bar-headed Goose. Anser indicus. Breeds on lakes o f h igh cen tral A sia from the T ian -S h ans to L a d a k h and K o k o n o r. W in ters northern India, Assam and northern Burm a. Emperor Goose. Anser canagicus. Breeds on the w est coast o f A laska from K o tze b u e S ound to the m ouths o f the Y u k o n and K u sk o k w im R ivers, on St. L aw ren ce Island and the C h u ck ch i Peninsula. W in ters in the A leutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula, east to Bristol B ay ; in Asia, south to the Com m ander Islands and K am chatka. *Lesser Snow Goose. Anser caerulescens hyperboreus. Breeds on A rctic coast o f N orth A m erica from H udson B ay westward, and in northeastern S ib eria, p ro b ab ly as far w est as the L en a. In w in ter, south in A sia to J a p a n and in N orth A m e rica to C alifo rn ia and the G u lf o f M exico. O ccasio n al in E urope. T w e n ty British records definitely belonged to this race, but some m ay have been escapes. Blue Snow Goose. Anser cœrulescens cœrulescens. Breeds on south-w estern corn er o f Baffin Island, S outham p to n Island, and sparsely in P erry R iv e r region. B reed ing ran ge a p p aren tly spreading. W in ters on coast o f G u lf o f M exico, ch iefly in L o uisian a. R ecen t records in Irelan d m ay be w ild birds. T h is bird m a y u ltim ately be show n to be no m ore than a colour phase o f the Lesser S n o w G oose : and it is even possible that G reater Blue Geese occur. Greater Snow Goose. Anser cœrulescens atlanticus. Breeds on coasts o f north G reen lan d, E llesm ere L a n d and adjacen t islands. M igrates b y w a y o f C a p T o u rm en te at m outh o f St. L aw ren ce, and w inters o ff A tla n tic coast o f U.S. from C h esapeake B a y to N o rth C a ro lin a. M ost o f the 120 British records p ro b a b ly belonged to this race. R oss s Goose. Anser rossii. Breeds in the P e rry R iv e r region in the centre o f the A rc tic coast o f C a n a d a. T h e nest w as first found in W inters in Sacram ento and San J o a q u in v alleys in C aliforn ia. P ro b a b ly between 2,000 and 3,000 individuals in the w orld.

11 S n o w ç e, e s e. (_a b e r r a n t q r e y

12 PLATE VI Sub-Family A N A T IN Æ Tribe T A D O R N IN I (Shelducks and Shelgeese) Crested Shelduck. Tadorna cristata, f K n o w n o n ly from three specim ens, tw o from K o rea and one from n ear V lad iv o sto k. T h o u g h t at first to be a h ybrid, b u t figured fa irly freq u en tly in ancien t Japanese prints, indicating that it is probably a disappearing species. * Ruddy Shelduck. Tadorna ferruginea. Breeds from south-east Europe, the N ear East, the Caspian Sea, across A sia to Transbaik alia, south to H im alayas and south-w estern C h in a. W in ters in southern h a lf o f its breeding range to the N ile V alley; India and southern C hina. O ccasional in Britain. South African or Cape Shelduck. Tadorna cana. C ape Province, O range Free State and Transvaal. Australian Shelduck. Tadorna tadornoides. W est and South A ustralia, V ictoria and Tasm ania. Paradise or New Zealand Shelduck. Tadorna variegata. N ew Zealand. Radjah Shelduck. Tadorna radjah radjah.f M oluccas, Ceram, Buru, W aigiu, Salaw atti, N ew G uinea and the A ru Islands. Red-backed Radjah Shelduck. Tadorna radjah ruftergum. N orthern and eastern tropical Australia. Common Shelduck. Tadorna tadorna. Breeds on coasts o f w estern E urope, in clu d in g the British Isles; lo ca lly a bout the shores o f the M ed iterran ean, B lack and C asp ian Seas, east on the saline lakes o f cen tral A sia to east Siberia, M o n g o lia and T ib e t. W in ters from southern p art o f its b reedin g range to northern A frica, A rab ia, India, south C hin a and Japan. Egyptian Goose. Alopochen œgyptiacus. A frica, south o f the S ah ara, also the entire N ile V a lle y ; southern Palestine. O ccasio n al records in Europe. Introduced into some parts o f E ngland. Orinoco Goose. Neochen jubatus. Basins o f the O rinoco and the Am azon.

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14 PLATE VII Abyssinian Blue-winged Goose. Cyanochen cyanopterus. H ighlands o f Abyssinia and Shoa. Andean Goose. Chloëphaga melanoptera. W estern S outh A m erica from the highlands o f P eru and B o livia to the Straits o f M agella n. In w inter it descends to the plains at the foot o f the Andes in C h ile and Argentina. Ashy-headed Goose. Chloëphaga poliocephala. Southern Chile, southern Argentina, T ierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Ruddy-headed Goose. Chloëphaga rubidiceps. Falkland Islands and T ierra del Fuego; occasional in central Argentina. Upland or Magellan Goose. Chloëphaga picta picta. Southern A rg en tin a from the R io N egro, south to T ierra d el F u ego; the F alklan d Islands. Introduced into south G eorg ia. In P atagonia it is said to be an in land bird, w hereas C. p. d i s p a r prevails n ear the coast. Barred Upland or Chilean Goose. Chloëphaga picta dispar. P acific side o f the C h ilean cord illera to T ierra d el F uego. A coastal rather th an an inland bird. Kelp Goose. Chloëphaga hybrida hybrida. Coast o f C h ile from Chiloë, southward to T ierra del Fuego. Falkland Kelp Goose. Chloëphaga hybrida malvinarum.\ F alklan d Islands.

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16 PLATE V i l i Aberrant species of tribe TADORNIN I Cereopsis or Cape Barren Goose. Cereopsis novœ-hollandiœ. Islands o ff south and south-west A ustralia and in Bass Strait. Flying Steamer Duck. Tachyeres patachonicus.f Coasts, rivers, and interior lakes o f southern S outh A m e rica from V a ld iv ia, C h ile on the w est and P u erto D eseado, A rg en tin a, on the east, south to T ie r ra d el F u ego; F alklan d Islands. Magellanic Flightless Steamer Duck. Tachyeres pteneres.\ T h e coast o f southern South A m erica from C o n cep ción, C h ile, south to T ierra d el F u ego, in clu d in g the Straits o f M agella n to the eastern entrance, b u t n ot the A tla n tic coast north o f C a p e S an D iego. Falkland Flightless Steamer Duck. Tachyeres brachypterus.\ F alklan d Islands. Crested Duck. Lophonetta specularioides specularioides. j From central C hile and west central Argentina, south to T ierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Andean Crested Duck. Lophonetta specularioides alticola. H ig h la n d lakes in the A n d es from cen tral Peru, south th rough B olivia to the latitu d e o f Santiago, C hile. O ccasionally in w inter to the central valley o f Chile.

