Proceedings+of+the+16 th +International+Conference+on+Environmental+Ergonomics,+Portsmouth+(UK),+29+June+to+3+July PREFACE' +

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1 Proceedingsofthe 16 InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics th 29Juneto3July2015 Portsmouth UnitedKingdom Editors: JamesRHouse&MichaelJTipton PrincipalSponsors: Publisher: InternationalSocietyforEnvironmentalErgonomics ISBN (printed) ISBN (online)

2 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July Theproceedingsinthispublicationhavebeenreviewedbyatleastoneindependentreviewerand havesubsequentlybeenrevisedbytheauthor(s)beforeinclusion. Copyrightbelongstotheauthors.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedbyanymeans withoutthepriorpermissionofthecopyrightholder,andproperreference. EnvironmentalErgonomicsXVI Editors:JamesRHouse&MichaelJTipton InternationalSocietyforEnvironmentalErgonomics ISBN (printed) ISBN (online)

3 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July PREFACE' Thisisthe16thInternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics(ICEE2015),andthefirsttimeithas beenheldintheunitedkingdomsinceit sinceptionasasmallmeetinginbristol,ukin1984.detailsofall previousconferencescanbefoundatwww.environmentallergonomics.org TheICEEhasdevelopedoverthepast15meetingsfromasmallgroupofpeopleinterestedinhumans workinginextremeenvironmentstoalargegroupofexerciseandenvironmentalphysiologists,medics, ergonomists,psychologists,clothingandequipmentdesigners,militarypersonnel&scientists,emergency servicepersonnel,thermalmodellers,studentsandpostlgraduateresearchersacrossthesedisciplines. Wethankallthedelegatesfortheircontributionstothisconference.Thisvolumecontains168abstracts. Aswegotoprintwehave190registereddelegatesincluding42sponsoredpostLgraduateresearch students,forwhichwegratefullyacknowledgethesponsorshipofwlgoreandassociates. Wehave99oralpresentationsand69posterpresentationsandwillbeawardingprizesforthebest studentpresentationsinbothcategories. AselectionofabstractsfromtheseproceedingsistobepublishedbyExtremePhysiology&Medicine,and wearegratefultotheenergyinstituteforsponsoringthisspecialissueofthejournal. Noconferencewouldtakeplacewithouttheassistanceofalargenumberofpeople,inourcaseprimarily colleaguesattheuniversityofportsmouthincluding:ourprimeorganizermrskatiekennedywhohasbeen thefocalpointforoursocialevents;ourpostlgraduateresearchersellawalker,christiegarson,matt Maley,RebeccaNeal,JaneHall,andtheirlead,DrJoeCostelloLyouwillseethemwiththeirconferencetL shirtsthroughouttheweeklask,them,if,you,need,anything;ourcolleaguesdrheathermassey,drgemma Milligan,DrJoCorbett,DrClareEglin,DrMitchLomax,DrAndyScottfortheirhelpwiththescientific reviewsofallsubmissions,andtheirpromisedhelpduringtheconferenceweek;louisepulleyandtracey Walkerfortheirhelpwithfinance;andRichardSimpsonandteamattheonlinestorewhohelpedusto keeptrackofdelegateregistrations,changes,andcancellations.lastly,becauseit slast,thankstogeoff Long,fororganizingthepostLconferenceactivityweekend. Wewarmlywelcomeyoutoyourconference,toourUniversity, IslandCity andtotheunitedkingdom. Wehopethatyoufindtheconferenceinteresting,productiveandwholeLheartedlysociable(don t,forget, your,pirate,/,maritime,costume,for,friday)., JimHouse&MikeTipton 22June2015 EnvironmentalErgonomicsXVI Editors:JamesRHouse&MichaelJTipton InternationalSocietyforEnvironmentalErgonomics ISBN (printed) ISBN (online)

4 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Contents Preface 3 Contents 4 ConferenceProgramme Monday29June2015 ThemesLHeat;Modelling&Methods 5L6 Tuesday30June2015 ThemesLCold,AltitudeandHealth 7L8 Wednesday1July2015 ThemesLClothing,ThermoregulationandComfort 9L10 Thursday2July2015 ThemesLHeat,AdaptationandImmersion 11L12 Friday3July2015 ThemesLClothing,Modelling.Methods&Heat 13L14 Abstracts(seeConferenceProgrammeforpagenumbers) 15L182 4

5 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Conference'Programme' Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor.inthemainabstracts,allpresentingauthorsareunderlined. Monday'29'June'2015 ' Chairpersons:'Stephen'Cheung'&'Iris'Broekhijzen' Pages15to L0905 SafetyBriefandfirstmessages ActionStations,JimHouse&MikeTipton 0905L0915 WelcomefromProfessorGrahamGalbraith,ViceChancellor,UniversityofPortsmouth. 0915L0945 InvitedPresentationLThreethingsyoushouldknowinthermalphysiology. PeterTikuisis 0945L1000 Cranialcoolingduringfirefightingrecoveryeffectsonphysiologicalandperceptualstrain StephenSCheung,PhillipJWallace,AnaisMasbou,StewartRPetersen 1000L1015(S) InvestigatingthelowerambienttemperaturelimitforpreLcoolingtobebeneficialforathleticperformance IrisBroekhuijzen,SimonHodder,MaartenHupperets,GeorgeHavenith 1015L1030(S) Theeffectofhyperthermiawithlocalisedheadandneckcoolingonneuromuscularfunction' RalphGordon,NealeA.Tillin,JamieHall,KellyLAnneClifford,ChristopherJ.Tyler 1030L1115 Break 1115L1130(S) EffectivenessofpreLcoolingandcoolingduringplayonwheelchairrugbyperformance KatyGriggs,GeorgeHavenith,MichaelPrice,ThomasPaulson,VictoriaGooseyLTolfrey 1130L1145(S) Theeffectoficeslurryingestiononintermittentactivityandaruntoexhaustionintheheat' SarahJackson&NicolaGerrett 1145L1200(S) EffectsofMentholonThermoregulatoryResponsesafterExerciseLinducedHyperthermia YoungLJoonJang,JungLHyunKim,JooLYoungLee 1200L1215(S) Humanthermoneutralzoneandthermalcomfortzone:effectsofmildheatacclimation HannahPallubinsky,LisjeSchellen,BorisR.M.Kingma,WouterD.vanMarkenLichtenbelt 1215L1230 QuantificationofmusclerecoverymethodsbynearLinfraredspectroscopyafterheavyexerciseintheheat SirkkaRissanen,SatuMänttäri,JuhaOksa Chairpersons:' Art'Allen'&'Itay'Ketko' Pages24to32' 1345L1400 Height,Mass,andBodyFatPercentageasfunctionsofBMI,GenderandAgeforPSDAfromtheNHANES1999L 2004datasets ArthurAllen,XiajiangXu 1400L1415(S) TheLoadCarriageIndex(LCI) AdjustingtheLoadCarriedbytheSoldierAccordingtoBodyComposition Measurements ItayKetko,AmirHadid,RanYanovich,YoramEpstein,YuvalHeled 1415L1430 Aerobicfitnessandbodyfatnessdescribeminimalvariabilityinthethermoregulatoryresponsestoexercise afteraccountingforheatproductionandbodysize MatthewCramer,OllieJay 1430L1445 NovelModelforLoadCarriageErgonomicsOptimization AmirHadid,NoaBelzer,AmitGefen,NogahShabshin,YoramEpstein 1445L1500 TheUseofHumanThermalModelingtoAssessPerformanceDuringExtremeExposures MarshallNuckols,EugeneWissler,PratibhaSinha,GaryN.Proulx 1500L1545 Break 1545L1600 Onthemeasurementofglobetemperatures:analysisoftheinfluenceofdifferentparameters A. VirgílioM.Oliveira,AdélioR.Gaspar,AntónioM.Raimundo,DivoA.Quintela 1600L1615 Asystematicapproachtothedevelopmentandvalidationofadaptivemanikins AgnesPsikuta,ManuelaWeibel,RickBurke,MarkHepokoski,TonySchwenn 1615L1630 ComparisonofThermalManikinstoHumanThermoregulatoryResponses JonathanPower,AndrewBaker,AntónioSimõesRé 1630L1645 Isthedermatomalrecruitmentofsweatingaphysiologicalrealityoramisinterpretation? NigelA.S.Taylor,SeanR.Notley,CatrionaA.Burdon,ElizabethA.Taylor,NorikazuOhnishi 5

