Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abscesses, oral bacterial, in reptiles, 214 216 Accessory reproductive organs, in avians, 61 ACE inhibitors, for cardiac disease, in avians, 21 22 Activity level, in avian cardiology, 4 Aerosol therapy, for respiratory diseases, in reptiles, 226 Airsac, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 213 Alimentary tract, of rabbits, schematic diagram of, 137 138 Alimentation therapy, for dehydration, in marine fish, 175 176 Alloxan, impact on pancreatic islet beta cells, in reptiles, 195 Alpha cells, pancreatic islet, in reptiles, 192 Ammonia, urine, in avian renal assessment, 37 Amphibians, lipid metabolism and storage in, 155 167 corneal lipidosis, 158 159, 162 diet factors of, 157 158 hypercholesterolemia, 158 159, 162 hypovitaminosis A and, 158, 164 in captive versus wild species, 155 156 physiology of, 153 157 prevention of related disorders of, 162 164 synopsis of, 153 154 treatment of related disorders of, 162 164 xanthomatosis, 158 159, 162 Amyloid deposition, in avian renal disorders, 49 Anamnesis, for nephrology disorders, in green iguanas, 233 234 Angiography, in avian cardiology, 13 14 Anomalies, congenital. See specific anomaly. cystic urogenital, in ferrets, 129 130 Antimicrobial agents, for respiratory diseases, in reptiles, 224 225 Appendix, of rabbits, anatomy and physiology of, 145 146 Arginine vasotocin (AVT), as osmoregulation factor, in freshwater fish, 178 Arrhythmias, in avians, 10 11 Articular gout, in avians, 46 Assays, in avian cardiology, 6 7 Atherosclerosis, in avians, 19 treatment of, 22 23 Auscultation, in avian cardiology, 5 Autoimmune pancreatitis, in reptiles, 197 Avians, breeding activity of, behavioral alteration of, 79 disorders affecting, 79 80 factors influencing, 67 69, 77 inappropriate management of, 80 cardiology of, 1 28 activity level and, 4 angiography for, 13 14 auscultation technique, 5 cardiac output physiology, 3 4 clinical disease presentation in, 4 6 coelomic palpation in, 5 6 common arrhythmias, 10 11 conduction system physiology, 3 diagnostic tests for, 6 15 diet and, 4 disease processes in, 15 20 atherosclerosis, 19 congenital, 15 16 congestive failure, 19 20 1094-9194/03/$ - see front matter Ó 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. PII: S 1 0 9 4-9 1 9 4 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 5 5-5
276 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Avians (continued ) endocardial, 16 epicardial, 18 19 myocardial, 16 17 neoplasia, 17 pericardial, 18 19 toxins as, 17 18 electrocardiography interpretations, 8 13 functional anatomy for, 1 3 lab pathology in, 6 7 physical examination guidelines, 5 pulse oximetry in, 15 radiography for, 7 8 signalment in, 4 treatment regimens in, 20 23 for atherosclerosis, 22 23 pharmaceutical, 20 22 supportive, 23 ultrasonography for, 11 14 proventriculus and ventriculus of, 85 111 anatomy of, 83 88 diseases of, 92 105 bacterial, 95 96 fungal, 92 95 impactive, 101 102 intoxicative, 102 104 neoplasia, 105 parasitic, 99 101 viral, 96 99 physiology of, 88 92 synopsis of, 83, 105 renal disease in, 29 55 anatomy of, 29 30 congenital, 45 degenerative, 50 51 diagnosis of, 33 44 biopsy techniques, 43 44 blood tests for, 33 35 computed tomography for, 44 endoscopy for, 42 43 radiology for, 37 38 ultrasound for, 41 42 urinalysis for, 35 37 urography for, 38 41 gout as, 45 47 hemorrhagic, 49 50 infectious, 51 53 metabolic, 48 49 neoplastic, 50 obstructive, 49 physiology of, 30 32 renal failure as, 47 48 reproductive tract of, 57 82 anatomy of, female, 62 63 male, 58 61 disorders of, female, 71 77 involving both sexes, 77 80 male, 69 71 physiology and endocrinology of, female, 66 67 general, 63 64 male, 64 66 sexual activity factors, 67 69, 77, 79 synopsis of, 57, 80 B Bacterial infections, in avians, of digestive tract, 95 96 of renal system, 52 in reptiles, of respiratory tract, 222 225 Behavioral alteration, sexual, in avians, 79 Beta blockers, for cardiac disease, in avians, 21 22 Beta cells, pancreatic islet, in reptiles, 192, 195 Bile acid physiology, in rabbits, 144 Biochemistry, for neoplasia, in reptiles, 258 for renal assessment, in avians, 33 in green iguanas, 235, 237 in avian cardiology, 6 Biopsy(ies), for neoplasia, in reptiles, 259 for nephrology disorders, in green iguanas, 242 245 coeliotomy, 243 244 cranial tail cutdown, 243 endoscopic, 244 245 renal, 242 243 ultrasound-guided, 244 for pancreatic disease, in reptiles, 200 201 for renal disease, in avians, 43 44 Birds. See Avians. Bleeding, renal, in avians, 49 50 Blood glucose, with reptile pancreatic disease, sampling of, 199 variations of, 194 195 Blood insulin levels, with reptile pancreatic disease, 200 Blood tests, for neoplasia, in reptiles, 258 for osmoregulation assessment, in fish, 182 183 for renal assessment, in green iguanas, 235 238 for respiratory assessment, in reptiles, 219 for urogenital disease, in ferrets, 117
Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 277 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), in urogenital disease, in ferrets, 113, 117 Bone marrow suppression, estrogeninduced, in ferrets, 130 131 Breeding behavior. See Sexual activity. C Calcium, in avian renal disease, 34 35, 49 Calcium channel blockers, for cardiac disease, in avians, 22 Candidiasis, of digestive tract, in avians, 94 95 Carbon dioxide exchange physiology, in reptiles, 213 214 Cardiac glycosides, for cardiac disease, in avians, 21 Cardiac output, in avian cardiology, 3 4 Cardiac physiology, in avians, conduction system, 3 hemodynamics, 3 4 Cardiac shunting, in reptiles, 213 214, 226 Cardiology, of avians, 1 28 activity level and, 4 angiography for, 13 14 auscultation technique, 5 cardiac output physiology, 3 4 clinical disease presentation in, 4 6 coelomic palpation in, 5 6 common arrhythmias, 10 11 conduction system physiology, 3 diagnostic tests for, 6 15 diet and, 4 disease processes in, 15 20 congenital, 15 16 congestive failure, 19 20 endocardial, 16 epicardial, 18 19 myocardial, 16 17 neoplasia, 17 pericardial, 18 19 toxins as, 17 18 electrocardiography interpretations, 8 13 functional anatomy for, 1 3 lab pathology in, 6 7 physical examination guidelines, 5 radiography for, 7 8 signalment in, 4 treatment regimens in, 20 23 for atherosclerosis, 22 23 pharmaceutical, 20 22 supportive, 23 ultrasonography for, 11 14 Cardiomyopathy, in avians, 17 Catheterization, urethral, in ferrets, 114 116 in green iguanas, as endoscopic, 239 Cecotrophs, in rabbits, cecocolonic motility and, 148 149 digestion and absorption of, 144 food intake and temporal relativity of, 147 148 hard versus soft production phases of, 148 149 Cecum, of rabbits, anatomy and physiology of, 145 146 Chelonians, pancreas anatomy of, 189 191 diseases of. See Pancreatic diseases. Chemotherapy, for neoplasia, in reptiles, 262 265 Chewing function, in rabbits, 140 Chloride, as osmoregulation ion, in elasmobranchs, 180 181 in freshwater fish, 177 178 in marine fish, 168 171 Cholecystokinin (CCK), for avian digestion, 90 91 Cholesterol disorders, in amphibians, 155 167. See also Lipid metabolism and storage. Chronic interstitial nephritis, in ferrets, 117 118 Chronic respiratory tract disease, in reptiles, 215 Chyme physiology, in rabbits, 144 Cloacitis, in avians, 77 Cloacolithiasis, in avians, 78 79 Coccidiosis, pancreatic, in reptiles, 207 208 Coeliotomy biopsy, in green iguanas, for nephrology disorders, 243 244 Coelomic effusions, in reptiles, 216 Coelomic fat bodies, in amphibians, 154 157 anatomy and physiology of, 153 154 lipid disorders and, 158 162 in prevention and treatment, 162 163
278 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Coelomic fat bodies (continued ) lipid metabolism and storage role of, 154 157 Coelomic palpation, in avian cardiology, 5 6 Colon, of rabbits, anatomy and physiology of, 146 147 Complete blood count, in avian cardiology, 6 Computed tomography (CT), of renal system, in avians, 44 of respiratory system, in reptiles, 218 Conduction system, cardiac, in avians, 3 Congenital cardiac disease, in avians, 15 16 Congenital defects, of kidneys, in avians, 45 Congestive heart failure, in avians, 19 20 Copper poisoning, in avians, 104 Coprophagy, in rabbits, 147 Corneal lipidosis, in amphibians, 158 159, 162 treatment of, 162 163 Cortisol, as osmoregulation factor, in fish, 171, 176 Cranial tail cutdown biopsy, in green iguanas, for nephrology disorders, 243 Creatinine, in renal disease, in avians, 34 in urogenital disease, in ferrets, 113, 117 Crocodilians, pancreas anatomy of, 190, 192 diseases of. See Pancreatic diseases. Cryptorchidism, in ferrets, 132 Cryptosporidia, in digestive tract, of avians, 100 Cuban tree frog, lipid metabolism and storage in, 156 159 serum values for, 160 161 Cuticle, in avian digestive system, 87 88 Cystic hyperplasia, of oviduct, in avians, 