17 A B E R R A N T S P E C I E S O F T H E S H E L D U C K - S H E L C f O Q S E T R I B E. L w f^er, tw<ft fewff <hin SmaMt*. ^y*n3 F U^1W/r Duck. 4-»^S 4 pu.k" V %4H.sVi. 7.Ç 4<Vtfeif Ifia, tfu o fj S ev ti«o. C e r e o p s is or" C o p t B a rre n C O o s e. A fsv»? y Istvñ Aj'itK g r e e n W W>»WMf '«3.S *th* acv feet, r. s.

18 PLATE IX Tribe A NA TIN I (Dabbling Ducks) Bronze-winged Duck. A n a s s p e c u l a r i s.f Slopes o f the A ndes in C h ile and A rg e n tin a from the latitude o f C o ncep ción to the Straits o f M agella n. N o rth in w in ter to the v icin ity o f V alparaiso, Chile. Salvadori s Duck. A n a s w a i g i u e n s i s. \ Island o f W aigiu and m ountain streams o f N ew G uinea. Marbled Teal. A n a s a n g u s t i r o s t r i s. R esident in M ed iterran ean Basin from southern S p ain to N ear East, Persia, Baluchistan and north-western India. Cape Teal. A n a s c a p e n s i s. A frica from B ech uan alan d, A fric a n lakes, U g a n d a and southern A byssin ia southw ard. A p p aren tly not found in south-eastern A frica. R eco rd ed from L a k e C h ad and Senegam bia. Hottentot Teal. A n a s p u n c t a t a. A frica from southern A n g o la, U g a n d a and S h oa to C a p e Province; M adagascar. Versicolor or Grey Teal. A n a s v e r s i c o l o r v e r s i c o l o r. S outh A m e rica from cen tral C h ile, the Bolivian Chaco, P araguay and southern Brazil, south to central Argentina. Southern Versicolor or Grey Teal. A n a s v e r s i c o l o r f r e t e n s i s. S outh A m erica from the latitude o f V a ld iv ia, C h ile, through southern C h ile and A rg en tin a to T ie r ra d el F u ego; F alklan d Islands. Puna Teal. A n a s v e r s i c o l o r p u n a. T h e P u n a zone (highlan d plateau ) o f the A n d es from cen tral Peru, south through Bolivia (Lake T iticaca and Cochabam ba) to northern Chile. African Red-billed Pintail. A n a s e r y t h r o r h y n c h a. S outh and E ast A frica from southern A n g o la, Lakes T an gan yika and V ictoria and southern Abyssinia, south to the C ape ; M adagascar. Bahama Pintail. A n a s b a h a m e n s i s b a h a m e n s i s.f B aham a Islands, G reater A n tilles (C u b a, H aiti, Jam a ica, Puerto R ico ), northern Lesser A n tilles, C o lo m b ia, the G u ianas and northern Brazil, as far south as Am azon. Southern Bahama Pintail. A n a s b a h a m e n s i s r u b r i r o s t r i s. Southern B razil, P a ragu ay, U ru g u a y, south to north ern and eastern A rg en tin a, and west to eastern B o liv ia ; the cen tral provinces o f C hile ; recorded on the west coast o f Peru. Galapagos Pintail. A n a s b a h a m e n s i s g a l a p a g e n s i s. f G alap ago s Islands (Pacific ocean w est o f E cuador). Chilean or Brown Pintail. A n a s g e o r g i c a s p i n i c a u d a. S outh A m e rica from southern C o lo m b ia and E cu ad or, th rough B olivia, southern B razil, P a ragu ay, U ru g u a y, A rg en tin a and C h ile to T ie r ra d el F u ego; F alklan d Islands. P ro b a b ly does not w in ter in extrem e south o f its range. Niceforo s Pintail. A n a s g e o r g i c a n i c e f o r o i. \ E astern A n d es o f C o lo m b ia ; also C a li, V a lle de C a u c a, C o lo m b ia. South Georgian Teal. A n a s g e o r g i c a g e o r g i c a. f Island o f south G eorgia. (South Atlantic.) *Com m on Pintail. A n a s a c u t a. Breeds in the northern parts o f E urope, A sia and N orth A m erica, in clu d in g British Isles, W in ters south to N orth A frica, the N ile V a lle y, A byssinia, Persian G u lf, In d ia, C eylo n, B urm a, Siam, southern C h in a ; from southern British C o lu m b ia, M ississippi V a lle y and C hesapeake B a y to P an am a and W est Indies; H aw a iian Islands. P intails from N orth A m erica h ave been separated as A. a. t z i t z e h o a w h ich is said to be slightly larger, but it is very doubtfully distinct. Kerguelen or Eaton s Pintail. A n a s a c u t a e a t o n i. \ K erguelen Island. (South Indian O cean.) Crozet Pintail A n a s a c u t a d r y g a l s k i i, f C ro zet Islands. (South In d ian O cean, 800 m iles w est o f K e rg u e le n Island.) Chilean Teal. A n a s f l a v i r o s t r i s f l a v i r o s t r i s. S outh A m e rica from cen tral C h ile, north-w estern A rgentina and extrem e southern Brazil, south to T ierra d el Fuego; Falkland Islands. Sharp-winged Teal. A n a s f l a v i r o s t r i s o x y p t e r u m. T h e P u n a zon e (highland plateau) o f the A ndes from north ern P eru, south th rough w estern B o livia to northern C h ile a n d northern A rg en tin a. Andean Teal. A n a s f l a v i r o s t r i s a n d i u m. \ H ig h A n d es o f cen tral and southern C o lo m b ia and o f E cu ad or. Merida Teal. A n a s f l a v i r o s t r i s a l t i p e t e n s.f H ig h A n d es o f w estern V en e zu ela and the eastern Andes o f Colom bia, south to Bogota. Com m on Teal. A n a s c r e c c a c r e c c a. Breeds in E u rope and A sia from Icelan d to C h in a ; A leu tian Islands. W in ters as far south as N o rth A frica, N ile V a lle y, Som alilan d, Persia, In d ia and C eylo n, A ssam, southern C h in a and the Philippines. V e r y num erous in w in ter on the Severn Estuary. Aleutian Teal. A n a s c r e c c a n i r m a. \ A leu tia n Islands. American Green-winged Teal. A n a s c r e c c a c a r o l i n e n s i s. B reeds in n orthern N o rth A m erica from A la sk a to H udson B ay. W in ters in southern U.S., M ex ico, northern C en tra l A m erica a nd the W est Indies. A b o u t s e v e n r e c o r d s i n B r i t a i n, b u t p r o b a b l y c o m e s u n r e c o g n i z e d c o m p a r a t i v e l y f r e q u e n t l y.

