Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 2 (6): 430-437, 2003 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion 2003 Influence of 2-hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)utnoic Acid on Erly Egg nd Chick Weights of Broiler Breeders 1 1 2 3 R.J. Lien, J.B. Hess, A.F. Giesen nd A.G. Yersin 1 Poultry Science Deprtment nd Alm Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Auurn University, AL, USA 36849-5416 2 Novus Interntionl, 530 Mryville Centre Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA 63141 Respirtory Disese of Livestock Reserch Unit, USDA, Agriculturl Reserch Service, Ntionl Animl Disese Center, Ames, Iow 50010, USA 3 Astrct: This tril ws conducted to determine if erly egg nd chick weights of roiler reeders re incresed y dietry 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)utnoic cid (HMB) supplementtion. Hens of two strins were provided feed with HMB levels equivlent to 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 kg methionine/tonne from 21 to 35 wk. Chick yield (chick weight/egg weight) incresed significntly s dietry HMB level ws incresed from 0 to 1 kg/tonne; however, egg nd chick weights were not individully ffected y incresing HMB level. Egg production ws incresed from 29 to 35 wk y the 0.5 kg/tonne tretment; however, there ws neither improvement prior to this period nor further increses due to greter HMB levels. Mortlity, primrily due to ftty-liver hemorrhgic syndrome, ws mrkedly elevted t low HMB levels in one strin. Although incresing HMB levels hd some ffect on chick yield, results were not s evident s wht hs een mesured in commercil lyers. Key words: Erly egg weight, diet, chick weight, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)utnoic cid Introduction Broiler growth rte (McNughton et l., 1978; Wilson 1991) nd livility (Wytt et l., 1985) re ffected y chick weight t htch, which is principlly dependent on egg weight (McNughton et l., 1978; Wilson, 1991). Bsed on previous reports, 1 g increse in roiler chick weight results in 10 to 23 grm increse in live weight nd 0.2 to 0.6% improvement in livility t 6 to increse the percentge of settle eggs produced nd improve the performnce of roilers produced y young reeders. This tril ws conducted to determine if dietry HMB supplementtion will increse erly egg nd chick weights of reeders. Mterils nd Methods A totl of 480 Aror Acres (Strin A) nd 480 Co (Strin 8 wk of ge (Wytt et l., 1985). Egg weights of roiler C) roiler reeder pullets were rndomly plced y reeders re low erly in the production cycle (Yun et 2 strin in 12 rooms (11.2 m, 80 irds/room) of n l., 1994; Lien nd Yun, 1994). Although the onset of ly insulted uilding t 1 dy of ge. The rooms were usully occurs t 23 to 24 wk, eggs re generlly not heted nd ventilted ccording to stndrd industry sved until 25 to 26 wk since few eggs produced efore prctices. Incndescent lights provided n 8h L:16h D this ge re settle (egg weight > 50 g). Egg weights cycle nd intensity of 2 foot cndles from 1 dy to 20 wk. remin low up to 30 wk nd sizle percentge of Common controlled feeding progrms provided totl eggs produced during this period re undesirly smll of 7.85 kg of feed per pullet (1200 g CP, 22,600 kcl ME (Lien nd Yun, 1994). nd 28 g methionine) through 20 wk. Dietry supplementtion with either DL-methionine or At 20 wk, 240 pullets from ech strin were rndomly HMB (Reid et l., 1982; Vn Weerden nd Schutte, 1984; selected nd distriuted y strin mong 32 floor pens Hrms nd Russell, 1994; Mnning nd McGinnis, 2 (4.1 m, 15 irds/pen). Four pens per strin were 1986) increses egg weight in commercil lyers. Only rndomly ssigned to ech of 4 HMB tretments. Strins single report hs documented the influence of either