Strategies fr Aviding Plagiarism: Paraphrasing and Summarizing Heather McWhinney, 2017 This wrk is licensed under a Creative Cmmns Attributin-NnCmmercial- ShareAlike 4.0 Internatinal License. Defini:ns f Plagiarism University f Saskatchewan s Defini6n f Plagiarism The presenta:n f the wrk r idea f anther in such a way as t give thers the impressin that it is the wrk r idea f the presenter. Adequate acribu:n is required. What is essen:al is that anther persn have n dubt which wrds r research results are the student s and which are drawn frm ther surces. hcp://libguides.usask.ca/cntent.php? pid=387330&sid=4114890 1
Defini:ns f Plagiarism University f Regina s Defini6n f Plagiarism Plagiarism is a frm f academic dishnesty in which ne persn submits r presents the wrk f anther persn as his r her wn, whether frm intent t deceive, lack f understanding, r carelessness. hcp://www.uregina.ca/gradstudies/grad-calendar/plicyuniv.html What Exactly is Plagiarism? Yu must cite the surce if yu refer t anther persn s ideas, theries r prcedures r if yu use the persn s specific wrds. Specific wrds shuld be placed inside quta:n marks r in a blck quta:n. Quta:ns shuld be accmpanied by a page number as well as a specific cita:n t the surce. This culd be in parentheses r in numerical frm, depending n the cita:n style yu are using. Remember that it is becer t ver cite than it is t under cite. Use judgment and discre:n. 2
Plagiarism Specifics Yu dn t need an in-text cita6n r a page number frm the surce: If yu use a piece f infrma:n that is cnsidered t be cmmn knwledge. If yu use a specialized wrd r phrase that is standard in yur field, even if the surce uses it. Plagiarism Specifics (cn8nued) Hw many wrds can yu use in a rw frm a surce withut pueng them in quta6n marks? The number f wrds differs frm prfessr t prfessr. Mst wuld say yu can use up t three cnsecu:ve wrds withut using quta:n marks, but check with yur prfessr. 3
Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is the expressin in yur wn wrds f the meaning f anther persn s wricen r spken wrds. The surce must be acknwledged in an in-text cita:n. Sme prfessrs require yu t include the page number frm the riginal surce. Sme paraphrases cntain three r mre cnsecu:ve wrds frm the riginal surce. These wrds shuld be enclsed in quta:n marks and accmpanied by an in-text cita:n that includes a page number. Prblems with Paraphrases Prblem 1: The paraphrase uses the same rder and sentence structure f the riginal piece, simply replacing the authr s wrds with synnyms. This is knwn as patchwrk plagiarism. Prblem 2: The paraphrase uses the same rder and sentence structure but inserts extra wrds. It is thus lnger than the riginal. Prblem 3: The paraphrase includes ideas nt expressed by the riginal authr. 4
Patchwrk Plagiarism The next slide cntains an example f patchwrk plagiarism. The wrds that are the same as in the riginal are in blue. The wrds that have been simply replaced with synnyms are in dark red. The wrds that are technical terms that can t be changed are in black. Patchwrk Plagiarism Original: The widespread deterira:n and sme recent cllapses f highway bridges (Inaudi et al., 2009) have highlighted the imprtance f develping effec:ve bridge inspec:n and maintenance strategies, including structural health mnitring and durability mnitring, which can help iden:fy structural and durability prblems befre they becme cri:cal (Cussn, Lunis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524). 3 Paraphrase: The extensive weakening and several cllapses f highway bridges have illustrated the necessity f effec:ve inspec:n and maintenance prac:ces such as structural health mnitring and durability mnitring, bth f which can help find prblems befre they becme serius (Cussn, Lunis, & Daigle, 2011). 5
