FAUNA DONE BY: MOHITH.B GOURAV.G.VAIDYA DARSHAN.M.N ANKUSH.S.URS OF CLASS 8 TH STUDING IN VIDYANIKETAN PUBLIC SCHOOL ULLAL ROAD CROSS,ULLAL UPNAGAR,BANGLORE-56 Ph-23211364
CONTENTS AMPHIBIANS MAMMALS REPTILES BIRDS CONCLUSION
AMPHIBIANS These are animal of the vertebrate class lying between fishes and reptiles on the evolutionary scale. Emerging from the oceans almost 408 million years ago. It includes three living orders they are the tailed amphibians, consisting of the salamanders (including newts) and sirens; the tailless amphibians, which include frogs and toads; and the caecilians, which are worm-like amphibians that are limbless and blind. They have slender bodies and long tails. There skin of many vertebrates is protected by fur, feathers, or scales, but most amphibians have no skin covering. They are generally smooth and moist, except for the caecilians, which have small scales in the outer folds of the body. The inner skin has many blood vessels. Colour cells in the skin can, by contraction or expansion, cause skin colour changes are seen in tree frogs The outer skin is continually being renewed (moulting), and is sometimes shed in large patches that may be eaten by the amphibian. Besides growing new skin, some salamanders can regenerate whole limbs. Male and female amphibians often differ in size and colour, and males may have vocal sacs, swollen thumbs, and skin frills.
Because the skeletal, muscular, digestive and other systems of the typical amphibian are similar to those of higher animals, many biology students study the frog to learn about these systems. The amphibian brain, however, is notable in that the cerebellum is a mere connecting band. The adult heart consists of a muscular ventricle and two auricles, but during the gill-breathing larval stage the circulation resembles that of fishes. The teeth and tongue vary in form and are sometimes absent altogether. Like reptiles, amphibians are described as cold-blooded; body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment and is generally much lower than that of birds and mammals. Because they rely on external sources of warmth, amphibians in cool regions hibernate through the winter. In mating and feeding, amphibians are quite active at night. Most spend at least part of their lives in moist surroundings, and their fragile, jelly-like eggs are usually laid in water. The eggs of most species hatch into larvae called tadpoles. These gillbreathing tadpoles commonly metamorphose, that is, their bodies change and they grow into air-breathing adults. Some amphibians, however, become sexually mature in the larval stage and never metamorphose. Adult amphibians are carnivorous, eating mainly insects, slugs, and worms; tadpoles are mainly herbivorous. Most amphibians live in warm, moist regions, but a few live in the Temperate Zone, with some frogs ranging far north.
MAMMALS There are Mammals are animals that have a long hair and are warm blooded nourish youth with milk. Modern day mammals include people, apes, cats, bats, dogs, mice, pandas and others. There are three types they are: Monodramas: The monot remes are some of egg laying mammal. Modern day mammals include echidnas and duck billed platypus. These mammals lay eggs and slits on them till babies hatch. Today monodramas live only in Australia and New guinea. The name monodramas means one hole referring to the cloaca, a single hole search the urinate Tract. Monodramas lay tiny egg, they have a leathery skin. The young get their milk from a gland on mothers belly. Marsupials: Marsupials are another group of mammals, their young are born in an extremely immature state; most female marsupials have pouches, some marsupials include koala kangaroo and numbut. Placental mammal: Placental mammals are mammal whose young are born at a relatively advanced stage. Before birth the young are nourished through placental is a specialised embryonic organ i.e. attached to the mothers uterus & nutrients to the mothers uterus and delivers oxygen and nutrients to the young. Most mammals are placental mammals like cat, dogs, horses and people. There are almost 4000 known species of placental mammal. There are more rodents and buts than other types of placental mammal, scientifically the placental mammal are called Euthenoius.