6 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Monday'29'June'2015' Themes' 'Heat,'Modelling'&'Methods' Poster'Presentations' Pages33to48 1 ProtectingAircrewfromColdStressElevatesHeatStress AndrewP.Hunt 2 ThephysiologicalandthermalresponsesofmilitarypersonnelundertakingamilitaryexerciseinKenya SophieBritland,SimonDelves,Maj.MikeStacey&JoanneL.Fallowfield 3 CanmotorcycleridinginAustraliareallybethatthermallystressful? LizdeRome,ElizabethA.Taylor,RodneyJ.Croft,JulieBrown,NigelA.S.Taylor 4 Soldiers PerceivedversusActualHeatStraininaJungleEnvironment AlisonFogarty,AndrewHunt,CatrionaA.Burdon 5 Comparisonofperformanceonaheattolerancetestofmilitarypersonnelthathavesufferedheatillnessand subsequentlybeendiagnosedwithmalignanthyperthermiaandcontrols CarolHouse&DanRoizdeSa 6 HeatStressandWorkloadassociatedwithSugarcanecuttingLAnExcessivelyStrenuousOccupation RebekahA.I.Lucas,TheoBodin,RamonGarcíaLTrabanino,CatharinaWesseling,JasonGlaser,IlanaWeiss,Emmanuel Jarquin,KristinaJakobsson,DavidH.Wegman 7 SummerheatstressandstrainduringoutdoorrunninginAotearoaNewZealand TobyMündel,MelissaBlack,NicoleE.Moyen,BlakePerry 8 Physiologicalresponsesandbalanceabilityareaffectedbyphysicalworkloadandheatexposureinworkers SuLYoungSon,KenTokizawa,AkinoriYasuda,ChinLichiSawada 9 Heatstressandstrainlimitsapplicabletomilitaryhelicopteraircrew AndyWeller,JonathanBoydandKenPuxley 10 PhysiologicalandsubjectiveevaluationofPPEusingasweatingthermalmanikin AitorCoca,TravisDileo,JungLHyunKim,RaymondRoberge,RonaldShaffer 11 Thechallengesofundertakingexpeditionaryphysiologicaldatacollectionsinhostileenvironments SimonK.Delves,SophieBritland,Maj.MikeStacey,JoanneL.Fallowfield 12 MeasuringbodycoretemperatureusinganovelnonLinvasivesensor YoramEpstein,SavyonMazgaoker,DoronGruber,DanielSMoran,RanYanovich,ItayKetko,YuvalHeled 13 Locationawarenessusingcombinedmultimodalsensorinfrastructureforemergencyservicepersonnel MiklosKozlovszky,DanielaZavecPavlinic,GáborFehér 14 ImplementationoftheFialaLbasedthermophysiologicalmodelcoupledwiththeZhangregressionmodelofhuman thermalcomfort JanPokorny,MiroslavJicha 15 Effectsofsweatingondistalskintemperaturepredictionduringwalking StephanieVeselá,BorisRMKingma,ArjanJHFrijns 6

7 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Tuesday'30'June'2015' ' Pages49to57' Note,the,later,start,time, Responsepatternsinfingerandcentralbodyskintemperaturesundermildwholebodycoolinginanelderly andinayoungmalelaprelstudy.kalevkuklane,leifvanggaard,juhanismolander,amitavahalder,karin Lundgren,ChuansiGao,JariViik,JarmoAlametsä 0945L1000(S) SkinbloodflowresponsestolocallyappliedacetylcholineinCaucasianandAfricandescentindividualswith andwithoutcyclooxygenaseinhibition.matthewmaley,jamesrhouse,michaeljtipton,clarem.eglin 1000L1015 PeripheralthermalresponsesinnormalandcoldLsensitiveindividualstosublingualGlycerylTrinitrate(GTN). KatrinaHope,ClareEglin,FrankGolden,MichaelTipton 1015L1030 WholeLbodycryotherapy(extremecoldairexposure)forpreventingandtreatingmusclesorenessafter exerciseinadults AsystematicreviewandmetaLanalysis.JosephTCostello,PhilipRBaker,GeoffreyM Minett,FrancoisBieuzen,IanBStewart,ChrisMBleakley 1030L1115 Break 1115L1130(S) ColdWaterSwimmingandUpperRespiratoryTractInfections.NaomiCollier,HeatherMassey,MitchLomax, MarkHarper,MichaelTipton 1130L1145(S) Theeffectsofwatertemperatureonphysiologicalresponsesandexerciseperformanceduringimmersed incrementalexercise.tomomifujimoto,yosukesasaki,hitoshiwakabayashi,yasuosengoku,shozo Tsubakimoto,TakeshiNishiyasu 1145L1200 Rapidhabituationofthecoldshockresponse.ClareEglin,GeorgeButt,StephenHowden,ThomasNash, JosephCostello 1200L1215 Concomitantvagalandadrenergicstimulationdoesnotprecipitateventriculararrhythmiasinahealthyrabbit heartmodelofautonomicconflict.jameswinter,michaeltipton,michaelshattock 1215L1230 BrainbloodflowandhyperventilationonColdWaterImmersion:Cantreadingwaterhelpcontrolthese symptomsofcoldshock?martinbarwood,hollyburrows,jesscessford,lizfraser,stuartgoodall,scott Griffiths 1345L1400(S) Neuromuscularfatigueduringhypoxiaismediatedbythehypoxicventilatoryresponse.GeoffreyHartley, CodyWatson,PhilipAinslie,MatthewGreenway,StephenCheung 1400L1415(S) Theinteractionbetweencoolingandhypoxiaontherateofperipheralandcentralfatiguedevelopmentofthe kneeextensors.alexlloyd,simonhodder,margheritaraccuglia,yifenqiu,georgehavenith. 1415L1430 Koroška8000:DigitResponsestoColdStressfollowingHimalayanExpeditiontoBroadPeak,Pakistan(8051m) JurijGorjanc,ShawndaA.Morrison,AdamC.McDonnell,JanBabič,IgorB.Mekjavic 1430L1445(S) EffectsofhypobarichypoxiaandvoluntaryhypocapnichyperventilationonmetabolicresponseduringhighL intensityintermittentexercise.koheidobashi,kazuhitowatanabe,buntsuji,yosukesasaki,tomomi Fujimoto,TakeshiNishiyasu 1445L1500 Coldacclimationandhealth:effectonbrownfat,energetics,andinsulinsensitivity.WouterD.vanMarken Lichtenbelt,MarkJ.W.Hanssen,JorisHoeks,AnoukA.J.J.vanderLans,BoudewijnBrans,FelixM.Mottaghy, PatrickSchrauwen 1500L1545 Break 1545L1600(S) PeripheralPerfusionandAcuteMountainSickness:IsThereaLink?AdamC.McDonnell,OlaEiken,IgorB. Mekjavic 1600L1615(S) Effectsofcoolingonmusclefunctionanddurationofstancephaseduringgait.AmitavaHalder,ChuansiGao, MichaelMiller 1615L1630 WorkenvironmentandhealthintheNorwegianfishingfleetLafieldstudyonboarddeepLseafishingvessels. MariannSandsund*1,ErikU.Høye1,3,CecilieT.Heidelberg2,4,LisbethAasmoe 1630L1645(S) Thermalresponseoftriathletesto14 Cswimwithandwithoutwetsuits.JaneHall,MitchLomax,Heather Massey,MichaelTipton 1645L1700(S) Effectofhavingfloatsoncardiorespiratoryresponseduringeggbeaterkick.YosukeSasaki,HidekiTakagi,Bun Tsuji,YosukeMurase,ShozoTsubakimoto,TakeshiNishiyasu 1700L1715(S) Biophysicalcharacteristicsandthermophysiologicalresponsesattheinflectionpointindeepbody temperatureforindividualswithhighorlowaerobicfitness.ellafwalker,jocorbett,jamesrhouse, MichaelJTipton 1715L1730(S) Evaluationoffirefighters heatstrainusingheartrateduringbreaksatwork SiyeonKim&JooLYoungLee 7

