Ciprofloxacin Versus Tobramycin for the Treatment of Staphylococcal Keratitis
|
|
- Julia Rose
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ciprofloxacin Versus Tobramycin for the Treatment of Staphylococcal Keratitis Michelle C. Callegan* Lee S. Engel,* James M. Hill,*"f and Richard J. O'Callaghan* Purpose. To compare the chemotherapeutic efficacies of ciprofloxacin (0.3%) and fortified (1.36%) tobramycin for the treatment of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis during early and late stages of infection. Methods. Rabbit corneas were intrastromally injected with 10 2 colony-forming units (CFU) of methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) or methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Topical therapy was initiated at either 4 hours postinfection (early stage) or at 10 hours postinfection (late stage). Drops were administered every 15 minutes for 5 hours. Corneal bacterial counts and aqueous humor antibiotic concentrations were determined. Results. Early administration of ciprofloxacin sterilized all MSSA-infected corneas and 83% of MRSA-infected corneas. Late administration of ciprofloxacin reduced the numbers of viable MSSA and MRSA to 3.6 and 3.7 log 10 CFU per cornea, respectively, but did not sterilize any corneas. Early administration of fortified (1.36%) tobramycin sterilized all MSSA-infected corneas but none of the MRSA-infected corneas. Late administration of tobramycin reduced the viable MSSA to very low numbers (0.5 and 0.0 log 10, respectively) and sterilized 33% of MSSA-infected corneas, but had little effect on MRSA-infected corneas. Conclusions. Early in infection, ciprofloxacin was highly effective against MSSA and MRSA, whereas tobramycin was effective only against MSSA. During later stages of infection, tobramycin was more effective than ciprofloxacin against MSSA, and neither antibiotic was effective against MRSA. Thus, ciprofloxacin is limited by the time of application and tobramycin is limited by the resistance of the MRSA strain. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35: istaphylococcus aureus is among the principal pathogens associated with bacterial keratitis, especially as a consequence of extended-wear contact lens use. 1 ' 2 Because of the potential for corneal scarring, antimicrobial treatment (topical application of commercially available cefazolin and an aminoglycoside 3 ' 4 ) must be initiated promptly to prevent loss of vision. In severe cases, the need for frequent administration of fortified tobramycin (13.6 mg/ml) usually requires hospitalization to assure compliance. 3 ' 4 From the * Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, and the \Department of Ophthalmology, Lions Eye Research Laboratories, Louisiana State University Medical Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service grant EY0887J and Core grant EY02377 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Submitted for publication June 22, 1993; revised October 4, 1993; accepted October 5, Proprietary interest category: N. Reprint requests: James M. Hill, LSU Eye Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite B, New Orleans, LA Edwards and Schlech reported the efficacy of the aminoglycoside, tobramycin, for treatment of experimental keratitis in rabbits. 5 Topical tobramycin drops (0.1% and 0.3%) reduced viable staphylococci and slowed the progression of the infection, as observed by slit-lamp examination. In a clinical study, both 0.3% tobramycin and a fluoroquinolone, 0.3% ofloxacin, were effective against 5. aureus keratitis, resulting in clinical improvement in 85% of the patients, as measured by bacterial culturing techniques. 6 Few quantitative studies of fluoroquinolones in experimental staphylococcal animal models have been published. We 7 ' 8 have shown that, in the therapy of experimental keratitis in the rabbit, topical 0.3% ciprofloxacin is more effective than topical 5.0% cefazolin or 5.0% vancomycin. These studies also demonstrated that with early treatment (4 to 9 hours postinfection), when bacteria are replicating, ciprofloxacin is capable of sterilizing infected corneas. With later treatment (10 to 15 or 10 to 20 hours postinfection), however, when bacterial replication is minimal, nei- Investigalive Ophthalmology & Visual Science, March 1994, Vol. 35, No. 3 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 1033
2 1034 Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, March 1994, Vol. 35, No. 3 ther ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, nor vancomycin effectively sterilized staphylococcus-infected corneas. In the search for a more effective therapeutic regimen against ocular staphylococcal infections, especially for the later stages of infection, we compared the efficacy of early and late treatment with a fluoroquinolone, 0.3% ciprofloxacin, and an aminoglycoside, fortified (1.36%) tobramycin. These studies used both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) 5. aureus in an intrastromal model of keratitis in the rabbit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial Strains The MSSA strain used in these studies (ATCC 25923; American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) is a well characterized strain used for antibiotic susceptibility testing, and is susceptible to a wide variety of antibiotics, including tobramycin and ciprofloxacin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for tobramycin and ciprofloxacin, as determined by a broth tube dilution technique, were 0.4 Mg/ m l and 0.2 /ug/ml, respectively. The MRSA strain used in these studies (strain 301) was acquired from a human corneal ulcer 8 ; MICs for tobramycin and ciprofloxacin were 250 Mg/ m l an d 0.5 /iig/ml, respectively. Keratitis New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.0 to 3.0 kg were used according to guidelines set forth by the ARVO Resolution on the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. All rabbits were anesthetized by subcutaneous injection of a 1:5 mixture of 100 mg/ml xylazine (Rompun; Miles Laboratories, Shawnee, KS) and 100 mg/ml ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset; Bristol Laboratories, Syracuse, NY). One drop of proparacaine hydrochloride (0.5%, Alcainer; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX) was instilled into each eye before intrastromal injection. Each eye was intrastromally injected with approximately 100 colony-forming units (CFU) of MSSA or MRSA in 10 ^1 tryptic soy broth (Difco, Detroit, MI) via a 30-gauge needle attached to a 100-/il syringe (Hamilton Co., Reno, NV). 