Version # September 013 Guidelines f Containing Zoo Animals in New Zealand including Recommendations Relating to Staff and Public Encounters These guidelines have been prepared by the Zoo and Aquarium Association New Zealand (ZAA NZ) to provide guidance to New Zealand zoos on appropriate enclosures f containing zoo animals. Part 1 of the guidelines outlines the minimum containment requirements f all species considered to be new ganisms under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act that are currently housed in zoos in New Zealand. A rationale is provided f each containment guideline along with a recommendation on which species should be held in a secure enclosure at all times and those that are suitable f free ranging within the facility. Finally, guidance is provided on the appropriate contingency plan f each species should a breach of containment occur. Part of the document outlines recommendations relating to staff and public encounters with zoo animals. There is growing public demand f up-close encounters with zoo species. It is our responsibility to ensure that these are carried out in a professional manner that ensures the safety of staff, the animals and the public. Further infmation on ZAA NZ and these guidelines can be obtained by contacting: ZAA New Zealand Private Bag 78700 Grey Lynn, Auckland p: +64-9-360 3807 f: +64-9-360 3818 steph@zooaquarium.g.nz Zoo and Aquarium Association New Zealand Private Bag 78700 Grey Lynn, Auckland p: 64-9-360 3807 f: 64-9-360 3818 www.zooaquarium.g.nz
Part One Animals covered by these guidelines C1 Carnives (bears, big cats and hyenas) Ursidae (Brown Bear, Sun Bear, Giant Panda) Felidae (Lion, Tiger, Jaguar, Leopard, Puma, Clouded Leopard, Snow Leopard) Table 1 Hyaenidae (Hyenas) C Carnives (medium to small predats) Felidae (Serval, Bobcat, Leopard Cat, Asiatic Golden Cat, Fishing Cat, Ocelot, Margay, Caracal other small cat species) Table Acinonyx (Cheetah) Canidae (Wolf, Maned Wolf, Dingo, African Wild Dog) C3 Carnives (small carnives and red panda) Ailuridae (Red Panda) Herpestidiae (Meerkat) Mustelidae (Small-clawed Otter) Table 3 P1 Large Primates (great apes and baboons) Hominidae (Gilla, Chimpanzee, Orang-utan) Papio spp (Baboon) Table 4 P Primates (other than great apes and baboons) Hylobatidae, Symphalangus (Gibbons) Cebinae spp (Capuchin) Atelinae spp (Spider Monkeys, Squirrel Monkeys) Table 5 Galagonidae (Bush Babies) Lemuridae (Ring Tailed Lemur, Black Lemur, Black and White Ruffed Lemur) Cercopithecidae (Macaque, Mandrill, Colobus, Leaf Monkey, Vervet Monkey) Callitrichidae (Pygmy Marmoset, Emper Tamarin, Cotton Top Tamarin, Golden Lion Tamarin) Ungulates (except Pachyderms) Tapir, Antelope species, Waterbuck, Zebra, Camel, Giraffe, Lesser Malay Chevrotain Table 6 Monotremes, Marsupials and Rodents Macropods, Wombats, Tasmanian Devil, Koala, Feathertail Glider, Long Nosed Potoo, Sht Beaked Echidna, Rodents (digging and non digging species) Table 7 Pachyderms Elephantidae (elephants) Table 8 Hippopotamidae (hippopotamus) Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceros) ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page of 46 September 013
Flying mammals and birds Reptile species Flying and non-flying (naturally flightless, pinioned otherwise unable to fly) birds. Pteropadidae (Bats) Testudinidae (ttoises) Crocodylia (crocodilians) Varanidae (monit lizards) All other reptiles Table 9 Table 10 Amphibians Terrestrial and aquatic Table 11 Marine Mammals Pinnipeds (Califnian Sea Lions) Fishes Marine and freshwater Table 1 Invertebrates Arachnids Other terrestrial invertebrates Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) Marine invertebrates Table 13 Key to the Tables Unclimbable : An unclimbable containment barrier usually has a smooth surface that ensures animals are unable to gain any foot limb holds, e.g. glass, smooth concrete vertical walls. Climbable : Species capable of climbing could do so and therefe this containment method is not suitable f all species. It is an extremely suitable barrier f many non-climbing species such hoofed animals. Mesh netting fences are the most common type of climbable barrier. Electrified Wires: A minimum voltage of 3,500 Volts is recommended f all containment barriers that utilise electrified wires. Rationale: This part of the table gives examples of where the containment method has been successfully utilised over a long period of time (AZ = Auckland Zoo, HZ = Hamilton Zoo, WZ = Wellington Zoo, OWP = Orana Wildlife Park). Containment Area Recommendation: A containment area recommendation is provided f each species. The definitions of the recommendations in the tables are: 1. The entire facility (where the perimeter fence is suitable to contain the animal). One me enclosures (e.g. lion enclosure) 3. Specified conditions, such as being under direct handler control (e.g. dingo being walked on lead elephant being walked around zoo). Contingency Plan: A contingency plan recommendation is provided f each species. The definitions of the recommendations in the tables are: 1. Shoot to kill, unless the Operat authises a recapture attempt. A recapture must only be authised by the Operat if staff and public safely can be guaranteed.. Recapture the animal unless there is an immediate risk to humans the environment. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 3 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan Table 1 Carnives C1: Bears, Big Cats and Hyaenas Ursidae Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) 4 Not Species must be fully 4m mesh with 900mm overhang at 45 with minimum of three electric wires at varying heights 3m wide, m deep moat with a m unclimbable barrier 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide electrified inrigger f wet moats, minimum 5 wires 1000mm deep solid foundation 500 mm deep solid foundation plus 900mm wide antidig material Based on NSW standard (use of electric wires not specified in NSW standards but allowed under Clause 3) 1 Sun Bear (Helarctos malayamus) 3.5 Not Species must be fully.8m mesh with 900mm overhang at 35-45 with minimum of three electric wires at varying heights 3m wide, m deep moat with a m unclimbable barrier 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide electrified inrigger f wet moats, minimum 5 wires 1000mm deep solid foundation 500 mm deep solid foundation plus 900mm wide antidig mesh The unclimbable barrier standard has been used to contain sun bears at WZ f 19+ years 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 4 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).5 Not Species must be fully.5 3m wide moat, m deep with a 1.5m unclimbable barrier 1000mm deep solid foundation 500mm deep solid foundation plus 900mmwide anti-dig mesh Based on enclosure constructed at Adelaide Zoo 1 Felidae Tiger (Panthera tigris) 4.0 4.0m with a 900mm overhang at 35-45 3.6m mesh with 900mm overhang at 35-45 with minimum of three electric wires at varying heights 5m wide moat 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier 5m wide moat 1.8m deep 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide electrified inrigger, minimum 5 electrified wires 500mm deep solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material Has been used to contain tigers at OWP f 5+ years and, without moat component, at AZ and HZ f 10+ years. 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 5 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan African Lion (Panthera leo) 4 4.0m with a 900mm overhang at 35-45 3.6m mesh with 900mm overhang at 35-45 with minimum of two electric wires at varying heights 4m wide moat 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide electrified inrigger f wet moats, minimum 5 wires 500mm deep solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material OWP has contained lions f 30+ years using 3.6m, 900mm overhang, electric wires. Climbable barrier has contained lions at WZ f 0+ years. 1 Climbable with electric wires and wet moat standards have contained lions at AZ f 10+ years ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 6 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan Jaguar (Panthera onca) Leopard (Panthera pardus) Not Species must be fully Not Species must be fully Not Species must be fully Not Species must be fully 500mm deep solid foundation 500 anti-dig wire material As used by NZ zoos previously. NSW standard. 1 Puma (Felis concol) Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 7 of 46 September 013
Hyaenidae Hyaena (Crocuta crocutta).4m with 900mm overhang 3m.7 mesh (of which at least 1.m of weld mesh) including a 900mm overhang at 35-45 with minimum of four electric wires at varying heights Not used in Monarto Perth, but would be suitable 1500mm deep solid foundation and 100mm anti dig wire material As used at Monarto Zoo in South Australia f 5+ years Perth have used unclimable barrier successfully f 10 years. 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 8 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table Carnives C: Medium to Small Predats and Cheetah Felidae Serval (Leptailurus serval) Bobcat (Lynx rufus) Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) Asiatic Golden Cat (Catopuma temmincki) Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus).9m with a 900mm overhang at 45 Fully.9m with 900mm overhang at 35-45 with minimum of two electric wires at varying heights on vertical barrier and at least four electric, eight alternate powered and earth wires, a maximum of 100mm apart, on the overhang. m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide in-rigger with minimum 5 electrified wires on in-rigger 500mm solid foundation 50mm anti-dig material AZ has used.9m climbable barrier with electrified in-rigger f past 7+ years with containment breach from one individual (subsequently removed to fully containment). 3 if hand raised and kept on a lead out of enclosure. Animals should be suitably conditioned and under handler control. Small cat species (Felis spp.) ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 9 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) Margay (Leopardus wiedii) Caracal (Caracal caracal) Not Species must be fully Not Species must be fully Not Species must be fully Not Species must be fully 500mm solid foundation 50mm anti-dig material No rationale required as species must be kept fully 3 if hand raised and maintained on a lead if out of enclosure. Animals should be suitably conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 10 of 46 September 013
Acinonyx Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).5m.5m m with at least 3 electric wires at a maximum spacing of 50mm at the top of the fence and at least 1 in-rigger electric wire set on the face of the barrier m wide moat 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier m wide moat 1.8m keep with a m climbable barrier with at least 3 electric wires 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide electrified inrigger f wet moats, minimum 5 wires Fence must finish flush with ground OWP has successfully contained cheetah f 5+ years (m finished height with 3 electric wires at top) AZ has contained cheetah with.5m climbable barrier with electric wires f 5+ years. 3 if hand raised and maintained on a lead if out of enclosure. Animals should be suitably conditioned and under handler control Canidae Wolf (Canis lupus spp.) Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).5m.5m with 0.5m overhang at 45 degrees.0m minimum finished height with minimum of three electric wires 3m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier 3m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide in-rigger with a minimum of 5 electrified wires on the inrigger 500mm solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material OWP contained wolves f 0+ years utilising a 1.8m fence with 45 degree inrigger with three barbed wires. 3 if hand raised and maintained on a lead out of enclosure. Animals should be suitably conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 11 of 46 September 013