19 D A BBLIN G DUCKS M arbled Feal. Morlhcfh Verstcolor- i.-«ra,h'e*. T*»fev( HoteKtot" Teal. Q «la «g o s, F Totteul j njwjfrr -v-x jp*.tvirk M«t feil«''j'íí^ vfi:h *t~- SoutKör^. ßcihoun^ Tu*.+ c û ( "Redfoitted Tï* ta.il N ice-fono's Ttnha.it C H ilic x n o f "B r o W H T ir» t a il yf^í'w h*-'* v'*k bíut' V o Kenguele»\ P.ntetW Cvo^et- Is. TYnfcwl M er i da. lë a l A m erican ^[T e»iio htfec T eal. 3 Aleutian. Tcal. A n d S a r i «I» T «t <? t $, A. U^hn? ** VíYS«fcr\ c#*f -$S 4 ter se 4- #r t^c. $. C-htleena o* yedowbih<c( ~T al ia î» <*S *?!**> *Ÿ

20 PLATE X Baikal or Form osa Teal. Anas formosa. Breeds in S ib eria from the m iddle L en a R iv er, east to the K o ly m a d elta and A n a d y r, south to L a k e B aikal (?), A m u rlan d, northern Sakh alin and northern K a m ch atk a. W inters in C h in a and Jap a n. R ecord ed from Form osa but derives its nam e not from the island but from the fact that Form osa is the Japanese for beautiful. Falcated Teal. Anas falcata. Breeds in n orthern A sia, south o f the A rc tic C ircle from the U p p e r Y en esei to K a m ch atk a, south p ro b a b ly to northern M o n g o lia, the A m u r and U ssuriland. W inters in Jap a n, K o rea, eastern and southern C h in a to U pper Burm a. Madagascar Teal. Anas bernieri.\ M adagascar. New Zealand Grey Teal. Anas gibberifrons remissa.j N ew Zealand. Australian Grey Teal. Anas gibberifrons mathewsi.' Australia (except M elville and Cape Y o rk peninsulas); Tasm ania. East Indian Grey Teal. Anas gibberifrons gibberifrons. f East Indies (Java, Celebes, Lesser S u n d a Islands, A ru a n d K e i Islands, N e w G u in e a, R ennell Island, N ew Caledonia). Andaman Teal. Anas gibberifrons albogularis.\ A n d am an Islands (In d ian O cean ). T w o races h ave been described from the islands, b u t since there is striking in d ivid u al variatio n in this species the claim o f A. a. l e u c o p a r e n s is not substantiated. Chestnut-breasted Teal. Anas castanea. Australia (except north coast and interior); Tasm ania. Auckland Island Flightless Teal. Anas aucklandica aucklandica.f A uckland Islands (400 miles south o f N ew Zealand). L a tely reported to be holding its own satisfactorily. Campbell Island Flightless Teal. Anas aucklandica nesiotis. j C am pbell Island (500 miles south o f N ew Zealand and east o f A uckland Islands). New Zealand Brown Duck. Anas aucklandica chlorotis. N ew Zealan d and Chatham Islands. Becom ing dangerously rare.

21 D A B B L I N Q T R U C K S Y>$,%ci.

22 P L A T E X I * Mallard. Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos. Breeds in E u ro p e and A sia from the A rc tic C ircle, south to the M ed iterran ean, Persia, T ib e t, cen tral C h in a, K o r e a and northern J a p a n ; Icelan d ; the A zo res; n orthern and cen tral N orth A m erica, w est o f H udson B a y and the M ississippi. T h e com m onest b reedin g d uck in B ritain. W in ters from southern h a lf o f its b reedin g ran ge to N orth A frica, N ile V a lle y, In d ia, B urm a, southern C h in a, J a p a n ; southern M ex ico and Florida. Greenland Mallard. Anas platyrhynchos conboschas. j Breeds on coasts o f G reen lan d, on the west, north to U pernavik and on the east, north to Angm agsalik. Hawaiian Duck. Anas platyrhynchos wyvilliana.\ H aw aiian Islands. Laysan Teal. Anas platyrhynchos laysanensis. f H o n o lu lu ). L aysan Island (900 m iles w est o f Marianas M allard o r Oustalets Duck. Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti.\ Islands o f Guam, Saipan and T inian (1,200 miles north o f N ew G uinea). Florida Duck. Anas fulvigula fulvigula. G u lf coast o f F lorida (possibly A la b am a) and north on the east coast o f Florida to the St. Joh n s R iver. Mottled Duck. Anas fulvigula maculosa. G u lf coast o f T exas and L o uisian a. T h e re is some doubt o f the validity o f this race. Mexican Duck. Anas fulvigula diazi.\ H ighlands of central M exico. New Mexico Duck. Anas fulvigula novimexicana. f U p p e r R io G ran d e V a lle y from E l Paso, T e x as to A lb u q u erq u e, N ew M ex ico. T h ere is som e d o u bt o f the v a lid ity o f this race. Black Duck. Anas fulvigula rubripes. Breeds in north-eastern N o rth A m e rica from the w est side o f H udson B a y to L a b ra d o r, and south to N o rth C aro lin a. W in ters south to the G u lf coast. T w o races h ave been separated based on characters w h ich m ay on ly be d ue to age and season. A. f. r u b r i p e s is said to be the w estern and A. f. t r i s t i s the eastern form. Chinese Spotbill. Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha. E astern A sia from D a u ria, the A m u r R iv e r, southern S akhalin and the K u rile Islands, south to southern C h in a and Form osa. Burma Spotbill. Anas poecilorhyncha haring toni, f Burm a, Shan States, Y un nan. Indian Spotbill. Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha. India to western Assam ; Ceylon. Pelew Island Grey Duck. Anas superciliosa pelew ensis, j P elew Islands (east o f the Philippine Islands), northern N ew Guinea, Solom on, Fiji, Sam oa, T onga, Tah iti. Celebes Grey Duck. Anas superciliosa percua.\ Celebes. (P ro b ably the form found in western Sum atra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands and Buru.) Australian Grey Duck. Anas superciliosa roger si. Australia and Tasm ania. New Zealand Grey Duck. Anas superciliosa superciliosa, f Philippine Duck. Anas luzonica. P h ilip p in e Islands. M eller s Duck. Anas melleri. M adagascar; introduced into M auritius. African Yellow-bill. Anas undulata undulata. K en ya southward. Abyssinian Yellow-bill. Anas undulata rupelli. L a k e region. N ew Zealand. A fric a from A n g o la, U g a n d a and U p p e r B lue N ile and A byssinian African Black Duck. Anas sparsa sparsa.f South Africa; northern limits not defined. Abyssinian Black Duck. Anas sparsa leucostigma.\ East and north-east A frica across to the U pper Congo and Cam eroon. R are in the western part o f its range. Gabon Black Duck. Anas sparsa maclatchyi. A fr ic a ). G abon (western French E quatorial

23 x c & b t-fcr tr,e T > A & B U N < ^ D U CKÓ ftmo.lt Kv UVa laïjti Niexiccu-1 J>ucK. ( m a l l a r d s.) 'r.oîiîu'i i... î'èr-.hk f>e»t1i.vk, a K- M etiers D u c k.

