Magill's Encyclopedia of Science: Animal Life Table of Contents A Aardvarks, 1 Adaptations and their mechanisms, 3 Adaptive radiation, 8 Aging, 13 Allosaurus, 16 Altruism, 19 American pronghorns, 24 Amphibians, 27 Anatomy, 34 Animal kingdom, 38 Antelope, 44 Antennae, 48 Ants, 51 Apatosaurus, 54 Apes to hominids, 57 Arachnids, 63 Archaeopteryx, 68 Armadillos, anteaters, and sloths, 71 Arthropods, 75 Asexual reproduction, 79 B Baboons, 82 Bats, 85 Beaks and bills, 88 Bears, 92 Beavers, 96 Bees, 99 Beetles, 103 Biodiversity, 107 Biogeography, 114 Biology, 117 Bioluminescence, 119 Birds, 122 Birth, 130 Bone and cartilage, 134 Brachiosaurus, 138 Brain, 141 Breeding programs, 147 Butterflies and moths, 152 C Camels, 156 Camouflage, 159 Cannibalism, 163 Carnivores, 165 Cats, 170
Cattle, buffalo, and bison, 175 Cell types, 179 Centipedes and millipedes, 185 Chameleons, 188 Chaparral, 191 Cheetahs, 194 Chickens, turkeys, pheasant, and quail, 197 Chimpanzees, 201 Chordates, lower, 205 Circulatory systems of invertebrates, 210 Circulatory systems of vertebrates, 216 Clams and oysters, 220 Claws, nails, and hooves, 223 Cleavage, gastrulation, and neurulation, 227 Clines, hybrid zones, and introgression, 232 Cloning of extinct or endangered species, 236 Cockroaches, 240 Coevolution, 243 Cold-blooded animals, 249 Communication, 252 Communities, 259 Competition, 265 Convergent and divergent evolution, 271 Copulation, 277 Coral, 280 Courtship, 283 Crabs and lobsters, 288 Cranes, 292 Crocodiles, 295 Crustaceans, 300 D Death and dying, 304 Deep-sea animals, 308 Deer, 311 Defense mechanisms, 314 Demographics, 320 Deserts, 326 Determination and differentiation, 331 Development: Evolutionary perspective, 337 Digestion, 342 Digestive tract, 348 Dinosaurs, 354 Diseases, 360 Displays, 366 Dogs, wolves, and coyotes, 370 Dolphins, porpoises, and other toothed whales, 375 Domestication, 380 Donkeys and mules, 385 Ducks, 388 E Eagles, 394
Ears, 399 Echinoderms, 405 Ecological niches, 409 Ecology, 415 Ecosystems, 422 Eels, 428 Elephant seals, 431 Elephants, 434 Elk, 437 Embryology, 440 Emotions, 444 Endangered species, 448 Endocrine systems of invertebrates, 456 Endocrine systems of vertebrates, 461 Endoskeletons, 466 Estivation, 473 Estrus, 476 Ethology, 480 Evolution: Animal life, 486 Evolution: Historical perspective, 491 Exoskeletons, 499 Extinction, 505 Extinctions and evolutionary explosions, 512 Eyes, 520 F Fauna: Africa, 524 Fauna: Antarctica, 530 Fauna: Arctic, 532 Fauna: Asia, 534 Fauna: Australia, 539 Fauna: Caribbean, 546 Fauna: Central America, 549 Fauna: Europe, 553 Fauna: Galápagos Islands, 559 Fauna: Madagascar, 561 Fauna: North America, 564 Fauna: Pacific Islands, 569 Fauna: South America, 575 Feathers, 582 Fertilization, 585 Fins and flippers, 589 Fish, 594 Flamingos, 600 Flatworms, 603 Flies, 606 Flight, 609 Food chains and food webs, 614 Forests, coniferous, 620 Forests, deciduous, 624 Fossils, 628 Foxes, 634 Frogs and toads, 637
Fur and hair, 642 G Gametogenesis, 646 Gas exchange, 651 Geese, 657 Gene flow, 660 Genetics, 664 Giraffes, 670 Goats, 673 Gophers, 676 Gorillas, 679 Grasshoppers, 683 Grasslands and prairies, 686 Grizzly bears, 690 Grooming, 693 Groups, 698 Growth, 704 H Habitats and biomes, 709 Habituation and sensitization, 716 Hadrosaurs, 722 The Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium, 725 Hawks, 731 Hearing, 737 Heart, 741 Herbivores, 745 Herds, 750 Hermaphrodites, 754 Heterochrony, 757 Hibernation, 761 Hierarchies, 765 Hippopotamuses, 769 Home building, 772 Homeosis, 776 Hominids, 782 Homo sapiens and human diversification, 790 Hormones and behavior, 798 Hormones in mammals, 804 Horns and antlers, 811 Horses and zebras, 815 Horseshoe crabs, 820 Human evolution analysis, 823 Hummingbirds, 829 Hydrostatic skeletons, 832 Hyenas, 836 Hyraxes, 839 I Ichthyosaurs, 842 Immune system, 845 Imprinting, 849
