Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 12 (7): 383-389, 2013 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2013 Comprtive Study on Production Efficiency of Two Strins of Brown nd White Egg Lying Hens in Kuwit 1 1 1 1 G. Rghe, A.E. Al-Nsser, F.K. Adullh, M.E. Al-Bhouh, 1 1,2 A. Al-Sffr, H. Al-Khlif nd M.M. Mshly 1 Deprtment of Aridlnd Agriculture nd Greenery, Kuwit Institute for Scientific Reserch, Sft, 13109, Kuwit 2 Deprtment of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvni Stte University, University Prk, PA 16802, USA Astrct: The high nutritionl vlue of eggs mkes them n importnt prt of the norml diet of people in generl nd specificlly in Kuwit. The mjority of egg consumption in Kuwit nd the Gulf re is of the white egg type. However, it is known tht the mjority consumption in Europen countries nd in the Middle Est is of the rown egg type. This could e due to high qulity of rown eggs including shell thickness. Therefore, the current reserch ws conducted to ssess the qulity of rown eggs s compred to white eggs for two lying hen strins under locl conditions. Furthermore, comprison etween production efficiency of rown nd white lying hens ws conducted. Hy-line rown nd white lying hen strins were used in the current study. During the lying period (22-69 weeks of ge), percent egg production, egg weight, egg mss, feed consumption nd feed efficiency were determined every four weeks. Shell weight, thickness, yolk nd lumen weight nd percentge nd Hugh unit were determined t different lying periods for oth rown nd white eggs. It ws found tht egg production, egg weight nd egg mss of the rown hens were significntly (P<0.05) higher thn tht of the white hens. Furthermore, there were no significnt differences (P>0.05) in the feed consumption etween rown nd white hens. However, feed efficiency ws significntly (P<0.05) etter for rown hens thn tht of the white hens. In ddition, weight nd percentge of egg yolk were somewht lower in the rown eggs thn tht in the white eggs. It ws lso found tht shell weight nd percentge of shell were etter in rown eggs thn tht in white eggs. Our results indicte tht rown hen strins could hve etter production efficiency nd higher egg qulity thn white hen strins. Therefore, it cn e concluded tht using rown lying hens could enefit oth the poultry industry nd consumers in Kuwit. Key words: Lying hens, poultry industry, egg production, egg qulity INTRODUCTION The eggs re known to e helthy food ecuse of their high nutritionl vlue nd tht mkes eggs n importnt prt of the norml diet of people in generl nd specificlly in Kuwit, where the locl consumption is one of the highest in the world (255/eggs/person/yer) (Mus, 2008). Using strins of lying hens tht hve etter production efficiency nd higher egg qulity is importnt for producers to reduce their costs nd e le to improve profitility nd compete with the imported products in oth qulity nd price. It is known tht egg production, egg qulity nd production efficiency re under the effect of the genetic mkeup of the lying hen (Singh et l., 2009). Therefore, mjor poultry primry reeding compnies hve used genetic tools to develop different strins of lying hens, first for production of white eggs nd then for production of oth white nd rown eggs. It is importnt to mention tht the mjority of egg consumption in Kuwit nd Golf re is of the white egg type while the mjority consumption in Europen countries nd Middle Est is of rown egg type. This indictes tht the preference of consuming rown or white eggs depends on the region of the world. In compring strins used for production of white nd rown eggs, Silversides et l. (2006) found tht egg production for ISA rown ws more thn tht for ISA white hens. Scott nd Silversides (2000) found tht eggs from ISA-Brown hens were hevier thn those from ISA- White hens nd hd more shell nd lumen ut less yolk weight. In ddition, Silversides nd Scott (2001) reported tht eggs from ISA-Brown hens hd greter percentge of shell thn those from ISA-White hens. In ddition, Gros et l. (2001) compred production performnce of ISA-Brown hens with Dekl Delt, White Leghorn egg lyer. They found tht egg weight nd egg mss from ISA-Brown were more thn tht from Dekl Delt nd feed efficiency ws lso etter for the ISA-Brown hens. Using rown lying hens (Shver 579) nd white lying hens Shver (2000), Riczu et l. (2004) found tht eggs from the rown hens were hevier, hd more egg-shell nd hd higher specific grvity thn the Corresponding Author: G. Rghe, Deprtment of Aridlnd Agriculture nd Greenery, Kuwit Institute for Scientific Reserch, Sft, 13109, Kuwit 383