76 Cystic kidneys, in ferrets, 118 Cystic ovary, in avians, 76 Cystic urogenital anomalies, in ferrets, 129 130 Cystitis, in ferrets, 122 Cystocentesis, for nephrology disorders, in green iguanas, 239 Cytology. See Histopathologic examination. D Dehydration, in fish, freshwater, 179 180 marine, 173, 175 176 Diabetes mellitus, in reptiles, hyperglycemia versus, 193 195 Diaphragm, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 Diet, in avian cardiology, 4 Digestion, in avians, physiology of, 88 92 in rabbits, gastric, postweaning, 142 143 preweaning and during weaning, 141 142 intestinal, 144 Digestive system, of avians. See Proventriculus;Ventriculus. of rabbits, physiology of. See Gastrointestinal physiology. schematic diagram of, 137, 139 Diuresis, stress-related, in freshwater fish, 179 180 Diuretics, for cardiac disease, in avians, 20 21 Drug toxicity, iatrogenic, in ferrets, 121 122 Ductal calculosis, pancreatic, in reptiles, 207 Ductus deferens, in avians, anatomy of, 61 Dystocia, in avians, 73 74 E Ectopic eggs, in avians, 72 Effusions, pericardial, in avians, 18 19 Egg laying, chronic, in avians, 74 76 Egg production, in avians, anatomy for, 62 63 disorders of, 72 77 Egg retention, in avians, 73 74 Egg yolk peritonitis, in avians, 72 73 Ejaculation, in avians, 66 Elasmobranchs, osmoregulation in, 180 184 clinical implications, 182 184 gills, 181 182 hormonal influences, 182 introduction, 180 181 kidney, 182
Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 279 trimethylamine oxides, 181 urea, 181 Electrocardiography (ECG) interpretation, in avians, 8 13 Electrolytes, in osmoregulation, in avians, 31, 34 35 in elasmobranchs, 180 181 in freshwater fish, 177 178 in marine fish, 168 171 in renal assessment, in green iguanas, 235, 237 Endocardial disease, in avians, 16 Endocrine control, of osmoregulation, in elasmobranchs, 182 in ferrets, 113 114 in freshwater fish, 178 of reproductive function, in avians, 63 65 Endocrine pancreas, of reptiles, 191 192 histopathologic examination of, 193, 196 198, 200 202 Endoscopic biopsy, for neoplasia, in reptiles, 259 of renal system, in green iguanas, 244 245 Endoscopy, of renal system, in avians, 42 43 in green iguanas, 242 of respiratory system, in reptiles, 219 Environment, as lipid metabolism factor, in amphibians, 155 156 Enzymes, urine, in avian renal assessment, 37 Epicardial disease, in avians, 18 19 Epididymis, in avians, anatomy of, 60 61 Esophagus, of rabbits, function of, 141 schematic diagram of, 138 Estrogen-induced bone marrow suppression, in ferrets, 130 131 Exocrine pancreas, of reptiles, 190 191 F Fat bodies, in amphibians, anatomy and physiology of, 153 154 Ferrets, urogenital diseases in, 113 138 anatomy in, 112 113 diagnostic techniques for, 114 116 physiology in, 113 114 syndromes of, 116 133 synopsis of, 111, 133 Fibrotic pancreatitis, in reptiles, 206 207 Fish, osmoregulation in, 169 189 elasmobranchs, 180 184 clinical implications, 182 184 gills, 181 182 hormonal influences, 182 introduction, 180 181 kidney, 182 trimethylamine oxides, 181 urea, 181 freshwater teleosts, 177 180 clinical implications, 179 180 extrarenal mechanisms, 177 178 introduction, 177 kidneys and urinary bladder, 178 179 marine teleosts, 167 176 clinical implications, 173 176 extrarenal mechanisms, 167 171 renal/urinary bladder mechanisms, 171 173 synopsis of, 167 168 Fluid therapy, for dehydration, in elasmobranchs, 182 183 in marine fish, 176 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), reproductive function of, in avians, 64 67 Foreign bodies, in digestive tract, of avians, 101 102 in respiratory tract, of reptiles, 216, 220 Freshwater fish, osmoregulation in, 177 180 clinical implications, 179 180 extrarenal mechanisms, 177 178 introduction, 177 kidneys and urinary bladder, 178 179 Functional glucagonoma, pancreatic, in reptiles, 197 Fungal infections, in avians, of digestive tract, 92 95 in reptiles, of respiratory tract, 223 225 Fusus coli, of rabbits, anatomy and physiology of, 146 147
