Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (7): 700-705, 2009 ISSN 1682-856 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Reltionship Between Some Serum Enzyme Activities, Liver Functions nd Body Weight in Growing Locl Chickens 1 2 1 1 S.F. Hssn, S.A. Adel-Ftth, A.E. Elslmoney nd M.S.H. Hssn Animl Production Reserch Institute, Agriculture Reserch Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt 2 Deprtment of Poultry Production, Fculty of Agriculture, Ain Shms University, Egypt 1 Astrct: An experiment ws conducted to detect the reltionship etween some serum enzyme ctivities, i.e. lctte dehydrogense (LDH) nd cretine phosphokinse (CPK) enzymes nd liver functions, s well s evluting the difference in some physiologicl prmeters in reltion to ody weight in six ody weight lines of Golden Montzh (GM) chickens. A totl of 288 GM chickens 4-wk old were selected from 500 unsexed GM chickens nd divided into six lines (three lines within ech sex) hevy (HL), light (LL) nd control (CL) ccording to their ody weights. Ech line ws represented y replictes (16 chicks ech) over two genertions (G nd G ). Live ody weight (LBW), ody weight gin (BWG), mortlity rtes nd the levels of 0 1 some serum prmeters, i.e. totl protein (TP), triiodothyronine (T ), LDH, CPK, sprtte minotrnsferse (AST) nd lnine minotrnsferse (ALT) were determined t 4 WOA in G nd t 12 WOA in G nd G. The 0 0 1 results showed tht the verge LBW nd BWG for hevy lines nd mles were significntly (p<0.01) higher thn tht of light lines nd femles, respectively. The hevy line chicks recorded the lowest mortlity rte compred to the light ones during the period from 4-12 WOA over the two genertions. The HL ody weight ws ssocited generlly with n increse in the serum TP, T level nd LDH ctivity nd decrese in AST, ALT nd CPK ctivities s compred with the LL ody weight. Converse trend ws oserved for these trits with the LL chicks. These results concluded tht, it is possile to use these prmeters s physiologicl indices to ttin the gol of improving met production nd to produce sfety nd helthy poultry production. Key words: Chicken, physiologicl, liver, LDH, CPK nd ody weight INTRODUCTION In the production of met, this gol is relized y reeding lrge odies strins with high proportion of desirle met nd little ft (Ricklefs, 1985). Body weight perse, is n importnt indictor of generl helth nd lighter irds on the verge produce the lowest met nd egg mss, ecuse this clss would include minly more unhelthy irds thn the hevier irds (Singh nd Nordskog, 1982). Blood iochemicl nd hemtologicl chrcteristics could e very importnt s indictor trits in reeding for the highest productive performnce irds (Peterson et l., 1982; Hssn et l., 2006 nd Hssn et l., 2008). Hemtologicl prmeters nd lood enzyme ctivities were studied in most species of poultry in lines selected t 4 WOA for hevy nd light ody weights. Serum AST nd ALT ctivities (liver enzymes) were used to evlute liver functions, the increse in their ctivities re relted to the degenertions of heptocytes or liver dmge "irrespective of its origin (Blckshow, 1978). The dystrophic hyrids nd LL ody weight chickens exhiited symptoms of high serum CPK nd low LDH levels compred with norml nd HL ody weight irds (Wilson et l., 1988). Moreover, the overt muscle dmge in irds is ssocited with n increse in the plsm ctivity of the intrcellulr muscle enzyme (CPK) (Siller et l., 1978 nd Lumeij et l., 1988). In roiler chickens the CPK is relesed into the circultion in response to vrious pthologies nd exposure to environmentl stressors (Mitchell et l., 1992; Mitchell nd Sndercock, 1995 nd Bogin et l., 1997). However Hocking et l. (1998) compred plsm CPK ctivity in two lines of turkey, commercil lrge white nd trditionl turkey nd reported no sex differences in the plsm CPK ctivity during rering period. But, Hocking et l. (1999) reported tht plsm LDH ctivity ws higher from 12-24 WOA in d liitum fed turkeys with the high ody weight thn the restricted ones whose ody weight ws the lowest. In Jpnese quil selected t 4 WOA through three genertions for hevy nd light