white eggs. They lso found tht the one reking included hugh unit, shell weight, shell %, yolk weight, strengths of the rown hens were greter thn did the yolk %, lumen weight nd lumen %. Shell thickness white hens. including shell memrnes ws lso mesured. Furthermore, Vits et l. (2005) found tht % egg Dily temperture nd reltive humidity were recorded production, egg weight, shell thickness nd shell nd were djusted ccordingly. reking strength of Lohmnn rown re etter thn tht of Lohmnn Selected Leghorn (LSL). In ddition, Benyi Dt nlysis: It is importnt to note tht the dt used et l. (2006) found tht Hy-line rown hens lid more ut for the sttisticl nlysis of the production prmeters lighter eggs, utilized feed more efficiently nd hd of the rown nd white lying hens in our experiments lower mortlity thn Hy-line W-98 white hens. ws for the period from 22-69 weeks of ge. The dt Therefore, it cn e concluded tht differences in egg were grouped in 12 weeks periods resulting in totl of production nd qulity do exist etween different strins four groups. The dt were nlyzed using one-wy of lying hens nd tht rown egg hens could perform ANOVA utilizing the S-Plus sttisticl progrm (Crwley, etter thn white egg hens. However, further studies re 2002) nd comprison etween rown strin vs white needed to confirm tht these differences occur under the strin t ech ge period ws the min effect. Mens locl Kuwiti environmentl conditions. were seprted using Tukey s test nd the significnce Therefore, the current reserch ws conducted to further ws set t P<0.05. ssess the egg production nd egg qulity of two lying hen strins one of white type nd the other of rown type under locl Kuwiti conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pullet production: Dt for totl ody weight gin until 16 weeks of ge (g/ird), totl feed consumption (g/ird) MATERIALS AND METHODS from 0-16 weeks of ge nd feed efficiency (g feed/g A totl of 300 one-dy old pullets Hy-Line vriety W-98 gin) for oth rown nd white Hy-Line pullets re white nd lso 300 one-dy old pullets from Hy-Line shown in Tle (1). Overll ody weight gin for the vriety rown were used for the pullet study. The pullets rown pullets ws more thn the white pullets, however, were housed in tteries till sixteen weeks of ge nd the difference ws not significnt (P>0.05). However, then were moved to lying cges where they were kept cumultive feed consumption until 16 wk of ge for the till the end of the experiment. The pullets of ech strins rown pullets (4634.8 g/) ws significntly (P<0.05) were divided into 6 replictes (n = 6). Sixty of the totl less thn tht for the white pullets (5322.7 g/) nd feed 300 pullets were used for the lying hen study. The hens efficiency for rown pullets ws significntly (P<0.05) were divided into 3 replictes (n = 3). All pullets nd etter (4.18) thn tht for the white pullets (4.85). These hens were provided with food nd wter d liitum. The results re importnt ecuse they imply tht the cost of pullets were fed grower rtion from dy one till 8 weeks rising Hy-Line rown pullets is less thn tht of Hy-Line of ge (18.5% protein, 2750 kcl/kg), developer rtion white pullets nd tht will e reflected in the totl cost of from 8 weeks-16 weeks of ge (14.5% protein, 2750 production of Hy-Line rown hens vs. Hy-Line white kcl/kg) nd pre-ly from 16 weeks till 22 weeks of ge hens. This informtion is of gret significnce to the (17.5% protein, 2750 kcl/kg) nd lying rtion from 22 locl egg industry when they decide to utilize Hy-Line wks of ge to the end of the lying period (18.0% protein, strin of rown or white irds s their egg lying stocks. 2900 kcl/kg). Photoperiod regimens tht ws used for pullets nd lying hens followed the recommendtions y the strin producing compny. The lying hens were provided with 14 hours of light nd 10 hours of drkness. The pullets nd hens were vccinted s per the recommendtions y the strin producing compny. Dt collected: Brown nd white pullets were weighed t htch nd then every four weeks until sixteen weeks of ge. In ddition, feed consumptions for oth rown nd white pullets were mesured nd feed efficiencies for oth rown nd white pullets were clculted. For the dt during the lying period, hen-housed percent egg production, egg weight, egg mss nd feed consumption were mesured weekly nd feed efficiency ws clculted. Egg qulity ws mesured every four weeks, strting