Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (7): 68-622, 2006 ISSN 682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2006 The Use of Dried Tomto Pulp in Diets of Lying Hens 2 Mssoud Jfri, Rsoul Pirmohmmdi nd Vsileios Bmpidis Deprtment of Animl Science, Fculty of Agriculture, Urmi University, 65 Urmi, Irn 2 Animl Reserch Institute, Ntionl Agriculturl Reserch Foundtion (N.AG.RE.F.), 5800 Ginnits, Greece Astrct: In n experiment with 288 lying hens from commercil strin (Hy-line W36), the effect of prtil nd totl replcement of soyen mel, corn grin, whet grin nd whet rn with dried tomto pulp (DTP) on performnce nd egg qulity ws determined. In the 2 week experiment, hens (27 to 38 weeks of ge) were llocted to four dietry tretments eing: DTP0, DTP50, DTP00 nd DTP50 of 72 irds ech, nd received diet d liitum. The diet for DTP0 tretment hd no DTP (control), while those for tretments DTP50, DTP00 nd DTP50 included 50, 00 nd 50 kg/t of DTP, respectively. Inclusion of DTP t levels up to 00 kg/t in diets of lying hens incresed egg production nd egg mss y 2.7% nd 4.%, respectively, compred to the control nd resulted in similr trits, reltive to finl BW, egg weight, dily feed consumption, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness, hugh units nd yolk color. However, inclusion of DTP t higher level (50 kg/t of diet) decresed egg production nd egg mss y 3.6% nd 3.0%, respectively, nd incresed feed efficiency y 2.9% compred to the control. Thus, DTP cn e used s n lterntive feedstuff in lying hen diets, t inclusion levels up to 00 kg/t without negtive effects on performnce nd egg qulity. Key words: Dried tomto pulp, egg qulity, lying hens Introduction Wet tomto pulp is produced s y-product of tomto juice mnufcture (Cheeke, 999) nd contins 247 g/kg dry mtter (DM, NRC, 200). The wet tomto pulp, which mounts to 8000 tones nnully in Irn, is considered wste nd my cuse serious environmentl prolems (Pirmohmmdi et l., 2006). Incresing environmentl concerns nd legisltion hve promoted reserch into lterntive methods of tomto wste disposl (Persi et l., 2003). From 000 kg of fresh tomtoes, 00 to 300 kg wet tomto pulp re produced nd normlly disposed of eing sold s niml feedstuffs (Ben-Ger nd Krmer, 969) nd its nutritionl vlue is highly dependnt on the tomto cultivrs, growing conditions, degree of drying nd processing method (Persi et l., 2003). Wet tomto pulp cn e further dried to pproximtely 900 g/kg DM nd, ecuse of its chemicl composition, which possesses sustntive nutritionl vlue, cn provide the poultry industry with n lterntive feedstuff. Dried tomto pulp (DTP) contins 66 to 237 g/kg crude protein (CP), 57 to 22 g/kg crude ft nd 300 to 378 g/kg crude fier, ccording to NRC (97) nd Brodowski nd Geismn (980), nd the limiting fctors of DTP in poultry diets re its low energy nd high fier contents (Squires et l., 992). Aou Akkd et l. (975), Tomczynski nd Sosk lying hen diets, whilst Squires et l. (992), Persi et l. (2003) nd Al-Betwi (2005) suggested higher inclusion levels up to 50 g/kg in roiler chicken diets. Tomto mel ws included t levels of 80 or 50 g/kg in diets fed to lying hens without negtive effects on egg production nd egg qulity (Ynnkopoulos et l., 992). Moreover, DTP fed to lying hens t n inclusion level of 20 g/kg diet, resulted in similr egg production nd feed consumption compred with hens fed corn-soyen mel control diet (Dots et l., 999). However, there re no reported studies on the nutritionl vlue of Irnin DTP for poultry. Thus, the ojective of this study ws to evlute the use of Irnin DTP in diets of lying hens, reltive to performnce nd egg qulity, s well s the possiility of using DTP s prtil replcement for other ingredients. Mterils nd Methods Dried tomto pulp: Wet tomto pulp ws otined from commercil processor (Tto Fruit Juice Fctory, Urmi, Irn), then dried up t 65ºC, until DM content of 900 g/kg ws chieved (Tle ), nd ground using hmmer mill. Lying hens: Two hundred nd eighty eight lying hens from commercil strin (Hy-line W36, Hy-line Compny, Urmi, Irn) were rndomly llocted to four (976) nd Petrenko nd Bnin (984) suggested tht dietry tretments (DTP0, DTP50, DTP00 nd DTP50) the tomto pulp nd its vrious y products should e in completely rndomized design. All irds used in the included t levels up to 50 g/kg in roiler chicken nd experiment were cred for ccording to pplicle 68