African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) 3.0m.5m with 900mm overhang at 45 degrees.0m minimum finished height with minimum of 4 electric wires at top and additional electric wires along the inside face of the barrier 3m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier 3.5m wide moat, m deep with a 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide in-rigger with a minimum of 5 electrified wires on the inrigger 500mm solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material WZ has kept African Wild Dogs with the climbable barrier standard listed here f 7+ years. HZ has contained this species with the climbable barrier with electrified wire f 8+ years 1 Meets NSW standard. Dingo (Canus lupus dingo).5m.5m with 0.5m overhang at 45 degrees.0m minimum finished height with minimum of three electric wires 3m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a m unclimbable barrier 3m wide moat, 1.8m deep with a 1m unclimbable barrier with 800mm wide in-rigger with a minimum of 5 electrified wires on the inrigger 500mm solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material As used at WZ since 008 and approved by DSEWPaC (Australia) 3 if kept on a lead out of enclosure. Animals should be suitably conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 1 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Minimum Climbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table 3 Carnives C3: Small Carnives & Red Panda Ailuridae Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) 1.8 Fully Not suitable Not suitable 50mm solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material Used by HZ 5+ years. Previous breach was over 1.5m fence (hence proposed increase in standard). WZ containment currently 1.5m but will be raised to 1.8m Herpestidae Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) 1.0 Fully Not suitable Not suitable without a 1.0m unclimbable barrier beyond moat. Entire ground area of enclosure must be covered with anti-dig material with aperture small enough to contain all specimens (antidig material may be buried in substrate). OWP has contained Meerkats f 0+ years with 1m unclimbable barrier. WZ meets the unclimbable standard and has held Meerkats f 0+ years. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 13 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Minimum Climbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Mustelidae Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinerea) 1. Fully Not suitable Water feature can fm part of containment barrier with 1.m unclimbable end wall 400mm unclimbable in-rigger on 45 degree angle. 00mm solid foundation 500mm anti-dig material OWP has contained Otters f 5+ years with 1. m unclimbable barrier. AZ has contained otters f 10+ years using a 1.m unclimbable barrier. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 14 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table 4 Large Primates P1: apes and baboons *Containment of hominids using electrified wires on climbable barriers is not suitable f small exhibits (less than,000 sq. metres). Such exhibits may not have enough space to allow animals to avoid each other during times of tension and in this situation electric wires cannot guarantee containment. Hominidae* Gilla (Gilla gilla) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) 4 Not suitable 3.8m with min 11 electric wires no me than 30mm apart f full height of barrier. 1.m inrigger at top of barrier, 30 from vertical, with min 10 electric wires approx 1 mm spacing. At between.5m and 3.5m on barrier an additional hizontal inrigger, 1m long, with min 8 electric wires at approx 100mm spacing. m wide moat, 1m deep, with an unclimbable barrier protruding m above maximum water level. Minimum one electrified wire and earth on unclimbable barrier 300mm concrete Chimpanzees have been kept behind such a barrier at HZ f 6+ years with no breach of containment even during bouts of aggression. Orang-utans and Chimpanzees have been contained behind unclimbable barrier standards f 14+ years at AZ. The unclimbable standard listed here has been used to contain Chimpanzees at WZ f 0+ years 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 15 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Papio spp Baboon (Papio hamadryas ).8m with 400mm overhang at 45 degrees with minimum six electric wires. Not suitable m with 1m unclimbable sheet metal plus 0.5 un-climbable overhang at 45 degrees. As well as electric wire at bottom of unclimbable section and top of barrier 4m wide and 1.m deep moat with 1.6m unclimbable barrier 1m unclimbable with an electric wire 300mm anti-dig material (can be vertical) The climbable barrier standard listed here has been used to contain Baboons at WZ f 10+ years. Climbable with electric wires and wet moat standards have been used to contain Baboons at AZ f 10+years. 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 16 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Minimum Climbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table 5 Primates P, (other than apes and baboons) Hylobatidae Gibbons (Hylobate s spp) Symphala ngus spp) Not Must be fully contained by a moat. Not Must be fully contained by a moat. Not suitable 4m wide and 1.m deep moat. No special foundation required f containment as species does not dig. OWP has successfully contained Siamangs f 7+ years with moats. The standard listed here has been used to contain Gibbons at WZ f 14 years. Cebinae Capuchin (Cebus paella) 3.5 Not Must be fully contained by a moat. 3m high with 1m overhang at top of barrier with 5 electric wires at 100mm spacing (on the overhang) and an additional inrigger at 1.9m with minimum of four electric wires at 100mm spacing. 4m wide and 600mm deep moat. 300mm The moat standard listed here has been used to contain Capuchins at WZ f 14 years. 3 if handreared, conditioned and under handler control. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 17 of 46 September 013
