7--8 Gas emissions according to different pig Summary of experimental designs Dr Jean-François CABARAUX Dr François-Xavier PHILIPPE Pr Baudouin NICKS Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Introduction Pork: most consumed meat in the world (38%)
7--8 Introduction Pork: most consumed meat in the world (38%) By : pig consumption + 4% 3 Introduction Pork: most consumed meat in the world (38%) By : pig consumption + 4% Livestock emissions 64% of global NH3 emissions 8% of global GHG emissions (CO, NO, CH4) 4
7--8 Introduction Factors influencing the level of gas emissions Introduction Factors influencing the level of gas emissions Climatic conditions Ambient temperature Ventilation 6 3
7--8 Introduction Factors influencing the level of gas emissions Climatic conditions Animal behaviour foraging behaviour 7 Introduction Factors influencing the level of gas emissions Climatic conditions Animal behaviour Floor type and manure management Slatted floor systems Slat characteristics, Slurry emitting surface, Slurry removal strategy Bedded floor systems Type of substrate: straw, sawdust, woodshaving, Amount of substrate Space allowance Litter management Combination of bedded, slatted and/or solid floor 8 4
7--8 Introduction Factors influencing the level of gas emissions Climatic conditions Animal behavior Floor type and manure management Dietary factors Reduced crude protein Dietary fibers 9 Aim Ecology Unit: teaching and research Οικοσ: house, environment Λογοσ: study
7--8 Aim Ecology Unit: teaching and research Since 3 years: study of variation of some parameters in pig housing with their impacts on inside and outside environments Aim Ecology Unit: teaching and research Since 3 years: study of variation of some parameters in pig housing with their impacts on inside and outside environments Variation of one parameter at a time 6
7--8 Aim Ecology Unit: teaching and research Since 3 years: study of variation of some parameters in pig housing with their impacts on inside and outside environments Variation of one parameter at a time Experimental but field-like conditions 3 Methods 3 similar experimental rooms Adaptable according to the experimental design 4 7
7--8 Methods 3 similar experimental rooms Adaptable according to the experimental design volume (3 m³) and surface (3. m²) Methods 3 similar experimental rooms Adaptable according to the experimental design volume (3 m³) and surface (3. m²) artificially ventilated with an exhaust fan: ventilation rate is adapted automatically to maintain a constant ambient temperature 6 8
7--8 Methods 3 similar experimental rooms Adaptable according to the experimental design volume (3 m³) and surface (3. m²) artificially ventilated with an exhaust fan: ventilation rate is adapted automatically to maintain a constant ambient temperature fresh air enters from the service corridor of the building: the outside air is preheated before entering the experimental rooms 7 Methods 3 similar experimental rooms equipped with a video camera 8 9
7--8 Methods 3 similar experimental rooms equipped with a video camera automatically measurements air temperatures (experimental rooms, corridor and outside) ventilation rates gas concentrations (experimental rooms and corridor)» NH3, NO, CH4 and CO» INNOVA 3» 3 or 4 times during 6 consecutive days 9 # -Fattening pigs -Floor type - Fully vs. partly slatted floor 4 batches of 4 pigs divided in groups 4 kg kg.7 m²/pig Ad libitum diet concrete perforated panels
7--8 Emissions (pig - d - ) # -Fattening pigs -Floor type - Fully vs. partly slatted floor NS 6.6 6.66 Fully NH3 (g) Partly.8. Fully P<. NO (g) Partly..48.9 Fully CO (kg) Partly 4.89 4.44 Fully P<. -3% P<. CH4 (g) Partly CH4, CO & NO Emissions with partly slatted floor Probably due to the presence of the concrete perforated panels decreasing the airflow For NH3 emissions, the presence of manure on the concrete perforated panels could neutralize the air flow effect.4. Fully Partly COeq (kg) -% -9% -3% # -Fattening pigs -Floor type - Fully vs. partly slatted floor But the relative difference between the groups and/or the environmental impact are relatively low!