nd tretments mde up 2 y 4 fctoril rrngement. methionine or HMB supplementtion on egg weights of Incndescent lights provided 15h L:9h D cycle nd reeders (Sutton nd McDniel, 1985). In tht study, intensity of 4 foot cndles from 20 to 35 wk. Ventiltion dietry supplementtion with either methionine or HMB nd evportive cooling were provided ccording to incresed egg weights of reeders provided sorghum stndrd industry prctices. High nd low tempertures ut not corn-sed rtions; however, specific effects on in ech room were recorded dily (Tle 1). erly egg or chick weights were not reported. Breeder feeds (Tle 2) were supplemented with HMB Bsed on the ove oservtions, dietry HMB or levels equivlent to dded methionine levels of 0, 0.5, 1 methionine supplementtion my increse erly egg nd 1.5 kg per tonne of feed (0, 0.057, 0.115 or 0.172% nd chick weights of roiler reeders. This effect could HMB; tretments 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5, respectively). 430
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight Smples of the sl feed (tretment 0) were sujected Generl Liner Models procedure of SAS ccording to to proximte nd mino cid nlyses nd HMB the following sttisticl model; Y ijk = u + H i + S j + (HS) ij + inclusion (Tle 2). e ijk, where Y ijk = oserved dependent vriles, u = men th Equl dily llotments (Tle 1) of single prereeder of popultion, H i = effect of i HMB tretment, S j = effect th feed (15.5% CP, 1325 kcl ME/l or 2915 kcl ME/kg, of j strin, (HS) ij = HMB tretment y strin interction, 1.3% C) were provided to ll irds during wk 21. Equl nd e ijk = experimentl error. Since pens were dily llotments (Tle 1) of the 4 tretment feeds were experimentl units, n = 8 for ech HMB tretment, n = 16 provided from 21 to 35 wk. The totl ody weight of ech for ech strin, nd n = 4 for ech HMB tretment nd pen ws determined weekly. Men ody weights nd strin. Duncn's multiple rnge test ws used to egg production levels were determined weekly to djust seprte differences etween mens. Sttisticl feed llotments for the following week. significnce ws set t P < 0.05. Hens were rtificilly inseminted t 23, 24, 26 nd 28 wk with 50 ul liquots of pooled undiluted semen collected from Ross strin reeder mles. Eggs lid etween 24 nd 30 wk were collected 3 times dily, stored in n egg cooler nd set in n incutor weekly eginning t 26 wk. Eggs were incuted under stndrd conditions in single incutor for 18 dys, then segregted y pen in htching skets nd trnsferred to single htcher for 3 dys nd 6 hours. Individul egg weights were determined for ll eggs lid etween 24 nd 28 wk nd eggs lid on 2 dys per wk etween 28 nd 35 wk. Men egg weights were clculted y pen weekly nd on production-weighted sis for the durtion of the tril. Doule yolked, soft shelled, roken, misshpen nd very smll eggs (egg weight < 35 g) were not incuted or included in Results nd Discussion Men egg weights for the entire tril were gretest in HMB tretments 0.5 nd 1.5, lowest in tretment 1, nd intermedite in tretment 0 (Tle 3). Egg weights incresed with dm ge; however, there were no interctions etween dm ge nd HMB tretment or strin (Fig. 1). Therefore, there ws not consistent positive effect of incresing dietry HMB on erly egg weights of either strin. When sl rtions contining from 0.213 to 0.24% methionine were supplemented with from 0.025 to 0.20% methionine, egg weights of lying hens were incresed (Hrms nd Russell, 1994; Mnning nd McGinnis, 1986). Erly egg weights were incresed in methionine-supplemented lyers from 33 to 39 (Hrms determintions of egg weight, composition or nd Russell, 1994), nd 24 to 40 wk of ge (Mnning production. There were no differences in the numers of these defective eggs produced etween tretments or strins. Individul