8 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Tuesday'30'June'2015' ' Poster'Presentations' Pages70to82 16 Vasomotorresponsestohypoxiaandcoldair.HeatherMassey,JamesR.House,MichaelJ.Tipton 17(S) TheEffectofaLiveLHigh/TrainLHighRegimenonEmotionalState.AdamC.McDonnell,NektariosA.M.Stavrou,Ola Eiken,IgorB.Mekjavic 18 DivingBradycardiaofElderlyKoreanWomenDiversinColdSeawater:AFieldReport.JooLYoungLee,HyoLHyonLee, SiyeonKim,YoungLJoonJang 19'''(S) Effectsofincreasingcoldexposureontheoxygenuptakeofwalkingunloadedandloaded.KatrinaHinde,Carlton Cooke,RayLloyd 20 RelationshipsofselfLidentifiedcoldtoleranceandcoldLinducedvasodilatationinthefinger.JoonheePark,JooLYoung Lee 21 Differencesinskintemperatureresponsesduringthreedifferent(L135 c)wholebodycryotherapyexposuredurations ineliterugbyleagueplayers.j.selfe,j.alexander,j.costello,k.may,n.garratt,s.atkins,s.dillon,h.hurst,m. Davison,D.Przybyla,A.Coley,M.Bitcon,G.Littler,J.Richards 22 Coldinducedvasodilationduringcontinuousexerciseintheextremecoldair( 30.6 C).ChuansiGao,LiLYenLin, AmitavaHalder,KalevKuklane 23 Theeffectofmilddehydrationonphysicalfitnessofelderlyindividuals.MariaLVassilikiAndrianopoulou,Nickos Geladas,MariaKoskolou 24' ColdInducedVasoconstrictionforpreventingonycholysisduringcancertreatment.LolaBladt,JonathanDeClercq, TomJanssens,JohanVanHulle,JochenVleugels,JeanLMarieAerts,GuidoDeBruyne 25 PhysiologicaltestingofabeveragesystemdesignedforlongLhaulairtravel.JamesD.Cotter,EvelynB.Parr,Patrick Silcock,FionaNyhof,NancyJRehrer 26 Pressorthresholdofmusclemetaboreflexismodulatedduringunloadingofcarotidbaroreceptorsinhumans. MasashiIchinose,TomokoIchinose,KazuhitoWatanabe,TakeshiNishiyasu 27 KeyConsiderationsforaPreLEmergencySurvivalPack:AHypotheticalCaseStudy.AlvinKhah,JasonLee 28(S) RespiratorymechanicsinfluenceVO2maxinacutehypoxiainfemales.TeruhiroHanamaru,TsuyoshiYoshikawa, TakeshiNishiyasu,TakeshiOgawa 8