Infanticide, 856 Ingestion, 859 Insect societies, 865 Insects, 873 Instincts, 880 Intelligence, 885 Invertebrates, 889 Isolating mechanisms in evolution, 894 J Jaguars, 899 Jellyfish, 902 K Kangaroos, 905 Kidneys and other excretory structures, 908 Koalas, 912 L Lactation, 915 Lakes and rivers, 920 Lampreys and hagfish, 925 Language, 930 Learning, 936 Lemurs, 943 Leopards, 946 Life spans, 949 Lions, 955 Lizards, 958 Locomotion, 963 Lungfish, 969 Lungs, gills, and tracheas, 972 M Mammalian social systems, 977 Mammals, 983 Mammoths, 988 Manatees, 991 Marine animals, 994 Marine biology, 1000 Mark, release, and recapture methods, 1005 Marsupials, 1011 Mating, 1016 Meerkats, 1021 Metabolic rates, 1024 Metamorphosis, 1028 Mice and rats, 1033 Migration, 1036 Mimicry, 1042 Moles, 1045 Mollusks, 1048 Molting and shedding, 1052 Monkeys, 1056
Monotremes, 1059 Moose, 1062 Morphogenesis, 1065 Mosquitoes, 1070 Mountain lions, 1073 Mountains, 1076 Multicellularity, 1079 Muscles in invertebrates, 1087 Muscles in vertebrates, 1094 Mutations, 1099 N Natural selection, 1106 Neanderthals, 1114 Nervous systems of vertebrates, 1119 Nesting, 1125 Neutral mutations and evolutionary clocks, 1129 Nocturnal animals, 1135 Nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and mutation, 1139 Noses, 1144 Nutrient requirements, 1147 O Octopuses and squid, 1151 Offspring care, 1155 Omnivores, 1160 Opossums, 1163 Orangutans, 1166 Osmoregulation, 1170 Ostriches and related birds, 1176 Otters, 1179 Owls, 1182 P Packs, 1187 Pair-bonding, 1191 Paleoecology, 1194 Paleontology, 1199 Pandas, 1209 Parrots, 1212 Parthenogenesis, 1215 Pelicans, 1219 Penguins, 1222 ph maintenance, 1226 Pheromones, 1232 Phylogeny, 1238 Physiology, 1243 Pigs and hogs, 1246 Placental mammals, 1249 Plant and animal interactions, 1253 Platypuses, 1259 Poisonous animals, 1262 Polar bears, 1266
Pollution effects, 1269 Population analysis, 1275 Population fluctuations, 1279 Population genetics, 1285 Population growth, 1291 Porcupines, 1298 Praying mantis, 1301 Predation, 1304 Pregnancy and prenatal development, 1310 Prehistoric animals, 1316 Primates, 1323 Protozoa, 1330 Pterosaurs, 1336 Punctuated equilibrium and continuous evolution, 1339 Q R Rabbits, hares, and pikas, 1344 Raccoons and related mammals, 1347 Rain forests, 1350 Reefs, 1354 Reflexes, 1357 Regeneration, 1364 Reindeer, 1370 Reproduction, 1373 Reproductive strategies, 1379 Reproductive system of female mammals, 1385 Reproductive system of male mammals, 1390 Reptiles, 1395 Respiration and low oxygen, 1401 Respiration in birds, 1407 Respiratory system, 1413 Rhinoceroses, 1419 Rhythms and behavior, 1422 Rodents, 1428 Roundworms, 1433 Ruminants, 1436 S Salamanders and newts, 1439 Salmon and trout, 1443 Sauropods, 1446 Savannas, 1450 Scales, 1453 Scavengers, 1456 Scorpions, 1460 Seahorses, 1463 Seals and walruses, 1466 Sense organs, 1471 Sex differences: Evolutionary origin, 1477 Sexual development, 1483 Sharks and rays, 1487
Sheep, 1493 Shells, 1496 Shrews, 1500 Skin, 1502 Skunks, 1506 Sleep, 1509 Smell, 1514 Snails, 1517 Snakes, 1520 Sparrows and finches, 1525 Spiders, 1530 Sponges, 1535 Squirrels, 1538 Starfish, 1541 Stegosaurs, 1544 Storks, 1547 Swamps and marshes, 1550 Swans, 1554 Symbiosis, 1557 Systematics, 1564 T Tails, 1573 Tasmanian devils, 1578 Teeth, fangs, and tusks, 1581 Tentacles, 1586 Termites, 1589 Territoriality and aggression, 1592 Thermoregulation, 1599 Tidepools and beaches, 1605 Tigers, 1609 Tool use, 1612 Triceratops, 1616 Tundra, 1619 Turtles and tortoises, 1622 Tyrannosaurus, 1626 U Ungulates, 1629 Urban and suburban wildlife, 1633 V Velociraptors, 1639 Vertebrates, 1642 Veterinary medicine, 1645 Vision, 1650 Vocalizations, 1654 Vultures, 1660 W Warm-blooded animals, 1663 Wasps and hornets, 1666 Water balance in vertebrates, 1669
Weasels and related mammals, 1674 Whale sharks, 1679 Whales, baleen, 1682 White sharks, 1687 Wildlife management, 1690 Wings, 1695 Woodpeckers, 1702 Worms, segmented, 1706 X Y Z Zoology, 1709 Zooplankton, 1713 Zoos, 1716 Glossary, 1723 Animal Terminology, 1764 Time Line, 1769 Classification Table, 1770 Geographical List of Animals, 1784 Biographical List of Scientists, 1788 General Bibliography, 1798 Journals, 1808 Organizations, 1816 Alphabetical List, LVII Category List, LXIII Index, LXXIII