78 Preparation of Solutions Commercial ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (0.3%; Ciloxan; Alcon) was used in these studies. Fortified (1.36%) tobramycin was prepared by addition of 1.0 ml of injectable tobramycin (4.0%; Nebcin; Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN) to a 2.5-ml bottle of 0.3% tobramycin (Tobrex; Alcon). Sterile saline was used as the antibiotic-negative control. Experimental Design Treatment was initiated at 4 or 10 hours postinfection. Experiment I involved infection with MSSA or MRSA and treatment from 4 to 9 hours postinfection. Experiment II involved infection with MSSA or MRSA and treatment from 10 to 15 hours postinfection. Experiments I and II each consisted often rabbits randomly assigned to four treatment groups as follows: group 1, topical fortified (1.36%) tobramycin (six corneas); group 2, topical 0.3% ciprofloxacin (six corneas); group 3, topical saline (four corneas); and group 4, no topical therapy (untreated, four corneas). Treated rabbits were given a single drop of solution in each eye every 15 minutes for 5 hours, for a total of 21 drops per eye. Corneal manifestations of progressing ocular infection were observed using a slit-lamp biomicroscope (Topcon SL-5D; Kogaku Kikai K.K., Tokyo, Japan). All rabbits were sacrificed 1 hour after the last topical treatment (10 or 16 hours postinfection) by intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital solution (100 mg/ml; The Butler Co., Columbus, MO). All eyes were proptosed, irrigated with sterile phosphatebuffered saline (PBS, ph 7.4), and corneas and aqueous humor were recovered for determination of viable bacteria (CFU) and antibiotic concentrations, respectively. Aqueous humor (200 /x\) was removed by paracentesis with a 27-gauge needle attached to a 1.0- ml tuberculin syringe. Corneas were removed aseptically by excision at the corneoscleral limbus and dissected into eight to ten small pieces. Recovered corneas ranged from 12 to 16 mm in diameter. Quantification of Viable Per Cornea Quantification of viable MSSA or MRSA per cornea has been previously described. 7 ' 8 Briefly, corneas were aseptically removed, dissected, homogenized, and centrifuged. Aliquots of corneal homogenate were serially diluted in sterile PBS, plated onto tryptic soy agar (Difco) and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. All colonies were counted, and viable CFU expressed as base 10 logarithms. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) of viable CFU per cornea was performed using a Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) program. 9 Where a significant ANOVA was found, t tests between the least square means of each group were performed. s in Aqueous Humor Agar-well bioassays for tobramycin and ciprofloxacin developed by Engel et al 10 were used. Briefly, assay plates were prepared by pouring 30 ml No. 2 Oxoid Agar (Oxoid USA Inc., Columbia, MD) into 150 X 15 mm Petri dishes (Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc., Houston, TX). The agar was allowed to harden
3 Chemotherapy of Staphylococcal Keratitis 1035 and 10 5 CFU per ml of the indicator bacterial strain was aseptically spread onto the agar surface. Wells were cut into the agar with a sterile trephine (7.5 mm diameter). Aqueous humor samples and antibiotic standards (50 ml) were transferred aseptically into the wells. 5. aureus ATCC strain and Klebsiellapneumoniae ATCC strain were used as the indicator strains in tobramycin and ciprofloxacin bioassays, respectively. The Petri dishes were incubated in a humidified chamber at 37 C for 24 hours, and zones of inhibition were measured. All aqueous humor samples and antibiotic standards were assayed in triplicate. concentrations were determined from a standard curve of zone size versus log of concentration, the slope of which was determined from a best-fit curve by least-square means method using an SAS program. 9 Standard curves had a linear regression coefficient of > The sensitivities of the tobramycin and ciprofloxacin bioassays were 1.0 mg/ml and 0.1 ml, respectively. 10 RESULTS During the early stages of infection (4 to 9 hours postinfection), corneal changes in staphylococcus-infected eyes included slight stromal edema and minimal accumulation of stromal infiltrate at the site of injection. During the later stages of infection (10 to 15 hours postinfection), marked erosions of the corneal epithelium at the injection site were visible in all infected eyes. With time, the epithelial erosions increased in size (greater than 5 mm) and began to fill with pus. Also during the later stages of infection, punctate stromal infiltrates that were present along the needle tract began to coalesce. Topical application of tobramycin or ciprofloxacin had no effect on the progression of changes in corneal appearance. Early treatment with ciprofloxacin (4 to 9 hours postinfection) sterilized all MSSA-infected corneas and five of six (83.3%) MRSA-infected corneas; the numbers of CFU in these corneas were small (Table 1). Late ciprofloxacin therapy (10 to 15 hours postinfection) resulted in larger populations of residual bacteria for both strains (3.6 and 3.7 log ]0 CFU for MSSA and MRSA, respectively; Table 2). Early treatment with fortified (1.36%) tobramycin sterilized all MSSA-infected corneas; however, the mean number of viable bacteria remaining in MRSAinfected corneas was 4.3 log 10 CFU, and none of these corneas was sterile (Table 1). Late tobramycin treatment of MSSA-infected corneas resulted in 0.5 log 10 CFU and sterilization of two of six (33.3%) corneas, whereas corneas infected with the resistant strain contained 7.0 logjo CFU, and none was sterile (Table 2). There were no significant differences in the numbers of viable bacteria remaining in saline-treated and untreated control corneas infected with either MSSA or MRSA at the end of the early treatment period (10 hours postinfection) or the late treatment period (16 hours postinfection). The concentrations of ciprofloxacin in aqueous humor from MSSA- and MRSA-infected eyes were not significantly different, whether sampled after early or late treatment (Tables 1, 2). The concentration of tobramycin in aqueous humor from MRSA-infected eyes, however, was nearly twice that of the aqueous humor from MSSA-infected eyes after both early and late treatments (Tables 1,2). DISCUSSION In this study, we compared the efficacy of 0.3% ciprofloxacin and fortified 1.36% tobramycin against earlystage and late-stage MSSA and MRSA keratitis in rabbits. Ciprofloxacin was capable of corneal sterilization TABLE l. Viable Staphylococcus aureus in Corneas after Early Treatment* Infection WithMethicillin-Sensitive Infection With Methicillin-Resistant Group Treatment Units (Log, 0 ) (fig/ml) Units (Log lo ) (Hg/ml) Tobramycin (1.36%) Ciprofloxacin (0.3%) Saline None 0.0 ± ± ± ± ± 6.Of 5.5± ± 0.2J 0.1 ±0.1J 5.4 ± ± ± 5.8f 6.5 ± 1.6 Values are mean ± SEM for six corneas in Groups 1 and 2 and four corneas in Groups 3 and 4. * Early treatment was begun 4 hr after infection and continued for 5 hr. Bacterial counts and antibiotic concentrations were measured 1 hr after treatment was completed (10-hr postinfection). f Significantly different (P = ). X Significantly different from each other (P = ) and from all other groups (P < ). Not significantly different (P = 0.9).