24 PLATE XII * Gadwall. Anas streperà streperà. E urope, A sia and N orth A m erica, b reedin g from Icelan d to K a m ch atk a, British C o lu m b ia and P rairie Provinces o f C a n ad a, south to E n gland, H o llan d, G erm an y, cen tral R ussia, C aspian, Seistan, T ran sb aikalia, C alifo rn ia and C o lo rado. W inters south to northern A frica, A byssin ia, In d ia, Assam, southern C h in a, L o w er C alifo rn ia, southern M ex ico and F lorida. Coues s Gadwall. Anas streperà couesi.\ W ashington and N ew Y ork Islands (Fanning G roup, 1,000 m iles south o f H aw aii). * European Widgeon. Anas penelope. E u rope a n d A sia, b reedin g in tem perate regions north to the A rc tic C ircle and beyond, from Icelan d to K a m ch atk a, in clu d in g Scotland. W inters in B ritain and south to N ile V a lle y, A byssin ia, In d ia, southern C h in a and J a p a n. R e g u la rly in sm all num bers on A tla n tic coasts o f N orth A m erica, also in British C o lu m b ia. C o m m on in w in ter on- the Severn E stuary. American Widgeon. Anas americana. N o rth A m e rica, b reedin g in the north-w est from A lask a to the P rairie Provinces, m ain ly east o f the R ockies and w in terin g from British C o lu m b ia to C aliforn ia and the G u lf coast, and from L o n g Island, south to C o sta R ic a and W est Indies. A b o u t tw elve records in Britain, one on the N ew Grounds; some, how ever, m ay have been escapes. Chiloë Widgeon. Anas sibilatrix. Southern S outh A m e rica from C h ile and southern B razil, south to T ie r ra d el F u ego; Falkland Islands. Breeds in the southern h alf o f its range. * Blue-winged Teal. Anas discors. Breeds in N o rth A m erica m ain ly east o f the Cascades and the S ierra N e va d a from the R o ck y M o u n tain s th rough the Prairies to the G rea t Lakes. W in ters on the G u lf coast from F lorida to M ex ico, the W est Indies, C en tral A m e rica and north ern S outh A m e rica to Peru on the w est and C a yen n e on the north-east. A b o u t eigh t records in B ritain, also record o f p robab le breeding in Lincolnshire, but m ay originate from escaped birds. Cinnamon Teal. Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera. Breeds in N o rth A m erica from southern British C o lu m b ia, south to L o w e r C a lifo rn ia and cen tral M ex ico and east to the edge o f the Prairies. W inters in M ex ico and C en tral A m erica. Breeds also in South A m erica from A rgentina and C hile south, and in Falkland Islands. Andean Cinnamon Teal. Anas cyanoptera orinoma.\ Puna region (highland plateau ) o f the Andes in Peru and Bolivia. * Garganey. Anas querquedula. E u rope and A sia, b reedin g in south-eastern E n gland, south Sw eden, F in lan d, R ussia, east across A sia, south o f lat. 6o N. to K a m c h a tk a ; southern lim its, F rance, Italy, B lack and C asp ian Seas, T u rkestan, T ib e t (?), M an ch u ria and northern J a p a n. W in ters M ed iterran ean south to W est A fric a (N igeria), K e n y a, A ra b ia, In d ia, Indo-C h in ese countries, Philippines, Celebes, M oluccas and N ew Guinea. Argentine Red Shoveler. Anas platalea. Southern S outh A m erica from P eru and B o livia to southern B razil and south to Straits o f M agellan; m igratory in northern and southern parts o f its range. Cape or South African Shoveler. Anas smithi.\ South A frica, north to A n gola and the Transvaal. Australian Shoveler. Anas rhynchotis rhynchotis. f Southern and eastern A ustralia and Tasm ania. New Zealand Shoveler. Anas rhynchotis variegata. f N ew Zealand. * Com m on Shoveler. Anas clypeata. ^ Breeds in E u rope, A sia and N o rth A m erica, u sually not n orth o f A rc tic C ircle and n ot in eastern h a lf o f C a n a d a. N o w breeds com m on ly in British Isles. W inters as far south as N orth and East A frica, Persian G u lf, C eylo n, B urm a, southern C h in a, J a p a n, H aw aii, L o w er California, M exico, H onduras, Florida. Passage and w inter visitor on Severn Estuary.

25 Cou e s s GadwckU X > U C K S. C 'V *> t American. Wigeon

26 PLATE XIII Ringed Teal. Anas leucophrys. South America from southern Bolivia, Paraguay, south-western and southern Brazil, to north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay. Aberrant species of A N A T I N I Blue or Mountain Duck. Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos.f Mountain streams of New Zealand. Pink-eared Duck. Malacorhynchus membranaceus.f Australia and Tasmania. Pink-headed Duck. Rhodonessa caryophyllacea. North-eastern and eastern India, south to Madras. Was always local and rare, now possibly extinct. Freckled Duck. Stictonetta nevosa.f West Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

27 T)AB6L RS. T.u s S -jc.î!ç5 ito fee CÎôScîj# (!*e>. nt t/ii if- % 1K«. Di»ck s "Ring-ncekecl or T eal. lï> TÂ<?e âofir «v«*m y S'ftfy ; fc>rs ><x.s? bítl fx ô e, blu e Scöteuícw * r ic k ck e«jh>«t". 5 H ouiiiei's b!c< k, A B E R RANT SPEC1E.S OF DABBLING D U C K S. kcnm ** n eck bri^ktbt*f 'r'cc^ pit-iw, eye v o 4 * Vest" o f biv-c( eto-rlí' cköcoiftfe. W o w. Haie. % I {mitte, SAVUg.,, Pink- Keo.deal D u ck. (?T b vmy nov. Oth.vct) Bvl<\.ckl<b WtÍK w hth sb ÇveckieÂ. &>)H ctreevmsb- ^ c y, but IH«.bá«e. is brdll»!' (&( t!>oic <tarir«<j byce-^nia 's e a s o n TYeokled T>uc,k, ov Monkey *DucJ< '1 Byiqhfc' p r>w f>a.ích feyi-iiísh ÍHe, ^-VC.. psi/í te^s bu«e 'P UvC * g v c y, W«Hl "rc.d bvöw*1* shots. 8>»tt.wWKjU ycöov* Crf f ÍHkis*' 'bat H fv\!k *A<\ck É-iiçe. Ptnk~e.areá Duck!n bo*íi fbesc Sp^c«es $ O re S i m i J r t f.. te\s d(\rlt + byaum B lu e ov f^lounhiin JDu-ck.