LBW, Sht (2001) reported tht the ctivity of LDH incresed significntly in the hevy line compred with the light ody weight line nd the ctivity of LDH in the G 2 incresed y more thn two folds over the G 1, s well the ctivity of CPK ws decresed in the HL nd incresed in the LL ody weight. Hmmoud et l. (2001) nd Hssn et l. (2008) demonstrted tht the hevy line ody weight chicks exhiited higher T level thn those of light line. On the other hnd, Meluzzi et l. (1992) nd Sleh (1997) reported tht the vlues of plsm protein were higher in hevy chicks thn light chicks. The present study ws conducted to detect the reltionship etween some endogenous enzyme ctivities in the lood serum, i.e. 700
LDH nd CPK enzymes nd liver function nd to evlute the difference in some physiologicl prmeters relted to ody weight mong six lines of Golden Montzh chicks differing in their ody weights. Golden Montzh (GM), is developed strin from cross etween the Rohde Islnd Red nd Dokki 4, using systems of reeding coupled with selection (Mhmoud et l., 1974 nd El Hossri et l., 1992). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl irds nd mngement: This experiment ws crried out t Poultry Frm, Fculty of Agriculture, Ain Shms University nd Animl Production Reserch Institute Lortories, Egypt. A totl of 500 one-dy old unsexed Golden Montzh (GM) chicks foundtion flock were collectively rooded on littered floor pens till the 4 th wk of ge (WOA). Chicks were fed for d liitum on diet contined 19.5% crude protein nd 2878 Kcl ME/Kg during the growing period up to 8 WOA. During the finisher period, they were fed diet contined 16.2% crude protein nd 2928 Kc/ME/Kg. At 4 WOA totl numer of 288 GM chicks were ssigned nd sexed. Chicks were wing nded nd divided into six lines (three lines within ech sex) hevy (HL), light (LL) nd control (CL) ccording to their ody weights, ech line ws represented y replictes (16 chicks ech). The mle lines were designted to control "CM", hevy "HM" nd light "LM" with the verges LBW of 2.1±1.6, 281.56±.28 nd 196.94±2.89 gm, respectively. The femle lines were lso designted to control "CF", hevy "HF" nd light "LF" with the verges LBW of 18.42±2.26, 220.44±2.8 nd 156.67±2.16 gm, respectively. At 0 WOA 27 cocks (9 for ech line; /replicte) were trnsferred to their counterprts of hen lines. At 2 WOA nd throughout 10 dys therefter totl of 60, 75 nd 65 pedigreed eggs were collected from dms of CL, HL nd LL, respectively. Eggs were set in n electric forced-drft incutor for 19 dys. At the th 19 dy incution the eggs of ech line were plced in seprte plstic net nd were trnsferred to the htcher. The htched chicks; 278, 00 nd 255 from CL, HL nd LL, respectively were rooded nd rered under the sme mngeril conditions s foundtion flock (G 0 ) to form the first genertion (G 1). Mesurements nd oservtions: Individul live ody weight (LBW) nd ody weight gin (BWG) for ech line within ech sex ws iweekly recorded, to the nerest grm, from the ge of 4 wk till the 12 WOA. Mortlity rte ws dily recorded nd clculted s percentge of totl mortlity due to the sex nd line. A totl of 108 lood smples were withdrwn from wing vein (72 smples from foundtion flock "G 0" t 4 nd 12 WOA nd 6 smples t 12 WOA from the first genertion G 1) s six smples per line within ech sex. Serum were hrvested fter centrifugtion, decnted nd o stored t -20 C until iochemicl nlyses were done. Commercil kits were used for the determintion of the following serum constituents ccording to the procedure outlined y the mnufcturer. Totl proteins (Sclvo INC. 5 Mn. Srd Count, Wyne. N. J07470, USA). Serum triiodothyronine (T ) ws determined using RIA kit produced y IMMUNO TECH (Beckmn Couter Compny -1276 Mrseille Cedexg Frnce-procedure No. IM 287). Serum CPK nd LDH (Stnio-procedure No. 0910). Asprtte Aminotrnsferse (AST) nd Alnine Aminotrnsferse (ALT) (Bio-Merieux, Mrcyl, Etiols, Frnce). Dt were sujected to nlysis of vrince using Generl Liner Model (GLM) procedure of SAS User's Guide (SAS, 2001). Differences mong mens were tested using Duncn's multiple rnge test (Duncn, 1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of