Biology, Medicine, and Public Health Professor Cleaveland Lauren Dunn
History Relationship Human Health
1676: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- observed/described bacteria 3 shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirochete/spirillum 2 classes: Gram positive and Gram negative Transferring bacteria: contact, spoiled food, contaminated water Antibiotic: against life
Egyptians: Eating onions, garlic, leeks, and radishes China and Japan: Mandrake root Asia: Sap of peach trees, silkworms and insect larva powders
1676: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- first to describe/observe bacteria 1845: Ignaz Semmelweis- Chlorinated lime as a hand wash; decreased child birthday-related infections death rate to less than 1 percent 1857: Louis Pasteur- Bacteria causes diseases; pasteurization process; vaccines for rabies and animal anthrax 1865: Joseph Lister- Antiseptics; use of carbolic acid 1876: Robert Koch- Tuberculosis and human anthrax
1909: Paul Ehrlich- Syphilis treatment 1928: Alexander Fleming-Penicillin 1935: Gerhard Domagk- Prontosil 1941: Howard Florey- Advancement of Penicillin
Bacteriostatic v. Bactericidal 5 ways to kill/slow bacteria: 1. Interfere 2. Disrupt 3. Weaken 4. Prevent 5. Mimic
Random genetic mutation Transformation Conjugation Transduction
Discovery of resistance Staphylococcus resistance The danger was not taking too much Penicillin. The danger was taking too little to kill the bacteria but enough to educate them to resist penicillin. - Fleming Misuse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znnp-ivj2ek
Expectations Picture Perfect Company Promotions Agribusiness Reality Factory Farming
Polyface Farms Shenandoah Valley, VA Food, Inc.
Joel Salatin, Farm Owner
Tyson (website) http://www.tysonfoods.com/our-story/the-making-of-a-meal.aspx
Perdue (TV Commercial) https://www.ispot.tv/ad/7mwe/perdue-farm-fresh-taste
Hormel (TV Commercial) https://www.ispot.tv/ad/atoz/hormel-foods-pepperoni-my-pepperona
Factory, n. 1. A building or group of buildings with facilities for the manufacture of goods. 2. Any place producing a uniform product, without concern for individuality. Farm, n. 1. Land or water devoted to the raising of animals, fish, plants, etc. Dictionary.com
Animal Welfare Act To insure that animals are provided humane care and treatment To assure humane treatment of animals during transportation Prevents owners of animals from theft of their animals Humane Slaughter Act Cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other livestock should be killed effectively and rapidly
Mass Production Profit Efficiency Cheap prices Farming Practices Gestation pens Farrowing crates Battery cages Inhumane killing methods Inhumane methods
https://evergreenhealthylivingblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/1212664-779821.jpg
http://www.rodalesorganiclife.com/food/pig-abuse
https://www.farmsanctuary.org/learn/factory-farming/chickens/
Animal Health Growth promoters Environmental Health Human Health
http://fatoryfarmingonhumansehealth.weebly.com/overuse-of-antibiotics.html
http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-agriculture/new-cdc-report-linksfactory-farms-antibiotic-resistance.html
https://theredbikiniproject.com/tag/factory-farming/
Tell your healthcare professional you are concerned about antibiotic resistance. Ask your healthcare professional if there are steps you can take to feel better and get symptomatic relief without using antibiotics. Take the prescribed antibiotic exactly as your healthcare professional tells you. Discard any leftover medication. Ask your healthcare professional about vaccines recommended for you and your family to prevent infections that may require an antibiotic.
Never skip doses or stop taking an antibiotic early unless your healthcare professional tells you to do so. Never take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold or the flu. Never pressure your healthcare professional to prescribe an antibiotic. Never save antibiotics for the next time you get sick. Never take antibiotics prescribed for someone else. Prep and cook food properly. Limit meat intake from factory farms
Should it be a requirement to only use antibiotics in livestock only when an animal is sick? Is it ethical to use antibiotics as a growth hormone? Do you think there is a link between antibiotic resistance in humans and animal livestock? Do you think it is possible to create a sustainable food source without factory farms? Does it really matter what condition these animals live in? What is more important the condition of the animals or meeting the meat demand?
Welty, Jeff. 2007. Humane Slaughter Laws. Law and Contemporary Problems 70 (1): 175 206. Schaffner, Joan. 2011. Animal Welfare Laws. In an Introduction to Animals and the Law: 71-117. Goldman, Emanuel. "Antibiotic Abuse in Animal Agriculture: Exacerbating Drug Resistance in Human Pathogens." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 10.1 (2004): 121-34. http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/about/antibioticresistance-faqs.html http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1246 &context=facpubs&seiredir=1&referer=https%3a%2f%2fscholar.google.com%2fscholar %3Fq%3Dethics%2Band%2Bantibiotics%2Bfactory%2Bfarming%26 btng%3d%26hl%3den%26as_sdt%3d0%252c43%26as_vis%3d1 #search=%22ethics%20antibiotics%20factory%20farming%22