Scientific Updte From Elnco Animl Helth Effect of Rumensin on Helth nd Reproduction of Lctting Diry Cows NADA 095-735 Dvid G. McClry, DVM, MS; Howrd B. Green, MS; Gerld D. Mechor, DVM; nd John I. D. Wilkinson, PhD; ll from Elnco Animl Helth Introduction Reproduction nd helth re importnt considertions in the mngement of diry cttle. There is n ssocition etween energy lnce nd the incidence of numer of postprtum diseses in the diry cow. -2 Some studies 3-5 hve demonstrted negtive reltionship etween reproductive efficiency nd the level of negtive energy lnce s mesured y loss in ody condition. Hmmon et l. 6 showed n inverse reltionship in periprturient dry mtter intke (DMI), nd the incidence of retined fetl memrnes (RFM), suclinicl endometritis nd fever. Furthermore, they showed tht cows with suclinicl endometritis nd fever hd significntly higher periprturient serum nonesterified ftty cid (NEFA) nd ß-hydroxyutyrte (BHB) concentrtions compred to cows without these conditions. Improved reproductive performnce ssocited with improved energy lnce in erly lcttion could e nticipted in Rumensin-supplemented cows. A met-nlysis of the reproductive oservtions from 6 peer-reviewed pulictions involving pproximtely 9,500 cows showed monensin (Rumensin) hd no effect on first-service conception rte or dys to pregnncy. 7 ojectives A series of nine trils (NADA 095-735) ws conducted in the United Sttes (Indin, North Crolin, Michign, New York, Florid nd Cliforni) nd Cnd (Ontrio, Queec nd Alert) to determine the efficcy of Rumensin fed t inclusion rtes of 0, 7, 5 or 22 g/ton in totl mixed rtion (TMR) to primiprous nd multiprous diry cows. The primry ojective of these trils ws to determine the effects of Rumensin on milk production, dry mtter intke nd milk composition. Secondrily, vrious reproduction nd helth prmeters were lso determined. Mterils nd Methods A totl of 966 Holstein diry cows, including 357 primiprous nd 609 multiprous, were initilly ssigned to tretment t the nine tril sites throughout North Americ. Rumensin ws fed eginning 2 ± 3 dys efore expected clving nd continued through the full lcttion to 7 to 9 dys in milk (DIM) of the second lcttion t ll tril sites. Cows from three of the originl nine tril sites continued on the tril to pproximtely 200 dys in the second lcttion. Tretments included 0 (control), 7, 5 nd 22 g/ton Rumensin (00 percent dry mtter sis) s prt of totl mixed rtion. Rumensin ws fed continuously throughout the entire tril. The voluntry wit period prior to reeding ws 50 dys for ll study nimls. Cows were oserved twice dily for 30 minutes for estrous ctivity. All reedings were y rtificil insemintion. All insemintions within 2-dy period were considered single service in this report. Cows were eligile for reeding up to 200 DIM. No estrus-detection ids (e.g., til chlking, pressure-sensitive het-detectors) or hormonl interventions (e.g., prostglndins) for timing of estrus were used on study nimls prior to 35 DIM. Listed on the Rumensin lel, you my notice: Incresed incidence nd tretment of cystic ovries nd metritis in diry cows fed monensin. Reduced conception rtes, incresed services per niml, nd extended dys open nd corresponding clving intervls in diry cows fed monensin. Reduced voluntry feed intke in diry cows fed monensin. This reduction increses with higher doses of monensin fed. Rule out monensin s the cuse of reduced feed intke efore ttriuting to other cuses such s illness, feed mngement, or the environment. Reduced milk ft percentge in diry cows fed monensin. This reduction increses with higher doses of monensin fed. Hve comprehensive nd ongoing nutritionl, reproductive nd herd helth progrm in plce when feeding monensin to diry cows. 04EAH3063
