Article ID: WMC00889 ISSN 2046-1690 Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya Corresponding Author: Dr. Subhasish Bandyopadhyay, Senior Scientist, Eastern Regional Station of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 700037 - India Submitting Author: Dr. Subhasish Bandyopadhyay, Senior Scientist, Eastern Regional Station of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 700037 - India Article ID: WMC00889 Article Type: Research articles Submitted on:04-oct-2010, 11:09:26 AM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/889 Subject Categories:EPIDEMIOLOGY Keywords:Strongyle, Prediction, Rainfall, temperature, cattle, pig Published on: 05-Oct-2010, 08:11:16 PM GMT How to cite the article:bandyopadhyay S, Devi P, Naskar S, Bera A, Dandapat P, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya D. Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya. WebmedCentral EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010;1(10):WMC00889 Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 1 of 15
Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya Author(s): Bandyopadhyay S, Devi P, Naskar S, Bera A, Dandapat P, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya D Abstract Methods A Study was conducted to know the effect of meteorological parameters on strongyle infection in cattle and pig in Meghalaya. Faecal samples, collected from three Govt. farms during years 2001 2002, were screened for the presence of strongyle parasitic egg. Incidence of strongle infection in relation to meteorological parameters was done by regression analysis. Occurrence of strongyle infection is 50 per cent dependent on rainfall in Meghalaya. One per cent increase in rainfall predict 0.03 per cent increase in strongyle infection. Minimum and maximum temperature contributed only 20 per cent for the occurrence of the disease. Proper control measures should be undertaken during monsoon season. As strongyle infestation is positively correlated with level of precipitation, anthelmintic coverage should be done during seasonal and occasional off-season precipitation period. Introduction Eradication of helminthes infections is impractical. The aim of any parasite control programme must therefore be ensured that parasite populations do not exceed levels compatible with economic production. The parasitological monitoring (e.g. faecal egg counts or pasture sampling) at intervals, forecasting on the basis of meteorological data and computer simulation provide an alternate approach to control parasitic infection in a given geographical area (Brunsdon, 1980) The most common gastrointestinal parasite prevalent throughout the year in Meghalaya, India is Strongyle infection. This is because of the high rainfall and humidity prevalent in the North Eastern region. As the prevalence of this infection is mainly dependent on rainfall and humidity, study is being initiated to identify the relationship between rainfall and strongyle infection. The study would be also helpful in predicting/forecasting the disease occurrence based on the prevailing pattern of rainfall in a particular location. A total of 303 cattle and 253 pig faecal samples were collected from Govt. livestock farms located at Kyrdemkulai, Upper Shillong and Jowai in Meghalaya during the year 2001 and 2002. Meteorological data were collected from Govt. Meteorological department of Shillong. Samples were collected in the early morning and were processed and examined using standard parasitological procedures viz. sedimentation technique and salt floatation technique. The egg per gram of faeces (epg) were counted using stoll egg counting method (Anonymous, 1986). Results Discussion The incidence of strongyle infection in different areas of Meghalaya and the Meteorological parameters are presented in Table 1. Rainfall and egg per gram of faeces (epg) of strongyle infection has shown a linear and positive relationship. Rainfall contributed maximum effect on parasitic infection as compared to maximum and minimum temperature (Fig 1,2 and 3). Rainfall contributed more than 50 per cent for the occurrence of the parasitic infection in cattle and pig but maximum and minimum environmental temperature contributed above 25 percent for the occurrence of strongyle infection in animals (Table 2). Regression analysis between strongyle infection and rainfall showed that 1 percent increase in rainfall predict 0.03 percent increase in strongyle infection. Similar relationship between the frequency of spring rainfall and severity of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and cattle also observed (Pitois and Leimbacher, 1973) The predicted strongyle infection was calculated using the equation depicted in the regression analysis (Fig 1) which showed a higher strongyle infection than the observed infection ( Fig 2). This might be due to anthelmintic treatment and other control measures taken by the Govt. farm for preventing the parasitic infection. This might also be due to the fact that 50 percent of strongyle infection is dependent on rainfall. The same prediction between environmental temperature and development of parasites on pasture Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 2 of 15
was reported using Stochastic Development Fraction Model (SDFM) (Onyiah LC, 1985). Finally the multiple regression of disease infected with all the above-mentioned parameters were analysed. The coefficient of multiple determination ( R 2 ) explained more when we include temperature (max, min) and rainfall together as compared to single multiple regression of individual factor like rainfall, maximum temperature and minimum temperature. Interestingly, except rainfall, all other factors are statistically insignificant both at 5 per cent and 10 per cent probability level, whereas, the coefficient of rainfall is significant at 1 per cent probability level. From the above discussion it may be concluded that the occurrence of the strongyle infection can mainly be predicted through rainfall instead of temperature. References 1. Brunsdon R V. Principles of helminth control. Vet Parasitol 1980; 6: 185-15 2. Anonymous. Manual of Veterinary Parasitological laboratory techniques. Bulletin No. 418, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Her Majesty s Stationery Office, London. 1986; Pp 9-11. 3. Pitois M, Leimbacher F. Forecasting fascioliasis. Recueil-de-Medecine-Veterinaire -de-l'ecole-d'alfort 1973; 149: 1293-02. 4. Onyiah L C. A stochastic development fraction model for predicting the development of the nematode parasite of sheep, Haemonchus contortus from egg to infective larvae under the influence of temperature. J Therm Biol 1985; 10: 191-97. Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 3 of 15