Atelinae spp Spider Monkeys (Ateles spp.) 3.5m Not Must be fully contained by a moat. 3m high with 1m overhang at top of barrier with 5 electric wires at 100mm spacing (on the overhang) and an additional inrigger at 1.9m with minimum of four electric wires at 100mm spacing. 4m wide and 600mm deep moat. 300mm The moat standard has contained Spider Monkeys at WZ f 14+ years and at OWP f 30+ years. AZ has used moat and unclimbable barrier standard f 10+ years. Climbable with electrics used at HZ f 10+ years. Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis) 3.5m Not Must be fully contained by a moat. 3m high with 1m overhang at top of barrier with 5 electric wires at 100mm spacing (on the overhang) and an additional inrigger at 1.9m with minimum of four electric wires at 100mm spacing. 4m wide and 600mm deep moat. 300mm Species has capabilities similar to Spider Monkeys 3 If hand reared, conditioned and under keeper control. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 18 of 46 September 013
Galagonidae Bush Babies (Galago sp. Otolemur sp.) Not Must be fully Fully Not suitable Not No special foundation required f containment as species does not dig. Species must be kept fully 3 If suitably conditioned and under handler control. Lemuridae Ring Tailed Lemur (Lemur cattus) Black Lemur (Lemur macao) Black and White Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegate) 3.0 Not m high with 800mm overhang at 45 degrees with minimum 5 electric wires at 60mm spacing and an additional in-rigger at least 1.8m above ground level with minimum of two electric wires at 100mm spacing. 3.5m wide and 600mm deep moat. 300mm OWP has successfully contained Lemurs f 4+ years with moats as described. Climbable with electric wires and wet moat standards have been used to contain Lemurs at AZ f 14+years. 1 Not permanently free ranging 3 If handreared, suitably conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 19 of 46 September 013
Cercopithecidae Macaque (Macaca spp.) Mandrill (Mandrill us sphinx) 3.0 Not 3m high with 1m overhang at top of barrier with 5 electric wires at 100mm spacing (on the overhang) and an additional inrigger at 1.9m with minimum of four electric wires at 100mm spacing. 3.5m wide, 1.m deep moat with either m unclimbable barrier 1.5m unclimbable barrier with an electric wire at top of barrier 300mm and 1m anti-dig material AZ containment method f14+ years using climbable with electric wires and wet moat standards. Black and White Colobus (Colobus guereza) Not Must be fully contained by a moat Not Must be fully contained by a moat. Not Must be fully contained by a moat. 4m wide and 1.m deep moat. 300mm Species not currently held in NZ. Francois Leaf Monkey (Trachypit hecus francoisi) Not Must be fully contained by a moat Not Must be fully contained by a moat. Not suitable 4m wide and 1.m deep moat. 300mm Species not currently held in NZ. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 0 of 46 September 013
Vervets 3.5 Not Must be fully contained by a moat. 3m high with 1m overhang at top of barrier with 5 electric wires at 100mm spacing (on the overhang) and an additional inrigger at 1.9m with minimum of four electric wires at 100mm spacing. 4m wide and 1.m deep moat. 300mm Species not currently held in NZ 3 if handreared, conditioned and under handler control. Callitrichidae Pygmy Marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea) Emper Tamarin (Saguinus imperat).0 Not Must be.0m unclimbable barrier fully. Not Must be.0m unclimbable barrier fully. 3.m wide and 600mm deep moat. No special foundation required f containment as these species do not dig. AZ containment method f14+ years using climbable with electric wires and wet moat standards. 1 3 If hand reared, conditioned and under handler control Cotton Top Tamarin (Saguinus oedepus) Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopith ecus rosalia). ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 1 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table 6 Ungulates (except pachyderms) Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) 1.8m 1.8m 1.5m with at least electric wires (one at top of fence, one at approximately 0.75m above ground level) 1.5 deep and 0.3m unclimbable wall above maximum water level s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath HZ has contained tapir behind 1.8m climbable fence f 11+ years. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Antelope species (excluding waterbuck) 1.8m 1.8m Electrified wires alone are not suitable f containment but recommended f management purposes. Densely planted slopes suppted by electric wire fences have been used successfully in NZ Minimum of 4 m wide and 1. m deep. s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath OWP have successfully contained most antelope species f 30+ years with a combination of measures including moats, 1.8 m fences and electric fences in front of densely planted slopes. HZ and AZ have successfully contained antelope behind 1.8m barriers f 10+ and 14+ years respectively. 1 if not hand reared males, and not males of large antelope species such as Oryx Sable ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 3 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Waterbuck 1.8m 1.8m Electrified wires alone are not suitable f containment but are recommended f management purposes. Minimum of 4 m wide and 1. m deep. Moat must be fenced at outer edge with at least one electric wire. s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath OWP has successfully contained this species with measures described f 5+ years Densely planted slopes suppted by electric wire fences have been used successfully in NZ ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 4 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Zebra 1.4 1.4 Not suitable f containment but are recommended f management purposes Densely planted slopes suppted by electric wire fences have been successfully used in NZ Minimum of 4 m wide and 1. m deep. s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath OWP, WZ and AZ have successfully contained f 35+, 1+ and 15+ years respectively using enclosure barrier standards. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 5 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Camel 1.4 1.4 Not suitable f containment but are recommended f management purposes. Densely planted slopes suppted by electric wire fences have been used successfully in NZ Minimum of 4 m wide and 1. m deep. s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath OWP, WZ and AZ have successfully contained f 35+, 1+ and 15+ years respectively using enclosure barrier standards. 3 if conditioned, on a halter and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 6 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Giraffe 1.8m 1.8m Or.0m steep (at least 45 o from hizontal) stone bank Not suitable f containment but are recommended f management purposes Densely planted slopes suppted by electric wire fences have been used successfully in NZ Minimum of 4 m wide and 1. m deep. s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath Though not required f containmentelectric wires are recommended f fences less than.5 m high and around moats to minimise the risk of animals harming themselves on these barriers. OWP has successfully contained giraffes f 30+ years with a combination of measures including moats, 1.8 m fences and electric fences in front of densely planted slopes. HZ and AZ have successfully contained giraffe behind 1.8m barriers f 10+ years. Lesser Malay Chevrotain (Tragulus javanicu)s 1.8m 1.8m Not suitable f containment Not suitable f containment s finished close enough to ground to prevent animals crawling underneath Species not currently held in NZ 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 7 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Minimum Climbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table 7 Monotremes, Marsupials and Rodents Macropods 1.5m 1.5m Not Not applicable. s finished flush with ground. OWP have successfully contained Red and Grey Kangaroos f 30+ years behind 1.8 m barriers. 1 AZ has successfully contained a female red kangaroo behind 1.5m wall f 7+ years. Wombats 1.m 1.m Not Not applicable. Entire enclosure must be covered with anti-dig mesh with aperture small enough to contain all specimens Successfully contained behind 1.m barrier by AZ f 10+ years. Based on NSW standard. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 8 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Minimum Climbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) 1.m Not Not Not applicable. 0.5 m deep solid foundation 1 m wide anti-dig mesh with aperture small enough to contain all specimens Based on current ZAA and Save the Tasmanian Devil Program Husbandry Guidelines f Tasmanian Devil Koala 1.m Not suitable unless fully Not suitable Not s finished flush with ground. Based on Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Management by Stephen Jackson 1 Feathertail Glider (Acrobates pygmaeus) Not suitable, must be fully Not suitable, must be fully Not suitable, must be fully Not suitable, must be fully. s finished flush with ground. Based on Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Management by Stephen Jackson Long Nosed Potoo (Potous tridactylus) 1.8m 1.8m with 0.3 m overhang fully Not suitable Not 300 mm Based on Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Management by Stephen Jackson 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 9 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Minimum Climbable with electrified wire Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Sht Beaked Echidna (Tachygloss us aculeatus) 0.9m Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Entire enclosure must be covered with anti-dig mesh with aperture small enough to contain all specimens Based on Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Management by Stephen Jackson Rodents- Digging Species African Crested Pcupine and other digging rodent species 1.0m Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Entire enclosure must be covered with anti-dig mesh with aperture small enough to contain all specimens OWP has contained ACP f 15+ years with measures described Rodents Non digging species (Capybara, Mara and Agouti) 1.0 1.5m high chain-link fence with 600cm mesh overhang at 45º Not suitable Not suitable 300mm 300 mm anti-dig material As used by AZ to contain Mara and HZ to contain Brazilian Agouti 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 30 of 46 September 013
Common name (Latin name) Minimum Unclimbable Minimum Climbable Enclosure Pole (m) Minimum Wet Moat Specifications Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Table 8 Pachyderms (elephant, rhinos, hippos) Asian & African Elephant (males with / without females).5m.5 m with single electric wire at top of barrier.5m high at 0.5m spacing Not 1m solid foundation. Foundations must be made of suitable materials to avoid snapping failure due to weight of animals. Meets regional guidelines f elephants. Asian & African Elephant (females only) 1.9m 1.9m with single electric wire at top of barrier.5m high at 0.5m spacing Not suitable unless suppted by an additional containment barrier 1m solid foundation. Foundations must be made of suitable materials to avoid snapping failure due to weight of animals. Meets regional guidelines f elephants. Used at AZ f 0+ years. 003 containment breach occurred in an area that did not meet this standard at that time. 3 appropriately conditioned and with a qualified handler Hippopotamus Pygmy Hippopotamus 1.6m..0m steep (at least 45 o from hizontal) stone bank 1.5m if pole and cable construction, 1.5m high at 0.5m centres if pole only. Minimum 1.6m depth with unclimbable wall of 1.6 above maximum water level 0.7m above maximum water level with an electric wire at top of barrier. Foundations must be made of suitable materials to avoid snapping failure due to weight of animals. AZ successfully contained f 14+ years using a combination of all of these containment methods ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 31 of 46 September 013