280 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 G Gasexchangephysiology, inreptiles, 213 214 Gastric secretions, in avians, 84, 86 phases of, 89 90 physiology of, 88 92 Gastric yeast, in avians, 92 94 Gastrin, for avian digestion, 90 Gastrointestinal cycle, in avians, 90 91 Gastrointestinal physiology, of rabbits, 139 153 esophagus, 141 large intestine, 145 149 oral cavity, 140 141 schematic diagram of, 138 139 small intestine, 143 144 stomach, 141 142 synopsis of, 137 139, 149 150 Genetics, of neoplasia, in reptiles, 266 267 Gills, as osmoregulation factor, in elasmobranchs, 181 182 Gizzard. See Ventriculus. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in elasmobranchs, 180 in ferrets, 113 114 in marine fish, 172 173 Glomerulonephropathy, in ferrets, 120 Glottis, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 213 Glucagonoma, functional pancreatic, in reptiles, 197 Glucose levels. See Blood glucose;urine glucose. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), reproductive function of, in avians, 63 64, 66 67 Gonadotropins, reproductive function of, in avians, 63 65 Gonads, in amphibians, lipid metabolism impact on, 154 Gout, in avians, 45 47 Granulomas, pulmonary, in reptiles, 216, 220, 224 Green iguanas, nephrology of, 233 250 clinical investigation of, 233 245 anamnesis, 233 234 biopsy techniques, 242 245 blood analysis, 235 238 cystocentesis, 239 endoscopic catheterization, 239 endoscopy, 242, 245 physical examination, 234 radiography, 239 240 scintigraphy, 242 ultrasonography, 240 241 urinalysis, 238 239 renal anatomy and physiology in, 231 232 renal diseases in, 232 233 synopsis of, 231, 245 246 Grit, for avian digestion, 87 Gut motility, in avians, 91 in rabbits, cecocolonic, hard feces phase, 148 149 soft feces phase, 149 small intestinal, 143 H Heart anatomy, in avians, 1 2 Heart failure, congestive, in avians, 19 20 Heavy metal toxicosis, in avians, 51, 102 104 Helminthiasis, pancreatic, in reptiles, 207 Hematology, for neoplasia, in reptiles, 258 for renal assessment, in green iguanas, 235 236 Hemodynamic physiology, in avians, 3 4 Hemorrhage, renal, in avians, 49 50 Hepatic secretions, in rabbits, small intestine physiology and, 143 144 Histopathologic examination, in reptiles, for neoplasia, 259 260 for pancreatic diseases, 193, 196 198, 200 202 Hormones, for digestive function, in avians, 89 92 for reproductive function, in avians, 63 65 osmoregulation role of, in elasmobranchs, 182 in freshwater fish, 178 Housing, as avian sexual activity factor, 68 Human chorionic gonadotropin, for chronic egg laying, in avians, 75 Humidity, as avian sexual activity factor, 68 Hunger stimulus, in rabbits, 148 Hydrochloric acid, for avian digestion, 88 89
Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 281 Hydronephrosis, in ferrets, 118 119 Hypercholesterolemia, in amphibians, 158 159, 162 Hyperglycemia, in reptiles, 193 205 blood glucose sampling for, 199 blood insulin levels with, 200 clinical presentations of, 198 199 diabetes mellitus versus, 193 194 diagnostic approach to, 198 202 experimental management of, 202 204 glucosuria with, 199 200 ketosis with, 200 literature review of, 195 196 management of, 202 204 necropsy for, 201 202 overview of, 193 pancreatic biopsy for, 200 201 physical examination for, 199 variables influencing blood glucose, 194 195 Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, reproductive function role of, in avians, 63 64 Hypovitaminosis A, in amphibian lipid disorders, 158, 164 in avian renal disorders, 49 I Iatrogenic drug toxicity, in ferrets, 121 122 Ibuprofen toxicity, in ferrets, 120 121 Immunosuppression, neoplasia from, in reptiles, 267 268 Impactions, of digestive tract, in avians, 101 102 Infectious diseases, in avians, of digestive tract, 92 101 of renal system, 51 53 in reptiles, neoplasia from, 267 of pancreas, 207 208 of respiratory tract, 221 225 Ingestion function, in rabbits, 140 Inguinal fat bodies, in amphibians, 153 Insulin(s), for hyperglycemia, in reptiles, 196, 198, 200, 204 205 experimental management, 203 204 Intermediate zone, of avian stomach, 83, 86 Interstitial nephritis, chronic, in ferrets, 117 118 Intrapulmonary shunts, in reptiles, 213 214, 226 Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), for urogenital disease, in ferrets, 116 117 Ion exchange, with osmoregulation, in freshwater fish, 177 178 in marine fish, 168 172, 174 Islet cells/tissue, pancreatic, in reptiles, 191 192, 194 functional tumor of, 197 histopathologic examination of, 193, 196 198, 200 202 K Ketosis, in reptiles, 200 Kidneys, anatomy and physiology of, in avians, 29 32 in ferrets, 112 114 in green iguanas, 231 232 biopsy of, in avians, 43 44 in green iguanas, 242 243 congenital defects of, in avians, 45 cystic, in ferrets, 118 degenerative changes in, 50 51 disease of. See Renal