recommendtions of U.S. Ntionl Reserch Council egg shell thickness, hugh units nd yolk color were (NRC, 996). Hens of ech tretment were divided into similr mong ll tretments. However, egg production twelve sugroups (replictes) of 6 irds ech, nd nd egg mss were higher (P<0.05) in tretments ccommodted to 2 floor pens/tretment. At the DTP50 nd DTP00 nd lower (P<0.05) in tretment eginning of the experiment, hens of ll tretments hd DTP50 compred to tretment DTP0. No differences similr ody weight (BW, 290 ± 28 g), egg production were oserved in hen egg production nd egg mss (0.89 ± 0.0 eggs/hen/dy) nd egg weight (50.54 ± 0.6 etween tretments DTP50 nd DTP00. Additionlly, g). All 48 pens were identicl nd were equipped with feed efficiency ws higher (P<0.05) in tretment DTP50 similr troughs for diets nd wter. During the 2 week compred to tretments DTP0, DTP50 nd DTP00. experimentl period, from 27 to 38 week of ge, ll hens Finlly, no deths occurred during the experiment. in the four tretments received four different diets (Tle 2), ccording to nutrient requirements of lying hens s given y NRC (994). The diet for DTP0 tretment hd no DTP (control), while those for tretments DTP50, Tle : Chemicl composition (g/kg, s fed sis) of dried tomto pulp Dried tomto pulp Dry mtter 900.0 DTP00 nd DTP50 included 50, 00 nd 50 kg/t of Crude protein 207.7 DTP, respectively. All diets were isonitrogenous nd Crude ft 73. isoenergetic, hving the sme level of the mino cids Crude fier 350.0 lysine, nd methionine nd cystine, ccording to NRC Nitrogen free extrct 226.8 (994) nutrient composition vlues. Ash 42.4 During the experimentl period, conventionl Metolizle energy (kcl/kg) 760 mngement procedures were employed, nturl nd Clcium 5.0 Phosphorus 4.5 rtificil light ws provided for 6 h per dy, mient Dried tomto pulp ws nlyzed for dry mtter, crude protein, temperture ws controlled nd irds were fed nd crude ft, crude fier, sh, clcium nd phosphorus ccording to wtered d liitum. Hens BW (g) ws mesured every AOAC (990). Metolizle energy vlue ws tken from NRC four weeks on pen sis. Mortlity, feed consumption (97). (DFC, g), egg production (eggs/hen/dy), egg weight (g), egg mss (g/hen/dy) nd feed efficiency (kg feed/kg egg mss) were recorded dily. Furthermore, in 3 eggs per replicte collected rndomly t the 4th, 8th nd 2th week of the experimentl period, egg qulity ws evluted y mesuring egg shell weight (fter wshing o nd drying overnight t 80 C, nd then weighed with digitl lnce), egg shell thickness (Lundholm, 987), hugh units (Hugh, 937) nd yolk color (y using Roche fn). Chemicl nlyses: DTP used in the experiment ws o nlyzed for DM y drying t 02 C for 6 h in forced ir oven, nd for CP, crude ft, crude fier, sh, clcium nd phosphorus (Tle ) ccording to methods 976.06, 920.39, 978.0, 942.05, 968.08 nd 965.7, respectively, of AOAC (990). Sttisticl nlysis: Performnce nd egg qulity of lying hens were sttisticlly nlyzed y one-wy nlysis of vrince with the pen of hens eing the experimentl unit, while significnt differences mong tretment mens were tested using the Duncn s test t the 5% proility level (Steel nd Torrie, 980). The sttisticl nlysis ws mde with the help of the SAS Sttisticl Softwre Pckge (SAS, 985). Results The results for performnce nd egg qulity of