chick weights were determined fter 21 dys nd 6 hours of incution. Men chick weights nd yields (chick wt/egg wt) were clculted y pen for the period from 24 to 30 wk. Yolk nd lumen percentges of eggs nd dry mtter percentges of yolk nd lumen were determined for eggs lid on 2 dys per wk during wk 31, 33 nd 35. Egg yolk nd lumen nd McGinnis, 1986). Jckson et l. (1987) oserved greter responsiveness of young lyers to methionine nd concluded tht this effect "my e due to the fct tht younger irds hve greter physiologicl potentil to chieve higher egg sizes through dietry mens due to the smller eggs produced". Similrly, supplementtion with from 0.028 to 0.20% HMB from 25 to 37 wk (Vn Weerden nd Schutte, 1984), nd 24 to 40 wk of ge (Mnning nd McGinnis, 1986) incresed erly egg percentges nd dry mtter percentges were weights in lyers. clculted y pen for the period from 31 to 35 wk. Egg production y ech pen ws recorded dily. Ages t 20 nd 50% hen-dy production (HDP), nd totl nd settle (egg weight > 50 g ) egg production per hen to 35 wk were determined for ech pen. Mortlities were recorded dily. Weekly nd cumultive percent mortlity ws clculted y pen. Mortlity in 7 of 11 cses dignosed y the Alm Stte Veterinry Dignostic Lortory etween 30 nd 34 wk ws Differences in, nd solute levels of, methionine nd HMB reported to increse egg weights of lyers re in the sme rnge s HMB levels tht hd no ffect on reeder egg weights in the present study. In previous report, oth HMB nd methionine supplementtion incresed men egg weights of reeders provided sorghum ut not corn-sed rtions from 22 to 52 wk (Sutton nd McDniel, 1985). Oservtions tht HMB nd methionine supplementtion of corn-sed rtions ttriuted to ftty liver hemorrhgic syndrome. did not increse egg weights imply tht methionine Susequently, 2 irds were rndomly selected from ech pen nd killed t 35 wk to otin liver smples. Livers were weighed nd scored sed on color nd 3 mcroscopic condition. A smple (1.5 cm ) ws tken intke my not limit erly egg weights in reeders provided typicl corn-sed rtions. However, since sorghum is lower in ville methionine thn corn, methionine levels in sorghum-sed rtions cn from ech liver, fixed in formlin, nd lter pprently limit egg weights in reeders. The microscopiclly exmined for histologicl lesions. All dt were sujected to sttisticl nlysis. Dt were nlyzed s completely rndomized design using the sustntil increse in ody weight tht reeders must ttin during the onset of production (Tle 1) (Lilurn nd Myers-Miller, 1990) my result in the diversion of 431
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight Tle 1: Body weights, dily feed llotments nd environmentl tempertures to which roiler reeder hens were exposed Age Body weight (kg) Feed provided Men tempertures (F) (Week) -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ Strin A Strin C (g hen/dy) High Low 20 1.91 2.03......... 21 2.25 2.36 104.9 84.5 69.7 22 2.43 2.54 115.8 87.3 71.2 23 2.58 2.68 125.8 92.0 75.6 24 2.75 2.86 135.3 89.0 74.2 25 2.95 3.04 143.0 88.8 76.7 26 3.03 3.15 149.8 91.5 76.1 27 3.12 3.20 154.8 87.1 74.5 28 3.18 3.30 157.1 83.5 75.9 29 3.25 3.32 158.9 84.1 76.6 30 3.32 3.41 158.9 83.8 74.7 31 3.41 3.49 160.7 81.7 73.9 32 3.49 3.57 160.7 83.0 75.0 33 3.55 3.64 158.0 83.3 76.0 34 3.59 3.66 155.3 83.0 75.1 35 3.64 3.72 155.3 82.2 75.0, Body weight mens within rows with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). supplementl dietry methionine from egg formtion to muscle growth. Wheres in lying hens, which experience reltively slight increses in ody weight during the onset of production (Rolnd, 1980), supplementl methionine remins ville for egg formtion nd results in incresed egg weight. Few studies hve directly ddressed dietry methods for