White Rhinoceros Black Rhinoceros 1.6m.0m steep (at least 45 o from hizontal) stone bank soil bank 1.5m if pole and cable construction, 1.5m high at 0.5m centres if pole only. 5m wide and 1.5m deep, animals cannot swim Foundations must be made of suitable materials to avoid snapping failure due to weight of animals. HZ successful containment f 11+ years. OWP has contained rhino f 0+ years utilising densely planted slopes with electric wires in front as well as unfenced moats (moats have now been fenced f animal safety not containment purposes). AZ has successfully contained rhino f 1+ years using unclimbable wall, pole and rail fence, unclimbable embankment and pole and cable standards listed here. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 3 of 46 September 013
Table 9 Common name (Latin name) Flying Mammals and Birds Height Foundation Rationale Containment Area Recommendations Contingency Plan Flying birds and flying mammals Not applicable, must be fully with double do / gate system f all access (public and staff). Ensure netting/mesh is secure to foundation to prevent rodent infestation compromising containment Species must be kept fully Non-flying birds (naturally flightless, pinioned otherwise unable to fly) Cranes (Family Gruiidae) 1.5m Rhea (Rhea Americana) 1.8m Other species not a threat to public and can be contained by perimeter fence. flush to ground AZ has contained brolga and flamingos with this method f 15+ years. WZ has contained rhea with this method f 5+ years. 1 ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 33 of 46 September 013
Table 10 Common name Latin name Reptile species height Foundation Rationale Containment area recommendation Contingency Plan Small lizards and all geckos - all small lizards with a body length (snout to vent) of 130 mm less. All gecko species of any size. Not Must be fully Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-digging mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures. Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals (including juveniles if adults contained are in a possible breeding situation). All species must be kept fully. 3 Conditioned and under handler control Small ttoises and small aquatic turtles all turtle and ttoise species with a carapace length <100mm. Not Must be fully Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-digging mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals (including juveniles if adults contained are in a possible breeding situation). All species must be kept fully. 3 Conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 34 of 46 September 013
Ttoises and aquatic turtles - all turtle and ttoise species with a carapace length of 100mm and above. Unclimbable barrier height of at least 600mm. Climbable barriers not suitable Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-dig mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures. Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals (including juveniles if adults contained are in a possible breeding situation). Requirements vary f each species. Holders should provide evidence that containment methods are 1 3 Conditioned and under handler control Crocodilians - specimens <1.0m snout to vent Fully, unclimbable barrier height of at least 1.0m. Consider also using an overhang. Climbable barriers not generally suitable (climbing ability of species varies greatly therefe, what constitutes a climbable barrier will be species and specimen age dependent). Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-dig mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures. Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals. Requirements vary f each species. Holders should provide evidence that containment methods are 3 Conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 35 of 46 September 013
Crocodilians - specimens 1.0 3.0m snout to vent Fully, unclimbable barrier height of at least 1.5m. Consider also using an overhang and/ stand-off fence. Climbable barriers not generally suitable (climbing ability of species varies greatly therefe, what constitutes a climbable barrier will be species and specimen age dependent). Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-dig mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures. Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals (including juveniles if adults contained are in a possible breeding situation). Requirements vary f each species. Holders should provide evidence that containment methods are 3 Conditioned and under handler control Crocodilians - specimens 3.0m snout to vent me Fully, unclimbable barrier height of at least.0m. Consider also using an overhang and/ stand-off fence. Climbable barriers not generally suitable (climbing ability of species varies greatly therefe, what constitutes a climbable barrier will be species and specimen age dependent). Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-dig mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures. Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals (including juveniles if adults contained are in a possible breeding situation). Requirements vary f each species. Holders should provide evidence that containment methods are 3 Conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 36 of 46 September 013
Lizards with a body length (snout to vent) of 130 mm greater Unclimbable barrier height of at least 1.5 x snout-vent length of average adult of species with a minimum height of 900mm with an overhang of 0.5 x snoutvent length. Climbable barriers not suitable Ensure netting/mesh/glass is secure to foundation to prevent digging out. Anti-dig mesh must be used with strong digging species if not in solid bottom enclosures. Drain points of ponds must be covered with mesh to prevent escape by any individuals (including juveniles if adults contained are in a possible breeding situation). Requirements vary f each species. Holders should provide evidence that containment methods are suitable (e.g. confirm jump distances) 3 conditioned and under handler control ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 37 of 46 September 013