Illustrations Illustration 1 Table 1 : Egg per gram of faeces (epg) of strongyle parasite and meteorological parameters in Govt. Table 1. Monthly Egg per gram of faeces (epg) of strongyle infection and meteorological parameters in Govt pig and cattle Farms in Meghalaya during 2001 02 Areas Animals Months Meteorological data S t r o n g y l e Temp. Temp. Rainfall sp. ( O C) ( O C) ( O C) (Max) (Min) (mm) Jowai Kyrdemkul ai Pig Apr-Jun 240 26.72 18.9 341.4 Jul-Sept. 426.66 26.67 20.09 693.4 Oct Dec. 330 21.59 14.2 91.5 Jan - Mar 140 17.8 10.36 28 Apr. Jun 175 27.12 20.81 116 Jul-Sept. 370 29.55 23.63 417.7 Oct Dec. 260 23.65 17.89 63.3 Jan - Mar 140 20.42 12.89 73.7 Jowai Cattle Apr-Jun 142.85 26.72 18.9 341.4 Kyrdemkul Jul-Sept. 287.5 26.67 20.09 693.4 Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 4 of 15 ai Oct Dec. 133.33 21.59 14.2 91.5 U p p e r Jan - Mar 100 17.8 10.36 28
Illustration 2 Table 2. Statistical analysis of parasitic infection and meteorological parameters Fig 2. Relationship between maximum temperature and occurrence of Strongyle Infection Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 5 of 15
Illustration 3 Fig 1. Relationship between rainfall and occurrence of Strongyle infection in Meghalaya during 2001 Fig 1. Relationship between rainfall and occurrence of Strongyle infection in Meghalaya during 2001 02 Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 6 of 15
Illustration 4 Fig 2. Relationship between maximum temperature and occurrence of Strongyle infection Fig 2. Relationship between maximum temperature and occurrence of Strongyle Infection Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 7 of 15
Illustration 5 Fig 3. Relationship between minimum Temperature and occurrence of Strongyle infection Fig 3. Relationship between minimum Temperature and occurrence of Strongyle infection Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 8 of 15
Illustration 6 Fig 4. Predicted Strongyle infection depending on maximum temperature Fig 4. Predicted Strongyle infection depending on maximum temperature Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 9 of 15
Illustration 7 Fig 5. Predicted and observed Strongyle infection in relation to minimum temperature Fig 5. Predicted and observed Strongyle infection in relation to minimum temperature Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 10 of 15
Illustration 8 Fig 6. Predicted and observed Strongyle infection in relation to rainfall Fig 6. Predicted and observed Strongyle infection in relation to rainfall Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 11 of 15
Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 12 of 15
Reviews Review 1 Review Title: Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya Posted by Dr. Arunava Pattanayak on 08 Jan 2011 11:19:45 AM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? Yes 3 Is this a new and original contribution? Yes 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? Yes 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? Yes 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? Yes 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? Yes 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? Yes 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 7 Comment: The paper reports important information about the strongyle infection in north east India. Competing interests: No Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: 25 years Publications in the same or a related area of science: Yes How to cite: Pattanayak A.Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya [Review of the article 'Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;2(1):WMCRW00341 No Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 13 of 15
Review 2 Review Title: Untitled Posted by Dr. Chandan Rajkhowa on 20 Nov 2010 12:38:30 PM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? Yes 3 Is this a new and original contribution? Yes 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? Yes 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? Yes 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? Yes 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? Yes 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? Yes 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 0 Comment: I have gone through the article and observed the following points. 1. The materials and methods need elaboration as because there is no indication for the methods adopted. 2. The author should specifically mentioned the taxonomic laboratory from where the identification was done 3.Author should narrate the discussion supported by relevant references for the new predilection site. The paper should be revised with the relevant points given and can be accepted as short communication. Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : Yes Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Rajkhowa C.Untitled[Review of the article 'Incidence of Strongyle infection in cattle and pig with relevance to rainfall in Meghalaya ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;1(11):WMCRW00156 No Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 14 of 15
Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Research articles Page 15 of 15