No limbs Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard guanas ANCESTRAL LZARD (with limbs) No limbs Snakes Geckos
Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya Domain: Archaea 3 Order Family Genus Species Carnivora Felidae Mustelidae Canidae Panthera Taxidea Lutra Canis Panthera pardus (leopard) Taxidea taxus (American badger) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis latrans (coyote) Canis lupus (gray wolf) 4
Branch point: where lineages diverge Taxon A 3 4 Taxon B Taxon C Taxon D Sister taxa ANCESTRAL LNEAGE This branch point represents the common ancestor of taxa A G. 5 Taxon E Taxon F Taxon G This branch point forms a polytomy: an unresolved pattern of divergence. Basal taxon 5 Results Minke (Southern Hemisphere) Unknowns #a,, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Minke (North Atlantic) Unknown #9 Humpback Unknown #b Blue Unknowns #,,, 3 Fin 6
7 C C A T C A G A G T C C C C A T C A G A G T C C Deletion C C A T C A G A G T C C C C A T C A G A G T C C G T A nsertion C C A T C A A G T C C C C A T G T A C A G A G T C C C C A T C A A G T C C C C A T G T A C A G A G T C C 8
A C G G A T A G T C C A C T A G G C A C T A T C A C C G A C A G G T C T T T G A C T A G 9 (a) Monophyletic group (clade) A (b) Paraphyletic group A (c) Polyphyletic group A B Group B C C B C Group D D D E F E F Group E F G G G
CHARACTERS Vertebral column (backbone) Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amnion Hair Lancelet (outgroup) (a) Character table Lamprey Bass TAXA Frog Turtle Leopard Vertebral column Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amnion (b) Phylogenetic tree Hair Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass Frog Turtle Leopard Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse
54 PALEOZOC MESOZOC 5 Millions of years ago CENOZOC 65.5 Present Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse 3 Technique Species Species Species Three phylogenetic hypotheses: /C /C /C /C /C 3/A /T 3/A /T 3/A 4/C 4/C 4/C /T 3/A 4/C /T 4/C /T 3/A Species Species Species Ancestral sequence Site 3 4 C T A T C T T C A G A C A G T T Results 6 events 7 events 7 events 4
Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs Birds 5 6
Front limb Hind limb Eggs (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs (b) Artist s reconstruction of the dinosaur s posture based on the fossil findings 7 Number of mutations 9 6 3 3 6 9 Divergence time (millions of years) 8
ndex of base changes between HV gene sequences.5..5 HV Range Adjusted best-fit line (accounts for uncertain dates of HV sequences 9 9 94 96 Year 98 9 Euglenozoans Forams Diatoms Ciliates Red algae Green algae Land plants Amoebas Domain Eukarya Fungi Animals COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LFE Nanoarchaeotes Methanogens Thermophiles Proteobacteria (Mitochondria)* Chlamydias Spirochetes Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria (Chloroplasts)* Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria
Ancestral cell populations Mitochondria Chloroplasts Fungi Plantae Methanogens Thermophiles Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Bacteria Archaea