Adele Feakes adele.feakes@adelaide.edu.au Gender differences in entrepreneurial types graduating into veterinary and other disciplines: implications and comparisons.
Why is this important? VISION where is the vet profession heading? Innovation Leadership Productivity Enterprising individuals and organisations Have you noticed? Student debt at graduation Salary issues for veterinarians especially females Who are our enterprising individuals? University of Adelaide 2
Entrepreneurial leaders and organisations Repeatedly initiate new service or product ideas Redirect their people and assets to new uses and new ideas Generate new ideas, assemble of resources, produce new services or products and deliver these to users by organization-wide redirection and cooperation must sustain such effort again and again Jelinek & Litterer, 1995, pp. 137 138 University of Adelaide 3
Entrepreneurship is multi-dimensional This research Innovation New thing (services or products) or new way of doing things (processes) Adapt and adopt processes to improve own business model Opportunity-seeking Management Delivery of service or product People Financial Enterprising individuals Uncertainty-bearing c.f. risk taking - entrepreneurs weigh up gain against risk seeking of high gain for moderate risk Audrecht, D 2002 University of Adelaide 4
Enterprising individuals can be different types Entrepreneurial intent (EI) Growth EI Flexibility EI Social EI Why does it matter to the health sciences e.g. vet profession? Ajzen s Theory of Planned Behaviour (1991) Kim and Hunter(1993) University of Adelaide 5
Entrepreneurship is important to the veterinary profession Bok et al., 2011, Bok et al., 2014, Vet Futures Project Board, 2015 Our understanding of entrepreneurial dispositions and intent of veterinarians is limited As environments become more dynamic and increasingly competitive, organisations (and people) must become more entrepreneurial. Shepherd et al 2010 80% vets are females non-vets, on-line suppliers other vets Entrepreneurial orientation tied empirically to firm performance. Covin & Slevin, 1989; Rauch et al., 2009; Runyan, Droge, & Swinney, 2008; Wiklund & Shepherd, 2005 Entrepreneurial abilities and attitudes desirable in employment situations Douglas & Shepherd 2000 University of Adelaide 6
Intentions predict behaviour - Informing theory Attitude toward the behaviour Subjective norms/approvals Intentions (50% attitude) (30-60% PBC) Behaviour (30% intent) Perceived behavioural control (self-efficacy) Ajzen s Theory of Planned Behaviour (1991) Kim and Hunter(1993) University of Adelaide 7
Methods Study population Australian final year students of Veterinary programs x 3 Entrepreneurship Nursing Engineering Science students (in process) Survey single items for entrepreneurial and corporate work intent, response range 1-10 validated scales with 4-5 items and response ranges 1 7, from which factor scores were created for growth, flexibility and social entrepreneurship Quantitative analysis (Douglas 2013; Douglas, Venugopal et al. unpublished) University of Adelaide 8
Respondents discipline, sex Entrepreneurship N = 98 58.2 40.8 Engineering N= 49 83.7 16.3 Nursing N = 85 8.2 90.6 Veterinary N = 260 23.5 73.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Males % Females University of Adelaide 9
Respondents age, university Mean age All 24.5 years Males 24.1 years Females 25.2 years University A n = 328 (96 vet students) University B n = 112 (only vet students) University C n = 52 (only vet students) University of Adelaide 10
1.1 Types of entrepreneurial intent - scale item examples Growth EI Exploits a new technology or adopts a new process or service that promises to generate high profits over many years Flexibility EI Allows you to have great flexibility to decide your work hours, your product lines etc. Social EI Includes volunteer service to help people who have social and/or economic problems FACTOR LOADING.614.735.812 University of Adelaide 11
1.2 Types of entrepreneurial intent - all respondents Growth Flexibility Social Eng Ent Nur Vet Eng Ent Nur Vet M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Eng Ent Nur Vet M F M F M F M F University of Adelaide 12
1.3 Proportions of EI types x discipline x sex (Proportion with factor scores 4.5 where 1 = highly unlikely to 7 = highly likely) Engineering Engineering males n = 41 Engineering females n = 8 Growth Flexibility Social % scoring 4.5 % scoring 4.5 % scoring 4.5 50 63 32 38 68 25 Entrepreneurship males n = 56 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship females n = 40 29 45 33 25 53 48 Nursing Nursing males n = 7 86 29 71 Nursing females n = 75 81 51 53 Veterinary science Veterinary males n = 61 Veterinary females n = 191 54 82 39 38 62 61 University of Adelaide 13
2. Start or buy own business intent (general EI) (where 1 = no intention and 10 is complete intention) N Entrepreneurial intent (EI) mean score (sd) Engineering 49 3.8 (2.6) Entrepreneurship 98 6.4 (2.4) e Nursing 85 2.8 (2.6) t Veterinary 260 5.2 (3.0) etn Superscripts e, t, n and v indicate statistical difference to engineering, entrepreneurship, nursing and veterinary (all) respondents using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc test (p<0.05) University of Adelaide 14