disease. osmoregulation role of, in elasmobranchs, 182 in ferrets, 113 114 in freshwater fish, 178 179 in marine fish, 171 172 urate deposits in, in avians, 46 47 L Lab pathology. See also specific test. with cardiac disease, in avians, 6 7 Large intestine, of rabbits, cecotroph production and cecocolonic motility, 148 149 cecotrophy related to food intake, 147 148 cecum and appendix components, 145 146 colon and fusus coli components, 146 147 hard feces motility phase, 148 149 schematic diagram of, 138 soft feces motility phase, 149 Lead toxicity, in avians, 102 103 Leuprolide acetate, for chronic egg laying, in avians, 75 76 Lipid metabolism and storage, in amphibians, 155 167
282 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Lipid metabolism (continued ) corneal lipidosis, 158 159, 162 diet factors of, 157 158 hypercholesterolemia, 158 159, 162 hypovitaminosis A and, 158, 164 in captive versus wild species, 155 156 physiology of, 153 157 prevention of related disorders of, 162 164 synopsis of, 153 154 treatment of related disorders of, 162 164 xanthomatosis, 158 159, 162 Lipidosis, corneal, in amphibians, 158 159, 162 treatment of, 162 163 Lizards, neoplasia of, 251 273 diagnosis of, 255, 257 260 differential diagnosis of, 260 etiology of, 266 268 institutional pathology record review, 255 256 literature review, 249 255 synopsis of, 249, 255, 768 treatment of, 260 266 pancreas anatomy of, 189, 191 diseases of. See Pancreatic diseases. Locomotion disorders, avian sexual activity and, 79 Lower respiratory disease, in reptiles, emergencies with, 215 216 therapy for, 224 227 Lungs, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 Luteinizing hormone (LH), reproductive function of, in avians, 64 67 chronic egg laying and, 75 76 M Magnesium, as osmoregulation ion, in fish, 169 171 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), of respiratory system, in reptiles, 218 219 Marek s disease, in avians, 19, 22 Marine fish, osmoregulation in, 167 176 clinical implications, 173 176 extrarenal mechanisms, 167 171 renal/urinary bladder mechanisms, 171 173 Megabacteria, of digestive tract, in avians, 92 94 Metabolic disorders, in avians, renal disease and, 48 49 Metritis, in avians, 72 Motility. See Gut motility. Mucous secretion, in avian digestive system, 84, 86 Muscle cells, cardiac, in avians, 2 Mycobacteriosis, of digestive tract, in avians, 95 96 Myocardial infarctions, in avians, 17 Myocarditis, in avians, 16 17 N Nares, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 213 Nasal cavities, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 213 clinical disease in, 214 215 Necropsy examination, in reptiles, for neoplasia, 259 260 for pancreatic disease, 201 202 Necrotizing pancreatitis, acute, in reptiles, 205 206 Nematodes, in digestive tract, of avians, 100 101 Neoplasia, in avians, cardiac, 17 gastric, 105 ovarian, 77 renal, 50 testicular, 69 70 in ferrets, urogenital, 132 133 in reptiles, 251 273 diagnosis of, 255, 257 260 biopsy techniques, 259 blood work for, 258 cytology in, 258 259 imaging for, 257 258 necropsy examination for, 259 260 physical examination for, 255, 257 differential diagnosis of, 260 etiology of, 266 268 institutional pathology record review, 255 256 literature review, 249 255 pancreatic, 197 198, 208 pulmonary, 216, 220 synopsis of, 249, 255, 768 treatment of, 260 266 medical, 262 265 supportive for paraneoplastic disorders, 265 266
Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 283 surgical, 261 262 workup and staging for, 260 261 Nephritis, in avians, acute and chronic, 51 53 in ferrets, chronic interstitial, 117 118 Nephrology, of green iguanas, 233 250 clinical investigation of, 233 245 anamnesis, 233 234 biopsy techniques, 242 245 blood analysis, 235 238 cystocentesis, 239 endoscopic catheterization, 239 endoscopy, 242, 245 physical examination, 234 radiography, 239 240 scintigraphy, 242 ultrasonography, 240 241 urinalysis, 238 239 renal anatomy and physiology in, 231 232 renal diseases in, 232 233 synopsis of, 231, 245 246 Nephron unit, in avians, anatomy of, 31 in fish, osmoregulation role of, 172, 174 Nephropathy, toxic, in avians, 51 in ferrets, 120 122 Nephrosis, in avians, 50 51 Nerve plexus, in avian kidneys, 29, 31 32 Nesting, as avian sexual activity factor, 68 Nutrition, as avian sexual activity factor, 68 as lipid disorder factor, in amphibians, 157 158 as supportive treatment, in reptiles with