LBW nd BWG t different ges showed significnt (p<0.01) differences either etween lines, sexes or genertions (Tles 1 nd 2). The heviest LBW nd BWG were recorded for irds of the G 1 nd HL t ll ges, s well mles were significntly (p<0.01) hevier thn femles. These results re in greement with the results of El-Soudny (200) nd Hssn et l. (2008) who reported tht sex nd line showed highly significnt differences in LBW nd BWG of chickens t different ges. Also, Sht (2001) nd El-Full et l. (2001) showed significnt (p<0.01) differences etween genertions nd lines, in which G 1 nd HL hd the highest LBW nd BWG vlues compred with the other genertions nd lines of Jpnese quil. In this connection, Adel Ltif nd El-Hmmdy (1992) cited tht sexul differences for LBW in chickens my e due to differences in the ppetite etween sexes during the growth period. However, Singh et l. (1990) concluded tht sexul differences in LBW for chickens hve polygenic sis of inheritnce nd selection could e effective in chnging LBW reltionship etween mle nd femle progenies. As shown in Tle 2, the different interction figures hd insignificnt effects on LBW till the ge of 8 wk except the G*L tht ws significnt up to 12 WOA. Moreover, significnt effects were found for G*S nd L*S on LBW t 10 nd 12 WOA. This result my e ttriuted to the highly significnt effect of sex on LBW. Similr trend ws pproximtely chieved for BWG, except the G*S interction. Dt depicting mortlity rte (MR) of GM chicks s influenced y genertion (G), line (L) nd sex (S) re shown in (Tle ). Regrdless of sex nd line it could e seen tht the cumultive MR recorded for G 0 (6.25%) ws higher thn tht recorded for G 1 (5.21%). Concerning line effect, the LL hd the highest MR compred to their counterprts of HL nd CL. This result 701
Tle 1: Averge of live ody weight "grms" t different ges in Golden Montzh chicks s ffected y genertion (G), line (L) nd sex (S) G L S Significnce of difference Age --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- (wk) G0 G1 Control Hevy Light Mle Femle SEM G L S G*L G*S L*S G*L*S 4 212.0 242.79 222.98 270.01 189.25 255.48 199.4 2.96 ** ** ** ** NS NS NS 6 45.16 90.01 60.4 442.76 299.65 400.85 4.2 4.16 ** ** ** ** NS NS NS 8 486.2 549.68 509.77 612.9 427.21 559.61 47.0 5.70 ** ** ** ** NS NS NS 10 629.91 697.71 654.62 799.42 57.40 722.41 605.21 6.77 ** ** ** ** * * NS 12 819.47 910.7 86.20 1026.20 705.0 91.49 798.5 8.08 ** ** ** ** * * NS -c Mens within the sme clssifiction with no common superscript differ significntly *(p<0.05); **(p<0.01), NS: not significnt Tle 2: Averge of ody weight gin "grms" t different periods in Golden Montzh chicks s ffected y genertion (G), line (L) nd sex (S) G L S Significnce Period --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- (wk) G0 G1 Control Hevy Light Mle Femle SEM G L S G*L G*S L*S G*L*S 4-6 1.1 147.22 17.6 172.75 110.40 145.7 14.98.72 * ** * ** NS * NS 6-8 141.07 159.67 149.4 169.6 127.56 198.76 18.97 5.55 * ** ** ** NS * NS 8-10 14.68 148.0 144.85 187.0 110.19 162.80 11.91 4.4 * ** ** ** NS * NS 10-12 189.56 212.66 208.58 226.78 167.96 209.08 19.14 7.20 ** ** * ** NS * * -c Mens within the sme clssifiction with no common superscript differ significntly *(p<0.05); **(p<0.01), NS: not significnt my e ttriuted to the LL would include minly more unhelthy irds thn the other lines prticulrly, the HL one (Singh nd Nordskog, 1982). The cumultive MR of femles ws slightly higher thn tht of mles. However, Hussen (1997) found tht the mortlity rtes of mle nd femle GM chicken during the period from one to eight WOA were 8.0 nd 7.14%, respectively. From tht the mximiztion of profit of met type irds could e chieved from not only improving growth rte ut lso incresing livility of mrketle chicks. Serum totl protein (STP) ws significntly incresed (p<0.05) in HL chicks compred with LL nd insignificntly slight increse in femles thn mles t four WOA (Tle 4). Also, STP in G 1 ws significntly (p<0.05) higher thn G 0 nd significntly (p<0.01) higher in HL thn oth CL nd LL t 12 WOA (Tle 5). These oserved findings indicted tht the increse