7--8 # -Fattening pigs -Floor type - Fully vs. partly slatted floor What is the effect of a reduction of the emitting surface? # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Partly slatted floor with slurry pit areas batches of 4 pigs divided in groups 4 kg kg.7 m²/pig Ad libitum diet Slurry pit area.7 vs..37 m²/pig
7--8 Emissions (pig - d - ) NS.7.7 Fully areapartly area NH3 (g) # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Partly slatted floor with slurry pit areas. P<..9.46 Fully areapartly area CO (kg) +3% No effect on NH3 & CH4 emissions CO & NO Emissions with partly slurry pit area P<..8. Fully area Partly area NO (g) NS 4.64 4.77 Fully areapartly area CH4 (g).. Fully area Partly area COeq (kg) +7% +% # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Partly slatted floor with slurry pit areas But the relative difference between the groups and/or the environmental impact are low! 6 3
7--8 # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Partly slatted floor with slurry pit areas Reduction of emissions provided the soiling of the solid floor is prevented 7 # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Partly slatted floor with slurry pit areas What is the effect of a bedded floor system? 8 4
7--8 #3 -Fattening pigs -Floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter batches of 3 pigs divided in groups kg kg Available floor space.7 m²/pig on slatted floor.m²/pig on deep litter 46 kg straw/pig Ad libitum diet 9 Emissions (pig - d - ) P<. 6. 3. Slatted floor Litter NH3 (g) +% #3 -Fattening pigs -Floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter. P<..74.97 Slatted floor Litter CO (kg) +3% With litter NH3 & NO emissions are doubled COemissions with litter No significant difference for CH4 P<...4 Slatted floor Litter NO (g) NS 6.3 6. Slatted floor Litter CH4 (g)....6.79 Slatted floorlitter COeq (kg) +6% +3% 3
7--8 #3 -Fattening pigs -Floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter We realised the same comparison with gestating sows #4 Gestating sows-floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter 3 batches of gestating sows divided in groups. m²/sow Individual feeding stalls Restricted diet supplied once a day at 8: am 9 weeks 6 kg straw/sow 6
7--8 Emissions (pig - d - ) NH3 (g) 3. 6. F Pigs P<..8 9. Sows Slated floor Litter +% -9% #4 Gestating sows-floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter CO (kg). P<..7.4.8 F Pigs Sows Slatted floor Litter +3% +7% With sows on litter Decrease of NH3 emissions Greater increase of NO emissions Decrease of CH4 emissions Greater increase of COeq NO (g) 3 P<..7..4.47 F Pigs Sows Slatted floor Litter CH4 (g) 6.36. F Pigs P<.. 9. Sows Slatted floor Litter COeq (kg).6.79.9.46 F Pigs Sows Slatted floor Litter +6% +383% NS -% +3% +7% 33 #4 Gestating sows-floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter NH3 The amounts of supplied straw could explain the different results: The Excreted N was quite similar (around 4gN/d per fattening pigorsow) The straw supply was greater with the sows than with the fattening pigs 9g/d per sow 4g/d per pig More straw increased the C/N ratio of the litter which favors bacterial growth and promotes the N assimilation into stable microbial protein with lower NH3-emissions as a consequence 7
7--8 #4 Gestating sows-floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter NO The formation of N O occurs during incomplete Nitrification/denitrification processes that normally convert NH 3 into N, a non polluting gas. N O-synthesis needs close combination of aerobic and anaerobic areas, heterogeneous conditions met within the litter. These particular conditions explain greater N O-emissions usually observed with bedded systems in comparison with slurry systems where the environment is largely anaerobic. All parameters that modify the physicochemical properties of manure (temperature, density, moisture, ph, C / N) have an impact on NO production In bedded systems, N O-formation may be reduced with a generous supply of straw and may be increased by the presence of numerous anaerobic areas. #4 Gestating sows-floor type Fully slatted floor vs. straw-based deep litter We realised a comparison with different amounts of straw 8
