Benessere animale, qualita e sicurezza microbiologica delle carni Dr Haluk Anil Welfare and meat quality Preslaughter handling, slaughter and killing
LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES EU e.g. 1099/2009 regs OIE FAO NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS STAGES: PRIMARY PRODUCTION DEPOPULATION TRANSPORT UNLOADING HANDLING AND SLAUGHTER
MMajority kept indoors
Factors affecting poultry welfare Fast growth: Leg weakness (dyschondroplasia; and fractures heart failure, ascites Environment: Ventilation, ammonia, humidity, wet litter: e.g. drips Litter quality: Hock burn, pododermatitis Inability to express natural behaviour: Preening, feather dusting, scratching, inability to reach food
Factors affecting poultry welfare Poor/rough handling, injuries Depopulation/harvesting Crating and loading Transport and heat stress DOAs
LITTER
Hock burn scores score 2 score 4
Grading of pododermatitis
Leg weakness-crippled birds
CCHECK DOAs AND CASUALTY KILLING
Factors affecting poultry welfare Slaughterhouse-Handling and hanging damage Long hanging to stun/slaughter duration Excessive Flapping Shackles
Factors affecting poultry welfare Water bath stunning Stunning parameters: Low currents; electric shocks Failure to induce a stun due to low currents and/or ineffective stunning waveforms Early recovery from stun before and after exsanguination Incomplete unilateral cuts ad poor bleed out Signs of recovery at scalding
EXCESSIVE FLAPPING IS REDUCED WITH GOOD WELFARE
Electrical water bath stunning
Examples of waveforms and rectifications/permutations
Recommended Current Parameters for birds
LECTRICAL STUNNING AND CARCASS QUALITY IN POULTRY Electric shocks (more in turkeys, ducks, low current stunning for Halal Fractures Breast blood splash, Red wing tips, red pygostyles, haemorrhages
Carcass damage caused by haemorrhages
POULTRY SLAUGHTER WITHOUT STUNNING
COLD SHORTENING Cold shortening is USUALLY the result of the rapid chilling of carcasses immediately after slaughter, before the glycogen in the muscle has been converted to lactic acid; ACTIN myosin failure to overlap etc. It can also develop if broiler carcasses flap excessively during exsanguination- e.g. HALAL SLAUGHTER WITHOUT STUNNING
Animal Welfare during transport
Animal Welfare at Slaughter ph decline determines meat quality. If 5.5 to 5.7 is reached within 48 minutes it is regarded as PSE. Glycogen depletion results in less lactic acid production. In this case the meat will be very dry and dark in colour. This condition is known as Dark Firm Dry (DFD) meat.
Wool pull damage in sheep
Kurban
Restraining for cattle Kurban
Kurban
Slaughter without stunning the cut A) How to measure loss of brain activity www.grandin.com/
Range for loss of brain function in calves/ cattle Slaughter without stunning post cut Time after the cut in seconds (Fielding, 2009)
Shooting position in cattle The intersection point of the imaginary lines from the top ridge of the eyes to the top of the horn buds.
Typical evoked potential waveform Stimulus 34ms 24ms
Effect of Shechita slaughter on evoked responses SER s SHECHITA 0-16 16-32 32-48 48-64 Time following treatment (sec) 50µV VER s 50ms 0-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 Time following treatment (sec) Daly et al (1988)
Comparison of slaughter methods - visual evoked responses in cattle- Shechita TREATMENT 0-20 20-41 41-61 61-82 Time following treatment (sec) 50µV Captive bolt 50ms 0-16 16-32 32-48 48-64 Time following treatment (sec) Daly et al (1988)
Slaughter without stunning the cut B) How to measure Pain brain electrical activity www.grandin.com/
Slaughter without stunning the cut Recent work by Gibson et al. 2007/2009 (EEG spectral analysis): Spectral edge frequency
Slaughter without stunning the cut Carotid ballooning in cattle Anil et al
Delayed loss of consciousness: Blood pressure in calves 120 100 80 Neck sticking 'normal arteries' Neck sticking 'ballooned arteries' Chest Sticking 60 40 20 0 0.0 7.5 15.0 22.5 30.0 37.5 45.0 52.5 60.0 67.5 75.0 Time (s)
Comparison of slaughter methods - blood loss in sheep 2.00 - Adjusted Blood Loss (kg) 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 No stunning 0.25 Electrical stunning 0.00 Captive bolt stunning 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Time following sticking (s)
Hoopoe bird Thank you