4 1036 Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, March 1994, Vol. 35, No. 3 TABLE 2. Viable Staphylococcus aureus in Corneas after Late Treatment* Infection With Methicillin-Sensitive Infection With Methicillin-Resistant Group Treatment Units (Logi 0 ) (ng/ml) Units (Log l0 ) (lig/ml) Tobramycin (1.36%) Ciprofloxacin (0.3%) Saline None 0.5 ± 0.2f 3.6 ± O.lf 6.2 ± ± ± 12.5} 4.4 ± ± ± ± ± ± 8.9J 15.8 ±2.311 Values are mean ± SEM for six corneas in Groups 1 and 2 and four corneas in Groups 3 and 4. * Late treatment was begun 10 hr after infection and continued for 5 hr. Bacterial counts and antibiotic concentrations were measured 1 hr after treatment was completed (16-hr postinfection). t Significantly different (P = ). X Significantly different (P = ). Significantly different (P = ). 11 Significantly different (P = ). when treatment for MSSA and MRSA keratitis was begun early (4 to 9 hours postinfection), corroborating our study demonstrating the efficacy of 0.3% ciprofloxacin versus 5.0% cefazolin and 5.0% vancomycin against early-stage staphylococcal keratitis. 7 ' 8 We 78 and others 11 have reported the inefficiency of topical antibiotic drops against staphylococcal keratitis, particularly during later stages of infection. Davis et al 1 ' demonstrated the diminished ability of nafcillin to kill staphylococci in the cornea when treatment was begun at 12 or 16 hours postinfection. As shown in the current study and in previous studies, 7 ' 8 ciprofloxacin was unable sufficiently to reduce staphylococci in the cornea when treatment was initiated during the later stages of infection. Extending therapy from 5 to 10 hours' duration (10 to 20 hours postinfection) had little effect in improving the outcome of the infection. 78 The inability of these antibiotics to kill staphylococci during the late stages of infection could be related to the reduced amount of bacterial replication, the inability of antibiotic to reach staphylococci sequestered in a pus-filled ulcer, or the inhibition of antibiotic activity by pus. Aminoglycosides have been used commonly for treatment of severe staphylococcal keratitis, 4 and have been effective against experimental 5. aureus keratitis during the early stages of infection. 12 Previous studies have shown the ability of gentamicin and neomycin to reduce staphylococci in the cornea to less than 2 logs when treatment was begun during the later stages of infection Our study demonstrated that fortified tobramycin is capable of sterilizing 100% of MSSA-infected corneas when therapy is begun early. Corneal sterilization (33%) was also achieved for MSSA keratitis when tobramycin therapy was begun during the late stages of keratitis, a time when other antibiotics have been therapeutically ineffective. 7 ' 8 Fortified 1.36% tobramycin was not effective against MRSA in the cornea, even when treatment was begun at 4 hours postinfection. This result was anticipated, because the MRSA strain used in these studies was determined previously to be resistant to tobramycin; the tobramycin concentrations in aqueous humor did not approach the tobramycin MIC (250 Mg/ml) for this MRSA strain. Tobramycin concentrations achieved in the aqueous humor after 5 hours of treatment of MRSA keratitis were significantly higher than tobramycin concentrations achieved during treatment of MSSA keratitis. Corneal structural alterations, such as stromal edema and infiltration, began during the early stages of keratitis, at approximately 8 hours postinfection. Corneal changes progressed more rapidly, however, in MRSA-infected eyes than in MSSA-infected eyes. Epithelial erosions were present in MRSA-infected eyes at 10 hours postinfection, but were observed in MSSA-infected eyes at 12 hours postinfection. These observations agree with previous studies in which slit-lamp observations revealed more rapidly enlarging epithelial erosions in MRSA-infected eyes, compared to those observed in MSSA-infected eyes. 7 ' 8 Corneal epithelial damage by mechanical debridement has been shown to result in higher concentrations of aminoglycosides in the cornea and aqueous humor Overall, antibiotic concentrations in aqueous humor from eyes infected with MRSA were higher than concentrations from MSSA-infected corneas. Because of the early stromal damage and epithelial ulceration seen in progressing MRSA keratitis, more antibiotic probably entered into and diffused through the cornea in these eyes. We have demonstrated that both 0.3% ciprofloxacin and fortified 1.36% tobramycin are highly effective in killing MSSA growing in the cornea during early
5 Chemotherapy of Staphylococcal Keratitis 1037 stages of infection. Fortified tobramycin also was highly effective against progressing MSSA keratitis during later stages of infection, when other antibiotics have been shown to be therapeutically inadequate. Because MRSA strains also commonly are resistant to aminoglycosides, as seen here with tobramycin, ciprofloxacin should be considered for the treatment of MRSA corneal infections. With a recent increase in quinolone-resistant strains of MSSA and MRSA, 1617 however, evaluation of the efficacies of other antibiotics or combinations for treatment of these infections is needed. Additional studies also are needed to determine the best chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal keratitis, particularly one that could achieve corneal sterilization during the later stages of infection. Key Words tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, methicillin-resistant, Staphylococcus aureus keratitis, rabbits Acknowledgments The authors thank consultants Drs. Thomas E. Clinch, Michael S. Insler, Herbert E. Kaufman, and Jeffery A. Hobden; and Wayne R. Salsiccia, Bryan P. Hemard, Patrick M. O'Callaghan, and Nataskia O. Lampe for their technical assistance. References 1. Laibson PR, Cohen EJ, Rajpal RK. Corneal ulcers related to contact lenses. CLAOJ. 