7--8 # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Straw-based deep litter with 3 different amounts of straw batches of 3 pigs divided in 3 groups. m²/pig, 7 or kg straw/pig Ad libitum diet 4 kg kg 37 #-Fattening pigs -Floor type Straw-based deep litter with 3 different amounts of straw Emissions (pig - d - ) P<. 9. 8. 6.3 a a b Kg 7Kg Kg NH3 (g) P<. P<.. 7.3 9.8.88.74 4.83 a b c a b c kg 7kg kg kg 7kg kg NO (g). P<..4..46 a b ab kg 7kg kg CO (kg) CH4 (g) With greater amount of straw: Lower NH3 emissions (as expected) Lower NO Emissions (probably more aerobic conditions) Greater CH4 Emissions (due to the higher temperature inside the litter higher fermentation.4.3. kg 7kg kg COeq (kg) 38 9
7--8 # -Fattening pigs -Floor type Straw-based deep litter with 3 different amounts of straw Effect of other type of litter #6 -Fattening pigs -Floor type straw- vs. sawdust-based deep litter 3 batches of 36 fattening pigs divided in groups 3 kg straw per pig and kg sawdust per pig. m²/pig Ad libitum diet kg kg
7--8 Emissions (pig - d - ) NS 3.6. Straw Sawdust NH3 (g) -%.3 P<..9 Straw Sawdust NO (g) x7 #6 -Fattening pigs -Floor type straw- vs. sawdust-based deep litter. NS.3.3 Straw Sawdust CO (kg) +% NS 7.39 4.96 Straw Sawdust CH4 (g) With sawdust: Greater NO emissions (higher biodegradability of sawdust) Lower or greater CH4 emissions according to the batch Greater litter aeration with sawdust ( Emissions) straw ingestion? ( Emissions).6 Straw.8 Sawdust COeq (kg) X3 4 #6 -Fattening pigs -Floor type straw- vs. sawdust-based deep litter Effect of partly bedded floor
7--8 #7 Gestating sows-floor type Deep litter -permanent use of feeding stalls as living area 3 batches of gestating sows divided in groups 3m²/sow deep-litter (feeding stall: rear gates closed).8m²/sow deep-litter +.m²/sow concrete floor (feeding stall: rear gates open) Restricted diet supplied once a day at 8: am.9 kg straw/d per sow 9 weeks 43 #7 Gestating sows-floor type Deep litter -permanent use of feeding stalls as living area Emissions (pig - d - ) NS P<. With permanent access to 7. 8.4.9 3.3 feeding stalls (open). ~ NH3 emissions CH4 emissions closed open closed open NO emissions CO (kg) NH3 (g) +8% 8 4 P<. 6.4 3.6 closed NO (g) open P<. 9.6.8 closed CH4 (g) open 3. closed.3 open COeq (kg) -49% +33% -38% 44
7--8 #7 Gestating sows-floor type Deep litter -permanent use of feeding stalls as living area NH3 In this experiment, no significant difference was observed The greater amount of urine and faeces on the concrete floor of the feeding stalls in the Partly Bedded Floor room, due to the permanent access of the sows to these stalls in that room, could have compensated for the greater emitting surface of the litter in the Fully Bedded Floor room and thus, could explain the results. 4 #7 Gestating sows-floor type Deep litter -permanent use of feeding stalls as living area CH4 The higher CH4-emission reported from the PBF room could be related to greater compaction of the litter due to the higher animal density and thus by the presence of more anaerobic conditions in the litter resulting in an increase of fermentations. NO More favourable conditions in the FBF litter where close combination of aerobic and anaerobic areas was plausibly more present probably explained the greater NO-emissions. 46 3
7--8 #7 Gestating sows-floor type Deep litter -permanent use of feeding stalls as living area What about the diet 47 #8 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter 4 batches of gestating sows divided in groups Classic diet (Restricted diet) Fibre diet (SBP -ad libitum).3 kg straw/d per sow. m²/sow Net energy intake similar 4
7--8 #8 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter Emissions (pig - d - ) P<. 9.64.37 classic fibre NH3 (g) +8%. P<..4 3. classic fibre CO (kg) +% With fibre NH3 emissions NO emissions CH4 emissions 4.48 classic P<. NO (g).96 fibre P<.. 7. classic CH4 (g) fibre.4 classic.76 fibre COeq (kg) -6% +3% -43% 49 #8 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter NH3 Canh et al. (998) observed less NH3 emissions with SBP Microbial fermentations Lower faeces ph (VFA) Less N in urine as urea (and more N in faeces as protein form) Present trial: field conditions with manure Microbial fermentations Large intestine Manure NO Microbial fermentations faeces composition Maybe more resistant to nitrification/denitrification process leading to N formation?