9 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Wednesday'1'July'2015' ' Pages83to92 ' 0900L0930 Invited'presentationLSmartprotectiveclothingforcoldclimate.HildeFærevik 0930L0945'''(S) Makingchemical&biologicalprotectiveglovesvapourpermeablereducesthermoregulatorystrainbetterthan makingarmour,respiratororoverbootspermeable.christiegarson,michaelj.tipton&jamesrhouse 0945L1000 Assessingthermalresistanceofwetsuitsonhumansubjectduringaquaticactivitybyaheatfluxmethod. BernardRedortier,EmmanuelleBrossard,RemiTillol,RemiGoffinet 1000L1015'''(S) FireServiceInstructor sundergarmentchoicecanminimisephysiologicalandperceptualstrain. EmilyWatkins,AlanRichardson 1015L1030 Numericalsimulationofthetransportphenomenaintiltedclothingmicroclimates.TiagoSottoMayor,Dinis Oliveira,RenéRossi,SimonAnnaheim 1030L1115 Break 1115L1130'''(S) EffectofFlexingDeformationsonFunctionalPropertiesofLaminatedSilicaAerogelFibrousMatting CompositesforFootwearApplications.PolonaKranerZrim,IgorBMekjavic,TatjanaRijavec 1130L1145 CriticalWBGTfor4protectiveclothingmadeoffabricswithdifferentTotalHeatLossvalues.AitorCoca,JungL HyunKim,CandiAshley,ThomasBernard 1145L1200 Thermaleffectsofheadgear:StateLofLtheLartandwayforward.CornelisP.Bogerd,JeanLMarieAerts,Simon Annaheim,PeterBröde,GuidodeBruyne,AndreasD.Flouris,KalevKuklane,TiagoSottoMayor,RenéM.Rossi 1200L1215 Evaporativeresistanceofnewlydesignedbicyclehelmets.KalevKuklane,HelenaAljaste,SixtenS.Heidmets 1215L1230'''(S) Validationofaphysiologicalmodelforcontrollingathermalheadsimulator.NatividadMartínez,AgnesPsikuta, SimonAnnaheim,JoséMiguelCorberán,RenéMichelRossi ' 1345L1400 CanbodyLmappedgarmentsimprovethermalcomfortforsportinthecold?DamienFournet,Bernard Redortier,GeorgeHavenith 1400L1415 TheeffectofmeltLspunphasechangematerialfibregarmentsonskintemperatureinhumans.MariaSuong Tjønnås,HildeFærevik,MariannSandsund,RandiE.Reinertsen 1415L1430 Decreasingthetactileinteractionbetweenskin,sweatandclothingsignificantlyreducestheperceptionof wetnessindependentlyofthelevelofphysicalskinwetnessduringmoderateexercise.davidefilingeri, DamienFournet,SimonHodder,GeorgeHavenith 1430L1445'''(S) Theuseofoptimisedheatingtrousersandtheroleofthebloodflowonthereductioninmuscletemperature postwarmup.margheritaraccuglia,alexlloyd,davidefilingeri,simonhodder,georgehavenith. 1445L1500'''(S) PredictingtheMetabolicCostofWalkingWhileWearingExplosiveOrdnanceDisposalProtectiveClothing AaronBach,DavidBorg,JosephCostello,IanStewart 1500L1545 Break 1545L1600 Insidethe HurtLocker :Thecombinedeffectsofexplosiveordnancedisposalandchemicalprotectiveclothing onphysiologicaltolerancetimeinextremeenvironments.josephtcostello,kellyl.stewart,ianb.stewart 1600L1615 Perceptionofcoldhands:comparisonbetweenwomenandmen.ThomasVoelcker 1615L1630'''(S) PCMLcaptoprovidethermalcomfortforhumanhead.YigitCanSezgin,MuratCelik 1630L1645'''(S) Infraredheatingasanadjuncttoachievevehicleoccupantthermalcomfort.DavidCollins,RamonaRednic,C. DouglasThake 1645L1700'''(S) Prescribingworkloadadministrationtooptimiseisothermicheatacclimation.OliverR.Gibson,PeterW.Watt, NeilS.Maxwell 1700L1730 Invited'PresentationLEstablishingSafeLimitsforMilitaryOperationsinextremesofwork,heat&cold, especiallyincbrprotectiveclothing.ralphf.goldman 9

10 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Wednesday'1'July'2015' Poster'Presentations'''Pages104to117 29'''(S) TheEffectofBodyArmourandLoadCarriageonRespiratoryFunctionandExercise.NicolaArmstrong,AmandaWard, GilbertChanza,MitchLomax,MichaelJ.Tipton&JamesR.House 30 Headsweatratepredictionforthermalcomfortassessmentofbicyclehelmets.PeterBröde,GuidoDeBruyne,JeanL MarieAerts,TiagoS.Mayor,DusanFiala 31 Influenceofsportscompressiontextilesonendurancerunningperformance.MartinHarnisch,AnkeKlepser,Edith Classen,JanBeringer,AndreasSchmidt 32 Ventilationofhorseridinghelmets:whatistheconnectionbetweenlaboratoryandfieldmeasurements? Matthieu Jolly,AlexiaCariou,EmmanuelleKoralewski 33 AninvestigationofPCTandEUpatentsonhelmetstoimprovethermalcomfort.JuYounKwon 34 TheEffectofAirGapontheTotalandLocalThermalInsulationofChineseMaleCostumesfromTwentyMinorityEthnic Groups.WenShi,HuiPeng,YehuLu,FamingWang 35 AssessingthethermalLmoisturefunctionalperformanceoftwosetsofworkuniformbySLsmartsimulation. WenfangSong,AlbertPCChan,YuepingGuo,YangYang,FamingWang 36 APhysiologicalWearTrialofMountaineeringOuterwearinaWindyColdRainyEnvironment.LiLChuWang,HsienLChen Chou,GwoLTsuenJou 37 Smartheatingsleepingbagsforimprovingwearers thermalcomfortatthefeet.chengjiaozhang,dandanlai,yehulu, WenfangSong,FamingWang,KalevKuklane 38 EvaluationoftheWearcomfortofCorporateIdentityClothes theinfluenceofwaterandsoilrepellency. EdithClassen 39 Doestheskinofmildlyhyperthermicindividualsdisplaylocalvariationsinthermosensitivityforthecontrolofskin bloodflow?catrionaa.burdon,kyokotagami,joonheepark,joannen.caldwell,nigela.s.taylor 40 The AVALorgan.LeifVanggaard,KalevKuklane,AmitavaHalder 41'''(S) Individualandcumulativebenefitsofmakingbodyarmourandchemical&biologicalprotectivegloves,respiratorand overbootsfrommoisturevapourpermeablematerials.christiegarson,mikedennis,michaelj.tipton,jamesrhouse 42'''(S) Influenceofthermalandmentalstressonemployees performanceintheautomotiveindustry aresearchproposal FabianSchroeter 10