All cows were monitored dily for helth nd reproductive events during the entire first lcttion, the susequent dry period (for pregnnt cows) nd from clving to 7 to 9 DIM of the susequent lcttion for ll tril sites. Cows from the three second-lcttion sites were monitored for helth nd reproductive events until pproximtely 200 DIM in second lcttion. Cows were routinely oserved or exmined for common helth nd reproductive conditions y trined tril-site personnel. The ttending veterinrin for the individul tril site confirmed ny suspected reproductive or helth conditions oserved y tril-site personnel. All personnel t the individul sites were linded to tretment. Helth nd reproductive conditions were summrized nd nlyzed y the following: Animl Rte: Numer of nimls oserved with the chrcteristic of interest reltive to the numer of nimls t risk during the study period in question (n individul niml my contriute once per lcttion) Oservtion Rte: Numer of dys oserved with the chrcteristic of interest reltive to the numer of dys t risk Incident Rte: Numer of incidents for the chrcteristic of interest reltive to the numer of dys t risk (individul niml my contriute numer of incidents) Averge Cse Durtion: Men numer of dys tht incidents persisted for the chrcteristic of interest Occurrence of clinicl mstitis (CM) ws monitored on ll cows throughout the study. A CM cse ws defined s n oservtion of norml milk nd/or n norml mmmry glnd y tril personnel t scheduled milking, or during n exmintion or oservtion period. Clinicl mstitis ws expressed s qurter rtes (qurters with t lest one cse of CM per qurters t risk) s well s niml rte, incident rte (numer CM per,000 qurter-dys t risk) nd verge cse durtion. Clinicl mstitis ws lso monitored y oservtion rte (numer of dys oserved with CM per qurter-dys t risk). Qurter milk smples were collected for cteriologicl culture during oth lcttions t the three second-lcttion sites. Qurter smples were collected t specific events (e.g., clving nd dry-off or removl) nd the end of study. A second set of smples ws collected t 56-dy intervls throughout the lcttion periods. Milk smples were collected weekly nd sumitted for determintion of milk composition nd of Tle Estrous Activity for Cows in Lcttion somtic cell count (SCC) during Lcttion t ll sites nd to 200 DIM t the three second-lcttion sites. Sttisticl Anlysis This study ws rndomized complete-lock design. Ech Rumensin tretment ws compred to control in pir-wise comprison with sttisticl difference considered for helth nd reproductive prmeters if P<_.0. A prity-y-tretment interction ws considered significnt if P<.25. If significnt prity-y-tretment interction ws determined, individul prity comprisons were exmined. A dose-relted liner trend ws considered if liner trend test ws P<_.0 Results Reproductive Performnce All mesures of reproductive efficiency of cows in the four tretment groups compred fvorly with industry stndrds. 8 Estrous ctivity ws mesured on 869 cows entering the reeding period (50 DIM) during Lcttion. Dys to first-oserved stnding estrus nd dys to first service were not different etween ny of the Rumensin tretment groups nd controls (Tle ). Eight hundred fifty-one cows were inseminted. First-service conception rte ws reduced nd dys open were incresed (P<_.05) reltive to controls t the highest (22 g/ton) level of Rumensin in the first lcttion. Services per conception tended to e higher, nd overll conception rtes tended to e lower in Rumensin-supplemented cows. However, the rtes t which eligile cows ecme pregnnt (verge 2-dy pregnncy rtes) rnged from 9.2 to 2.5, nd were not different (P>.0) etween treted nd control cows. Pregnncy rtes chieved in the study were considered to e good compred to industry stndrds (Tle 2). There were no differences in the percentge of cows entering the reeding period tht ultimtely clved following norml, full-length gesttion (percent clving) or the multiple-irth rte following Lcttion. Gesttion length ws norml nd not different etween treted nimls nd controls. Birth weights of clves were hevier (P<_.0) for clves orn to Rumensin-treted cows (Tle 3). The difference in irth weight ws oserved in femle ut not mle clves. Vrile 0 7 5 22 Industry Gol 8 Numer of cows (50 DIM*) 28 2 29 22 Dys to first-oserved stnding estrus 74.5 73.8 68.6 73.0 Dys to first service 84. 84.7 86.9 83.6 <80 *50-dy voluntry wit period of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows.