1993; 19: Limberg MB. A review of bacterial keratitis and bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991; 112 (suppl):2s-9s. 3. Barza M. Antibacterial agents in the treatment of ocular infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1989; 3: Steinert RF. Current therapy for bacterial keratitis and bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991; 112(suppl):10S-14S. 5. Edwards JG, Schlech BA. Efficacy of topical chloramphenicol and tobramycin ophthalmic solutions in preventing severe Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in rabbits. CurrEye Res. 1985;4: Gwon A. Ofloxacin vs tobramycin for the treatment of external ocular infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110: Callegan MC, Hobden JA, Hill JM, Insler MS, O'Callaghan RJ. Topical antibiotic therapy for the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33: Callegan MC, Hobden JA, Hill JM, Insler MS, O'Callaghan RJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in the rabbit: therapy with ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and cefazolin. Curr Eye Res. 1992; 11: SAS User's Guide: Statistics Version, edition 5. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; Engel LS, Callegan MC, Hill JM, O'Callaghan RJ. Bioassays for quantitating ciprofloxacin and tobramycin in aqueous humor. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1993;9: Davis SD, Sarff LD, Hyndiuk RA. Staphylococcal keratitis: experimental model in guinea pigs. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96: Kupferman A, Leibowitz HM. Topical antibiotic therapy of staphylococcal keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95: Leibowitz HM, Ryan WJ, Kupferman A. Route of antibiotic administration in bacterial keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99: Baum J, Barza M. Topical vs subconjunctival treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers. Ophthalmology. 1983;90: Phinney RB, Schwartz SD, Lee DA, Mondino BJ. Collagen shield delivery of gentamicin and vancomycin. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988; 106: Isaacs RD, Kunke PJ, Cohen RL, Smith JW. Ciprofloxacin resistance in epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 1988; 2: Raviglione MC, BouleJF, Mariuz P, et al. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an acute-care hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34:
Evaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals
J Vet Diagn Invest :164 168 (1998) Evaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals Susannah K. Hubert, Phouc Dinh Nguyen, Robert D. Walker Abstract.
More informationLABORATORY SCIENCES. Treatment of Experimental Bacterial Keratitis With Topical Trovafloxacin
LABORATORY SCIENCES Treatment of Experimental Bacterial Keratitis With Topical Trovafloxacin Irina S. Barequet, MD; Paul Denton, BS; Gerard J. Osterhout, MS; Suhas Tuli, MD; Terrence P. O Brien, MD Objective:
More informationNebcin0 in the treatment of experimental
Brit. J. Ophthal. (15) 5, 5 Nebcin in the treatment of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis RUBENS BELFORT, JR., GLBERT SMOLN, MASAO OKUMOTO, and HONG BOK KM From the Francis. Proctor Foundation for Research
More informationRole of Moxifloxacin in Bacterial Keratitis
Original Article Role of Moxifloxacin in Bacterial Keratitis Aamna Jabran, Aurengzeb Sheikh, Syed Ali Haider, Zia-ud-din Shaikh Pak J Ophthalmol 29, Vol. 25 No. 2.................................................................................
More informationPathogens and Antibiotic Sensitivities in Post- Phacoemulsification Endophthalmitis, Kaiser Permanente, California,
Pathogens and Antibiotic Sensitivities in Post- Phacoemulsification Endophthalmitis, Kaiser Permanente, California, 2007-2012 Geraldine R. Slean, MD, MS 1 ; Neal H. Shorstein, MD 2 ; Liyan Liu, MD, MS
More informationMICHAEL J. RYBAK,* ELLIE HERSHBERGER, TABITHA MOLDOVAN, AND RICHARD G. GRUCZ
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Apr. 2000, p. 1062 1066 Vol. 44, No. 4 0066-4804/00/$04.00 0 Copyright 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin,
More informationIn vitro antibiotic resistance in bacterial keratitis in London
Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:687 691 687 Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD SJTuft Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9QS M Matheson Correspondence to: Mr S J Tuft, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City
More informationAn Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Article ID: WMC00590 ISSN 2046-1690 An Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Author(s):Dr. K P Ranjan, Dr. D R Arora, Dr. Neelima Ranjan Corresponding
More informationTel: Fax:
CONCISE COMMUNICATION Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL,a novel pyrrolidinone--ylidenemethyl cephem,tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci L. M.
More informationagainst Clinical Isolates of Gram-Positive Bacteria
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 993, p. 366-370 Vol. 37, No. 0066-0/93/00366-05$0.00/0 Copyright 993, American Society for Microbiology In Vitro Activity of CP-99,9, a New Fluoroquinolone,
More informationStudy of Bacteriological Profile of Corneal Ulcers in Patients Attending VIMS, Ballari, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 7 (2016) pp. 200-205 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.507.020
More informationREVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY SECTION OF WHO MODEL LIST OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES. Sight Savers International and The Vision 2020 Technology Group
REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY SECTION OF WHO MODEL LIST OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES Anti infective agent Medicine suggested for inclusion Ciprofloxacin: 0.3 % eye drops Application submitted by Sight Savers International
More informationQ1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants.
Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants. C. difficile rarely causes problems, either in healthy adults or in infants.
More informationFinancial disclosures
Financial disclosures Named co-inventor on PCT applications CH2012/0000090 and PCT2014/CH000075 Chief Scientific Officer EMAGine SA Historical decision in 2004 1. Future: extremely thin corneas Dresden
More information2018 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES: REGISTRY ONLY. MEASURE TYPE: Process
Quality ID #407: Appropriate Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) Bacteremia National Quality Strategy Domain: Effective Clinical Care 2018 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES:
More informationRabbit Streptococcus pneumoniae Keratitis Model and Topical Therapy
Rabbit Streptococcus pneumoniae Keratitis Model and Topical Therapy James P. Guzek, 12 Dennis J. Cline 2 Paul K. Row, 5 Izak F. Wessels 2 ' 4 Scott Beeve, 5 Scott Ispirescu, 5 Raydolfo M. Aprecio, 5 James
More information6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although
More informationAppropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean?
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean? Jaehee Lee, M.D. Kyungpook National University Hospital, Korea KNUH since 1907 Presentation outline Empiric antimicrobial choice: right spectrum,
More informationDual Antibiotic Delivery from Chitosan Sponges Prevents In Vivo Polymicrobial Biofilm Infections
Dual Antibiotic Delivery from Chitosan Sponges Prevents In Vivo Polymicrobial Biofilm Infections Ashley Parker, MS 1, James Smith, MS 1, Karen Beenken, PhD 2, Jessica Amber Jennings, PhD 3, Mark Smeltzer,
More informationFactors affecting plate assay of gentamicin
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1977) 3, 17-23 Factors affecting plate assay of gentamicin II. Media D. C. Shanson* and C. J. Hince Department of Medical Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical
More informationJanuary 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1
January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1. and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Interpretive Standards for Testing Conditions Medium: diffusion: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) Broth dilution: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton
More informationClinical Features, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and Outcomes of Infectious Keratitis Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Clinical Features, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and Outcomes of Infectious Keratitis Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Sotiria Palioura, MD, MSc, PhD Cornea & External Disease Specialist Athens
More informationUSA Product Label LINCOCIN. brand of lincomycin hydrochloride tablets. brand of lincomycin hydrochloride injection, USP. For Use in Animals Only
USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY Division of Pfizer Inc. Distributed by PFIZER INC. 235 E. 42ND ST., NEW YORK, NY, 10017 Telephone: 269-833-4000 Fax: 616-833-4077 Customer
More information.'URRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEA. VOLUME 66, NUMBER 3, MAY/JuNE 2005
.'URRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEA VOLUME 66, NUMBER 3, MAY/JuNE 2005 Efficacy of Moxifloxacin Monotherapy Versus Gatifloxacin Monotherapy, Piperacillin- Tazobactam Combination Therapy, and Clindamycin Plus Gentamicin
More informationGeNei TM. Antibiotic Sensitivity. Teaching Kit Manual KT Revision No.: Bangalore Genei, 2007 Bangalore Genei, 2007
GeNei Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity Teaching Kit Manual Cat No. New Cat No. KT68 106333 Revision No.: 00180705 CONTENTS Page No. Objective 3 Principle 3 Kit Description 4 Materials Provided 5 Procedure
More informationVOL. XXIII NO. II THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 559. ANTIBIOTIC 6640.* Ill
VOL. XXIII NO. II THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 559 ANTIBIOTIC 6640.* Ill BIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH ANTIBIOTIC 6640, A NEW BROAD-SPECTRUM AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC J. Allan Waitz, Eugene L. Moss, Jr., Edwin
More informationIsolation of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from soil of Kathmandu valley and assessment of their antimicrobial activities
International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences (IJOMAS) ISSN: 2382-5537 May 2016, 2(4):22-26 IJOMAS, 2016 Research Article Page: 22-26 Isolation of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from soil
More informationTopical Antibiotic Update. Brad Sutton, O.D., F.A.A.O. Indiana University School of Optometry Indianapolis Eye Care Center No financial disclosures
Topical Antibiotic Update Brad Sutton, O.D., F.A.A.O. Indiana University School of Optometry Indianapolis Eye Care Center No financial disclosures What do we have? We currently have many highly effective
More informationBacterial Keratitis Should optometrists treat in the community?
Case Record 13 Bacterial Keratitis Should optometrists treat in the community? December 2008 Dr Peter Frampton DOptom MSc FCOptom BAppSc(Optom)(AUS) DipTp(AS) DipTp(SP) DipTp(IP) Introduction Can Optometrists
More informationImproved Susceptibility Disk Assay Method Employing an
ANTIMICROIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Nov. 1978, P. 761-764 66-484/78/14-761$2./ pyright 1978 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 14, No. 5 Printed in U.S.A. Improved Susceptibility Disk Assay Method
More informationBaytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable is FDA-approved for BRD control (metaphylaxis) in high-risk cattle.
Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable is FDA-approved for BRD control (metaphylaxis) in high-risk cattle. Whether controlling or treating BRD, it s important to kill bacteria to let the calf s immune system
More information2 0 hr. 2 hr. 4 hr. 8 hr. 10 hr. 12 hr.14 hr. 16 hr. 18 hr. 20 hr. 22 hr. 24 hr. (time)
Key words I μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ II Fig. 1. Microdilution plate. The dilution step of the antimicrobial agent is prepared in the -well microplate. Serial twofold dilution were prepared according
More information2019 COLLECTION TYPE: MIPS CLINICAL QUALITY MEASURES (CQMS) MEASURE TYPE: Process High Priority
Quality ID #407: Appropriate Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) Bacteremia National Quality Strategy Domain: Effective Clinical Care Meaningful Measure Area: Healthcare Associated
More informationDebate Series editors: Susan Lightman and Peter McCluskey
1167... Series editors: Susan Lightman and Peter McCluskey Correspondence to: M Daniell, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, 3065, Australia; daniellm@ozemail.com.au Accepted for
More informationEvaluation of Moxifloxacin 0.5% Eye Drops in Treatment of Bacterial Corneal Ulcers
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 11 Ver. II (Nov. 2017), PP 15-19 www.iosrjournals.org Evaluation of Moxifloxacin 0.5% Eye Drops
More informationDetection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran
Letter to the Editor Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Mohammad Rahbar, PhD; Massoud Hajia, PhD
More informationAminoglycoside-resistant enterococci
Aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci M. J. BASKER, B. SLOCOMBE, AND R. SUTHERLAND From Beecham Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Brockham Park, Betchworth, Surrey J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 375-380 SUMMARY
More informationFluoroquinolone and fortified antibiotics for treating bacterial corneal ulcers
378 Centre for Eye Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia N Gangopadhyay M Daniell L Weih H R Taylor Correspondence to: Dr Mark Daniell
More informationSURVIVABILITY OF HIGH RISK, MULTIRESISTANT BACTERIA ON COTTON TREATED WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
SURVIVABILITY OF HIGH RISK, MULTIRESISTANT BACTERIA ON COTTON TREATED WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Adrienn Hanczvikkel 1, András Vígh 2, Ákos Tóth 3,4 1 Óbuda University, Budapest,
More information56 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved.
Table 2C 56 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved. Table 2C. Zone Diameter and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Breakpoints for Testing Conditions Medium: Inoculum: diffusion:
More informationBrief reports. Heat stability of the antimicrobial activity of sixty-two antibacterial agents
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (5) 35, -5 Brief reports Heat stability of the antimicrobial activity of sixty-two antibacterial agents Walter H. Traub and Birgit Leonhard Institut fur Medizinische
More informationDetection of Methicillin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in a Tertiary Care Hospital
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 7 (2017) pp. 4008-4014 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.415
More informationDisk Susceptibility Studies with Cefazolin and Cephalothin
ANTIMICROBiAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHEMRAPY, Jan. 1974, p. 63-67 Copyright i 1974 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 5, No. 1 Printed in U.SA. Disk Susceptibility Studies with Cefazolin and Cephalothin
More informationTHE STABILITY OF E1VROFLOXA CIN University Undergraduate Research Fellow. A Senior Thesis. Texas ASM University.
THE STABILITY OF E1VROFLOXA CIN A Senior Thesis By Meagan A. Dodge 1997-98 University Undergraduate Research Fellow Texas ASM University Group: Biology THE STABILITY OF ENROFLOXACIN MEAGANA, DODGE Submitted
More informationComparison of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, and Methicillin in Streptococcal Infections in Monkeys
ANTIbMCROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, June 197, p. 460-465 Copyright 197 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 1, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Comparison of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, and Methicillin in Streptococcal
More informationBacterial keratitis is a major cause of corneal opacity and loss
Immunology and Microbiology An In Vitro Investigation of Synergy or Antagonism between Antimicrobial Combinations against Isolates from Bacterial Keratitis Henri Sueke, 1,2 Stephen B. Kaye, 1 Timothy Neal,
More informationInternational Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access.
I J A P B International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access. ISSN: 2454-8375 COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MIC OF BRANDED
More informationNAFCILLIN AND OXACILLIN COMPARATIVE ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL ACTIVITY IN MICE. J. A. YURCHENCO, M. W. HOPPER, T. D. VINCE and G. H.
46 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS APR. 1976 NAFCILLIN AND OXACILLIN COMPARATIVE ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL ACTIVITY IN MICE J. A. YURCHENCO, M. W. HOPPER, T. D. VINCE a G. H. WARREN Research Division, Wyeth Laboratories,
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial Therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Doo Ryeon Chung, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Infection Control Office SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CASE 1
More informationPharmacological Evaluation of Amikacin in Neonates
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, JUlY 1975, p. 86-90 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 8, No. 1 Printed in U.SA. Pharmacological Evaluation of Amikacin in Neonates JORGE B.
More informationTest Method Modified Association of Analytical Communities Test Method Modified Germicidal Spray Products as Disinfectants
Study Title Antibacterial Activity and Efficacy of E-Mist Innovations' Electrostatic Sprayer Product with Multiple Disinfectants Method Modified Association of Analytical Communities Method 961.02 Modified
More informationa. 379 laboratories provided quantitative results, e.g (DD method) to 35.4% (MIC method) of all participants; see Table 2.
AND QUANTITATIVE PRECISION (SAMPLE UR-01, 2017) Background and Plan of Analysis Sample UR-01 (2017) was sent to API participants as a simulated urine culture for recognition of a significant pathogen colony
More informationSynergism of penicillin or ampicillin combined with sissomicin or netilmicin against enterococci
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (78) 4, 53-543 Synergism of penicillin or ampicillin combined with sissomicin or netilmicin against enterococci Chatrchal Watanakunakoni and Cheryl Glotzbecker Infectious
More informationAntibiotics in vitro : Which properties do we need to consider for optimizing our therapeutic choice?
Antibiotics in vitro : Which properties do we need to consider for optimizing our therapeutic choice? With the support of Wallonie-Bruxelles-International 1-1 In vitro evaluation of antibiotics : the antibiogram
More informationPACK-CXL. for infectious keratitis. Farhad Hafezi, MD PhD. Professor of Ophthalmology Keck School of Medicine USC Los Angeles, USA
PACK-CXL for infectious keratitis Farhad Hafezi, MD PhD Professor of Ophthalmology University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland Medical Director ELZA Institute Zurich, Switzerland Research Group Leader Lab.