7--8 #8 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter CH4 Greater enteric fermentations higher fibre content of diet Straw intake by all sows! Amount??? #8 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter Without straw 6
7--8 #9 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) partly slatted floor 3 batches of gestating sows divided in groups Classic diet (Restricted) Fibre diet (SBP -Restricted) Partly slatted floor 3 m²/sow 3 Emissions (pig - d - ) NH3 (g) P<..9 9.64..37 Litter Slatted floor classic fibre +8% -4% #9 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter vs partly slatted floor CO (kg). P<..4 3..8.64 Litter Slatted floor classic +% fibre NS With fibre and slatted floor NH3 emissions ~ NO emissions CH4 emissions CO eq emissions NO (g) 3 P<..48..6.6 Litter Slatted floor classic fibre CH4 (g) P<..7. 8.4 9. Litter Slatted floor classic fibre COeq (kg).4.76.48.7 Litter Slatted floor classic fibre -6% NS +3% +% -43% +46% 4 7
7--8 #9 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter vs partly slatted floor NH3 Canh et al. (998) observed less NH3 emissions with SBP Microbial fermentations Lower faeces ph (VFA) Less N in urine as urea (and more N in faeces as protein form) It was what we expected No effect It was what we expected NO CH4 Greater enteric fermentations higher fibre content of diet It was what we expected #9 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter vs partly slatted floor Interactions between housing, behavior and diet 8
7--8 #9 Gestating sows-diet use of fibres (SBP) straw litter vs partly slatted floor Confirmation with fattening pigs # Fattening pigs - Diet use of fibres (SBP) slatted floor batches of 4 pigs divided in groups Classic diet (8% NSP) Fibre diet (3%NSP) Isoproteic and isoenergy Ad libitum 3 kg.7 m²/pig Fully slatted floor 9
7--8 # Fattening pigs - Diet use of fibres (SBP) slatted floor NH3 (g) P<..9. 7.98 4.3 F Pigs Sows classic fibre -49% -4% CO (kg). P<...4.8.64 F Pigs Sows classic fibre -9% NS With fattening pigs NH3 emissions ~ NO emissions CH4 emissions CO eq emissions NO (g) 3.33.6.34.6 F Pigs classic P<. Sows fibre CH4 (g) 4.38.8 F Pigs classic P<. 8.4 9. Sows fibre COeq (kg)..7.48.7 F Pigs classic Sows fibre NS NS +3% +% +8% +46% 9 # Fattening pigs - Diet use of fibres (SBP) slatted floor Same design with gas emissions for fattening pigs and gestating sows BUT with fattening pigs ADG with fiber diet (-% ; 787 vs. 878 g/d) carcass weights and killing out percentage digestive tract health Reducing of the gastric lesion strengthening of the intestine s protective barrier against bacterial invasions. 3
7--8 Conclusions Numerous techniques to reduce emissions, whatever the floor type BUT contradictions depending on the circumstances and the gas Bedded floor : Large range of rearing systems Environment inside the litter Sawdust : ( CH4), NO Increasing straw supply : NH3, NO, CH4 Partly slatted floor : Provided prevention of soiled solid floor Dietary factors Fibres : NH3 on slatted floor, NH3 on bedded floor, CH4 on both 6 Thank you for your attention 3