Mean entrepreneurial intent 3.1 Mean factor scores for females wanting to start/buy a business High EI female vet students have lowest Growth EI 7.0 6.0 5.0 * * * * 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Growth EI Flexibility EI GEI Mean FEI Mean SEI Mean Social EI Engineering n=2/8 Entrepreneurship n=20/40 Nursing n=5/75 Veterinary n=58/191 University of Adelaide * P<.05 using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hocs 15
Mean entrepreneurial intent 3.2 Mean factor scores for males wanting to start/buy a business 7 6 5 4 * * * 3 2 1 0 Growth EI Flexibility EI Social EI GEI mean FEI mean SEI mean Engineering n=8/41 Entrepreneurship n=31/56 Nursing n=3/7 Veterinary 36/61 * P<.05 using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hocs University of Adelaide 16
Though more female veterinary students intend to start/buy a business. Few female veterinary students are growth entrepreneurs (6% overall) 60 (32%) of the 191 female vet respondents indicated intention to start/buy business 11 (18%) of these indicated growth entrepreneurial intent (* Feakes, Hyams et al. 2016) More male veterinary students are growth entrepreneurs (28% overall) 36 (59%) of the 61 male vet respondents indicated intention to start/buy business 17 (46%) of these indicated growth entrepreneurial intent (nearly half) University of Adelaide 17
Higher male veterinarian salary expectations* and salary levels maybe related to this (* Feakes, Hyams et al. 2016) University of Adelaide 18
Veterinary students less socially entrepreneurial No gender difference Actually lower social entrepreneurial intent than other disciplines Female veterinarian lower salary expectations and real salary deflation probably not related to this University of Adelaide 19
Its all OK, there is always the corporate field Veterinary students indicated the lowest level of wishing to work in the corporate field/large company University of Adelaide 20
Intent to work in corporate field (where 1 = no intention and 10 is complete intention) N Corporate (CWI) mean (sd) Engineering 49 6.7 (2.2) v Entrepreneurship 98 7.2 (2.2) nv Nursing 85 6.0 (2.8) env Veterinary 260 4.6 (2.2) etn Superscripts e, t, n and v indicate statistical difference to engineering, entrepreneurship, nursing and veterinary (all) respondents using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc test (p<0.05). Expectations not matching reality as stressors? University of Adelaide 21
A question of fit FIRM TYPE Public Independent Corporate Social PERSON TYPE Growth entrepreneurial orientation Flexibility entrepreneurial orientation Social entrepreneurial orientation Management orientation Worker bees University of Adelaide 22
Implications for the profession There are discipline and gender differences Admissions or educator intervention to boost entrepreneurship especially for female vets Lower EI of females Lower GEI of females University of Adelaide 23
Lower EI of females So what can we do? not only are our female vets lower in EI, but also in all entrepreneurial orientations Implications for educational policy makers Implications for the profession Where are our future innovators, leaders and visionaries going to come from? Shall we just leave them to be worker bees? University of Adelaide 24
Future research directions What strategies can be put into place to improve entrepreneurial intent of the female student cohort? Are there differences in entrepreneurial self-efficacies per gender, level and type of entrepreneurial intent? Does the importance of income affect level and type of entrepreneurial intent? Do altruism values have an affect on EI? Do veterinary students have higher levels of altruism than other students? Limitations Sample size & response rate for engineering Gender bias engineering and nursing University of Adelaide 25
References Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1991;50:179-211. AVA 2015. Australian veterinary workforce modelling. www.ava.com.au: Australian Veterinary Association. Bok HGJ, Jaarsma DADC, Teunissen PW, van der Vleuten CPM, van Beukelen P. Development and Validation of a Competency Framework for Veterinarians. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 2011;38:262-269. Bok HGJ, Teunissen PW, Boerboom TBB et al. International survey of veterinarians to assess the importance of competencies in professional practice and education. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2014;245:906-913. VetFuturesProjectBoard. Taking charge of our future: A vision for the veterinary profession for 2030. 2015. Douglas EJ. Reconstructing entrepreneurial intentions to identify predisposition for growth. Journal of Business Venturing 2013;28:633-651. Douglas EJ, Venugopal V, Weaven SK, Wright O. Private vs. Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: An Integrative Analysis mimeo, unpublished. MCANDREW, J. 19/09/2014 2014. RE: AVA membership demographic data. Type to FEAKES, A. NAVMEC 2011. Roadmap for Veterinary Medical Education in the 21st Century: Responsive, Collaborative, Flexible. In: CONSORTIUM, N. A. V. M. E. (ed.) NAVMEC report and recommmendations. Washington: North American Veterinary Medical Education Consortium. NICHOLLS, J. 2014. A female veterinarian may apply. Australian Veterinary Journal. Blackwell Publishing Asia: Wiley. RICHMOND, R. 2014. Vet students at risk of a lifetime of debt. Australian Veterinary Journal. Sept 2014 ed. Shepherd et al 2010 ET&P Entrepreneurial spirals - entrepreneurial mindset and organisational culture Stevenson, H.H., Roberts, M.J., & Grousbeck, H.I. (1985). New business ventures and the entrepreneur. Burr Ridge, IL: Richard D. Irwin. University of Adelaide 26
Commonwealth of Australia Copyright regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Adelaide pursuant of Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act Do not remove this notice Acknowledgments Participating students Jennifer Hyams, Sarah Pollard-Williams, Edward Palmer and Noel Lindsay University of Adelaide 27
3. Types of entrepreneurial intent - high EI respondents (those indicating 7, 8, 9 or 10 on scale of 1 10 for intent to start/buy a business) Growth Flexibility Social Eng Ent Nur Vet Eng Ent Nur Vet Eng Ent Nur Vet University of Adelaide 28
Although the high EI veterinary females do outnumber the high EI veterinary males, only 18% of them compared to 46% of the males stated high growth entrepreneurial intent (GEI). University of Adelaide 29
Corporate or EI intentions vs reality Total Sites % Vets in Australia Total businesses Final year students per year 3500 100 10,000 3000 600 Corporate 175 5% 500-1000? 5 Trad practices Not-forprofit 3000 94% 9400 3000 26-46% CWI 33 51% EI (198 306) Supply per annum 156-210 60 92 buyers p.a.* 20-30 1% 100? 21 n/a n/a *198 306 final years state high EI, and behaviour ~ 30% of intent so therefore 60 92 buyers per annum University of Adelaide 30
Estimated sellers of practices Based on AVA membership data 2014 Assume employers = owners Caveats - unclear if vet shareholders in listed and non-listed companies employers? AVA 2014 Employer Age in years Number 21-30 6 31-40 115 41-50 193 51-60 221 61-70 98 71-80 7 - sell outs to corporates likely to reduce practices available (McAndrew 2014) 81-90 1 Total 641 University of Adelaide 31
Lower EI of females PROBLEM looming? Gender and ownership polarisation continues AVA Member data 2014 Total % Female % of females Male % of males Employee 669 51% 490 70% 179 29% Employer 641 49% 206 30% 435 71% Total 1310 100% 696 100% 614 100% (McAndrew 2014) University of Adelaide 32 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Employers Overall Female (n = 696) Male (n = 614) Employees
Different businesses have different foci (PICS) (Katz, 2007) Focus of Entrepreneurship* Creation Customer Efficiency Innovation Gains $ or non$ Public Independent (small business) Corporate Social (not-for-profit) * Whatever type of entrepreneurship, all aim to make gains monetary or non-monetary University of Adelaide 33
Responses 4.5 (1 = 7) Growth-, Independence- or Social-Entrepreneurial orientation and gender 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% High GEO% High IndEO% High SocEO% Types of entrepreneurial orientation Answer to Ron s question yesterday Female (n = 86) Male (n = 20)?A reflection of overall males > females for EI, and self-confidence No significant difference in mean levels of interest between males and females (n = 106) University of Adelaide 34
Males Females Growth, Flexibility and Social entrepreneurial intent for females and males interested in own business 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 * * * * GEI Mean FEI Mean SEI Mean Engineering n=2/8 Entrepreneurship n=20/40 Nursing n=5/75 Veterinary n=58/191 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 * * * GEI mean FEI mean SEI mean Engineering n=8/41 Entrepreneurship n=31/56 Nursing n=3/7 Veterinary 36/61 * P<.05 using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hocs University of Adelaide 35
Gender and ownership - AVA membership AVA 2014 (McAndrew 2014) Female Male Total 21-30 203 52 255 Employee 200 49 249 Employer 3 3 6 31-40 200 113 313 Employee 146 52 198 Employer 54 61 115 41-50 153 139 292 Employee 80 19 99 Employer 73 120 193 51-60 120 191 311 Employee 56 34 90 Employer 64 157 221 61-70 20 109 129 Employee 8 23 31 Employer 12 86 98 71-80 9 9 Employee - 2 2 Employer - 7 7 81-90 1 1 Employer - 1 1 Grand Total 696 614 1310 University of Adelaide 36
Gender and career sector intent % respondents stating positive intent Male students n = 396 Female students n = 1412 Total students n = 1812 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * * * * * P< 0.05 Sectors University of Adelaide 37
University affects sector intent 100% 96% Uni A 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 14% 15% % students with positive intent 7% 6% 35% 10% 8% 5% 1% 2% 32% 73% 53% 11% Uni B Uni C Uni D Uni E 14% Sectors For significances see paper University of Adelaide 38