More informationMRSA surveillance 2014: Poultry
Vicky Jasson MRSA surveillance 2014: Poultry 1. Introduction In the framework of the FASFC surveillance, a surveillance of MRSA in poultry has been executed in order to determine the prevalence and diversity
More informationby adding different antibiotics to sera containing
J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 521-525 Serum gentamicin assays of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 C Kiebsiella method compared with overnight plate diffusion and acetyltransferase assays D. C. SHANSONI
More informationAn evaluation of the susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative organisms isolated in cancer centres with aminoglycoside usage
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1991) 27, Suppl. C, 1-7 An evaluation of the susceptibility patterns of Gram-negative organisms isolated in cancer centres with aminoglycoside usage J. J. Muscato",
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #111 RAT ANESTHESIA
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #111 RAT ANESTHESIA 1. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes methods for anesthetizing rats. 2. RESPONSIBILITY Principal Investigators (PIs) and their research
More informationBacterial Resistance. The Battle of the Bugs: Treating Infections in the Age of Resistance. How Resistance Develops. The Age of Modern Medicine
The Age of Modern Medicine The Battle of the Bugs: Treating Infections in the Age of Resistance Mark T. Dunbar, O.D., F.A.A.O. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Med Miami,
More informationOccurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin in Srinagarind Hospital
Original Article Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin in Srinagarind Hospital Aroonlug Lulitanond, M.Sc. 1,3 Aroonwadee Chanawong, Ph.D. 1,3
More informationTEST REPORT. Client: M/s Ion Silver AB. Loddekopinge. Sverige / SWEDEN. Chandran. min and 30 min. 2. E. coli. 1. S. aureus
TEST REPORT TEST TYPE: Liquid Suspension Time Kill Study -Quantitative Test Based On ASTM 2315 TEST METHOD of Colloidal Silver Product at Contact time points: 30 sec, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min
More informationWound Management. Elof Eriksson MD PhD Professor Emeritus, Harvard Medical School Chief Medical Officer, Applied Tissue Technologies LLC
Wound Management The use of a Platform Wound Device for Topical Treatment of Infections and for Delivery of Negative Pressure Elof Eriksson MD PhD Professor Emeritus, Harvard Medical School Chief Medical
More informationLab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method.
Lab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method. OBJECTIVES 1. Compare the antimicrobial capabilities of different antibiotics. 2. Compare effectiveness of with different types of bacteria.
More informationReducing Infections in Surgical Practice. Fred A Sweet, MD Rockford Spine Center Illinois, USA
Reducing Infections in Surgical Practice Fred A Sweet, MD Rockford Spine Center Illinois, USA Introduction: How bacteria get in The Host The Surgeon The Procedure The STAFF Skin PREP Prophylactic Antibiotics
More informationStanding Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis
Standing Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis 1. Definition of Peritonitis: a. Cloudy effluent. b. WBC > 100 cells/mm3 with >50% polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells with minimum 2 hour dwell. c.
More informationTOLYPOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC. V IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. Masahiro Kondo, Tokiko Oishi and Kanji Tsuchiya
16 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS JAN. 1972 TOLYPOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC. V IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Masahiro Kondo, Tokiko Oishi and Kanji Tsuchiya Biological Research Laboratories, Research
More informationBrief Report THE DEVELOPMENT OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN A PATIENT WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION
Brief Report THE DEVELOPMENT OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN A PATIENT WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION KRZYSZTOF SIERADZKI, PH.D., RICHARD B. ROBERTS, M.D., STUART W. HABER, M.D.,
More informationMEDICATION ADMINSITRATION: ANTIBIOTIC LOCK THERAPY GUIDELINE
MEDICATION ADMINSITRATION: ANTIBIOTIC LOCK THERAPY GUIDELINE I. PURPOSE Central venous catheters are an integral part in medical management for patients requiring long-term total parenteral nutrition,
More informationThe Battle of Resistance: Treating Infections in the Age of Resistance
The Age of Modern Medicine The Battle of Resistance: Treating Infections in the Age of Resistance Mark T. Dunbar, O.D., F.A.A.O. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of Miami, Miller School of Med Miami,
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/26062
More informationComparison of Efficacies of Oral Levofloxacin and Oral Ciprofloxacin in a Rabbit Model of a Staphylococcal Abscess
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Mar. 1999, p. 667 671 Vol. 43, No. 3 0066-4804/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Comparison of Efficacies of Oral
More informationDO NOT WRITE ON or THROW AWAY THIS PAPER!
What Kills Bacteria? Lab Procedure Go to the following link: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/ls08/ls08.html or DO NOT WRITE ON or THROW AWAY THIS PAPER! Visit my eboard
More informationComparative efficacy of DRAXXIN or Nuflor for the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in feeder cattle
Treatment Study DRAXXIN vs. Nuflor July 2005 Comparative efficacy of DRAXXIN or Nuflor for the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in feeder cattle Pfizer Animal Health, New York,
More informationThe Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2018, 5(1): Research Article
, 2018, 5(1):145-152 Available online www.tpcj.org Research Article ISSN: 2349-7092 CODEN(USA): PCJHBA In Search of the Truth about the Quality of Mueller Hinton Agar and Tested Antimicrobial Discs Daniela
More informationHardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate
HardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate Cat. no. P14 HardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate, 15ml 10 plates/bag INTENDED USE HardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate is a chromogenic medium recommended for use in the cultivation
More informationStanding Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis
Standing Orders for the Treatment of Outpatient Peritonitis 1. Definition of Peritonitis: a. Cloudy effluent. b. WBC > 100 cells/mm3 with >50% polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells with minimum 2 hour dwell. c.