in ody weight ws ssocited with the increse in STP level. These results re in full greement with those reported y Meluzzi et l. (1992); Rizkll (1996) nd Hssn et l. (2008) in chickens nd Fisl et l. (2008) in Jpnese quil chicks, they reported tht chicks of hevy ody weight line showed mrked elevtion in totl lood protein thn the chicks of low line. These results my e due to the differences in either the metolic ctivities or the hormonl mke up etween lines (Ptterson et l., 1967). With regrd to the serum concentrtion of T hormone t G 0, the current results showed tht it ws significntly (p<0.05) elevted t 4 WOA in the HL compred to the LL nd in mles comprle to femles (Tle 4). Similr trend ws oserved t 12 WOA for the effect of oth sex nd lines nd for the G 1 over the G 0 (Tle 5). These results re in full greement with those of Nyomn et l. (1989) nd Hmmoud et l. (2001) in roiler chicks; Hssn et l. (2008) in locl chicks nd Sht (2001) in Jpnese quil chicks. They reported tht chicks of the HL whose LBW ws the highest exhiited the highest vlues of T compred with those hd the lowest LBW (LL) nd the mles hd higher T level thn the femles. These dt confirmed the importnt role of T hormone in the regultion of protein metolism nd protein turnover, especilly in skeletl muscles (Hyshi et l., 1992). In this respect, El-Husseiny et l. (2000) concluded tht T ws 2 to times s iologiclly ctive s T in the chicks nd oxygen consumption ws 4 significntly incresed y T or T therey, incresed 4 growth rte. Furthermore, the results of Nyomn et l. (1989) supported the hypothesis tht the response of roiler chickens to thyroid hormones vried y sex nd dose. Since, muscle growth nd protein synthesis nd muscle protein rekdown were ccelerted to greter degree in the mle chicken, wheres dominl ft deposition ws reduced further in the femle chicken. These differences might e explined y the interction of thyroid hormones nd steroid hormones s cited y Aki et l. (198). This result my point out the potentil role of T s physiologicl mrker for detecting the difference etween sexes nd mong lines ccording to their ody weights. Significnt effect for the G*S, L*S nd G*L*S interctions ws chieved on the serum T level (Tle 5). Results of LDH ctivity recorded t 4 nd 12 WOA re presented in Tles 4 nd 5, respectively. It is of interest to note tht, they followed similr trend oserved for T hormone. As shown in Tle 5, significnt effect (p<0.05) ws found for the interction of G with ech of L nd S (G*L nd G*S) on the LDH ctivity, while oth of L*S nd G*L*S hd no significnt effect. These current findings signify liner reltionship etween the LDH ctivity nd the increse in LBW whether for the HL ody weight over the LL or for mles over femles. These results coincided with the previous reports of Mtsuzw (1981) in chickens nd Hocking et 702
Tle : Averge vlues of cumultive mortlity rte (%) of Golden Montzh chicks from 4 till 12 WOA s ffected y Genertion (G), Line (L) nd Sex (S) -------------------------------------- L ------------------------------------- Genertion Sex Control Hevy Light Overll men G0 M *6.25 2.08 8. 5.55 F 6.25 4.17 10.41 6.9 Overll 6.25.1 9.7 6.25 G1 M 2.08 4.17 6.25 4.17 F 6.25 4.17 8. 6.25 Overll 4.17 4.17 7.29 5.21 M = Mle F = Femle, Mortlity rte (%) = numer of ded hens/totl numer of live hens x 100 Tle 4: Averge of some serum metolites in Golden Montzh chicks t 4 WOA in Genertion zero (G 0) s ffected y Line (L) nd Sex (S) L S Significnce -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------------------------- Prmeters Control Hevy Light Mle Femle SEM L S L*S Totl protein 2.98.29 2.71 2.88.10 0.0 * NS NS (g/dl) T (ng/ml) 1.90 2.16 1.62 2.07 1.71 0.02 * * NS LDH (U/L) 195.59 228.05 c 169.61 206.8 189.11 10.52 ** * NS CPK (U/L) 119.5 112.4 142.48 12.42 126.09 9.82 * NS NS AST (U/L) 74.80 64.58 84.76 68.99 80.44 5.19 * NS NS ALT (U/L) 14.98 11.19 19.06 16.86 1.28 1.62 * NS NS -c Mens within the sme clssifiction with no common superscript differ significntly *(p<0.05); **(p<0.01), NS: not significnt Tle 5: Averge of some serum metolites in Golden Montzh chicks