28 PLATE XIV Tribe AY TH YIN I (Pochards) *Red-crested Pochard. Netta rufina. E astern E u ro p e and A sia, b reedin g from southern F rance, H ollan d (rare), through low er D anube, southern Russia, east across K irghiz Steppes to west Siberia. W inters M editerranean, In d ia, B urm a, S h an States to C h in a. R a re v a g ra n t in B ritain, b u t becom in g com m oner in H olland. Rosy-bill. Netta peposaca. C en tra l C h ile, south to C h ilo ë Island, east across A rg e n tin a to P a ra g u ay, U r u g u a y and south to northern P atagonia. Southern Pochard. Netta erythrophthalma. W estern S outh A m e rica from north-w estern V en e zu ela to southern P eru ; A fric a from A n gola in the west to Abyssinia and south to C ape Province. Canvas-back. Aythya valisneria. N o rth A m erica, b reedin g in w estern P rairie P rovinces o f C a n a d a and w est cen tral U n ited States. W in terin g from British C o lu m b ia, C o lorado, southern Illinois and C hesapeake B ay, south to C alifo rn ia, cen tral M ex ico, the G u lf and F lorida. European Pochard. Aythya ferina. Breeds in British Isles, southern S can d in avia and from eastern R ussia th rough w est Siberia to L ake B aikal, south to H o llan d, G erm an y, B alkans, B lack Sea, K ir g h iz Steppes and Y a rk a n d. W in ters in b reedin g ran ge and south to N ile V a lle y, In d ia, B u rm a and south C h in a. Redhead. Aythya americana. Breeds in w estern N o rth A m erica. W in ters in U.S. and south to L o w e r C a lifo rn ia and the V a lle y o f M ex ico.

29 P o c h a r d s 'U' «<Vfit-i ijc»h, Ytíl bîh. Cr'. tí t»}v>hí W-ÍH Sew.á. ruj-f.'! / -ç «-> 'i 'í Vtck dov - b\ í>v*tl 4 í.::a*. k ':'. ^ b ac W Wnvt<

30 PLATE XV Madagascar White-eye. Aythya innotata. Northern and eastern Madagascar. Common White-eye. Aythya nyroca. Breeds in southern Europe, Balkans, Poland and west Siberia to the Ob Valley, south to northern Africa, Persia, Turkestan, Kashmir, the Pamirs and southern Tibet. Winters in the Mediterranean, Nile Valley, Persian Gulf, India and Burma. Rare vagrant in Britain. Baer s Pochard. Aythya baeri.\ Breeds from Transbaikalia to the lower Ussuri and the Amur; Kamchatka (?). Winters in China, Korea, Japan, upper Assam and Burma. Australian White-eye. Aythya australis.f Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand; casual in some East Indies. New Zealand Scaup. Aythya novœ-seelandiœ.\ New Zealand, Auckland Islands, Chatham Islands. Ring-necked Duck. Aythya collaris. Breeds in central and north-western North America. Winters in southern U.S., south to Guatemala and West Indies. Tufted Duck. Aythya fuligula. Breeds in Europe and Asia from Iceland and British Isles to the Commander Islands (Pacific), south to central Europe, Balkans, Kirghiz Steppes, Lake Baikal, the Amur and Sakhalin. Winters in southern half of breeding range and south to Nile Valley, Persian Gulf, India, south China and Philippines. Lesser Scaup. Aythya affinis. Breeds in north-central and north-western Canada and U.S. Winters in southern U.S., south to Panama and West Indies. Common Scaup. Aythya marila marila. Breeds in northern Europe, Asia (eastern limits not defined) and North America from the Aleutians to Hudson Bay. Has bred in Scotland. Winters on coasts of western Europe (including England), eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, Persian Gulf, north-western India, Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, south to Lower California and the West Indies. The Chinese race has been separated as A. m. mariloides, and the American race as A. m. nearctica, but it is doubtful if either is valid. Eastern Scaup. Aythya marila mariloides. f Breeds on Bering Island, probably also Kamchatka. Winters in China, Korea and Japan.

31 ' i- \ " V*f fl cke^fcv»«*" Wift* dk&* DrncK w l fh <ircç f <:h<?c-lrv t Cy C_\ M f'-yco.iit'**' f i«v*' V<S "V*í. sütd y c K es, lv* u t ' Vfhibe-cye. * OT F e r m o i nou s D uck NucH ri.ivkc ft CL*ív- i',,o V \ V K ;r«. - r, ** t/ ftkouï' ííút k ': Co Ho t Mcuda.c^asca^~ W hihe.-eye.» I ie* v)\í,j, iauv'çle ' 5Keen, 9k Cyf yci!c?vv ß>io.c>i s*irts ÍM*vpl< 'ht::r f ~, «ye v e n ««AushraIt cm W+i(hs.-eye. rlivch s ^ ítn <í /«V,?W<0w CkcK Wnu, <7v e«k,«y a «/ é^éw Cn-ííie. lv, : U>v,Vv,ç.fs<»e

32 PLATE XVI Tribe C AIR ININI (Perching Ducks) Brazilian Teal. Amazonetta brasiliensis. Eastern South America from the Orinoco, western Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay to northern Argentina. The bird varies greatly in size and colour throughout the range and it may be shown in due course that more than one sub-species exists, but the larger and darker form described as Schuyl s Teal (A. b. vittata) from Argentina, south of Buenos Aires cannot be upheld in view of the individual variation found elsewhere in the range. Maned Goose or Australian W ood Duck. Chenonetta jubata. Australia and Tasmania. Mandarin Duck. Aix galericulata. Eastern Asia from the Amur and Ussuri, south through Korea, eastern China, Japan, to Formosa. Carolina or W ood Duck. Aix sponsa. Eastern half of the United States and southern Canada. Wintering in southern and southeastern States. Also in the west from British Columbia to California (an entirely separate population). African Pygmy Goose. Nettapus auritus.f Africa from a line between Gambia and Kenya, south to the Cape and Madagascar. Green Pygmy Goose. Nettapus pulchellus, f Ceram, Burn, southern New Guinea, northern Australia. Indian Pygmy Goose or Cotton Teal. Nettapus coromandelianus coromandelianus. India, Ceylon, Burma, east to southern China, south to Malaya and north-western East Indies. Australian Pygmy Goose. Nettapus coromandelianus albipennis.\ Eastern Australia. (There is some doubt whether the validity of this race can be upheld.)