lying hens re presented in Tle 3. At the end of the experiment, finl BW, DFC, egg weight, egg shell weight, Discussion The CP content of DTP (Tle ) used in this study ws similr to tht reported y Ynnkopoulos et l. (992), ut higher thn tht reported y Squires et l. (992) nd Dots et l. (999), nd the crude ft content in this study ws lower thn tht reported y Squires et l. (992), Ynnkopoulos et l. (992) nd Dots et l. (999). These differences in CP nd crude ft could e due to different tomto cultivrs, growing conditions nd processing methods (Persi et l., 2003). Moreover, the clcium nd phosphorus contents of our DTP were higher nd similr, respectively, to those reported y NRC (200). Finl BW nd DFC were unffected with incresing the DTP inclusion level in the diet. Additionlly, egg production nd egg mss incresed with inclusion levels up to 00 g/kg diet, ut decresed t n inclusion level of 50 g/kg diet. In greement with our results, Tomczynski (978) showed tht hens fed on diets contining tomto skins up to 7.7 g/kg hd higher egg production thn hens fed on control diet. In contrst, Dots et l. (999) reported tht there were not ny negtive effects on egg production of hens fed on diets contining DTP t levels up to 20 g/kg, nd Gregorides et l. (984) nd Ynnkopoulos et l. (992) reported no significnt differences in egg production of lying hens fed on diets contining up to 50 g/kg DTP compred to hens fed on control diet. The inconsistency in egg production etween the lst three studies, tht concern diets with 20 to 50 g 69
Tle 2: Composition of lying hen diets (s fed sis) Tretment 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DTP0 DTP50 DTP00 DTP50 Ingredient composition (kg/t) Corn grin, ground 607.4 600.62 608.6 555.40 Whet grin, ground 20 20 0 0 Whet rn 6 30 0 0 Soyen mel (440 g/kg CP) 50 36.7 28.9 8. Dried tomto pulp (208 g/kg CP) 0 50 00 50 Fish mel (642 g/kg CP) 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 Poultry ft 40 40 40 55 Oyster shell 30 30 30 30 L-Lysine monohydrochloride 0.5. 0.9 0 DL-Methionine 990 g/kg 0.46 0.68 0.89 Limestone 48.3 48. 47.8 47.6 Diclcium phosphte 3.9 4. 4.2 4.2 Slt 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3 Vitmin premix 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 Minerl premix 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 Chemicl composition (g/kg) Metolizle energy (kcl/kg) 2900 2900 2900 2900 Crude protein 50 50 50 50 Crude ft 65.5 67.9 70.3 86.4 Crude fier 3.5 44.4 57.7 73.2 Clcium 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 Avil. Phosphorus 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Sodium.5.5.5.5 Linoleic cid 5. 5.6 6.3 6.3 Lysine 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 Methionine + cystine 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 Threonine 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 Tryptophn.8.8.7.7 2 Dry mtter content 900 g/kg. DTP0 = control tretment, DTP50 = tretment with 50 kg/t dried tomto pulp, DTP00 = tretment 3 with 00 kg/t dried tomto pulp, DTP50 = tretment with 50 kg/t dried tomto pulp. Premix supplied per kg of diet: 9000 IU vitmin A,.78 mg vitmin B, 6.6 mg vitmin B 2, 30 mg nicin, 0 mg pntothenic cid, 3 mg vitmin B 6, 0.5 mg iotin, 500 mg choline, 0.05 mg vitmin B 2, 2000 IU vitmin D, 8 IU vitmin E, 2 mg vitmin K 3. 