More informationUSA Product Label CLINTABS TABLETS. Virbac. brand of clindamycin hydrochloride tablets. ANADA # , Approved by FDA DESCRIPTION
VIRBAC CORPORATION USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com P.O. BOX 162059, FORT WORTH, TX, 76161 Telephone: 817-831-5030 Order Desk: 800-338-3659 Fax: 817-831-8327 Website: www.virbacvet.com CLINTABS
More informationTherapy of Staphylococcal Infections in Monkeys
APuPED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1971, P. 440-446 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 21, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Therapy of Staphylococcal Infections in Monkeys VI. Comparison of Clindamycin,
More informationKey words: Campylobacter, diarrhea, MIC, drug resistance, erythromycin
Key words: Campylobacter, diarrhea, MIC, drug resistance, erythromycin Table 1 Detection rate of Campylobacter from stool samples taken from sporadic diarrheic patients Table 2 Detection rates of Campylobacter
More informationRandall Singer, DVM, MPVM, PhD
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Randall Singer, DVM, MPVM, PhD Associate Professor of Epidemiology Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences University of Minnesota Overview How does resistance develop? What
More informationAcquired and Native Resistance of Staphylococcus
APPLED MCROBOLOGY, JUlY 1970, p. 1-5 Copyright 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 20, No.1 Printed in U.S.A. Acquired and Native Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Cephalexin and Other f3-lactam
More informationSTATISTICAL REPORT. Preliminary Analysis of the Second Collaborative Study of the Hard Surface Carrier Test
STATISTICAL REPORT To: From: Subject: Diane Boesenberg, Reckitt Benckiser Emily Mitchell, Product Science Branch, Antimicrobials Division/Office of Pesticide Programs/US EPA Martin Hamilton, Statistician
More informationClinical Study Update: Surgical Therapeutics
The Newsmagazine of the American Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgery EYEWORLD SUPPLEMENT February 2007 Clinical Study Update: Surgical Therapeutics This item contains a non-fda approved use. Please
More informationChapter 2. Disk diffusion method
Chapter 2. Disk diffusion method Tendencia, Eleonor A. Date published: 2004 To cite this document : Tendencia, E. A. (2004). Chapter 2. Disk diffusion method. In Laboratory manual of standardized methods
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #110 MOUSE ANESTHESIA
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #110 MOUSE ANESTHESIA 1. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes methods for anesthetizing mice. 2. RESPONSIBILITY Principal Investigators (PIs) and their
More informationJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published August 26, 2006
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published August, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy doi:./jac/dkl Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae,
More informationDynamic Drug Combination Response on Pathogenic Mutations of Staphylococcus aureus
2011 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology IPCBEE vol.11 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore Dynamic Drug Combination Response on Pathogenic Mutations of Staphylococcus aureus
More informationVisit ABLE on the Web at:
This article reprinted from: Lessem, P. B. 2008. The antibiotic resistance phenomenon: Use of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for inquiry based experimentation. Pages 357-362, in Tested
More informationAntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics Susan E. Sharp, Ph.D., DABMM, FAAM Director, Airport Way Regional Laboratory Director, Regional Microbiology and Molecular Infectious Diseases Laboratories
More informationBurn Infection & Laboratory Diagnosis
Burn Infection & Laboratory Diagnosis Introduction Burns are one the most common forms of trauma. 2 million fires each years 1.2 million people with burn injuries 100000 hospitalization 5000 patients die
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci From Conjunctivas of Preoperative Patients
CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci From Conjunctivas of Preoperative s Tsuyoshi Kato* and Seiji Hayasaka *Division
More informationProspective randomized comparison of 1-day versus 3-day application of topical levofloxacin in eliminating conjunctival flora
European Journal of Ophthalmology / Vol. 17 no. 5, 2007 / pp. 689-695 Prospective randomized comparison of 1-day versus 3-day application of topical levofloxacin in eliminating conjunctival flora C.N.
More informationThe Disinfecting Effect of Electrolyzed Water Produced by GEN-X-3. Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University
The Disinfecting Effect of Electrolyzed Water Produced by GEN-X-3 Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Tae-yoon Choi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The use of disinfectants
More informationQuality Control Testing with the Disk Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of Bauer-Kirby-Sherris-Turck
Quality Control Testing with the Disk Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of Bauer-Kirby-Sherris-Turck DONNA J. BLAZEVIC, M.P.H., MARILYN H. KOEPCKE, B.S., A JOHN M. MATSEN, M.D. Departments of Laboratory Medicine
More informationIntroduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018
Introduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018 Antimicrobial Agents Substances that kill bacteria without harming the host.
More informationENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis
GDR11136 ENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis February 2012 Summary The challenge data presented in this technical bulletin was completed
More informationMicrobial keratitis is a major cause of corneal opacity and
Immunology and Microbiology Bacterial Susceptibility to Topical Antimicrobials and Clinical Outcome in Bacterial Keratitis Stephen Kaye, 1 Stephen Tuft, 2 Timothy Neal, 3 Derek Tole, 4 John Leeming, 5
More informationPRODUCT MONOGRAPH. Pr CILOXAN 0.3% Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution and Ointment (0.3% as ciprofloxacin) Antibacterial Agent
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH Pr CILOXAN 0.3% Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution and Ointment (0.3% as ciprofloxacin) Antibacterial Agent ALCON CANADA INC. Date of Preparation 2665 Meadowpine Blvd. March
More informationSaxena Sonal*, Singh Trishla* and Dutta Renu* (Received for publication January 2012)
J. Commun. Dis. 44(2) 2012 : 97-102 Practical disk diffusion method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at a tertiary care hospital: Implications for clinical therapy
More information