Table 11 Amphibians Taxa Enclosure type Other containment measure required Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan Terrestrial amphibians All terrestrial semiaquatic amphibian species (f aquatic larvae of these species see requirements f aquatic amphibians) Must be kept in fully tanks/vivariums including lids. All containment structures used must be suitable to contain the smallest individuals, and to eliminate the possibility of viable eggs, larvae juveniles leaving the containment area. This must include all joints being sealed, and suitable mesh covering of all ventilation and drains. and 3. Named species can potentially be removed from containment areas within a containment facility f handling and encounters by trained handlers. Aquatic amphibians All aquatic amphibian species and aquatic larvae of terrestrial amphibians Must be kept in fully tanks/aquariums including lids All containment structures used must be suitable to contain the smallest individuals, and to eliminate the possibility of viable eggs, larvae juveniles leaving the containment area. This must include all joints being sealed, and suitable mesh covering of all ventilation and drains. Facilities must demonstrate that discharged waste water does not present any risk to the environment, e.g. by accidental release of juveniles, larvae eggs. This may be demonstrated through the route of discharge (e.g. into a septic tank) via treatment pri to discharge (e.g. with 1% Sodium hypochlite). ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 38 of 46 September 013
Table 1 Marine Mammals Taxa Enclosure type Other containment measure required Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan Pinnipeds Califnian Sea Lion m unclimbable barrier and overhang with electric wires. A barrier should separate the public from the animals within the enclosure. Minimum recommended height is 1m. 3 If conditioned and under supervision of trained handler ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 39 of 46 September 013
Table 13 Marine and Freshwater Fishes Taxa Enclosure type Other containment measure required Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan Freshwater fishes All temperate, subtropical and tropical freshwater fish species. Aquarium. May not necessarily have to be lidded if it can be demonstrated that there is no risk of animals escaping from the tank and/ any wider containment area. Facilities must demonstrate that discharged waste water does not present any risk to the environment, e.g. by accidental release of juveniles, larvae eggs. This may be demonstrated through the route of discharge (e.g. into a septic tank) via treatment pri to discharge (e.g. with 1% Sodium hypochlite). Marine fishes All temperate, subtropical and tropical marine fish species. Aquarium. May not necessarily have to be lidded if it can be demonstrated that there is no risk of animals escaping from the tank and/ any wider containment area. Marine systems that discharge their waste water directly into the environment must demonstrate effective control measures that eliminate the risk of accidentally introducing viable biological material (including eggs and larvae) into the marine environment. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 40 of 46 September 013
Table 14 Invertebrates: Terrestrial, Marine and Flying Taxa Enclosure type Other containment measure required Containment Area Recommendation Contingency Plan All Terrestrial Invertebrates Terrestrial Invertebrates including spiders Not Must be fully. All foundations and containment structures used must be suitable to contain the smallest individuals, and to eliminate the possibility of viable eggs leaving the containment area. and 3 (with suitably conditioned animals under experienced staff control). : Note if recapture is not feasible over the sht term then an eradication program must be implemented ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 41 of 46 September 013
Lepidoptera Butterfly and moth spp. Not Must be fully. All foundations and containment structures used must be suitable to contain the smallest individuals, and to eliminate the possibility of viable eggs leaving the containment area. Marine invertebrates All temperate, sub-tropical and tropical marine invertebrate species. Aquarium. May not necessarily have to be lidded if it can be demonstrated that there is no risk of animals escaping from the tank and/ any wider containment area. Marine systems that discharge their wastewater directly into the environment must demonstrate effective control measures that eliminate the risk of accidentally introducing viable biological material (including eggs and larvae) into the environment. and 3. Certain suitable specimens can be removed from containment areas within a containment facility f handling and encounters by trained handlers. Other species may be suitable f contact with the public under strictly controlled circumstances (e.g. aquarium touch tanks) ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals Page 4 of 46 September 013
Part Two VISITOR ENCOUNTERS WITH ZOO ANIMALS ON AND OFFSITE Where contact between animals and visits is promoted, visits allowed unimpeded proximity to animals, the environment and supervision provided must be sufficient to protect animals, visits and staff from any increased risk of harm. In addition to these guidelines, all operats must meet their obligations under the Health and Safety in Employment Act to protect staff from harm (including injury caused by animals) during animal demonstrations and encounters whenever staff are in contact with animals. If any zoo animal causes injury to staff the visits then the MAF Inspect must be notified as soon as possible and within 4 hours. 1. General Guidelines Where contact between animals and a visit is promoted, visits are allowed unimpeded proximity to animals: 1.1 The animals concerned must be assessed and selected f their suitability f such interaction, monited and treated with respect at all times. 