4 Premix supplied per kg of diet: 0 mg Cu, 5 0.99 mg I, 50 mg Fe, 00 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Se, 00 mg Zn. All vlues were clculted from NRC vlues (994). DTP/kg, nd our study, tht concern diet with 50 g found tht inclusion level up to 20 g/kg DTP hd no DTP/kg, my e due to the lower fier content of the DTP significnt difference on feed efficiency. In contrst, (30 to 270 g crude fier/kg DTP) used in the Ynnkopoulos et l. (992), who however used 52 experiments of these reserchers thn in our study (350 week old hens nd higher dietry DTP inclusion g crude fier/kg DTP, Tle ). The high fier content of (50g/kg), found poorer feed efficiency compred to tht diet my decrese nutrient vilility in poultry found in our study with 27 to 38 week old hens. After the (Lesson nd Summers, 200), nd therefore it s evident 40th week until the end of the lying period, egg tht the high fier content of our DTP50 diet (73.2 g production decreses in hens nd concomitntly feed crude fier/kg diet, Tle 2) led to reduced egg efficiency increses (Lesson nd Summers, 997), nd production compred to the cited reports. thus the etter feed efficiency in our study thn tht of In our study, egg weight ws not ffected y the Ynnkopoulos et l. (992) my e relted to the lower incresing level of DTP. This result cn e ttriuted to ge of our hens. the similr BW of hens, s well s the similr linoleic Our results tht egg shell weight nd egg shell cid nd CP contents in the diets of ll tretments, nd thickness were not ffected y the incresing level of is in greement with Tomczynski (978) nd Dots et l. DTP re in greement with Ynnkopoulos et l. (992) (999). However, Ynnkopoulos et l. (992) found tht nd Dots et l. (999), nd could e due to the similr tomto mel resulted in greter egg weight nd clcium, phosphorus nd vitmin D 3 contents in ll suggested tht this could e consequence of its high tretments diets. In contrst, Gregorides et l. (984) lysine content. Moreover in our study, feed efficiency ws found tht the inclusion of DTP ffected the shell similr mong tretments with inclusion levels up to 00 thickness in lyer diets. Moreover, there were no g/kg DTP, ut incresed t n inclusion level of 50 g/kg significnt differences for hugh units mong DTP. In greement with our results, Dots et l. (999) tretments. This result confirms the low effect tht 620
Tle 3: Performnce nd egg qulity of lying hens Tretment SEM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DTP0 DTP50 DTP00 DTP50 Finl ody weight (g) 367 380 380 365.880 Dily feed consumption (g) 99.36 0.53 0.40 98.98 0.828 Egg production (eggs/hen/dy) 0.908 0.939 0.927 c 0.875 0.43 Egg weight (g) 54.35 55.09 54.95 54.64 0.274 Egg mss (g/hen/dy) 49.34 5.75 50.98 c 47.85 0.30 Feed efficiency (g feed/g egg mss) 2.03.964.990 2.07 0.08 Egg shell weight (g) 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 0.00 Egg shell thickness (mm) 0.352 0.36 0.362 0.360 0.00 Hugh units 94.53 9.49 93.7 9.54.020 Yolk color 4.625 4.792 4.750 4.700 0.20 DTP0 = control tretment, DTP50 = tretment with 50 kg/t dried tomto pulp, DTP00 = tretment with 00 kg/t dried tomto pulp, DTP50 = tretment with 50 kg/t dried tomto pulp. -c Mens within ech row with different superscripts re significntly different. nutrition exhiits on hugh units, something tht hs Cheeke, P.R., 999. Applied Animl Nutrition: Feeds nd lredy een oserved in previous studies (Lesson nd Feeding. 2nd ed. Prentice Hll, Englewood Cliffs, Summers, 200). Furthermore, there were no significnt NJ, USA. differences in yolk color mong tretments with Dots, D., S. Zmnidis nd J. Blios, 999. Effect of incresing levels of DTP, which is in greement with dried tomto pulp on the performnce nd egg trits Grci nd Gonzles (984) nd Persi et l. (2003). of lying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 40: 695-697. However, Ynnkopoulos et l. (992) found tht yolk Grci, M.E. nd A. Gonzlez, 984. A. Preliminry study color ws higher in eggs produced y hens fed on DTP on the use of tomto nd pepper seed mels nd diets. excret mel s pigments for egg yolk. Revist Inclusion of DTP t levels up to 00 kg/t in diets of lying Avicultur, 28: 55-63. hens from 27 to 38 weeks of ge incresed egg Gregorides, G.I., J.E. Mdzris nd S.G. Moustks, production nd egg mss y 2.7% nd 4.