t 22 wks of ge nd ended t 69 wks of ge when the experiment ended. Egg qulity mesured Egg lying period. Lying performnce: Egg Production. Hen housed egg production for oth Hy-Line rown nd white lying hens for 4 periods, 12 wks per period, re shown in Fig. 1. The percent hen housed egg production for the rown hens ws significntly (P<0.05) higher thn tht of the white hens t ll the four periods tht were studied. Furthermore, overll verge percent egg production for rown nd white hens were significntly different 86.77 nd 84.24%, respectively for the period from 22 until 69 wks of ge (Fig. 2). In ddition, overll percent egg production reported y the compny guide ws higher for rown hens thn the white hens for the periods from 22 to 69 weeks of ge. Lewis et l. (2004) reported tht ISA rown hens hd higher egg production thn Shver white hens nd Silversides et l. (2006) lso reported tht ISA rown hens hd higher egg production thn ISA white hens. Furthermore, Benyi et l. 384
Tle 1: Body weight gin, totl feed consumption nd feed efficiency for the hy-line rown nd white pullets (0-16 weeks of ge) Strins ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters Brown pullets White pullets Body weight gin (g/ird) (0-16 weeks) *1105.2±8.4 1097.1±19.2 Feed consumption (g/ird) (0-16 weeks) 4634.8±200.2 5322.7±184.7 Feed efficiency(g feed/g gin) (0-16 weeks) 4.18±0.21 4.85±0.18 *Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD. Mens within the sme row with different superscripts re significntly. Fig. 1: Percentge egg production for hy-line rown nd white hens t different ge periods. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens within the sme period with different superscripts re significntly different t (P<0.05) Fig. 2: Overll percent egg production for rown nd white hy-line hens from 22-69 weeks of ge. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens with different superscripts re significntly (2006) found tht Hyline rown lyers lid more eggs thn Hyline (W-98) white lying hens nd Bonekmp et l. (2010) found tht Lohmnn Brown Clssic lyers lid more eggs thn Lohmnn LSL Clssic lyers. In Fig. 3: Egg weight for hy-line rown nd white hens t different ge periods. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens within the sme period with different superscripts re significntly different t (P<0.05) ddition Anderson (2002) provided detiled informtion on the differences in egg production nd qulity etween different white nd rown egg strins. He lso found tht the overll verge of hen-dy egg production for the rown hens ws higher thn tht of white hens. However, Mutf et l. (2009), using locl reeds found tht white (ATABEY) hens lid more thn rown (ATAK) hens. In generl lmost ll previous results indicte tht rown hens ly more eggs thn white hens ut the difference in production vries etween different studies. Therefore, higher egg production is one of the dvntges of rising rown hens over white hens. Egg weight: Dt for egg weight for oth Hy-Line white nd rown eggs for 4 periods (12 wks per period) re shown in Fig. 3 The dt re presented for 4 periods nd ech ws period tht consisted of 12 wks. Results showed tht not only egg weight of the rown eggs is significntly (P<0.05) higher thn the white eggs for ll the four periods studied ut lso the overll weight of the Hy-Line rown eggs ws significntly (P<0.05) more (63.9 g) thn the Hy-Line white eggs (62.4 g) (Fig. 4). Our results gree with the findings of Scott nd Silversides (2000) who found tht eggs from ISA-Brown hens were hevier thn those from ISA-White hens. In ddition, Singh et l. (2009) nd Riczu et l. (2004) lso found tht eggs from the rown hens were hevier thn white eggs. Furthermore, Rizz nd Mrngon (2012) found tht Hy-Line rown eggs were significntly hevier thn the Hy-Line white eggs nd Bonekmp et l. (2010) found tht Lohmnn Brown Clssic lyers lid hevier eggs thn Lohmnn LSL Clssic lyers. However, (Wll, 385
