Unit 1: ANIMALS
Exceptions: Somebody liked snakes Some people disliked dogs, geese, sharks
Both animals are fascinating & worthy of our interest
ANIMAL NAMES Taxonomy is a branch of biology that categorizes and names organisms. KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata SUBPHYLUM Vertebrata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Primates FAMILY Hominidae GENUS Homo SPECIES sapiens scientific name = Homo sapiens Binomial Nomenclature popularized by Carolus Linnaeus Species also have common names Examples: humans, yellow perch, bald eagle, lion, gypsy moth
Zoologists have been naming species for 250 years 2 million named. How many species are out there? No solid estimate ---Maybe 30 million!! A Persistent QUESTION: What is a species?? animals that resemble each other and are capable of breeding and producing viable and nonsterile offspring
Mules are sterile hybrids. Not a new species. Horse Donkey Mule
Mating Kingfishers
BOA This Semester. BOA will mostly focus on certain familiar groups: 1) insects = Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta 2) vertebrates = Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthys (bony fish) Class Amphibia (amphibians) Class Reptilia (reptiles) Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia (mammals)
7 Basic Properties of Animals PROPERTY 1) Hierarchical organization Whole Body Organ Systems (e.g., digestive, respiratory) Organs (e.g., esophagus, intestine) Tissues (muscle, connective, epithelial) Cells
PROPERTY 2) Animals exhibit metabolism = biochemical reactions that produce energy and permit growth Made possible by eating food and breathing oxygen Amoeba catching food
Terrestrial animals live on land - where is their oxygen?? - how do they get it?? QUESTION: Which Classes of vertebrate animal are expected to have lungs?? Class Osteichthys (bony fish) Class Amphibia (amphibians) Class Reptilia (reptiles) Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia (mammals) Lungs
Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia
Capturing oxygen in water: GILLS Aquatic animals live in water - where is their oxygen?? - how do they get it??
GILLS FULLY AQUATIC AMPHIBIAN!!
Aquatic animals other than Fish use gills: Insects *
All animals exhibit metabolism some use it to keep warm Metabolic rate is particularly important to 1) birds 2) mammals 37-41 o C why??
Marsupial Mammal C O R E S 37-38 34-35 o C 40-41
VOCABULARY Homeotherms animals with a high stable core temperature Endotherms animals that generate much body heat through their fast metabolism warm-blooded animals cold-blooded animals Poikilotherms animals with unstable core temperatures that vary with environmental temperatures Ectotherms animals that gain body heat from the environment
Poikilotherm Body Temperature Homeotherm Environmental Temperature Homeotherms are usually Endotherms Poikilotherms are Ectotherms
All Animals Heat Transfer Body Heat + ( Heat gained - Heat) Heat = Produced from environment lost
Lab This Week Relate animal SIZE and SHAPE to body temperature Bee hummingbird
Heat Conservation: BODY SHAPE Why Chunky? Why Linear? Homo sapiens
PROPERTY 3) Animals reproduce Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Example: Binary Fission
Mudworms sexual reproduction rare asexual reproduction (fragmentation) common Friday Lab: Explore Mudworm Fragmentation & Reconstruction
Sexual Reproduction: sperm and egg join to form a zygote
PROPERTY 4) All animals have a life cycle Zygote Death Development involves size & shape change
ZYGOTE (Very Early Development)
Some life cycles involve a metamorphosis EXAMPLE??
Metamorphosis
Appropriate Names for YOUNG Animals Bear - Cub Butterfly - Caterpillar Cat - Kitten Chicken - Chick Cow - Calf Deer - Fawn Dog - Puppy Dolphin - Calf Duck - Duckling Eagle - Eaglet Elephant - Calf Fish - Fry Fox - Kit Frog - Tadpole or Polliwog Goat Kid Goose - Gosling Horse - Foal Human - Newborn, Infant, Baby Kangaroo - Joey Leopard - Cub Monkey - Infant Moose - Calf Pig - Piglet Pigeon - Squab Rabbit - Bunny Raccoon - Kit Seal - Pup Sheep - Lamb Swan - Cygnet Whale - Calf Wolf - Pup or Cub Good generic terms: juvenile, offspring, young, etc.
PROPERTY 5) Animals have genetic program - Every cell has a nucleus - Every nucleus has chromosomes - Chromosomes contain genes - Genes consist of DNA
CHROMOSOMES
Genes code for attributes of animals Anatomy attributes body size, fur color, etc. Physiology attributes heart rate, visual acuity, etc. Behavior attributes courtship behavior, urge to migrate DO GENES DETERMINE EVERYTHING?
Genes AND ENVIRONMENT determine animal characteristics. Environmental Factors: nutrition parental care environmental complexity social factors stress levels (Identical human twins reared apart??)
PROPERTY 6) Animals interact with their environment Ecology is the study of this interaction Animals are aware of their environment via senses
All animal life ultimately depends on SUNLIGHT WHY??? Food chains begin with plants Plants need the sun
PROPERTY 7) All animals have behavior The only animal not behaving is a dead animal! Simple animals: simpler behavioral repertoire Complex animals: complex repertoire
Animals have Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy has to do with structures and body parts e.g., wings and feathers. brain and spinal cord Physiology is the study of animal function e.g., how taste buds respond to a sugar or how heart rate responds to exercise
Important Aspect of Anatomy: Body Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical why?? Maybe because it defines head and butt end!!! Useful head characteristics: 1) Brain 2) Sensory capability 3) Mouth parts 4) Locomotion direction
Bilateral symmetry spans a vast size range