33 WSMsk (Ç'f hwmè w'.íkfl T«Ä UflS.??täl cäavk V in c?, qiayl PERCHING DUCKS "YHp.re ts. íj*<a1: vah ifiho'«j SovnÉ- <? fefa>ut<xhs b-ei^g some!<\fvcie.t SoMC.'f<m4-te wíw. ' wkife--^o.eesjbi4~ SSk nontoí- '^he.íí. S o Ci\<Wae.í- vs COH So -fa>v be. po/i+-ieuí ai- to ö.t' fe clisíjdau'tsh ÍV» females- feijp.iff þuu»aðc i»»^cs M dndwon ínasm Mar\<iaLV*in. D u c k Ö?' c<«.*i'a<cf>t-»ss«<< - F'K red-pï«i<;, * / o'. breast v'dî.b^fck: hftcfctes «ga»ís ovwrna «, HML B1«c-k of crovjh«- eresi; ä Ä q(û?îcrf Wirt1- suvþíc a*1«m J C a ro lin a, o r W ood E u c k. Wcí'H <y <: SSCd Un^K p í aree **i ^ E t U ovorx*«k c. A» e y e ^ e y c l M S c a ru t. 4 BrifAsi* v ìr h po' Chofi? W n f,ait. M a n e d Qoose. N t c k 4 - b a c k d a.r k qfôçsy q<«x.h, A-fVicOJ-x Ty-gmy QooSe. fínrea^f- <x^d $ YUifoMS ch o sl-n at. A asfm U an RS.

34 PLATE XVII Com b Duck. Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos. Africa from Gambia and the Sudan, south to the Cape and Madagascar; India, Ceylon, Burma and south-eastern China. South American Com b Duck. Sarkidiornis melanotos carunculatus. Eastern tropical South America from Venezuela, south to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. Hartlaub s Teal. Cairina hartlaubi.j West and central Africa (Liberia to the Congo and African Lake Region). Birds from the Ituri and Aruwimi Rivers, which have more white on the head, have been separated as C. h. albifrons-, this may prove to be a valid race. White-winged W ood Duck. Cairina scutulata. Assam, south through Malaya to Sumatra and Java. Muscovy Duck. Cairina moschata. Mexico, south through central America and South America to Peru on the west and to Uruguay in the east. The ancestor of the farmyard Muscovy Duck. Spur-winged Goose. Plectropterus gambensis gambensis. Africa from Gambia to upper Nile, south to the Zambesi. Black Spur-winged Goose. Plectropterus gambensis niger. Africa, south of the Zambesi.

35 p e r c h i n g d u c k s «- GELSE- I h b o t f \ # > 6 5 «f o e O * h a g a, yellow tiiig«. * SideS «4 SiA Sen, jjêsël Ve Mow patch Com b JDuck or K n ob-bill» «?? Mock wih1» pa. t> * «s- ytííow Sn*'- \ btîevk hosf»t<. U.'IV pate W+>it"e w in det W o o d X>«cK ef) e s th u t b ro w n. Hürtio-ubls T X ick. S e v «fr «JLmest A t S íim t bwí* whíhs. is af>jic,y?.( >* '-y vofíabifc, «* b>v«t$ isofern þ a r t o f rancie, o r e S & \á te Have. wk't's.- B jli y<ul ; foewe sk in o* S M c ä of-fw.ee 5) p«!«.. b lu e c;»«y ^ U the species o a. fhis. p<* \ «yeet-tr H a v t ía u b * ; "p u c k hov 2, dì ac k b e c k s 3^0 ss ed withaxccn or p u r p l e, o r * t» o t h «iut* - VVJtt G o o se,.1?5risp*fo«4f kpob r atecn'c eye.»/ Ici M u s c o v y D u c *. N ie lli? n s, Sfs&oi í s -fro m lajhích It1»««w y a f d M u ß ca y y W as ttíí!iir% íxííy d o IV( CS t"i C«

36 PLATE XVIII Tribe M E R G IN I (Sea Ducks) Pacific Eider. Somateria mollissima v. nigra, f Breeds on Arctic coasts and islands of north-eastern Asia, Commander and Aleutian Islands and coasts of Alaska and North-West Territories of Canada. Winters chiefly in the Aleutian Islands. Northern Eider. Somateria mollissima borealis. f Breeds on north-eastern coasts of Canada and west Greenland. Winters from the open waters of Greenland, south to Maine. American Eider. Somateria mollissima dresseri. Breeds on both coasts of Hudson and James Bays and on east coast of Labrador. Winters from Newfoundland to Nantucket. *European Eider. Somateria mollissima mollissima. Breeds in Iceland, Scotland, Scandinavia, east to Novaya Zemlya. Mainly resident, but some winter in North Sea and on west coast of France. Faeroe Eider. Somateria jnollissima faeroeensis.\ Faeroes; resident. *King Eider. Somateria spectabilis, f Breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of Europe, Asia, and North America. Rare visitant to the British Isles in winter. Spectacled or Fischer s Eider. Somateria fischeri.f Breeds on the New Siberian Islands and Arctic coast of Siberia from the Yana River to Bering Strait and on the coast of Alaska. Winters in the Aleutian Islands. *Steller s Eider. Somateria stelleri.\ Breeds on the Arctic coast of Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to Bering Strait and the coast of Alaska. Winters on open waters of Lapland ; Kamchatka, Commander and Kurile Islands, Aleutian Islands and Kenai Peninsula (Alaska). Recorded three times in Britain. Labrador Duck. Camptorhynchus labradorius.\ Now extinct. Formerly bred in Labrador. Wintered south, probably to Chesapeake Bay, but chiefly off Long Island. Last one shot in 1875.