11 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Thursday'2'July'2015' Theme' 'Heat' ' Chairpersons:Toby'Mundel'&'Nicole'Moyen' Pages118to128'' 0900L0915 Hypohydrationperseaffectsmoodstatesandexecutivecognitiveprocessing:resultsfromafaceLvalidmodel forstudyingsomeconsequencesof voluntarydehydration.tobymündel,stephenhill,stephenlegg 0915L0930'''(S) CutaneousvascularandsudomotorresponsestopassiveheatLstressinsmokersandnonLsmokers. NicoleE.Moyen,HannahA.Anderson,JennaM.Burchfield,MatthewA.Tucker,MelinaA.Gonzalez,ForrestB. Robinson&MatthewS.Ganio 0930L0945 Effectsofforearmmusclemetaboreceptorsactivationonsweatingandcutaneousvascularresponsesduring passiveheatingandcycleexercisinginhumans.tatsuroamano,yoshimitsuinoue,takeshinishiyasu,glenp. Kenny,NarihikoKondo 0945L1000 Internalandexternalheatloadwithfirefighterprotectiveclothing:datafromthelabandthefield SimonAnnaheim,FabioSaiani,MarcGrütter,PieroFontana,MartinCamenzind,ReneRossi 1000L1015 Managingriskbytheweakestlink:Arewetrainingeffectivelyintheheat?AndrewP.Hunt,JoanneN. Caldwell,DanielC.Billing,MarkJ.Patterson 1015L1030'''(S)' Individualdifferencesinthermoeffectorfunctionintheheat:morphologicalvariationshelpdetermineeffector activation.seanr.notley,joonheepark,kyokotagami,norikazuohnishi,nigela.s.taylor 1030L1115 Break 1115L1130 Metaboliccostsofphysiologicalheatstressresponses Q10coefficientsrelatingoxygenconsumptiontobody temperature.bernhardkampmann,peterbröde 1130L1145 ArealLtimeheatstrainindexusingfoottemperatureandheartratewhilewearingpersonalprotective equipmentinhotenvironments.joolyounglee,siyeonkim,joonheepark,yutakatochihara 1145L1200 ExerciseHeatToleranceassessmentfollowingadiagnosisofHeatIllnessinUKMilitaryPersonnel DanRoizdeSa&CarolHouse 1200L1215 Precoolingbyhandsandfeetwaterimmersionreducesheatstrainwhilewearingprotectiveclothing. KenTokizawa,TatsuoOka,AkinoriYasuda,TetsuoTai,SonSuyoung,JunWada,HirofumiIda 1215L1230'''(S) Immuneresponsesofurbanfirefightersfollowingworkintheheat.AnthonyWalker,MatthewDriller, ChristosArgus,BenRattray ' Chairpersons:'Nigel'Taylor'&'Rebecca'Neal' Pages129to L1400 CompartmentalchangesinthebodyLfluidcontributionstotheplasmavolumerestorationduringrecovery fromdehydrationfollowingheatacclimation.markj.patterson,jodiem.stocks,nigela.s.taylor 1400L1415'''(S) TheinfluenceofshortLtermheatacclimationwithpermissivedehydrationontemperateexerciseperformance inhighlytrainedathletes. RebeccaNeal,JoCorbett,HeatherMassey,MichaelTipton 1415L1430 Theeffectofheatacclimationoracclimatisationonphysiologicalmarkersofheatadaptation:preliminary metalanalysisdata.christopherj.tyler,tomreeve,garyj.hodges,stephens.cheung 1430L1445'''(S) HotLwaterimmersionincreasespoplitealarteryshearstressinPeripheralArterialDisease. KateN.Thomas,AndreM.VanRij,SamuelJ.E.Lucas,JamesD.Cotter 1445L1500'''(S) Restrictedsweatevaporationprecedingshorttermheatacclimationacceleratesadaptioninfemales JessicaMee,SophiePeters,JoDoust,NeilMaxwell 1500L1545 Break 1545L1600'''(S) Muscleactivityduringsimulatedworkinthecold.JulieRenberg,PerØyvindStrannaTvetene,Øystein NordrumWiggen,KarinRoeleveld,MireilleVanBeekvelt,HildeFærevik 1600L1615'''(S) MildcoolingofthefeetdoesnotaidnightLtimevigilance.RyanSixtus,BarbaraC.Galland,JamesD.Cotter 1615L1630 Dooverweightandobeseindividualsdemonstrateimpairedthermoregulatoryadaptationtosixweeksof studiocyclingtraining:apilotstudy.stevehfaulkner,kiranmenon,thomasm.hood,jamiekpugh,&myra ANimmo 1630L1645 Cutaneousthermosensitivitydifferencesamongtheface,handorthighappearnottoexistforskinbloodflow duringnormothermicstates.catrionaa.burdon,kyokotagami,joonheepark,joannen.caldwell,nigela.s. Taylor 1645L1700 TheimpactofthermalpreLconditioningoncutaneousvasomotorandshiveringthresholds. JoanneN.Caldwell,ÅsaNykvist,NicholasPowers,SeanR.Notley,DanielS.Lee,GregoryE.Peoples, NigelA.S.Taylor 11

12 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Thursday'2'July'2015' ' Poster'PresentationsPage139L Theeffectofacclimationtotheheatontherestingsweatresponse.SimonK.Delves,JohnS.Kelly,MatthewGledhill, RebeccaWarke,JoanneL.Fallowfield 44 Theeffectoflocalrepeatedpassiveheatingandhandgripexerciseonreflexcutaneousvascularandsudomotor responsestowholelbodyheatstress.davida.low,thomasg.bailey,danielleturner,n.timothycable,helenjones 45'''(S) EffectivenessofshortLtermheatacclimationonintermittentexerciseinthermoneutralandhotenvironments. FionaNation,MattBirkett,DamienGleadhallLSiddall,RachelBurke,ChristopherTowlson,JamesBray,GrantAbt, AndrewGarrett 46 Physiologicalandmetabolicresponsestoprolongedhypoxiaandextremecold:PreliminarydatafromtheWhiteMars Antarcticawinterexpedition.KatieAO Brien,RossPollock,MikeStroud,AlexKumar,RobertJLambert,DavidA Green,LindsayMEdwards,StephenHarridge 47 Theeffectofheatacclimationoracclimatisationonexerciseperformanceandcapacityintheheat:preliminarymetaL analysisdata.tomreeve,garyj.hodges,stephens.cheung,christopherj.tyler 48 EffectsoficeLslurryandcarbohydrateonexerciseintheheat.JoCorbett,JadeKirke,ThomasEckett,MartinBarwood, JamesR.House 49 Theeffectofprecoolingonshorttermperformance.PanagiotisGkrilias,AthanasiosZavvos,NikiManolaki,Nikolaos Geladas,MariaKoskolou,SpyrosAthanasopoulos 50'''(S) Thecontributionofsensorynervestocutaneousvasodilatationoftheforearmandlegtolocalskinwarming. MatthewM.Mallette,GaryJ.Hodges,AndrewT.DelPozzi,GregoryW.McGarr,StephenS.Cheung 51 TheEffectofIceIngestionduringEnduranceExercise.GaizkaMejuto,StephanieGilbert,SamChalmers,RogerEston, DavidBentley 52 TheeffectsoficevestpreLcoolingonskinbloodflowatrestandduringexerciseintheheat.MikePrice,Matthew Maley 53 Effectsofcoldairinhalationonbodytemperature,respiratoryandcerebrovascularresponsesduringexerciseinthe heat.buntsuji,yorinobuchinda,yasushihonda,naotofujii,narihikokondo,takeshinishiyasu 54 Sleepqualityandairconditioneruse.KazuyoTsuzuki,NaomiMorito,HajimeNishimiya 55 Performingintheheat:anewpracticalmidcoolingmethod.AthanasiosZavvos,PanagiotisGkrilias,NikiManolaki, EvgeniaCherouveim,MariaKoskolou,NikolaosGeladas 56 ProlongedAnxietyonHabituationoftheColdShockResponse.HeatherC.Massey,JoCorbett,ChristopherWagstaff, MichaelJ.Tipton,MartinBarwood 57 Modellingofhumancoolingincoldwater:effectofimmersionlevel.IrenaYermakova,AnastasiiaNikolaienko,Yuliia Solopchuk,MichaelRegan 12