incresing erly egg weights in reeders. Men reeder egg weights for entire production cycles were incresed y incresing dietry protein (Roey et l., 1988), ft (Brke et l., 1989), nd protein or energy (Person nd Herron, 1981). Incresing dietry protein nd lysine during the period from 40 to 48 wk lso incresed egg weights (Hrms nd Ivey, 1992). In ddition, reeder egg weights were incresed y incresing dietry protein level from 12.7 to 16.7% or energy level from 2165 to 2996 kcl ME/kg during the period from 19 to 41 wk (Sprtt nd Leeson, 1987). However, reeder egg weights were not ffected y incresing dietry protein level from 14 to 18% during the period from 18 to 24 wk (Lilurn nd Myers-Miller, 1990) or incresing dily protein intke from 18.6 to 23.0 g/hen nd the dily sulfur mino cid intke from 682 to 850 mg/hen throughout n entire production cycle (Wilson nd Hrms, 1984). Additionlly, egg weights were numericlly decresed (P<0.067) from 28 to 32 wk y providing reeders diet high in energy nd protein from 18 to 25 wk (Lilurn nd Myers-Miller, 1990). Cre must e tken to ensure tht supplementtion of reeder diets does not result in excessive ody weights nd/or ft levels which result in declines in production (Yun et l., 1994), fertility nd htchility (Person nd Herron, 1981; Brke et l., 1989) lter in the lying cycle. There is potentil for use of protein nd/or mino cid supplementtion to increse erly egg weights of reeders since these nutrients would not e expected to result in lter declines in performnce ssocited with incresed ft deposition. Although common controlled-feed-llotment progrms provided equl mounts of feed nd nutrients during rering nd lying, strin C ws hevier thn strin A throughout the tril (Tle 1). However, egg weights did not differ etween strins (Tle 3 nd Fig. 1). This ws proly due to the equl feed llotments provided during ly nd the fct tht the two strins initited ly t similr ges (Tle 3). Although incresed egg weights hve een ssocited with incresed ody weights (Lilurn nd Myers-Miller, 1990), they often do not differ in reeder hens of the sme ge tht hve widely different ody weights, if they re provided similr feed llotments during ly (Lien nd Yun, 1994). Body weights of the different HMB tretments did not differ t ny time during the tril (dt not shown). Men chick weight for the period from 24 to 30 wk ws gretest in tretment 0.5, lest in tretment 1, nd intermedite in tretments 0 nd 1.5 (Tle 3). Chick weight incresed with dm ge ut ws not influenced y strin. There were no interctions etween dm ge nd HMB tretment or strin (Fig. 2). However, chick yields incresed s dietry HMB supplementtion ws incresed from 0 to 1 kg/tonne (Tle 3). No dditionl increse in chick weight occurred when HMB level ws incresed to 1.5 kg/tonne. These dt indicte tht chick yields my increse in response to HMB supplementtion; however, due to inconsistent effects on egg weights, chick weights my not show similr response. 432
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight Tle 2: Composition nd nlysis of feeds provided to roiler reeder hens Ingredients (%) Dietry tretment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0 0.5 1 1.5 Corn 69.03 68.97 68.92 68.86 Soyen mel (48% CP) 20.80 20.80 20.80 20.80 Limestone 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.40 Diclcium phosphte 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 Slt 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 Poultry Oil 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 Vitmin-minerl premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)utnoic cid 0.00 0.057 0.115 0.172 Clculted nlysis Crude protein (%) 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 ME (kcl/l) 1303 1303 1303 1303 Methionine (%) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 TSAA (%) 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Lysine (%) 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 Clcium (%) 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 Chemicl nlysis A Crude protein (%) 15.64 14.59 15.16 14.07 Methionine (%) 0.25 ---- ---- ---- TSAA (%) 0.53 ---- ---- ---- 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)utnoic cid ND 0.052 0.118 0.172 Lysine (%) 0.80 ---- ---- ---- A The sl diet (Tretment 0) ws sujected to mino cid nlysis. All diets were sujected to protein nd 2-hydroxy- 4-(methylthio)utnoic cid nlyses. Tle 3: Influence of dietry 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)utnoic cid (HMB) nd strin on egg production y roilers reeders A Dietry tretment Strin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ VARIABLE 0 HMB 0.5 HMB 1 HMB 1.5 HMB A C B Egg weight (g) 54.5±0.3 55.9±0.9 53.0±0.3 54.9±0.8 54.3±0.3 54.9±0.6 C Chick weight (g) 36.7±0.2 37.1±0.2 36.1±0.4 36.8±0.3 36.5±0.2 36.9±0.2 CD Chick yield (%) 69.6±0.2 70.1±0.4 71.3±0.5 70.2±0.6 70.2±0.3 70.4±0.4 Totl production (eggs/hen) 31.0±.6 42.9±1.0 38.0±2.0 37.6±3.9 39.9±1.7 34.6±2.6 E Settle production (eggs/hen) 25.2±3.0 35.4±2.2 28.5±1.8 30.5±4.1 31.6±1.7 27.9±2.8 F Age t 20% HDP (dy) 173.1±1.0 173.4±1.2 173.0±0.9 173.4±1.0 173.9±0.8 172.5±0.6 F Age t 50% HDP (dy) 185.9±0.9 182.7±1.3 182.7±1.1 184.0±1.6 184.7±1.0 182.9±0.8 G H Alumen (% of EW ) 59.2±0.3 59.4±0.2 59.3±0.3 58.7±0.5 58.4±0.2 59.9±0.1 G H Yolk (% of EW ) 28.7±0.2 28.5±0.2 28.6±0.3 29.1±0.5 29.4±0.2 28.1±0.1 G Dry lumen (% wet weight) 13.3±0.2 13.8±0.2 13.9±0.3 13.8±0.3 13.5±0.2 13.9±0.2 G Dry yolk (% wet weight) 48.8±0.1 49.1±0.2 48.8±0.4 49.5±0.5 49.0±0.2 49.1±0.3, Mens±EM within rows, dietry tretments, nd strins with different superscripts re significntly different (P<0.05). A Tretments 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 provided HMB levels equivlent to dded methionine levels of 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 kg/tonne, B C D E respectively. From 24 to 35 wk of ge. From 24 to 30 wk of ge. Chick yield = chick weight/egg weight. Egg weight F G H >50 g or 21.1 oz/dozen. Percent hen-dy egg production. From 31 to 35 wk of ge. Egg weight. Breeder egg weight is the primry fctor influencing weight independent of egg weight, y incresing the roiler chick weight which typiclly verges out 62 to concentrtion of the egg contents. Clcultions of chick 74% of egg weight (Wilson, 1991; Wytt et l., yield mde in this study support this hypothesis (Tle 1985). However, reports tht methionine 3). In ddition, chicks htching from eggs lid y hens supplementtion of lyer diets incresed dry mtter provided dietry HMB supplementtion my hve greter percentges of oth yolk nd lumen (Crey, 1990; protein nd/or methionine stores which my result in Crey et l., 1991) imply tht it my e possile to improved erly livility nd/or growth rtes. This increse chick yield (chick wt/egg wt), nd hence chick hypothesis ws not tested in this study. 433
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight Fig. 1: Effects of dietry 2-hydroxy-4- Fig. 2: Effects of dietry 2-hydroxy-4- (methylthio)utnoic cid (HMB) nd strin on (methylthio)utnoic cid (HMB) nd strin on egg weights of roiler reeder pullets. chick weights of roiler reeder pullets. Tretments provided HMB levels equivlent to 0, Tretments provided HMB levels equivlent to 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 kg of dded methionine per tonne 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 l of dded methionine per ton of of feed (HMB Trt 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5, respectively). feed (HMB Trt 0, 0.5, 1 nd 0.5, respectively). Pullet strins