37 SEA DUCKS (E ID E R 5 ) Eider. fsearx E ider. N o r f f i c m >'ft CYftnöö qy^ywyre^n e&d 4- f*f*chc&t{ p&ic Ctfcxn Chcst^iMÍ"

38 PLATE X IX * Com m on Scoter. Melanitta nigra nigra. Breeds in Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, northern Europe and Asia from Norway, east to the Taimyr Peninsula. Winters chiefly on coasts of western Europe (including Britain), Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas. American Scoter. Melanitta nigra americana. Breeds in north-eastern Asia, Aleutian Islands, western Alaska, sporadically across northern North America to Newfoundland. Winters south to China and Japan, California, North Carolina, and on Great Lakes. *Surf Scoter. Melanitta perspicillata. Breeds in northern North America, west of Hudson Bay, possibly north-eastern Siberia and in Labrador. Winters from Alaska to California; on the Great Lakes; and from Nova Scotia to South Carolina. Occasional in Britain. *Velvet Scoter. Melanitta fusca fusca. Breeds from Scandinavia and the Baltic, east to Yenisei. Winters on the coasts of western Europe (including Britain), the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas. Asiatic White-winged Scoter. Melanitta fusca stejnegeri. j Breeds in eastern Asia from the Altai to Anadyr, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. Winters on Pacific coast south to China and Japan. Pacific White-winged Scoter. Melanitta fusca dixoni.\ Breeds in western Alaska. Winters on Pacific coast of North America, south to California. American White-winged Scoter. Melanitta fusca deglandi. Breeds in north-western Canada from the Mackenzie to James Bay and south to North Dakota. Winters on the Great Lakes and Atlantic coast, south to North Carolina.

39 S E A D U C K S (SC O TERS) ^, «í -^K e ^te.rs K'a'i! e i feîsj mofe Curved in hothsvr-es. American Black Red«* y-iktfc ^ v clinw? au C om m on o r B la c k S c o te r. M a le s ol a!! Sp cíes ove g lo ssy b l o c k j fe m a fe s o o ty b f o w n. A siatic Velvet:. y'ekow, hotfr, BSfev ^ o.s Velvet A^iprican Whife-wingcd AS above bt»t" Snovhc.v. T he ' tçwalc.s of cjí íou-r r o c a v e oiw-.ft<-ir eveich y a ítír e '*he m a le s luwe. WHtfe. <3* c- _ American wivujfcct W4iitfe.-win< Scotfcr. ' V elvet Scoter. Asiatta V elvet" Scoter".

40 PLATE XX *Harlequin Duck. Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus. Iceland, Greenland, northern Labrador. Mainly resident, but some south to Long Island in winter. About twelve records in Britain. Pacific Harlequin Duck. Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus.f Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Lena and Lake Baikal to Anadyr, Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands. In North America from southern Alaska, south in the mountains to central California and Colorado. Winters south to Japan and California. *Long-tailed Duck or Old Squaw. Clangula hyemaiis. Breeds on Arctic coasts of Europe, Asia and North America. Winters south to Britain, central Europe, Caspian Sea, Japan, California, the Great Lakes, North Carolina; southern Greenland. Barrow s Golden-eye. Bucephaia islandica. Breeds in Iceland, south-western Greenland, Labrador; and in the mountains of northwestern North America from south-central Alaska to south-western Colorado. Winters south to Long Island and San Francisco. Resident in Greenland and Iceland. ^European Golden-eye. Bucephaia clangula clangula. Breeds from Scandinavia, east across Europe and Asia, north to the limit of trees, south to Germany, Balkans, central Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka and Sakhalin. Winters from British Isles, Mediterranean, northern India, southern China and Japan. American Golden-eye. Bucephaia clangula americana. Breeds in North America in heavy timber from Alaska and British Columbia to Newfoundland. Winters on Pacific coast south to California and on Atlantic to South Carolina. Also on open lakes and rivers in central United States. * Buffle-head. Bucephaia albeola. Breeds from central Alaska to Hudson Bay, south to British Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba. Winters mainly in the United States; also Aleutian and Commander Islands. Four authentic records in Britain.

41 SEAD U C KS T J < w k c < - s f v í r t K, J. Tem ale S O 0+2/ A H arte^u in D u ck. «T Harlequin Tp.1er STV? <>.k Uf :'V r X- Ut^c k, W e stern Hûvle^uin BUift-grev t.iï-d wi'^. che?-., tnu^' i? Western planks i- SA«<Wowoaif. t. fyifae ovev gy. Hofl«uin ' o.fygc,v i.)'! ci L o n g t a i (tc( -Duok o r T K e lo f-tita.it h t»-s O W & juâ W. t*ùv( o.*?3*t í k i ^ J / i y M *ff Cv«} t b I 1V a u c& - S um W- * V" ~ - Vv.-.t S u m m er f { xnk.cj i ~~ * b'h ( S a»»? ' H'ir.fi V'J- Vçty cictxk bvisvjn. r?--i.wv caôc*îfttc VeHçw t){9 ter ^'Pu%'p!c. -5Í-.CÍH ^AA.k b a r r o w î s <3ol<den-eye Lü» f yctfow, we.ns, Ci*ten sniffi, t> 5 fe {,;? _ V Sheen K íík ( lossííi : w'ffi brilliant" í-)vich 4- parþiii., A m erican GioWen-eye. ( L a r g e r ) CqolcCeneye (Srr> a U <j.y^> Ö1 " B u f f le - h e a d er, 5 -i- - -ie*" > >r-ví-i T-s.

42 PLATE XXI *Smew. Mergus albellus. Breeds in Europe and Asia from Scandinavia to Siberia and south to the Volga, Turkestan and the Amur. Winters on coasts and lakes from Britain (regular on reservoirs near London), the Mediterranean, Persia, northern India to China and Japan. Hooded Merganser. Mergus cucullatus. North' America, breeding from south central Canada to southern U.S. and wintering chiefly in the Pacific States, Great Lakes, the Gulf States and Atlantic States south of New York. 'Four fully authenticated in Britain; nine more unconfirmed (one from Gloucestershire). Brazilian Merganser. Mergus octosetaceus.j Southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and north-eastern Argentina. Auckland Island Merganser. Mergus australis.] Auckland Islands (400 miles south of New Zealand). Probably extinct. *Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus senator. Breeds in suitable places throughout northern Europe, Asia, and North America (including British Isles), south in winter to the Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, China, Formosa, Gulf of Mexico and Florida. An apparently resident race in Greenland has been named M. s. major, but its validity is not yet confirmed. Scaly-sided or Chinese Merganser. Mergus squamatus, f Recorded in summer from Copper Island on the lower Amur River. Winters in China from western Szechuan to central Fukien and south to western Yunnan. * Goosander. Mergus merganser merganser. Breeds in Europe and Asia from Iceland, British Isles, Switzerland, the Balkans, to Kamchatka, the Kurile and Commander Islands. South in winter to Mediterranean and China; regular on reservoirs near London. Asiatic Goosander. Mergus merganser orientalis.f Afghanistan, Turkestan, Altai, Tibet. Winters northern India, northern Burma and China (Szechuan) and farther east where it occurs with the typical race. American Merganser. Mergus merganser americanus. North America, breeding south of a line from south-eastern Alaska to James Bay; and wintering south to the Gulf of Mexico.