13 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor L0915 Quantitativeevaluationofpersonalprotectiveensemblesrelativetoheatstrain.XiaojiangXu,JulioGonzalez 0915L0930 EvaluationofbodyLmappingshirtsdesignforactivitiesinwarmenvironments.LiLYenLin,SimonAnnaheim, PsikutaAgnieszka,FamingWang,LiLChuWang,RobertJou,ShengLfuChiu,RenéRossi 0930L0945 Occupational,environmentalandindividualfactorsaffectingtheselectionofwinterclothingbyopenLpit minersinbarentsregionlaquestionnaireandfieldstudy.kirsijussila,sirkkarissanen,satumänttäri,juha Oksa,HannuRintamäki,MineHealthprojectmembers 0945L1000 ANovelPersonalCoolingSystem(PCS)IncorporatedwithPhaseChangeMaterials(PCMs)andVentilationFans. YehuLu,FanruWei,DandanLai,WenShi,FamingWang,ChuansiGao 1000L1015 Physiologicalinvestigationofheatablefabrics.EdithClassen,FerrySiegl 1015L1030 AThermoLphysiologicalDescriptionofa50thPercentileWesternFemale.MarkHepokoski,ScottGibbs,Allen Curran,DavidNelson 1030L1115 Break 1115L1130 Aneyeonhydration:efficacyofintraocularpressuretomeasurebodywaterdeficit.IanStewart,Joseph Costelo,BrittanyDias 1130L1145 Improvingtheaccuracyofinfraredmeasurementsofskintemperature.AllenCurran,MarkKlein,Mark Hepokoski,CoreyPackard 1145L1200 Objectivemethodforevaluationoftransientsleepingenvironments.OlgaTroynikov,NaziaNawaz, ChristopherWatson 1200L1215 CombinedThermalManikinandThermalModelPredictionsofWorkingTimesinFullyEncapsulated ImpermeableSuits.EmielA.DenHartog,A.ShawnDeaton 1215L1230 Theinfluenceofbodymorphologyonchangesincoretemperatureduringexerciseinanuncompensable environment.nicholasravanelli,matthewcramer,pascalimbeault,olliejay Theme' 'Heat' Chairpersons' John'Castellani'&'Ashley'Ackerman' ' Pages165to171'' 1345L1400'''(S) Canperceptualindicesestimatephysiologicalstrainwhenwearingpersonalprotectiveclothingintheheat? DavidBorg,IanStewart,JosephCostello 1400L1415'''(S) HaematologicaladaptationstoHighIntensityIntervalTraining(HIIT)intemperateandhotenvironments. AshleyPAkerman,SamuelJELucas,ChrisJBaldi,RajeshKatare,JamesDCotter 1415L1430'''(S) SweatandheatproductionrelatedtoairhumidityduringexerciseandinactiverecoveryLalaboratorystudy. ErikU.Høye,MariannSandsund,RandiEidsmoReinertsen 1430L1445'''(S) RelationshipBetweenPerformance,AirVentilationEfficiencyandMuscleOxygenationinFirefighters. PhilippeGendron,EduardoFreiberger,LouisLaurencelle,FrançoisTrudeau,ClaudeLajoie 1445L1500'''(S) EffectofTyrosineIngestiononCognitiveFunctionandLoadCarriagePerformanceintheheat.NicoleCoull, JoshFoster,BrynaChrismas,LeeTaylor 1500L1545 Break 1545L1600' DoesHyperthermiaIncreaseSkeletalMuscleDamagefromEccentricExercise?JohnW.Castellani,EdwardJ. Zambraski,MichaelN.Sawka,MariaL.Urso 1600L1615 SleepquantityandqualityduringheatLbasedtrainingandtheeffectsofcoldLwaterimmersionrecovery GeoffreyMMinett,RachelGale,GeorgiaWingfield,FrankEMarino,TracyLWashington,,MelissaSkein Awards,'Farewell,'the'next'meeting' Mike'Tipton,'Jim'House'&'Nari'Kondo' 13

14 Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Portsmouth(UK),29Juneto3July2015 Allpresentationsmarkedwith(S)beforethetitlearestudentpresentations.Authorsunderlinedarewherethepresenterisnot thefirstauthor. Friday'3'July'2015' Poster'PresentationsPages172to PhysicalparametersoffabricswhichcontributetowetnesssensationthroughoutahighLintensityexerciseinawarm andhumidenvironment.florenceagapé 59 EffectofrisingbodytemperatureonrespiratorychemosensitivitytoCO2.KeijiHayashi,TakeshiOgawa,KojiSugiyama 60 HyperthermiaexaggeratesexerciseLinducedaggregationofbloodplatelets.JungLHyunKimTianzhouWu,Raymond Roberge,AitorCoca 61 Posturalinfluencesonsweating:exploringtheeffectsofgravityandpressure.NorikazuOhnishi,SeanR.Notley, JoonheePark,KyokoTagami,CatrionaA.Burdon,ElizabethA.Taylor,NigelA.S.Taylor 62 Influenceofpassivehyperthermiaanddiurnalvariationonexerciseperformanceandcognitivefunctionintheheat. HidenoriOtani,MitsuharuKaya,AkiraTamaki,HeitaGoto,JunzoTsujita 63 NumericalevaluationofaradiantpanelsystemforheatingahighLceilingroom.AntónioM.Raimundo,A.VirgílioM. Oliveira,AdélioR.Gaspar,DivoA.Quintela,AdaiLLaeta 64 Theeffectofincreasedambienttemperatureonthermoregulatoryresponsesinspinalcordinjuredpeople. TamaeYoda,KatyE.Griggs,ChristofA.Leicht,VictoriaL.GooseyLTolfrey 65 Thecardiovascularreserveindex(CVRI)Lasurrogateindexinpredictingheattolerance.YoramEpstein,Savyon Mazgaoker,DanitAtias,RanYanovich,UriGabbay,YuvalHeled 66 ImplementationoftheequivalenttemperaturemeasurementsystemasapartofthevehicleHVACunit.JanFišer, AlešPovalač,TomášUrbanec,JanPokorný,MilošFojtlín 67 Repeateddeterminationofconvectiveandradiativeheattransfercoefficientsusing32zonesthermalmanikin. MilošFojtlín,JanFišer,MiroslavJícha 68 Thecolderiswarmer?ApreLstudyforweartrialsofareferenceclothingensembleforEN342andEN14058for thermalmanikincalibration.kalevkuklane,muhammadsalmanbutt,amitavahalder,chuansigaoc 69 Lowtemperaturesandwind;challenges,applicabilityandlimitationsfromanindustrialperspective.ØysteinNordrum Wiggen,ArildØvrum,ArneHaugan,HildeFærevik 14