were Aror Acres (A) nd Co (C) Pullet strins were Aror Acres (A) nd Co (C) Although egg yolk nd lumen percentges were not supplementtion incresed dry mtter percentges of significntly ffected y HMB tretments, when oth lumen nd yolk to similr extent. However, considered together, it ppers tht dietry HMB differences were not sttisticlly significnt, lthough supplementtion ove 1 kg/tonne hd positive effect they my hve contriuted to differences in chick yield on yolk percentge t the expense of lumen (Tle 3). percentge. Reports on lyers (Crey, 1990; Crey et l., Strin A hd greter yolk nd lesser lumen 1991) indicted tht methionine supplementtion which percentges thn strin C (Tle 3); however, dry mtter incresed dietry methionine from 0.28 to 0.43% percentges of lumen nd yolk did not differ etween incresed egg weights s well s solute lumen strins. Differences in the composition of eggs from nd yolk weights. However, neither yolk nor lumen different turkey strins were hypothesized to e relted percentges were ffected. In ddition, lumen nd to differences in poult livility (Reidy et l., 1994). yolk dry mtter percentges were incresed y 0.3 nd Totl nd totl settle egg production were gretest in 0.5%. In the present study, n equivlent degree of HMB HMB tretment 0.5, intermedite in tretments 1 nd 1.5, 434
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight further increses in HMB supplementtion levels. Bsed on previous reports, egg production y reeders ws incresed when; dietry protein intke ws incresed during the prely period (Lilurn nd Myers- Miller, 1990; Lilurn nd Myers-Miller, 1990) nd, dily dietry protein nd lysine intkes per hen were incresed up to 18.55 g nd 824 mg, respectively, during the period from 40 to 48 wk (Hrms nd Ivey, 1992). However, reeder egg production throughout entire production cycles ws not incresed y incresing dily dietry protein nd sulfur mino cid intkes per hen from 18.6 to 23.0 g nd from 682 to 850 mg, respectively, (Wilson nd Hrms, 1984) or incresing dietry protein from 12 to 18% (Roey et l., 1988). Bsed on these results nd those of this study, it ppers tht reeders cn ttin high egg production levels when provided rtions with reltively rod rnge of methionine levels. Although, dequte protein nd mino cid intkes must Fig. 3: Effects of dietry 2-hydroxy-4- e provided to support mximl production levels, (methylthio)utnoic cid (HMB) nd strin on greter levels of these nutrients do not pper to cumultive mortlity of roiler reeder pullets consistently result in incresed production. from 21 to 35 wk of ge. Tretments provided There ws n interction etween HMB tretment nd HMB levels equivlent to 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 kg of dded methionine per tonne of feed (HMB Trt 0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5, respectively). Pullet strins were Aror Acres (A) nd Co (C) Fig. 4: Effect of strin on weekly mortlity of roiler reeder pullets from 21 to 35 wk of ge. Pullet strins were Aror Acres (A) nd Co (C) nd lest in tretment 0 (Tle 3). Ages t 20 nd 50% HDP were not influenced y HMB tretment (Tle 3). Weekly egg production levels of the 4 HMB tretments were similr through ner-pek production (28 wk, dt not shown); however, weekly production levels differed in mnner similr to totl production from 29 to 35 wk. Therefore, lthough dietry HMB supplementtion equivlent to 0.5 kg of methionine per tonne of feed incresed egg production fter ner-pek production levels were ttined, production ws not incresed y strin on mortlity (Fig. 3). Mortlity ws miniml nd unffected y HMB tretment in strin A. A similr mortlity level occurred in strin C t the highest level of HMB supplementtion; however, mortlity incresed mrkedly s dietry HMB level ws decresed