1. Visit encounters with zoo animals outside of the animal s enclosure (containment area), outside the containment facility (zoo), must have pri approval by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand f: (i) (ii) (iii) The facilities (including tempary facilities); A plan that outlines how containment requirements will continue to be met; and Details of a suitable contingency plan should a breach of containment occur. 1.3 Details of all visits encounters (including those that take place within the animal s enclosure) must be documented as part of the Zoo s written procedures. Details must include infmation on how any increased risks to staff visits and how a containment breach will be managed. 1.4 There must be supervision in all contact areas commensurate with the degree of risk, and to ensure the welfare of the animals. 1.5 Animals must be able to remove themselves, be regularly removed (if deemed necessary f welfare reasons), from the attention of visits. 1.6 The Operat must ensure written procedures f such visit encounters are maintained and implemented. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals September 013
. Controlled Contact Encounters Controlled contact situations, whereby staff visits can have contact with the animal but are protected from significant harm by containment structures (barriers etc), may be supervised by staff that are not approved handlers. Such encounters do not require approval by the Inspect provided that at all times the animal remains inside an enclosure that meets the appropriate containment requirements f the species. 3. Walk-through Enclosures - Where visits are allowed to enter animal enclosures on foot: 3.1 The entrance to the enclosure must include double dos/gates and a safety pch to prevent accidental release of the animals. 3. Enclosures must include an animal only area to enable animals to remove themselves from the attention of visits. Sufficient measures must be taken (f example through signs, supervision and/ barriers) to ensure that the visits do not enter the animal only area(s). 3.3 The animals must be regularly screened f any zoonotic diseases. 3.4 The volume of visits must be monited to ensure the enclosure does not become overcrowded. 3.5 Walk-through enclosures that don t have permanent supervision must be checked by staff volunteers on a regular basis and/ video surveillance should be used. 3.6 The visits must be infmed as to what is acceptable behaviour. 3.7 Controlled feeding must be safe f the animals and visits. 4. Drive-through Enclosures 4.1 Where dangerous animals are kept in drive-through enclosures, entry and exit to the enclosures must be through a system of double gates. One gate must not be opened until the other is securely closed. 4. Drive-through enclosures with single entry and exit gates must be supervised at all times. 4.3 Electronically operated gates must have an alternative method of control so they can be opened and closed in the event of an interruption to the power supply. 4.4 Operats of gates to drive-through enclosures must have a clear, unobstructed view of the gates under their control and of the area in the vicinity of the gates. 4.5 Where dangerous animals are kept in drive-through enclosures, access to vehicles without a solid roof adequate to prevent animal entry must be prohibited. 4.6 Adequate notice must be given to warn visits to stay within the vehicle at all times whilst in drive-through enclosures. 4.7 Where dangerous animals are kept in drive-through enclosures, there must be a rescue plan to allow the recovery of vehicles in case of breakdown. 4.8 Where dangerous animals are kept in drive-through enclosures, the area must be subject to continuous observation by trained staff who can communicate with each other by electronic means. The supervising staff member must have access to an appropriate firearm and be authised to use the firearm in the event of an emergency. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals September 013
5. Visit Encounters with Classes C1 P1 animals, on off-site, inside outside the animal s enclosure 5.1 All visit encounters with zoo animals in classes C1/P1 must be physically supervised by an approved Handler (C1/P1) regardless of where the encounters occur. 5. If me than one animal is being demonstrated simultaneously (i.e. where contact with the visits is possible), the other animal(s) must also be handled by other approved Handlers (C1/P1). No Handler (C1/P1) can handle me than one animal in these classes at a time. 5.3 Animals in classes C1/P1 that are less than 6 months of age may be considered as classes C/P f the purpose of encounters if appropriately conditioned and/ hand-raised. 6. Visit Encounters with Pachyderms on off-site, inside outside the animal s enclosure 6.1 Visit encounters with Pachyderms, regardless of where they occur, must be physically supervised by approved Pachyderm Handlers with the skills and experience required f the planned encounter. 6. If me than one animal is involved in the encounter then each of these animals must also be under the control of an approved Pachyderm Handler. 7. Visit Encounters with Classes C, P animals off-site outside the animal s enclosure 7.1 Visit encounters with zoo animals classified in classes C P outside the animal s enclosure outside the containment facility (zoo) must be supervised by an approved Handler (C/P). 7. A Handler (C/P) must be present f all encounters off-site outside the animal s enclosure. 7.3 If me than one animal is involved the other animal(s) must be handled by a Secondary Handler (C/P) that has been trained, assessed and signed off as competent by an approved Handler (C/P). 8. Visit Encounters with Classes C P animals inside the animal s enclosure All visit encounters with zoo animals classified in class C P inside the animal s enclosure must be supervised by either an approved Handler (C/P) by an approved Secondary Handler (C/P). 9. Other animal classes, inside outside the animal s enclosure off-site Visit encounters with other zoo animals (C3, reptiles, birds, ungulates, marsupials, rodents and invertebrates) must be supervised by a suitable person approved by the Operat who has been appropriately trained. ZAA New Zealand guidelines f enclosures f zoo animals September 013