Tle 2 Breeding Efficiency in Lcttion Vrile 0 7 5 22 Industry Gol 8 Cows inseminted 23 209 23 26 Services per conception (ll cows) 2.43 2.52 2.7 2.77 Services per conception (pregnnt cows).79.90.75.97 <_ 2 First-service conception rte (%) 49.0 4.60 44.50 36.40 50 Overll conception rte (%) 42.80 4.40 40.00 37.60 50 Dys open 99.80 04.60 00.40 07.70 85-5 Percent clving* 64.60 63.0 62.00 68.60 65-70 2-dy pregnncy rte** 2.50 20.30 8.70 9.20 8-22 P<_.05 compred to control *Percent cows eligile for reeding tht clved following norml, full gesttion **Dt on file of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows. Tle 3 Birth Rtio nd Weights of Clves Born to Cows t the Completion of Lcttion Vrile 0 7 5 22 Mle:Femle 52:48 47:53 52:48 53:47 All clves weight (ls) 94.8 97.7 97.2 97.4 Femle clf weight (ls) 88.8 92.6 93.3 94.8 Mle clf weight (ls) 00.5 02.7 0.2 99.9 P<_. 0 compred to control P<_.0 for liner dose trend of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows. Tle 4 Animl Rte for Retined Fetl Memrnes (RFM) in Lcttions nd 2 Vrile 0 7 5 22 Industry Gol 8 Lcttion Numer oserved 32 36 37 25 Animl rte. 3.3 2.3 8.7 <8 Lcttion 2 * Numer oserved 2 30 42 25 Animl rte 0.0 8.0 22.6 2.2 <8 *Lcttion 2 Clving 2 to 7-9 DIM (9 sites) P<_.0 compred to control Lcttions nd 2 on tril, not prity of the nimls of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows. Birth weights were within the nticipted rnge for Holstein clves. Differences in irth weights filed to produce ny effect on clving-ese scores etween treted nd control nimls. Reproduction Conditions There ws no difference in the retined fetl memrne rte etween treted nd control nimls in Lcttion, ut cows receiving rtions contining 7 nd 5 g/ton Rumensin hd higher (P<_.0) rte in Lcttion 2. The RFM rte ws not different from controls in the high (22 g/ton) Rumensin-dose group, so there ws no dose-relted trend for this condition (Tle 4). The incidence of other reproductive-trct conditions ws not different etween treted cows nd controls in Lcttion 2. There ws liner trend (P<_.0) for n increse in the niml rte for metritis during Lcttion. This trend ws not oserved in Lcttion 2, ut the numer of oservtions in Lcttion 2 ws low (8 2 per tretment) (Tle 5). There ws dose-relted trend (P<_.0) for higher niml rte for cystic ovrin disese (COD) s determined y rectl plption in Lcttion. There ws lso significnt prity-y-tretment interction for COD in Lcttion. Individul prity nlysis indicted no difference in the niml rte in multiprous nimls, ut significnt liner trend for higher niml rte in primiprous nimls. The numer of nimls with COD in the primiprous group ws 6, 8, 3 nd 5 nimls oserved in the 0, 7, 5 nd 22 g/ton tretment groups, respectively (Tle 6).
Tle 5 Animl Rte for Metritis in Lcttions nd 2 Vrile 0 7 5 22 Industry Gol 8 Lcttion Numer oserved 38 50 60 57 Animl rte 4.9 20.8 23.7 22.6 <_0 Lcttion 2 ** Numer oserved 8 9 2 9 Animl rte 2.7 4. 20.0 4.5 <_0 **Lcttion 2 Clving 2 to ~200 DIM (3 sites) P<_.0 compred to control P<_.0 for liner dose trend Lcttions nd 2 on tril, not prity of the nimls of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows. Tle 6 Animl Rte for Cystic Ovrin Disese in Lcttion Vrile 0 7 5 22 Industry Gol 8 Numer primiprous oserved 6 8 3 5 Animl rte 6. 7.3 3.3 4.7 <_0 Numer multiprous oserved 22 2 23 24 Animl rte 2.9.6 3.0 3.6 <_0 P<_.0 compred to control P<_.0 for liner dose trend of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows. Tle 7 Animl Rte for Cystic Ovrin Disese in Lcttion 2* Vrile 0 7 5 22 Industry Gol 8 Numer oserved 2 5 0 9 Animl rte 9.0 7.8 6.7 4.5 <0 *Clving 2 to ~200 DIM (3 sites) of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows. There ws no difference in the niml rte for COD in Lcttion 2, ut the totl numer of nimls dignosed with COD in Lcttion 2 ws insufficient for n ccurte evlution of this condition (Tle 7). Udder Helth Clinicl Mstitis There ws no difference in the rtes (niml, qurter, incidence or oservtion) or the verge durtion of clinicl mstitis cses during Lcttion. The microorgnisms cultured from clinicl cses were clssified s environmentl pthogens (primrily coliforms nd environmentl streptococci), contgious pthogens (Stphylococcus ureus nd Streptococcus glctie), cogulse-negtive stphylococci (CNS), others nd negtive (no growth). Most clinicl cses during Lcttion were cused y environmentl pthogens. There ws no difference in the pthogens isolted cross tretment groups in Lcttion. There ws no difference in the clinicl mstitis rtes etween Rumensin-treted nd control nimls in Lcttion 2. There ws liner dose trend for shorter (P<_.0) durtion of clinicl cses during Lcttion 2, ut this oservtion ws not considered cliniclly relevnt. During Lcttion 2, CNS ws the most common pthogen group isolted from clinicl cses. The reltive incidence of CNS ws higher in Lcttion 2 thn in Lcttion. Suclinicl Mstitis During the study, 5,370 routine qurter milk smples were collected from cows t the three two-lcttion sites. Results for smples were reported y niml nd qurter. Prevlence of infection ws higher in multiprous cows compred to primiprous cows in Lcttion. There were no differences in niml rte, qurter rte, incident rte or verge cse durtion during Lcttions or 2 etween ny tretment level nd control. During Lcttion 2 the oservtion rte ws lower (P<_.0) in the 22 g/ton group compred to control.