An Acceptable Paraphrase Original: The widespread deterira:n and sme recent cllapses f highway bridges (Inaudi et al., 2009) have highlighted the imprtance f develping effec:ve bridge inspec:n and maintenance strategies, including structural health mnitring and durability mnitring, which can help iden:fy structural and durability prblems befre they becme cri:cal. (Cussn, Lunis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524). 1 Paraphrase: Because highway bridges are subject t weakening and sme:mes t cllapse, it is cri:cal t iden:fy methds fr inspec:n and maintenance (Cussn, Lunis, & Daigle, 2011; Inaudi et al., 2009). Tw such methds are structural health mnitring and durability maintenance, bth f which can detect prblems in the early stages (Cussn, Lunis, & Daigle, 2011). Tips fr Paraphrasing 1. Use a nte-taking methd t dis:nguish paraphrases yu have wricen frm riginal quta:ns. 2. Always recrd the page number. 3. Study the riginal carefully. 4. Write a drag f the paraphrase withut lking at the riginal. 5. Nw lk at the riginal. Is it sufficiently different? 6
Tips fr Paraphrasing (cn8nued) 6. If nt, figure ut hw t change the rder f ideas, structure and parts f speech. 7. Decide if any specialized terms shuld be retained. 8. Think f synnyms fr nn-specialized terms that remain frm the riginal. 9. Make adjustments t yur paraphrase withut lking at the riginal quta:n. 10. Insert quta:n marks arund any remaining phrases f three r mre wrds frm the surce. Summarizing A summary captures the essen6als f an authr s ideas r argument. A successful summary des the fllwing: Captures the main pint r pints f the riginal briefly and cncisely. Omits details. Faithfully represents the main ideas frm the riginal. Uses a different rder f ideas and sentence structure. Includes the surce near the beginning f the summary. 7
Example f a Summary Quta<n: [A] large prpr:n f the Nepalese ppula:n is devid f access t safe drinking water. One f the reasns fr this is that the surface and grund water in the Kathmandu Valley is deterira:ng. The surface water is plluted by industrial and dmes:c waste alng with discharge f untreated sewage frm :ghtly packed residen:al neighbrhds. [T]he dmes:c sewage system is ne f the tp surces f water pllu:n that seeps int rivers and lakes, which are the primary surces f drinking water. The capital city f Kathmandu is es:mated t prduce 150 tns f waste daily and almst half f this is dumped int the river (Sewal, 2016, para. 2). 2 Summary: Many f Nepal s residents lack safe drinking water because it is cntaminated with untreated sewage and industrial and husehld waste (Sewal, 2016). Prblems with Summaries Prblem 1: The summary fails t capture the main idea r argument. Prblem 2: The summary includes t many details. Prblem 3: The summary includes ideas nt cntained in the riginal. 8
Reading t Summarize First, skim the dcument, jsng ntes in yur wn wrds. If yu make ntes using the authr s wrds, put quta:n marks arund them and recrd the page number. Fcus n the parts f the dcument that are likely t reveal the authr s psi:n and main argument the intrduc:n, cnclusin and tpic sentences f paragraphs. Dn t lk at the riginal dcument when yu write the summary. Asking Ques:ns Read with these ques:ns in mind: What is the authr s purpse, main idea and argument? What key ques:n r prblem is the authr addressing? Why is this imprtant? Is the authr presen:ng a slu:n t this prblem? If s, hw des this slu:n wrk? 9
Summary Plagiarism is the deliberate r careless misrepresenta:n f the wrds r ideas f thers as ne s wn. T avid plagiarizing, learn t paraphrase and summarize. Use a methd t dis:nguish yur ntes, paraphrases, summaries and quta:ns; recrd the page number. Read carefully: cnsider rela:nships, ways t rerder the riginal, synnyms and specialized terms. Write yur paraphrase r summary withut lking at the riginal. References 1 Cussn, D., Lunis, Z., & Daigle, L. (2011). Durability mnitring fr imprved service life predic:ns f cncrete bridge decks in crrsive envirnments. Cmputer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 26, 524-541. 2 Sewal, S. (2016). Water in crisis: Nepal. Retrieved frm hcps://thewaterprject.org/water-in-crisis-nepal. 10