15 15 Three%things%you%should%know%in%thermal%physiology% Peter%Tikuisis% EmeritusDefenceScientistatDefenceResearch&DevelopmentCanada Thehumanbodyrespondsasymmetricallytocoldandhotconditions.Undercoldstress,thebody developsathickinsulativeshellviavasoconstrictionanditbeginstoshivertocompensateforany excessiveheatlosttotheenvironment.underheatstress,thebody scoreexpandstoenhanceheatloss viavasodilatationanditbeginstosweattocompensateforanyexcessiveheatgain.severalresearchers havenotedthatfixedcore>shellcompartmentalizationistoorigidtofullyexplainheatstorageinthebody ineithercondition.inthisreview,evidenceisgiventosupportthenotionthatthecalorimetric determinationofachangeinbodyheatcontentissuperiortoathermometricdeterminationduringcold exposure[1]. Bodycoreandmeanskintemperatureschangewithashiftinposturefromuprighttosupineandvice> versa.thisphenomenonwasinvestigatedbymanipulatingthepostureofsedentaryindividualsina thermoneutralenvironment[2].timetosteady>statewasapproximately90 120minafterachangein posture.steady>statecoreandmeanskintemperatureswere36.9and34.0 Cforsupine,37.3and33.5 C forsitting,and37.5and33.5 Cforstandingpostures,respectively.Thesedifferencescancauseerrorsin theinterpretationofbodytemperaturesifchangesduetoaposturalshiftareignored. Aperceptualstrainindex(PeSI)basedonthermalsensationandperceivedexertionwascreatedto compareitsvaluetoaphysiologicalstrainindex(phsi)basedoncoreandmeanskintemperatures[3]. Thesetemperaturesweremeasuredonagroupofyoungindividualsexposedtoexercisewhilewearing semi>impermeableclothingunderhotconditions(3.5km.h >1 walkat40 Cand30%RH).Theendurance> trainedindividualsunderestimatedtheirphysiologicalstrainwhiletheuntrained,buthealthy,individuals matchedtheirpesiwithphsi.hence,pesicanserveasaproxyforphysiologicalstraininuntrained individuals,whereastheunderestimationofphysiologicalstrainbythetrainedindividualscanpotentially placethematriskofheatstraininjuryintheabsenceofphysiologicalmeasurements. References: [1]Tikuisis,P.(2003).Heatbalanceprecedesstabilizationofbodytemperaturesduringcoldwaterimmersion.JApplPhysiol95:89>96. [2]Tikuisis,P.andM.B.Ducharme(1996).Theeffectofposturalchangesonbodytemperaturesandheatbalance.EurJApplPhysiol.72:451>459. [3]Tikuisis,P.,T.M.McLellan,andG.Selkirk(2002).Perceptualvs.physiologicalheatstrainduringexercise>heatstress.MedSciSportsExer34(9):1454>1461.

16 Cranial'cooling'during'firefighting'recovery'effects'on'physiological'and'perceptual'strain'% Stephen%S%Cheung 1 *,%Phillip%J%Wallace 1,%Anais%Masbou 1,%Stewart%R%Petersen 2 % 1 EnvironmentalErgonomicsLaboratory,DepartmentofKinesiology,BrockUniversity. 2 FacultyofPhysical EducationandRecreation,UniversityofAlberta.*Correspondingauthor:scheung@brocku.ca Introduction:Weperformedafirefightingsimulationofrepeatedwork>restboutswhilewearingfire> fightingensemble(ffe)andself>containedbreathingapparatus(scba)intheheat,removingthehelmet andscbaduringrecoveryandcomparingcranialcooling(cc)versuspassive(con)exposure.we hypothesizedthatccwouldbettercounteractheatstoragecomparedtopassivecooling. Methods:Elevenmales(mean(SD),30.9(9.2)y,49.5(5.1)mL.kg >1.min >1 VO peak )performedtwotrials consistingof2x20minboutsoftreadmillwalking(5.6km.h >1,4%incline)in35 Cand60%relative humiditywhilewearingfullffeandscba,with20minpassiverecoverybetweeneachexercisebout. Duringrecovery,participantssatinthechamberandremovedgloves,helmet,firehood,andSCBA,butthe jacketremainedbuttonedup.forcc,aclose>fittingcustomliquid>perfusedhoodpumped13 Cwaterata rateof~500ml.min >1 throughtheheadandneckregions.forcon,participantsperformedthesame recoverybutthehoodwasnotperfusedtosimulatewearingthefirehoodandhelmet.rectaltemperature (T re ),heartrate(hr),andventilation(v E )werecontinuouslyrecordedthroughoutexerciseandrecovery, whilesubjectiveratingsofperceivedexertion(rpe),thermalcomfort(tc),andbreathingstress(brs)were obtainedevery4>5minduringexerciseandrecovery.significancewassetatp=0.05. Results:Allparticipantssuccessfullycompletedthefirstexercisebout,withnodifferencesinanyvariable priortotheexperimentalrecoverymanipulation.rectaltemperatureroseinbothcc(0.11±0.19 C,)and CON(0.26±0.15 C)duringRest,withnon>significantinteractionbetweenconditions(p=0.076).During Rest,necktemperaturewaslowerinCCcomparedtoCONfrom4min(CC:35.73±3.28 C,CON:37.66±1.35 C,p=0.025)untiltheend(CC:33.06±4.70 C,CON:36.85±1.63 C,p=0.014).HRsignificantlydecreased overrecoveryinbothccandcon,withnosignificantdifferencesbetweenconditions.perceptually,tc wassignificantlylowerinccat5min,10min,15min,and20mintimepointsduringtherestperiod comparedtocon.therewerenosignificantdifferencesintolerancetimes(voluntaryterminationort re = 40 C)betweenCC(16.55(1.14)min)andtheCON(16.60(1.31)min).T re wasnotsignificantlydifferentat thestart(cc:38.3(0.40) C,CON:38.40(0.16) C)andattheend(CC:38.82(0.23) C,CON:39.07(0.22) C) ofexercise2.hrwasnotsignificantlydifferentatthestart(cc:149(17.6)b.min >1,CON:157(15.6)b.min >1 ) andattheend(cc:162(18.76)b.min >1,CON:174(12.13)b.min >1 )ofexercise2.totalv E duringexercise2 wassimilarbetweencc(1146.3(331.9)l)andcon(1173.3(307.0)l)aswasbrsandrpe. Discussion:Thefaceandheadhasahighalliesthesialthermosensitivity[1],butTyleret%al.proposed[2] thatasufficientthermalstrainthresholdwasnecessaryforneckcoolingtobeeffective.however,ourhigh rateofheatstresspotentiallyoverwhelmedanycoolingbenefitfromcc,asanyattenuationin physiologicalandperceptualresponseswastransient.thermalhyperpneawasalsonotalleviatedbycc, withnoeffectonventilatorydemandsandairusage.whileheadandneckcoolingduringrecoverymay attenuatethermaldiscomfort,itisnotaneffectivestrategytodecreasetherateofphysiologicalstrainor extendtolerancetimeduringheavyexerciseintheheatwhenrecoveryisperformedwhilelargely encapsulated. References: [1]TylerCJ,WildP,andSunderlandC.(2010).Practicalneckcoolingandtime>trialrunningperformanceinahotenvironment.EurJApplPhysiol110:1063>1074. [2]CotterJD,andTaylorNAS.(2005).Thedistributionofcutaneoussudomotorandalliesthesialthermosensitivityinmildlyheat>stressedhumans:Anopen>loop approach.jphysiol565:335>