in this strin nd ws most severe t the 0 kg/tonne level. Between 30 nd 35 wk, the cuse of deth ws dignosed s ftty-liver hemorrhgic syndrome (FLHS) in 6 of 9 mortlities from strin C nd 1 of 2 from strin A. The occurrence nd etiology of FLHS in lying chickens hs een reviewed y severl uthors (Meijering, 1979; Squires nd Leeson, 1988; Hnsen nd Wlzem, 1993). Severl fctors previously ssocited with the development of FLHS were proly involved in its occurrence in the present study. Hens in this study were likely in positive energy lnce since environmentl tempertures were quite high (Tle 2), nd stndrd feed (nd hence, energy) llotment increses were mde during the onset of ly (Tle 2). Fctors such s irds eing in positive energy lnce (Polin nd Wolford, 1976; Polin nd Wolford, 1977) exposure to high tempertures or other stressors (Meijering, 1979) nd elevted plsm estrogen levels ssocited with egg production (Polin nd Wolford, 1977) hve een implicted in the development of FLHS. The use of cornsoy diets without dded ft, s were used in the present study, hs lso een indicted s custive fctor for FLHS since they pprently encourge excessive heptic lipogenesis (Squires nd Leeson, 1988). In ddition, supplementry methionine ws hypothesized to decrese the incidence of FLHS due lipotropic ffect on ft trnsport from liver cells (Meiring, 1979). Although ll of these fctors my hve contriuted to the 435
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight occurrence of FLHS in this study, the interction etween Lien, R.J. nd T. Yun, 1994. Effect of delyed light strin nd tretment on the incidence of mortlity, which stimultion on egg production y roiler reeder ws pprently due primrily to this ilment, indictes pullets of low ody weight. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 3: tht strin C ws prticulrly sensitive to decresed 40-48. dietry methionine levels. Apprently, this strin hs Lilurn, M.S. nd D.J. Myers-Miller, 1990. Effect of ody greter tendency to ccumulte lipid in the liver weight, feed llownce, nd dietry protein intke when provided lower dietry methionine (HMB) levels. during the prereeder period on erly reproductive Different strins of chickens hve een oserved to hve performnce of roiler reeder hens. Poult. Sci., 69: different propensities for developing FLHS (Couch, 1118-1125. 1956), nd these differences hve een loosely Lilurn, M.S. nd D.J. Myers-Miller, 1990. Dietry effects ttriuted to selection for incresed egg production on ody composition nd susequent production (Couch, 1956) nd ody weight (Squires nd Leeson, chrcteristics in roiler reeder hens. Poult. Sci., 1988). The most ovious differences etween the two 69: 1126-1132. strins tested in the present study, sed on informtion Mnning, B. nd J. McGinnis, 1986. The effect of provided y primry reeders nd producers, re tht methionine hydroxy nlog nd DL-methionine strin C hd een selected for high rest met yield supplementtion on lying hen performnce. Poult. nd is hevier type ird thn strin A. Sci., 65: (Suppl. 1) 88. When livers were exmined t 35 wk, there were no McNughton, J.L., J.W. Deton, F.N. Reece nd R.L. differences etween strins or tretments for liver Hynes, 1978. Effect of ge of prents nd htching weight, color, mcroscopic condition or microscopic egg weight on roiler chick mortlity. Poult. Sci., 57: lesions (dt not shown). This my hve een ecuse 38-44. those irds tht experienced FLHS hd lredy died nd Meijering, A., 1979. Ftty liver syndrome in lying hens - een removed from the popultion nd/or tht the n ttempt to review. World's Poult. Sci. J., 35: 79- disese hd run its course nd irds in which it ws not 94. ftl hd recovered. These possiilities re supported Person, R. A. nd K.M. Herron, 1981. Effects of energy y the decresing