Diet Mammals have to eat a lot to maintain their high body temperature & also it vary from genus to genus. As most animals groups there are herbivores & the carnivores. Mammals extremes Fastest mammal- cheetah Slowest mammal- sloth Biggest mammal-blue whale Biggest land mammal- African elephant Tallest mammal- giraffe Smallest mammal- pigmy shrew Loudest mammal-blue whale Second loudest mammal-howler monkey Smallest newborns-marsupials Smelliest mammal-striped sleeves
REPTILES Are, common name applied to members of the vertebrate class Reptile (See Animal ), which includes Snake, Lizards, turtles, crocodilians, the tuatara, and numerous extinct fossil species. Among the existing forms are about 2,500 species of snakes, 3000 of lizards, nearly 250 of turtles and tortoises, and 21 species of crocodilians. They are distributed throught the temperate and tropical regions of the world: being cold-blooded (dependedent on the environment for warmth: see below), very few reptiles can develop or live in colder regions. Birds, their descendants, are placed in a separate class. The majority of reptiles are primitively oviparous (egg-laying), but many snakes and lizards are viviparous (giving birth to live young). Existing reptiles are characterized by the development of two embryonic membranes. Being bound by the temperature of their environment, reptiles hibernate in regions where the winter is cold, and some forms aestivate that is, become inactive in exceptionally hot and dry regions. Reptiles are commonly referred to as cold-blooded, which is actually misleading, because some reptiles when active maintain their bodies at a higher temperature than most mammals. The important difference in temperature physiology is that reptiles rely on external sources of heat, whereas birds and mammals use internal heat. Reptiles regulate their body temperatures by taking advantage of different sources of outside warmth, such as direct sunlight, warm stones and logs, and the heated earth.
They are classified into four types they are: Rhynchocephalia: tuataras This order contains the lizard-like reptiles known as tuataras, which are differentiated from the lizards by osteological (bone and skeleton) characteristics. Rhynchocephalians are well known from the Triassic and Jurassic periods, but all are now extinct except the New Zealand tuatara, of the genus Sphenodon. Squamata: lizards and snakes This order forms the largest group of living reptiles, containing approximately 5,500 species of lizards and snakes. It also contains certain extinct forms called Pythonomorpha, that had snake-like bodies and lizard-like limbs. Chelonia: turtles and tortoises This order, also called Testudines, was already differentiated from other reptiles in the Triassic period, and today it comprises the turtles and tortoises. Species of this order are unique in having wide flat ribs over which the shell of horny or leathery scales is laid; because the body walls are made rigid by the bony armour, the animals must breathe by a process similar to swallowing, rather than by using the muscles of the body wall. Crocodilia: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials Crocodilians first evolved in the Late Triassic period, and are the closest living relatives of dinosaurs and birds. The heart is almost completely divided into four chambers; the brain shows a greater amount of development; and the musculature of the stomach is so highly developed as to resemble a bird's gizzard.
BIRDS Is, common name for any member of the class of vertebrates that contains animals with feathers. All adult birds have feathers, although some species, such as pelicans, kingfishers, woodpeckers, and jays, are completely naked when hatched. The classification of birds is disputed even among experts. Decisions as to which species are related to one another are usually easy, but at higher levels relationships become more and more uncertain. The relationships of living orders of birds to one another and to orders of birds known from fossils are constantly being argued, especially when new fossils are found or new techniques are discovered for studying modern birds. Early classifications depended entirely on gross anatomy, but these are being re-evaluated with the help of new evidence from such fields as biochemistry, genetics, and comparative behavior. Anatomical characteristics are being looked at again in an effort to determine which are more primitive and which more advanced. The table of bird orders accompanying this article is only one of several arrangements that have been proposed. Although all birds share a generally similar body plan, they vary greatly in size and proportions, being adapted to so many ways of life. All of these modifications have to do with survival, including foraging for food, escaping enemies, and protecting eggs and young.
The largest living birds are found among the ratites, all of which have lost the power of flight and have powerful legs for running. Largest of all is the ostrich, standing nearly 2.4 m (almost 8 ft) tall. The smallest are the hummingbirds of the western hemisphere, of which the tiniest is the bee hummingbird of Cuba, only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) from bill tip to tail tip. Its newly hatched young are no larger than honey bees. Hummingbirds are aerial acrobats, being the only birds that regularly fly backwards (to back away from flowers whose nectar they have been lapping). Many birds pursue prey by swimming under water, but none is so superbly adapted to the task as the penguins. The entire anatomy of the penguin wing has been modified so that it is a stiff, oarlike flipper like that of a porpoise. Clumsy on land, penguins use their wings for underwater propulsion as efficiently as other birds use wings for flying. Most other underwater swimmers such as divers, grebes, cormorants, and some ducks are propelled by their powerful feet, although some use their wings for balance. Almost all swimming birds, both the divers and the surface swimmers, have webs of skin connecting their toes.
CONCLUSION We can conclude that FAUNA category is divided into five parts and all the categories have different charters,behaviors,etc