43 Hooded Sartéy bvewvs A m e r i c a n lerqonse-r fiot k, vfí*. H* a > ' 3, \ VlfrS A s i a t i c G o o s a n d e r (ShieJlt.v) W «! \C -«)<os *. A bíöcííigh «**«>/ b!rr*. A u c M a n c T ^ ^ ^ Al 3 Is lanci MerganÄtr. ìjpg=^ 'Ri Not" untile, -fonate 1?crt-bvcoArfJ Mcxttftnsev.

44 PLATE XXII Tribe O X Y U R IN I (Stiff-tails) M asked Duck. Oxyura dominica.f Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico) and South America to central Chile and north-eastern Argentina. White-headed Duck. Oxyura leucocephala. Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, Turkestan, south in winter to Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia and northern India. North American Ruddy Duck. Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis. Breeds in north-west central North America and winters south to California, Mexico, Florida and the Carolinas; also resident in West Indies. This has been separated as O.j. jamaicensis and the northern bird as 0. j. rubida, but the distinction is doubtful. Colombian Ruddy Duck. Oxyura jamaicensis andina.f Andean lakes of central and eastern Colombia. This race forms the link between 0. j. jamaicensis and 0. j. ferruginea and may intergrade in both directions. Peruvian Ruddy Duck. Oxyura jamaicensis ferruginea.] Andean lakes of Peru and Bolivia. Birds from Ecuador have been separated as O.a. œquatorialis, but in view of the apparently exceptional individual variation it is doubtful if this race can be accepted. Blue-billed Duck. Oxyura jamaicensis australis.] Southern Australia and Tasmania. Maccoa Duck. Oxyura jamaicensis maccoa.] Eastern Africa from southern Abyssinia to the Cape. Argentine Ruddy Duck. Oxyura vittata.] Southern South America from northern Chile and southern Brazil to Tierra del Fuego. This species and 0. j. ferruginea have been found breeding on the Lago Peñuelas, about 18 miles from Valparaiso, which indicates that they must be regarded as specifically distinct. Australian M usk Duck. Biziura lobata.] Southern Australia and Tasmania. Aberrant species of tribe African White-backed Duck. Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus.] Africa from eastern Cameroon and southern Abyssinia, south to the Cape. Madagascar White-backed Duck. Thalassornis leuconotus insularis. Madagascar. Black-headed Duck. Heteronetta atricapilla.] Central Chile, east to Paraguay and southern Brazil, south in Argentina to the latitude of Buenos Aires.

45 íwo ní.'f!v-rd S.WfV»'m*K Posití&ws S T IF F -T A ILS T<5 4 Sprfcctdí Cirevisb Wovjt' w'ih^ bvhu«*^ blwc. b i u Itt S n T n K. r v 5^. rtwe W h ite. - h e a d e d X>ucJ< In xll'rurfctys ÜNe. Sumvnev rxcjes ix-çe. 'cic U chest r.«. h tovftc favillicu*, f- blue i b u t s I Colombian "Rudcty ^ ff M a s k e d D uck. Äun*> { V' f \Oiít. 'fl'ck ckc.'î+'w«'^ w* bííxfk *{*4 ft. IrtboKx-fovtns b e ta» t a t S y w m c t n-iftïis» v t Similar lì, 'PeruVÍwK m» It M û c c o a " B l u e, - b i l l e d l «c k D u rk riùdagoscov Whit-e-backed» k. D u c k H orm ai Swihwfcid. 'í'íe'sfh ort^ S&r»ntft r bn'stii t f Stovonsk Q<cy birci* M»*ç^ *" - in» y p i «VC Ik h e vt* a> o ^ fu gf«fe*- T r*.h its "V «V ^ a b k k is y Æ ^ Íi _<S a i fe> b e Æë&ÉÎm- i >ý. SorASUiC, ' ixtj ì">*^ in ow C rfiirííe' n csh s S la c k - h e a d e d D u c k M u.sk P u c k ^ Í' 0*Ty b lack íg'k ^ b f vei S

46 PLATE XXIII Tribe M E R G A N E T T IN I (Torrent Ducks) Colombian Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata colombiana.f Andes of Venezuela, Colombia and northern Ecuador. Peruvian Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata leucogenis.\, Andes of central and southern Ecuador and of Peru (except for Tinta, the Cuzcan Andes and Rio Victor occupied by M. a. turneri). Turner s Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata turneri.f Known only from Tinta, the Cuzcan Andes and Rio Victor (Dept, of Arequipa) Peru. Garlepp s or Bolivian Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata garlepþi.\ Mountains of Bolivia. Berlepsch s or Argentine Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata berleþschi.\ Mountains of north-western Argentina (Provinces of Salta and Tucumán). Chilean Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata armata.f Andes of central Chile and adjoining parts of western Argentina, north to Province of Mendoza. Southern limit not known. Jam es s or Southern Torrent Duck. Merganetta armata fraenata.f Andes of central Chile, south of the range of M. a. armata, from which it is only doubtfully distinct. Exact limits of range not known.

47 *~U < ï V*! V / Í } \ T O R R E N T -DUCKS <r "7_? - «ColovnbfanTövrent" 35uc.l<? e m «k s ave, grey «.bove, >*{d-hvuv>tn be.lt> w, ii%oh Sevei"» vcx.e,e.. W h«,vc n a n e»â SKtiWn it- i% 'jfvowi f&ç. ÿ Clf Hita, YO Æ ab o v e Cheeks urscíftfpaars of ftroikij«,» S 0- a t k «v y ü % Slt qwhy Snxatl«.»". i < * l I i ' \ < - -^ " P eru vian J { \ \ Tonrent" 7>u ck öiysy «f- rföfkcv rerf und«< -, pû-ïfe. \ V xj V \ M V / " ' ~ N» isstüme.' <-j«chil ean TöTr-ent" D u c k - ^Qarleppi 'Boliyjar«r* ; Tovce.nt- u T>uc.k 3 : B e r l e p s e b is o r A r q e n f i n e. Ibrrent^Duck Thg. bitty It- (KtJ -t ace ii nef a'vjoví sjh.'í'c souskw. 1* coìvaces!he bill is r c d j b r i a k f a.t in fr.o,!c,, ciavk Cutfnfcrv If O leq$<i- feel* ove * d u ll vc*( Tnese dfawihtjs have b t i h rnükäc (Mithou) - x (peinen et «4 W>c liv in g bird, C!, js'3ámesfe o r, S ou fk em Vlovren ^ J>u<-k. r I vta "' AU h a v e a CavpaJ. Sfsuv OH t&e Wind Ivhith îç l a v a t r *(#} lïiç e f fts own ' Iftc 2» "RS

48