trend in mortlity from 26 to 35 wk nd protein llownces during ly on the (Fig. 4). reproductive performnce of roiler reeder hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 22: 227-239. References Brke, J., J.D. Grlich nd G.R. Bughmn, 1989. Effects of lighting progrm during the growing period nd dietry ft during the lying period on roiler reeder performnce. Poult. Sci., 68: 1185-1192. Crey, J.B., 1990. Effects of dietry methionine on liquid egg. Egg Industry (Novemer/Decemer 1990): 28- Polin, D. nd J.H. Wolford, 1976. Vrious types of diets, sources of energy, nd positive energy lnce in the induction of ftty liver hemorrhgic syndrome. Poult. Sci., 55: 325-334. Polin, D. nd J.H. Wolford, 1977. Role of estrogen s cuse of ftty liver hemorrhgic syndrome. J. Nutr., 107: 873-886. 30. Reidy, T.R., J.L. Atkinson nd S. Leeson, 1994. Strin Crey, J.B., R.K. Asher, J.F. Angel nd L.S. Lowder, comprison of turkey egg components. Poult. Sci., 1991. The influence of methionine intke on egg 73: 388-395. composition. Poult. Sci., 70: (Suppl. 1)151. Reid, B.L., A. Mdrid nd P.A. Miorino, 1982. Reltive Couch, J.R., 1956. Ftty livers in lying hens - iopotency of three methionine sources for lying condition which my occur s result of incresed hens. Poult. Sci., 61: 726-730. strin. Feedstuffs, 28: 46-51. Roey, W.W., G.R. McDniel, C.D. Sutton, J.A. Renden Hnsen, R.J. nd R.L. Wlzem, 1993. Avin ftty liver nd J. McGuire, 1988. Fctors ffecting roiler hemorrhgic syndrome: A comprtive review. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med., 37: 451-468. reeder performnce. 7. Effect of vrying levels of Hrms, R.H. nd F.J. Ivey, 1992. An evlution of the dietry protein on the development nd reproductive protein nd lysine requirements for roiler reeder performnce of the dwrf roiler reeder. Poult. Sci., hens. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 1: 308-314. Hrms, R.H. nd G.B. Russell, 1994. A comprison of the iovilility of DL-methionine nd methionine hydroxy nlogue cid for the commercil lying hen. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 3: 1-6. Jckson, M.E., H.M. Hellwig nd P.W. Wldroup, 1987. Shell qulity: Potentil for improvements y dietry mens nd reltionship with egg size. Poult. Sci., 66: 1702-1713. 67: 219-225. Rolnd, D.A., Sr., 1980. Egg shell qulity. II. Effects of dietry mnipultions of protein, mino cids, energy, nd clcium in young hens on egg weight, shell weight, shell qulity, nd egg production. Poult. Sci., 59: 2047-2054. Sprtt, R.S. nd S. Leeson, 1987. Broiler reeder performnce in response to diet protein nd energy. Poult. Sci., 66: 683-693. 436
Lien et l.: Diet nd Erly Egg Weight Squires, E.J. nd S. Leeson, 1988. Aetiology of ftty liver Wilson, H.R. nd R.H. Hrms, 1984. Evlution of syndrome in lying hens. Br. Vet. J., 144: 602-609. nutrient specifictions for roiler reeders. Poult. Sutton, C.D. nd G.R. McDniel, 1985. The effects of Sci., 63: 1400-1406. different grin sources, with nd without Wytt, C.L., W.D. Wever, Jr. nd W.L. Bene, 1985. supplementl methionine, on reproductive Influence of egg size, eggshell qulity, nd performnce of roiler reeder femles. Poult. Sci., posthtch holding time on roiler performnce. 64: (Suppl. 1) 43-44. Poult. Sci., 64: 2049-2055. Vn Weerden, E.J. nd J.B. Schutte, 1984. Comprison Yun, T., R.J. Lien nd G.R. McDniel, 1994. Effects of of DL-methionine, DL-methionine-N, DL- incresed rering period ody weights nd erly methionine hydroxy nlogue-c, nd DL- photo stimultion on roiler reeder egg production. methionine hydroxy nlogue-free cid with lyers. Poult. Sci., 73: 792-800. Poult. Sci., 63: 1793-1799. Wilson, H.R., 1991. Interreltionships of egg size, chick size, posthtching growth nd htchility. World's Poult. Sci. J., 47: 5-20. 437