cancer, 266 O Oncogenes, neoplasia from, in reptiles, 266 267 Oophoritis, in avians, 71 Oral cavity, bacterial abscesses of, in reptiles, 214 216 of rabbits, chewing function, 140 ingestion function, 140 salivary secretions by, 140 141 schematic diagram of, 138 Orchitis, in avians, 69 Osmoregulation, in avians, 31 32, 36 in ferrets, 113 114 in fish, 169 189 elasmobranchs, 180 184 clinical implications, 182 184 gills, 181 182 hormonal influences, 182 introduction, 180 181 kidney, 182 trimethylamine oxides, 181 urea, 181 freshwater teleosts, 177 180 clinical implications, 179 180 extrarenal mechanisms, 177 178 introduction, 177 kidneys and urinary bladder, 178 179 marine teleosts, 167 176 clinical implications, 173 176 extrarenal mechanisms, 167 171 renal/urinary bladder mechanisms, 171 173 synopsis of, 167 168 major ions involved in, 169 Ovarian remnants, in ferrets, 131 Ovary(ies), in avians, anatomy of, 62 63 disorders of, 71 77 in ferrets, anatomy of, 112 Oviduct, in avians, cystic hyperplasia of, 76 prolapse of, 74 Oxygen exchange physiology, in reptiles, 213 214 Oxygen therapy, for respiratory diseases, in reptiles, 226 227 P Pancreatectomy, for hyperglycemia, in reptiles, 202 204 Pancreatic biopsy, in reptiles, 200 201 Pancreatic diseases, of reptiles, 191 212 acute necrotizing pancreatitis as, 205 206 anatomy in, 189 190 ductal calculosis as, 207 endocrine perspectives, 191 192 exocrine perspectives, 190 191 fibrotic pancreatitis as, 206 207 general perspectives, 192 193 histopathologic examination for, 193, 196 198, 200 202 hyperglycemia as, 193 205
284 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Pancreatic diseases (continued ) diagnostic approach to, 198 202 literature review of, 195 197 management of, 202 205 pathology of, 193 195, 197 198 inflammatory pathology, 205 207 neoplastic, 197 198, 208 pancreatitis as, 205 207 parasitic pathology, 207 208 Pancreatic ductal calculosis, in reptiles, 207 Pancreatic fibrosis, in reptiles, 206 207 Pancreatic parasitic infections, in reptiles, 207 208 Pancreatic secretions, in rabbits, in small intestine physiology, 143 144 Pancreatitis, in reptiles, 205 207 Papillomatous disease, in avians, 78 Paraneoplastic disorders, in reptiles, pancreatic, 197 198 supportive treatment of, 265 266 Parasitic infections, in avians, of digestive tract, 100 101 of renal system, 52 53 in reptiles, of pancreas, 207 208 of respiratory tract, 223 225 Parenteral fluid therapy, for dehydration, in elasmobranchs, 183 184 in marine fish, 175 176 Penetrating injuries, of respiratory tract, in reptiles, 225 Penis, in avians, anatomy of, 61 prolapse of, 71 in ferrets, anatomy of, 112 113 catheterization of, 114 115 Pepsinogen, for avian digestion, 88 90 Pericardial disease, in avians, 18 19 Peristalsis, in rabbits, 143 hard feces phase, 148 149 soft feces phase, 149 Peritonitis, egg yolk, in avians, 72 73 Phallus. See Penis. Phosphorus, in renal disease, in avians, 35 Physical examination, for cardiac disease, in avians, 5 for neoplasia, in reptiles, 255, 257 of renal system, in green iguanas, 234 of respiratory system, in reptiles, 216 218 Pneumonia, in reptiles, 216, 220, 224 Potassium, as osmoregulation ion, in avians, 34 in fish, 169 171 Prolactin, as osmoregulation factor, in freshwater fish, 178 Prostate gland, in ferrets, anatomy of, 112 Prostatitis, in ferrets, 126 129 Prostatomegaly, in ferrets, 126 129 Protein, urine, in avian renal assessment, 37 Proventricular dilatation syndrome (PDD), in avians, from viruses, 96 99 from yeast, 93 treatment of, 97 99 Proventriculus, of avians, 85 111 anatomy of, 83 88 diseases of, 92 105 bacterial, 95 96 foreign body, 101 102 fungal, 92 95 impactive, 101 102 intoxicative, 102 104 neoplasia, 105 parasitic, 99 101 viral, 96 99 physiology of, 88 92 synopsis of, 83, 105 Pulse oximetry, in avian cardiology, 15 Pyelonephritis, in ferrets, 119 120 Pylorus, in avians, 83, 88 Pyometra, in ferrets, 131 R Rabbits, gastrointestinal physiology of, 139 153 esophagus, 141 large intestine, 145 149 oral cavity, 140 141 schematic diagram of, 138 139 small intestine, 143 144 stomach, 141 142 synopsis of, 137 139, 149 150 Radiography, in avian cardiology, 7 8 of neoplasia, in reptiles, 257 of renal system, in avians, 37 38 in green iguanas, 239 240 ofrespiratorysystem,inreptiles,217 218 Rainfall, as avian sexual activity factor, 68
Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 285 Renal biopsy, in avians, 43 44 in green iguanas, 242 243 Renal disease. See also Kidneys. in avians, 29 55 anatomy of, 29 30 congenital, 45 degenerative, 50 51 diagnosis of, 33 44 biopsy techniques, 43 44 blood tests for, 33 35 computed tomography for, 44 endoscopy for, 42 43 radiology for, 37 38 ultrasound for, 41 42 urinalysis for, 35 37 urography for, 38 41 gout as, 45 47 hemorrhagic, 49 50 infectious, 51 53 metabolic, 48 49 neoplastic, 50 obstructive, 49 physiology of, 30 32 renal failure as, 47 48 in green iguanas, 232 233 clinical investigation of, 233 245 Renal failure, in avians, acute and chronic, 47 48 Renal hemorrhage, in avians, 49 50 Renal osmoregulation, in avians, 31 32 in ferrets, 113 114 in fish, 171 172 Reproductive tract, of avians, 57 83 anatomy of, female, 62 63 male, 58 61 disorders of, female, 71 77 involving both sexes, 77 80 male, 69 71 physiology and endocrinology of, female, 66 67 general, 63 64 male, 64 66 sexual activity factors, 67 69, 77, 79 synopsis of, 57, 80 of ferrets, anatomy and physiology of, 112 114 disorders of, diagnostic techniques for, 114 116 syndromes of, 116 133 synopsis of, 111, 133 Reptiles, neoplasia of, 251 273 diagnosis of, 255, 257 260 biopsy techniques, 259 blood work for, 258 cytology in, 258 259 imaging for, 257 258 necropsy examination for, 259 260 physical examination for, 255, 257 differential diagnosis of, 260 etiology of, 266 268 institutional pathology record review, 255 256 literature review, 249 255 synopsis of, 249, 255, 768 treatment of, 260 266 medical, 262 265 supportive for paraneoplastic disorders, 265 266 surgical, 261 262 workup and staging for, 260 261 pancreatic diseases of, 191 212 acute necrotizing pancreatitis as, 205 206 anatomy in, 189 190 ductal calculosis as, 207 endocrine perspectives, 191 192 exocrine perspectives, 190 191 fibrotic pancreatitis as, 206 207 general perspectives, 192 193 histopathologic examination for, 193, 196 198, 200 202 hyperglycemia as, 193 205 diagnostic approach to, 198 202 literature review of, 195 197 management of, 202 205 pathology of, 193 195, 197 198 inflammatory pathology, 205 207 neoplastic, 197 198, 208 pancreatitis as, 205 207 parasitic pathology, 207 208 paraneoplastic disorders in, pancreatic, 197 198 supportive treatment of, 265 266 respiratory medicine of, 213 231 anatomy in, 212 213 clinical signs of disease, 214 215 diagnostic tests and sample collection in, 216 220 etiology of disease, 220 224 bacterial, 222 223 fungal, 223 infectious, 220 noninfectious, 220 parasitic, 223 224 viral, 221 222 for emergencies, 215 216 physiology in, 213 214
286 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Reptiles (continued ) synopsis of, 211 212 therapy in, 224 227 aerosol, 226 pharmacokinetic, 224 225 prevention, 227 supportive and monitoring, 226 227 Resection, of neoplasia, in reptiles, 261 262 Respiratory disease. See Respiratory medicine. Respiratory emergencies, in reptiles, 215 216 Respiratory medicine, in reptiles, 213 231 anatomy in, 212 213 clinical signs of disease, 214 215 diagnostic tests and sample collection in, 216 220 etiology of disease, 220 224 bacterial, 222 223 fungal, 223 infectious, 220 noninfectious, 220 parasitic, 223 224 viral, 221 222 for emergencies, 215 216 physiology in, 213 214 synopsis of, 211 212 therapy in, 224 227 aerosol, 226 pharmacokinetic, 224 225 prevention, 227 supportive and monitoring, 226 227 Respiratory monitoring, for respiratory disease, in reptiles, 226 227 Respiratory support, for respiratory disease, in reptiles, 226 227 Respiratory system, disease of. See Respiratory medicine. in reptiles, anatomy and physiology of, 212 214 Respiratory tract disease, chronic, in reptiles, 215 S Salinity baths, for electrolyte imbalance, in elasmobranchs, 184 Salivary secretions, in rabbits, 140 141 Salpingitis, in avians, 72 Scintigraphy, of renal system, in green iguanas, 242 Seasonal cycles, of avian sexual activity, 67 68 Secretory glands, of avians, digestive, 84, 86 of rabbits, in small intestine, 144 salivary, 140 141 Segmentation, in rabbits, 143 Semen, in avians, production of, 59 types of, 61 Septicemia, in reptiles, 215 Sex determination, in avians, 79 80 Sexual activity, in amphibians, lipid metabolism impact on, 154 156 in avians, behavioral alteration of, 79 disorders affecting, 79 80 factors influencing, 67 69, 77 inappropriate management of, 80 Sexual development and maturity, in amphibians, lipid metabolism