Fig. 4: Overll egg weight for rown nd white hy-line hens from 22-69 weeks of ge. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens with different superscripts re significntly Fig. 6: Overll egg mss for rown nd white hy-line hens from 22-69 weeks of ge. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens with different superscripts re significntly dt re presented for 4 periods nd ech ws period of 12 wks. The results for egg mss for the Hy-Line rown hens for ll the four periods studied ws significntly (P<0.05) higher thn the egg mss for the Hy-Line white hens. Furthermore, cumultive egg mss (22-69 weeks) for rown hens ws significntly (P<0.05) more (18.6 kg) thn tht of the Hy-Line white hens (17.67 kg) (Fig. 6). These results re expected since oth egg production nd egg weight for rown strin were higher thn tht of the white strin. Our results gree with the findings of Gros et l. (2001) who compred production performnce of ISA-Brown hens with Dekl Delt, White Leghorn egg lyer strin nd found tht egg mss from ISA-Brown ws more thn tht from Dekl Delt. Agin our results emphsis the dvntges of using rown lyers over white lyers. Fig. 5: Egg mss for rown nd white hy-line hens t different ge periods. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens within the sme period with different superscripts re significntly 2011, 2010) found no significnt differences etween weights of rown nd white eggs. In generl, it cn e sid tht our results indicte tht rown hens not only ly more eggs thn white hens ut could lso produce hevier eggs. Egg mss: Dt for egg mss for oth Hy-Line white nd rown eggs t different ges re shown in Fig. 5. The Feed consumption nd feed efficiency: Dt for feed consumption nd feed efficiency for oth Hy-Line rown nd Hi-Line white t different ges re shown in Fig. 7 nd 8, respectively. The dt re presented for 4 periods nd ech ws period of 12 wks. Results shown in Fig. 7 indicte tht feed consumption of oth strins ws not significntly different (P>0.05) over the 4 periods. Also, overll feed consumption (Fig. 9) ws not significntly different (P>0.05) etween oth strins (8.23 nd 8.22 kg for rown nd white hens, respectively). However, since egg mss for Hy-Line rown hens ws more thn tht of the Hy-Line white hens, the feed efficiency, s expected, for the four periods tht were studied for the rown hens (Fig. 8), s 386
Fig. 7: Feed consumption (kg/ird/period) for rown nd white hy-line hens t different ge period. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD No significnt difference t ny of the period (P<0.05) Fig. 8: Feed efficiency (kg feed/kg egg mss) for rown nd white hy-line hens t different ge period. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens within the sme period with different superscripts re significntly well s overll feed efficiency (Fig. 9) were significntly (P<0.05) etter thn tht of the white hens. Gros et l. (2001) found similr results. They found tht feed efficiency from ISA-Brown ws etter thn tht from Dekl Delt white. In ddition Benyi et l. (2006) found tht feed efficiency for Hyline rown lyers ws etter thn tht of Hyline (W-98) white lying hens this is nother indictor tht production performnce of rown hens is etter thn white hens. The etter performnce of the Hy-Line rown hens ws very cler nd very consistent. This is importnt, implying tht the profit of producing rown eggs could e more thn tht of white eggs. This informtion is of gret significnce to the egg industry, in generl nd in Kuwit in prticulr. Egg lying period. Egg qulity: Results on overll egg qulity of rown nd white eggs re shown in Tle 2. Results showed tht overll verge of yolk weight nd yolk percentge of the Hy-Line rown eggs were less thn tht of the Hy-Line white eggs even though the difference ws not significnt (P>0.05). Scott nd Fig. 9(-): () Totl feed consumption () Feed efficiency for rown nd White hyline hens from 22-69 weeks of ge. Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD Mens with different superscripts re significntly Tle 2: Egg qulity for hy-line rown nd hy-line white eggs Strin ---------------------------------------------- Prmeters Hy-line rown Hy-line white Yolk Weight(g) *16.4±1.1 16.9±1.2 Yolk (%) 25.7±1.9 26.5±1.9 Alumen Weight (g) 39.0±4.2 39.3±4.1 Alumen (%) 60.8±3.0 61.2±2.8 Shell Weight (g) 8.5±1.0 7.8±0.8 Shell (%) 13.3±1.7 12.2±1.3 Hugh Unit 76.7±8.4 75.6±10.0 *Vlues re expressed s Mens±SD. Mens within the sme row with different letters re significntly. 387