Tle 8 Animl Survivl Rtes in Lcttions nd 2 Animl Survivl t: 0 7 5 22 Tretment strt to 7 DIM Lcttion, % 96.7 98. 99.0 99.0 Tretment strt to dry-off Lcttion, % 78.2 78.7 80.4 8. Tretment strt to 7 DIM Lcttion 2 (9 sites), % 94. 62. 6.0 68.0 Tretment strt to 200 DIM Lcttion 2 (3 sites), % 63.4 66.5 55.6 66.8 P<_.0 compred to control Lcttions nd 2 on tril, not prity of nimls of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows Somtic Cell Count Somtic cell counts were low in ll tretment groups, verging less thn 00,000 cells/ml. During Lcttion, SCCs were similr for the control nd the 5 nd 22 g/ton groups. Averge SCC ws higher (P=.08) in the 7 g/ton Rumensin group thn controls. There ws no dose-relted trend for higher SCC with Rumensin levels. During Lcttion 2, SCCs were similr for ll groups. Cell counts tended to e lower in the 22 g/ton Rumensin group thn other groups in the first 5 weeks of lcttion, ut were similr to other groups lter in lcttion. There ws no indiction of reltionship etween the feeding of Rumensin nd ny of the udder-helth prmeters monitored in the study. Animl Survivl Animl survivl, or the rte of involuntry removl from the tril, ws mesured for four time periods reltive to tretment strt. There ws no difference etween the niml survivl rtes for control nd treted nimls for ll periods mesured, except for the tretment strt to 7 DIM in Lcttion. In this comprison, cows in the 5 nd 22 g/ton tretment groups hd higher (P<_.0) survivl compred to control (Tle 8). Conclusions The potentil impct of ny new technology on reproduction, helth nd milk qulity re importnt considertions to diry production. Technologies tht increse milk production, especilly erly in lcttion, should e scrutinized s to their reltive impct on energy lnce in the diry cow. The incidence of some reproductive helth conditions such s metritis, cystic ovries nd RFM were incresed in some Rumensin tretment groups compred to controls. Duffield et l. 7 in met-nlysis of 6 monensin ppers showed monensin impct on dystoci, retined plcent, nd metritis ws heterogeneous with the primry reson for heterogeneity eing dys of tretment efore clving nd monensin delivery method. Rumensin offered s premix nd prolonged tretment in the dry period prior to clving incresed the risk of these reproductive conditions. The energy density of the dry period diets nd the ody condition score of cows entering the dry period my impct the tretment response to monensin; however, more reserch is necessry to determine the potentil interctions. Additionlly, some reproductive prmeters such s services per conception, dys open nd clving intervl were incresed, nd first-service conception rte ws reduced in the 22 g/ton Rumensin group compred to controls in Lcttion. However, pregnncy rtes nd clving rtes were not different etween ny of the Rumensin tretments nd controls, indicting tht even though dditionl services were needed in the 22 g/ton group, these cows eventully ecme pregnnt within the 50 to 200 DIM reeding window. Furthermore, the rte t which nimls were removed (survivl rte) ws not different etween treted nd control cows. Other studies 9- showed no difference in reproductive performnce in Rumensin-treted compred to control cows. Even though fertility ppered to e reduced in Rumensintreted cows s reflected in services per conception, first-service conception rte nd dys open, the overll pregnncy rte did not differ, indicting tht ny reduction in fertility is mngele. Excessive negtive energy lnce hs een shown to decrese reproductive performnce nd increse the incidence or severity of some disese conditions. Rumensin provides dditionl energy from the rtion y ltering ruminl fermenttion such tht more propionte is produced reltive to other voltile ftty cids (VFA). This mechnism should e prticulrly eneficil in erly lcttion when the diry cow is in negtive energy lnce.