impact on, 154 155 in ferrets, 114 Signalment, in avian cardiology, 4 Small intestines, in rabbits, anatomy and motility of, 143 pancreatic and hepatic secretions by, 143 144 schematic diagram of, 138 secretive and absorptive physiology of, 144 Snakes, pancreas anatomy of, 189, 191 diseases of. See Pancreatic diseases. Social contacts, as avian sexual activity factor, 68 69 Sodium chloride, as osmoregulation ion, in avians, 34 in elasmobranchs, 180 181 in freshwater fish, 177 178 in marine fish, 168 171 Solute absorption, in nephrons, of marine fish, 172, 174 Spermatogenesis, in avians, 59, 61 physiology of, 65 66 Spermiogenesis, 65 66 Staging, of neoplasia, in reptiles, 260 261 Stomach, of avians, anatomy of, 83 88 diseases of, 92 105 physiology of, 88 92 of rabbits, anatomy of, 141 postweaning physiology of, 142 143
Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 287 preweaning and weaning physiology of, 141 142 schematic diagram of, 138 Sulfate, as osmoregulation ion, in fish, 169 171 Supportive care, for cardiac disease, in avians, 23 for paraneoplastic disorders, in reptiles, 265 266 for respiratory disease, in reptiles, 226 227 Symptomatic treatment, for cardiac disease, in avians, 23 T Teleosts. See Fish. Temperature, environmental, as amphibian lipid metabolism factor, 155 156 Testicles (testis), in avians, anatomy of, 58 60 disorders of, 69 71 in ferrets, anatomy of, 112 delayed descent of, 132 Testicular degeneration, in avians, 70 71 Testicular neoplasms, in avians, 69 70 Toxic nephropathy, in avians, 51 in ferrets, 120 122 Toxins and toxic poisoning, in avians, 102 104 cardiac disease from, 17 18 Trachea, in reptiles, anatomy of, 212 213 clinical disease in, 214 216 Trimethylamine oxides (TMAO), as osmoregulation factor, in elasmobranchs, 180 181 Tumor suppressor genes, neoplasia and, in reptiles, 266 267 U Ultrasonography, in avian cardiology, 11 14 of neoplasia, in reptiles, 257 258 of renal system, in avians, 41 42 in green iguanas, 240 241 of respiratory system, in reptiles, 218 Ultrasound-guided biopsy, of renal system, in green iguanas, 244 Upper respiratory disease, in reptiles, 214 215 emergencies with, 215 216 therapy for, 224 227 Urate deposits, in kidneys, of avians, 46 47 Urea, as osmoregulation factor, in avians, 31, 33 34 in elasmobranchs, 180 181 Urethral catheterization, in ferrets, 114 116 in green iguanas, endoscopic, 239 Urethral obstruction, in avians, 49 in ferrets, 123 126 Uric acid, in avian renal assessment, 33 34, 36 Urinalysis, for renal assessment, in avians, 35 37 in green iguanas, 238 239 Urinary bladder, osmoregulation role of, in freshwater fish, 178 179 in marine fish, 171 173 Urinary sediment, in avian renal assessment, 37 Urinary system, in ferrets, anatomy and physiology of, 112 114 disease of. See Urogenital disease. Urine glucose, in avian renal assessment, 37 in reptile pancreatic disease, 199 Urogenital disease, in ferrets, 113 138 anatomy in, 112 113 diagnostic techniques for, 114 116 physiology in, 113 114 syndromes of, 116 133. See also specific syndrome. synopsis of, 111, 133 Urography, of renal system, in avians, 38 41 Urolithiasis, in avians, 49 in ferrets, 123 126 Uterus, torsion of, in avians, 76 77 V Ventilation physiology, in reptiles, 213 214 Ventriculus, of avians, 85 111 anatomy of, 83 88 diseases of, 92 105 bacterial, 95 96 foreign body, 101 102 fungal, 92 95 impactive, 101 102 intoxicative, 102 104 neoplasia, 105
288 Index / Vet Clin Exot Anim 6 (2003) 275 288 Ventriculus (continued ) parasitic, 99 101 viral, 96 99 physiology of, 88 92 synopsis of, 83, 105 Viral infections, in avians, of digestive tract, 96 99 of renal system, 52 in reptiles, neoplasia from, 267 of pancreas, 208 of respiratory tract, 221 222, 224 225 Visceral gout, in avians, 45 46 Visual examination, of respiratory system, in reptiles, 216 217 Vitamin A imbalance, in avian renal disorders, 34 35, 49 Vitamin D toxicosis, in avians, 102, 104 Vitellogenesis, in amphibians, lipid metabolism impact on, 154 157 Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), in rabbit digestion, 146 W Water absorption, in nephrons, of marine fish, 172, 174 Weaning, of rabbits, gastric physiology before, during, and after, 141 143 X Xanthomatosis, in amphibians, 158 159, 162 Y Yeast infections, in avians, of digestive tract, 92 94 Z Zinc toxicity, in avians, 103 104 in ferrets, 120 Zygomycete infections, in avians, of digestive tract, 95