Silversides (2000) found tht eggs from ISA-Brown hens hd less yolk thn those from ISA-White hens nd Wll et l. (2010) found tht % yolk of Hy-line rown egg ws less thn tht of Hy-line white eggs. It should e mentioned tht the overll lumen weight nd overll percent lumen, in the present study (Tle 2) for the Hy-Line rown eggs were similr to tht for the Hy-Line white eggs. However, Scott nd Silversides (2000) found tht eggs from ISA-Brown eggs hd more lumen thn ISA-White hen eggs nd Sigh et l. (2009) found tht Lohmnn rown eggs hd more lumen thn Lohmnn white eggs. Furthermore, Wll et l. (2010) found tht % lumen of Hy-Line rown eggs ws higher thn tht of Hy-Line white eggs. Results of this study nd others could imply tht rown eggs might hve less totl lipids (less yolk) nd more protein (more lumen) thn white eggs which gives rown eggs more dvntges over white eggs. As to the shell weight nd percent shell shown in Tle 2, our results showed tht the overll verge of the Hy- Line rown eggs hd significntly (P<0.05) more shell nd more percent shell thn the Hy-Line white eggs. Our results gree with wht is reported y Scott nd Silversides (2000) nd Silversides nd Scott (2001), who found tht eggs from ISA-Brown hens hd more shell thn ISA-White hen eggs. In ddition, using rown lying hens (Shver 579) nd white lying hens (Shver 2000), Riczu et l. (2004) found tht eggs from the rown hens hd more egg shell nd hd higher specific grvity thn the white eggs. Furthermore, Wll et l. (2010) found tht % shell of Hy-Line rown eggs ws higher thn tht of Hy-Line white eggs. These results indicte tht rown eggs hve etter shell qulity thn white eggs. Results on Hugh Unit (HU) (n indictor of internl egg qulity) which re shown in Tle 2, showed tht there were no significnt differences (P>0.05) etween the Hy- Line rown nd the Hy-Line white eggs. Similr results were found y Wll et l. (2010). It should e mentioned tht rown eggs could hve other dvntges over white eggs. Wll (2011) nd Wll et l. (2010) found tht Hy-Line rown eggs hve less % of dirty eggs thn tht of Hy-Line white eggs. Furthermore, Hnnh et l. (2011) reported tht Hy-Line wshed rown eggs hve less microil contmintion thn Hy-Line wshed white eggs. Finlly, Silversides et l. (2012) found tht Lohmnn rown hens hve hevier ones thn Lohmnn white hens. Conclusion: It could e reported tht the results of the current study indicte tht the production performnce of the Hy-Line rown pullets ws etter thn tht of the Hy- Line white pullets. Furthermore, production performnce during the lying period ws etter for the Hy-Line rown thn tht of the Hy-Line white hens. Finlly, rown eggs could hve less ft nd more protein thn white eggs. It is importnt to reemphsis tht in Kuwit, where the current study ws conducted, s well s other countries in the Gulf re, the mjor consumption is of white nd not rown eggs. Therefore, there is need to promote the rown eggs since it could hve dvntges over white eggs. REFERENCES Anderson, K.E., 2002. First cycle report. North Crolin lyer performnce nd mngement test. J. Nme, 34: 1-35. Benyi, K., D. Norris nd P.M. Tstsinyne, 2006. Effect of stocking density nd group size on the performnce of white nd rown Hyline lyers in semi-rid condition. Trop. Anim. Helth Prod., 38: 619-624. Bonekmp, R.P.R., A. Lemme, P.J.A. Wijtten nd J.K.W. Sprl, 2010. Effects of mino cids on egg numer nd egg mss of rown (hevy red) nd white (light red) lying hens. Poult. Sci., 89: 522-529. Crwley, M.J., 2002. Sttisticl Computing: An Introduction to Dt Anlysis Using S-Plus. Wiley, New York, NY. Gros, S., J. Mendez, R. Lzro, C. de Bls nd G.G. Mteos, 2001. Influence of source nd percentge of ft dded to diet on performnce nd ftty cid composition of egg yolks of two strins of lying hens. Poult. Sci., 80: 1171-1179. Hnnh, J.F., J.L. Wilson, N.A. Cox, J.A. Cson, D.V. Bourss, M.T. Musgrove, L.J. Richrdson, L.L. Rigsy nd R.J. Buhr, 2011. Comprison of shell cteri from unwshed nd wshed tke eggs hrvested from cged lying hens nd cge-free floor-housed lying hens. Poult. Sci., 90: 1586-1593. Lewis, P.D., P.J. Shrp, P.W. Wilson nd S. Leeson, 2004. Chnges in light intensity cn influence ge t sexul mturity in domestic pullets. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 123-132. Mus Freiji, 2008. The Poultry Industry in the World- Present nd Future, Vol., 43: 44. Mutf, S., N. Seer Khrmn nd M.Z. Firt, 2009. Intermittent prtil surfce wetting nd its effect on ody-surfce tempertures nd egg production of white nd rown domestic lying hens in Antly (Turkey). Br. Poult. Sci., 50: 33-38. Scott, T.A. nd F.G. Silversides, 2000. The effects of storge nd strin of hen on egg qulity. Poult. Sci., 79: 1725-1729. Silversides, D.R. Korver nd K.L. Budgell, 2006. Effect of Strin of Lyersnd Age of Photostimultion on egg Production, Egg Qulity nd Bone Srtength. Poult. Sci., 85: 1136-1144. Silversides, F.G., Singh, R., K.M. Cheng nd D.R. Korver, 2012. Comprison of ones of 4 strins of lying hens kept in conventionl cges nd floor pens. Poult. Sci., 91: 1-7. 388
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