Rumensin is the only FDA-pproved feed ingredient for lctting nd dry cows tht increses milk-production efficiency* y economiclly delivering more milk per pound of feed while mintining the nturl wholesomeness of milk. Rumensin delivers more milk per pound of feed for just pennies per hed per dy Rumensin increses milk-production efficiency* throughout lcttion nd the dry period Rumensin meets the U.S. Food nd Drug Administrtion s (FDA) stringent stndrds for effectiveness, nd niml, environmentl nd humn-food sfety On verge, Rumensin provides t lest 5: return on your investment Strt feeding Rumensin t g/ton in TMR (complete feed, 00 percent dry mtter) or 85 mg/hd/dy in component feeding system, nd work with your nutritionl dvisors to determine the feeding level tht is right for your herd *Production of mrketle solids-corrected milk per unit of feed intke Rumensin is pproved to e fed t rte of to 22 g/ton of totl mixed rtion on 00 percent dry mtter sis or, for component fed rtion, t rte of 85 to 660 mg/hd/dy for lctting cows nd/or 5 to 40 mg/hd/dy for dry cows Tle 9 Effectiveness of Rumensin, y Dose, on Milk-production Efficiency Rumensin level * Prmeter 0 (control) g/ton c 5 g/ton 22g/ton Averge dry mtter intke (ls/dy) 43.90 43.40 42.80 42.30 Dily milk yield (ls) 65.00 66.70 66.80 67.50 Milkft % 3.65 3.53 3.49 3.38 Diry milkft yield (ls) 2.34 2.34 2.33 2.27 Protein % 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.0 Dily milk-protein yield (ls) 2.03 2.09 2.07 2.09 Dily solids-corrected milk yield (ls) 58.20 58.60 58.00 58.00 Improvement in milk-production efficiency c 2% 2.5% 4% *g/ton on 00 percent dry mtter sis, complete feed Control vs Rumensin level (P<.05) Control vs Rumensin level (P<.0) c Clculted Vlues Production of mrketle solids-corrected milk per unit of feed intke References. Duffield, T. Suclinicl ketosis in lctting diry cttle. IN: Metolic Disorders of Ruminnts. The Veterinry Clinics of N.A. Thoms H. Herdt, editor. W.B Sunders Compny, Phildelphi. July, 2000. 2. Geishuuser, T, K Leslie nd T Duffield. Metolic spects in the etiology of displced omsums. IN: Metolic Disorders of Ruminnts. The Veterinry Clinics of N.A. Thoms H. Herdt, editor. W.B Sunders Compny, Phildelphi. July, 2000. 3. Butler, WR, RW Evert nd CE Coppock. The reltionship etween energy lnce, milk production nd ovultion in postprtum Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 53:742, 98. 4. Butler, WR nd RD Smith. Interreltionships etween energy nd postprtum reproductive function in diry cttle. J. Diry Sci. 72:767, 989. 5. Ferguson, JD. Interction etween milk yield nd reproduction in diry cows. IN: Meeting the Chllenges of New Technology pp 35-44, Monsnto Technicl Symposium. Syrcuse, NY. Oct. 24, 989. 8. Rdostits, OM, KE Leslie nd J Fetrow. Mintining Reproductive Efficiency in Diry Cttle. IN: Herd Helth: Food Animl Production Medicine, 2nd edition. W.B. Sunders Co., Phildelphi. 994. 9. Hyes, DP, DU Pfeiffer nd NB Willimson. Effect of intrruminl monensin cpsules on reproductive performnce nd milk production of diry cows fed psture. J Diry Sci. 79:000-008, 996. 0. Beckett, S, I Len nd R Dyson, et l. Effect of monensin on the reproduction, helth nd milk production of diry cows. J Diry Sci. 8:563-573, 998.. Len, IJ, M Curtis nd R Dyson, et l. Effects of sodium monensin on reproductive performnce of diry cows. I. Effects on conception rtes, clving-to-conception intervls, clving-to-het nd milk production in diry cows. Aust Vet J. 7(9):273-277. 6. Hmmon, DS, IM Evjen nd TR Dhimn, et l. Negtive energy lnce during the periprturient period is ssocited with uterine helth disorders nd fever in Holstein cows. J Diry Sci. 87 (Suppl ):279, 2004. 7. Duffield, TF, AR Rlee nd IJ Len. A met-nlysis of the impct of monensin in lctting diry cttle. Prt 3. J Diry Sci 9:2328-234. The lel contins complete use informtion, including cutions nd wrnings. Alwys red, understnd, nd follow the lel nd use directions. For dditionl product informtion, or to report suspected dverse event ssocited with the use of this product, cll (800) 428-444. AI 048 Rumensin is trdemrk of Elnco s rnd of monensin sodium. 2008 Elnco Animl Helth Elnco Animl Helth A Division of Eli Lilly nd Compny 200 West Min Street Greenfield, Indin 4640 (800) 428-444 www.elnco.com