%, 984. Feeding lying hens in groups on floor with respectively, compred to the control nd resulted in diets contining dried tomto pulp. Agri. Res., 8: 75- similr trits, reltive to finl BW, egg weight, DFC, egg 82. shell weight, egg shell thickness, hugh units nd yolk Hugh, R.R., 937. The Hugh unit for mesuring egg color. However, inclusion of DTP t higher level (50 kg/t qulity. U.S. Egg Poult. Mg., 43: 552-555, 572-573. of diet) decresed egg production nd egg mss y Lesson, S. nd J.D. Summers, 997. Commercil 3.6% nd 3.0%, respectively, nd incresed feed Poultry Nutrition, 2nd Edition, Chpter 4. Acdemic efficiency y 2.9% compred to the control. Thus, DTP press. Guelph, Ontrio, Cnd. cn e used s n lterntive feedstuff in lying hen Lesson, S. nd J.D. Summers, 200. Scott's Nutrition of diets, t inclusion levels up to 00 kg/t without the Chicken, 4th Edition, pp. 466 468. Acdemic negtive effects on performnce nd egg qulity. press. Guelph, Ontrio, Cnd. Lundholm, E., 987. Thinning of eggshells in irds y References Aou Akkd, A.R., A. Khlil, M.A. Kos nd M.M. Khlifh, 975. Effect of feeding residues of tomto cnning on the performnce of lying hens. Alexndri J. Agri. Res., 23: 9-4. DDE: mode of ction on the egg shell glnd. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 88C: -22. Ntionl Reserch Council, 97. Atls of Nutritionl Dt on United Sttes nd Cndin Feeds. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington DC, USA. Al-Betwi, N.A., 2005. Preliminry study on tomto Ntionl Reserch Council, 994. Nutrient pomce s unusul feedstuff in roiler diets. Pk. J. Nutr., 4: 57-63. AOAC (Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists), 990. Officil Methods of Anlysis. Helrich K. (Ed), 5th edition. Arlington, VA, USA. Requirements of Poultry, 9th revised edition. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington DC, USA. Ntionl Reserch Council, 996. Guide for the cre nd use of lortory nimls. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington DC, USA. Ben-Ger, I. nd A. Krmer, 969. The utiliztion of food Ntionl Reserch Council, 200. Nutrient industries wstes. Adv. Food Res., 7: 77-35. Brodowski, D. nd J.R. Geismn, 980. Protein content nd mino cid composition of protein of seeds from tomtoes t vrious stges of ripeness. J. Food Sci., 45: 228-229. Requirements of Diry Cttle, 7th revised edition. Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington DC, USA. Persi, M.E., C.M. Prsons, M. Schng nd J. Azcon, 2003. Nutritionl evlution of dried tomto seeds. Poult. Sci., 82: 53-57. 62
Petrenko, U.D. nd N.N. Bnin, 984. Use of tomto wstes in diets for lying hens. Nuchno- Tekhnicheskii Byulleten Ukrinskogo Nuchno- Issledovtel skogo Institute Ptitsevodstv, 6: 3-6. Pirmohmmdi, R., Y. Rouzehn, K. Rezyzdi nd M. Zhedifr, 2006. Chemicl composition, digestiility nd in situ degrdility of dried nd ensiled pple pomce nd mize silge. Smll Rum. Res., in press. SAS Institute, 985. SAS Users Guide: Sttistics. Version 5 Ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC. Squires, M.W., E.C. Ner nd V.D. Toelle, 992. The effect of het, wter, cid, nd lkli tretment of tomto cnnery wstes on growth, metolism energy vlue, nd nitrogen utiliztion of roiler chicks. Poult. Sci., 7: 522-529. Steel, R.G.D. nd J.H. Torrie, 980. Principles nd Procedures of Sttistics. A iometricl pproch, 2nd edition. McGrw-Hill, New York, USA. Tomczynski, R. nd Z. Sosk, 976. Estimtion of iologicl vlue nd chemicl composition of seeds nd skins of tomtoes. Zeszyty Nukowe. Akdemii Rolniczo-Technicznej w Olsztynie, 6: 3-37. Tomczynski, R., 978. Tomto seeds nd skins for feeding of lying hens. Zeszyty Noukowe. Akdemii Rolniczo-Technicznej w Olsztynie, 89: 53-64. Ynnkopoulos, A.L., A.S. Tserveni-Gousi nd E.V. Christki, 992. Effect of loclly produced tomto mel on the performnce nd the egg qulity of lying hens. Anim. Feed Sci. Tec., 36: 53-57. 622