t 12 WOA s ffected y Genertion (G), Line (L) nd Sex (S) G L S Significnce --------------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- Prmeters G0 G1 Control Hevy Light Mle Femle SEM G L S G*L G*S L*S G*L*S c Totl protein 4.8 4.71 4.5 5.04 4.05 4.51 4.58 0.17 * ** NS NS NS NS NS (g/dl) T (ng/ml) 2.4 2.92 2.66.01 2.22 2.88 2.8 0.21 ** ** ** NS * * * LDH (U/L) 228.75 282.64 254.25 272.15 240.69 267.49 24.90 1.42 ** ** ** * * NS NS c CPK (U/L) 17.76 141.47 16.21 127.16 155.48 17.47 141.76 10.69 NS ** NS NS NS NS NS AST (U/L) 84.64 86.48 85.59 75.56 95.54 79.6 91.49 4.64 NS ** NS NS NS NS NS ALT (U/L) 21.65 24.44 22.07 19.1 26.84 21.59 24.50 1.57 NS ** NS NS NS NS NS -c Mens within the sme clssifiction with no common superscript differ significntly *(p<0.05); **(p<0.01), NS: not significnt l. (1999) in turkey. They illustrted tht mles showed 1997 nd Krsnodesk et l., 2000); in turkey (Hocking higher level of LDH ctivity thn femles t the sme et l., 1998) nd in Jpnese quil (Sht, 2001). All of ge. Also, Wilson et l. (1988) nd Hssn (2008) them reported collectively tht no sex differences in noticed tht the HL ody weight chickens hd higher serum CPK ctivity during rering period while levels of LDH ctivity thn LL ones nd the dystrophic incresed significntly in dystrophic nd light line ody ody weights irds. However, Krsnodesk et l. weights (LL) compred with norml nd HL irds. The (2000) reported no difference etween femle nd mle significnt differences in serum CPK ctivity estimted chickens in the ctivity of LDH enzyme. in this study my e ttriuted to the genetic mke up of The musculr metolic ctivity cn e ssessed y ech line or the vritions in synthesis or clernce of serum LDH enzyme ctivity (Bze et l., 2000). this enzyme, this explntion ws supported y Kneko Besides, this enzyme could e used s mrker of (1989). physiologicl stte of growth nd the significnt The elevtion of oth AST nd ALT enzymes is differences in serum LDH ctivity mong lines nd considered s n index of heptic dysfunction. In which, etween sexes. This my e ttriuted to the genetic the AST is not specific for heptocellulr dmge ut is mke-up of ech line nd sex (Sht, 2001). highly sensitive in detecting liver dmge. The ALT is From Tles 4 nd 5, it could e noted tht the ctivity of found in heptocyte cytosol s well s in muscle nd CPK ws significntly elevted in the LL ody weight other tissues of irds. ALT hs poor specificity for liver compred with HL t oth 4 nd 12 WOA over the two disese nd the clinicl relevnce of n incresed ALT genertions (G 0 nd G 1). These results reveled tht the vlue is decresed (Hrr, 2002). increse in the CPK ctivity is negtively correlted with Results presented in Tles 4 nd 5 showed the increse in the LBW. insignificnt differences etween genertions (G 0 nd These results re in greement with those found in G 1) or sexes in the AST nd ALT ctivities t oth 4 nd different poultry species i.e., in chicken (Bogin et l., 12 WOA. Further, their ctivities were significntly 70
(p<0.05) nd highly significntly (p<0.01) elevted in the El Hossri, M. A., S.A. Dorghm nd N.A. Ht, 1992. LL ody weight comprle to the HL t similr ges. This results could e due to n ttempt of the LL ody weight irds to fce their incresing demnd for nonessentil mino cids. Also, Guyton (1981) reported tht chnges in the serum trnsminses level my depend on the rte of protein metolism. These results indicted tht the HL ody weight irds A comprison etween the performnce of some stndrd nd locl strins of chickens t two different loctions. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 12: 819-841. El-Full, E.A., A.A. Ali, M.H. Ad El-Ftth nd M.A. Khlif, 2001. Inheritnce of some growth chrcteristics of Jpnese quil. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 21: 719-79. El-Husseiny, O., A. Sohir Arf, M. Smi Hshim nd hd etter liver functions compred to the LL ones. In hrmony with the present findings, Singh nd Nordskog (1982) reported tht lighter irds on the verge produce the lowest met nd egg mss, ecuse this clss would include minly more unhelthy irds thn the hevier irds, which confirm the results of the present study. On the other hnd, Fisl et l. (2008) found tht the ctivities of oth AST nd ALT were not significntly different etween the high nd low lines of ody weight in Jpnese quil chicks. A.H.H. Medin, 2000. Response of roiler Conclusion: In conclusion, the results otined herein pointed out the presence of positive reltionship etween CPK nd serum trnsminses ctivities in the LL ody weight nd negtive reltionship etween LDH nd serum trnsminses in the HL one. These results signifying heptic dysfunction nd etter heptic expression in the LL nd the HL ody weight, respectively. Therefore, these results could e used s indices of the highest productive performnce irds in ttining the gol of improved met production nd to produce sfety nd helthy poultry production. REFERENCES Adel Ltif, M.A. nd H. El-Hmmdy, 1992. Genetics of sexul dimorphism in Dndrwy Chickens. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 12: 929-94. Aki, Y.K., M. Tkhshi, Kimur S.T. Hirm nd T. Mtsumoto, 198. The influence of environmentl temperture, thyroid sttus nd synthetic estrogen on the induction of Ftty liver in chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 24: 71-80. Bze, E., M.R. Slickon, G. Mrche nd J. Culioli, 2000. Effects of ge nd sex on the structurl, chemicl nd technologicl chrcteristics of mle duck met. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: 00-07. Blckshow, C., 1978. Serum gmm glutmy trnsferse in dignosis of live disese in cttle. New Zelnd Vet. J., 26: 25-26. Bogin, E., C.H. PEH, B. Avidr nd A. Chner, 1997. Sex nd genotype dependence on the effects of longterm high environmentl tempertures on cellulr enzyme ctivities from chicken orgns. Avin Pthol., 26: 511-524. Duncn, D.B., 1955. Multiple rnge nd multiple "F" test. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. performnce to triiodotyrosine (T ), thyroxine (T ), 4 iodocsein nd thiourcil supplemented diets. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 20: 47-71. El-Soudny, S.M., 200. Effect of crossreeding etween two strins of chickens on productive performnce. Ph.D. Thesis, Fc. of Agric., Ain Shms Univ., Egypt. Fisl, B.A., S.A. Adel-Ftth, Y.M. El-Hommosny, M. Nermin Adel-Gwd nd F.M. Mie Ali, 2008. Immunocompetence, heptic het shock protein 70 nd physiologicl responses to feed restriction nd het stress in two ody weight lines of Jpnese quil. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 174-18. Guyton, A.C., 1981. Text Book I- Medicl Physiology W.B. Sunders compny (sixth edition), London. Hmmoud, Y.A.F., E.F. El-Dly nd I. El-Wrdny, 2001. Response of two roiler strins to dietry protein level in hot climte: nutritionl nd physiologicl study. Egypt. Poult Sci., 21: 677-699. Hrr, K.E., 2002. Clinicl Chemistry of Compnion Avin Species: A Review. Vet. Clin. Pthol., 1: 140-151. Hssn, M.S.H., S.M.M. Elsoudny nd KH. Roushdy, 2006. Reltionship etween prthyroid clcitonin hormones nd productive, physiologicl nd immunologicl performnce of some locl strins. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 26: 297-17. Hssn, S.F., 2004. Physiologicl ses for sex differences in ody weight of chicken nd quil. Ph.D. Thesis, Fc. of Agric., Ain Shms Univ., Ciro, Egypt. Hssn, S.F., A.E. Elslmoney nd M.M. Fthi, 2008. Reltionship etween triiodothyronine (T ) nd Insulin-like growth fctor (IGF 1) hormones in Egyptin locl chickens during growth period. Egypt. Poult. Sci., 28: 251-26. Hyshi, K., S. Kened, A. Orsuk nd Y. Tomit, 1992. Effect of mient temperture nd thyroxin on protein turnover nd oxygen consumption in chicken skeletl muscle. Proceeding IX World's Poultry Congress. Vol. 2. Amsterdm, The Netherlnds, 20-24. Hocking, P.M., M.A. Mitchell nd D.A. Sndercock, 1998. Interction of ge, strin, sex nd food restriction on plsm cretine kinse ctivity in turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci., 9: 60-64. Hocking, P.M., M.H. Mxwell nd M.A. Mitchell, 1999. Welfre of food restricted mle nd femle turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci., 40: 19-29. 704
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