17 Investigating*the*lower*ambient(temperature(limit(for(pre5cooling'to'be'beneficial'for' athletic(performance% Iris%Broekhuijzen*,%Simon%Hodder,%Maarten%Hupperets,%George%Havenith% EnvironmentalErgonomicsResearchCentre,LoughboroughUniversity,LE113TU,UK.*Corresponding Introduction:Whenexercisingintheheat,performanceisdeteriorated.Ithasbeenshownthatpre> coolingcancounteractthisdeteriorationintheheat[1],butitisunclearwhattheeffectsofpre>coolingon performanceareintemperateenvironments.thus,thecurrentstudywasperformedtoseeifthereisany differenceinperformancewithpre>coolingat24 Cand27 C,andthusifthereisathresholdin environmentaltemperatureabovewhichpre>coolingbecomesbeneficialtoperformance.we hypothesisedpre>coolingtoenhanceperformanceatbothenvironmentaltemperatures. Methods:Ninehealthymales(mean(SD)age24.2(7.2)years;VO 2,max 60.6(6.2)mL.kg >1.min >1 ) participatedinthestudy.sixparticipantsperformed4experimentaltrials:con27(control,27 C),COOL27 (pre>cooling,27 C),CON24(control,24 C)&COOL24(pre>cooling,24 C).Threeparticipantsonly performedcon27&cool27.pre>coolingwasappliedfor30minutesandduringthewarm>upbeforea cyclingtimetrial.participantswerecooledusingacoolingvestandsleevesmadeofacombinationofa meshfabricandpocketsfilledwithhydrophilicsilicagel,whichwassoakedandfrozenovernight.30 minutesofbaselinemeasurementsinroomtemperature(23.3(0.7) C)weretaken,followedby39 minutesofpre>coolingintestingclimateofwhichthelast9minutesparticipantswerewarmingup. Performancewasmeasuredusingatimetrialequivalenttocyclingforonehourat75%VO 2,max.Meanskin temperature(t skin )wasmeasuredthroughoutthetrialusing8ibuttons[2]andcoretemperaturewas measuredusingaradiopill(t core ).Bodytemperature(T body )wassubsequentlycalculatedusingthe calculationfromhardyetal.[3].thermalsensation(>10to10,extremelycoldtoextremelyhot),thermal comfort(0to7,comfortabletoextremelyuncomfortable)andratingofperceivedexertion(rpe;[4])were assessedat20%intervalsofthetimetrial. Results:Resultsshowasignificantperformanceimprovementat27 C(p=0.036(one>tailed)),butno significantdifferencesareseenat24 C(p=0.325(one>tailed)).ThiswasstrengthenedbytheHopkins approach[5],whichshoweda97%oraverylikelychanceofanimprovementinperformanceat27 C followingpre>cooling.pre>coolingloweredbotht skin (p<0.005)andt body (p<0.05),butnott core.sweatrate wassignificantlyloweredfollowingpre>coolingat27 C(0.67(0.11)vs.0.61(0.13);p<0.05),butnotat24 C(p=0.075).Furthermore,thermalsensationwaslower(i.e.cooler)followingpre>cooling(27:1.6(1.4)vs. >4.0(1.41),24:>0.33(0.94)vs.>4.33(1.25);p<0.05)andthermaldiscomfortwasincreased(27:1.2(0.4)vs. 2.8(0.75),24:1.0(0.0)vs.3.5(1.2);p<0.05)followingpre>cooling. Conclusion:Ourresultsindicatethatpre>coolingimprovesperformancein27 C,butnotin24 Cand thusthatthethresholdinenvironmentaltemperatureforpre>coolingusingthetestedcoolingvestand sleevestobecomebeneficialforcyclingtimetrialperformanceappearstobeabove24 C. References: [1]S.H.Faulkner,M.Hupperets,S.G.Hodder,andG.Havenith, Conductiveandevaporativeprecoolinglowersmeanskintemperatureandimprovestimetrial performanceintheheat, Scand.J.Med.Sci.Sports,vol.25,pp ,Jun [2]9886:2004ISO, Ergonomics.Evaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurements. [3]J.D.Hardy,E.F.DuBois,andG.F.Soderstrom, BasalMetabolism,Radiation,ConvectionandVaporizationatTemperaturesof22to35 C.:SixFigures, J. Nutr.,vol.15,no.5,pp ,1938. [4]G.A.Borg, Psychophysicalbasesofperceivedexertion, Med.Sci.SportsExerc.,vol.14,no.5,pp ,1982. [5]W.G.Hopkins, Aspreadsheetforderivingaconfidenceinterval,mechanisticinferenceandclinicalinferencefromapvalue, Sportscience,vol.11,pp.16 20,

18 The$effect$of$hyperthermia$with$localised$head$and$neck$cooling$on$neuromuscular$ function% Ralph%Gordon,%Neale%A.%Tillin,%Jamie%Hall%,%KellyMAnne%Clifford,%Christopher%J.%Tyler*% SportsandExerciseScienceResearchCentre,DepartemntofLifeSciences,UniversityofRoehampton, Introduction:Hyperthermiareducesvolitionalforceproduction,voluntarymuscleactivationandagonist> electromyography(emg)duringasustainedmaximalvoluntarycontraction(mvc)[1],[2].thisreductionin neuromuscularfunctionmayexplainareducedexercisecapacityintheheat.coolingoftheneckhasbeen showntoimproverunningcapacityintheheat[3];howeverthemechanismisunknown.theaimofthe studywastoinvestigatewhetherlocalisedcoolingoftheheadandneckduringhyperthermiawouldaffect neuromuscularfunctionfollowing60minofcyclingintheheat. Methods:Fourteenmaleparticipantsexercisedonacycleergometerfor$60$min$at$50%$ V0O 2max inthree experimentalconditions;hot(35 C,50%rh;HOT),hotwithheadandneckcooling(35 C,50%rh; HOT cooling )andcontrol(18 C,50%rh;CON).Immediatelyafterthecyclingbout,participantsperformeda 120>ssustainedisometricMVCofthekneeextensorsoftheirdominantlimb.Neuromuscularactivation wasassessedduringthemvcat5,30,90and120>sbysuperimposingsupra>maximaltriplet(3impulsesat 100Hz)contractionsbyelectricalstimulationofthefemoralnerve,andcalculatingthecentralactivation ratio(car).emgamplitude(normalisedtomaximalm>wave)ofthe3superficialquadricepsheadswas recordedthroughoutthemvc.rectaltemperature(t re ) wasmeasuredthroughouteachcondition. Results:T re wasraisedinboththehot(39.27(0.52) C)andHOT cooling (39.19(±0.56) C)trialsvsCON (38.07(0.28) C)immediatelypostcycling(P<0.001)andremainedelevatedduringthe120>sMVC.Force declinedthroughoutthemvcinallconditions(fig1).thedeclineinforcewasonaverage18and13.6% greaterinhotandhot cooling respectivelycomparedtocon(fig.1;p<0.001forboth).thiswassimilarfor voluntaryactivation,withsignificantreductionsinhotvscontrialsacrossalltimepoints(p<0.001). NormalisedagonistEMGshowedsignificantdifferencesbetweenHOTvsCONthroughoutthefirst60>sof contraction;thereafterareducedneuraldriveinallconditionswassimilar. Discussion:CoolinghadnophysiologicaleffectonT re duringhyperthermiatrials.hotappearedtoshow thegreatestdeclineinvoluntaryforceandwasassociatedwithagreaterdeclineincarandnormalised EMGincomparisontoCON.ThehigherforceoutputforHOT cooling maybeexplainedbyimprovedneural driveofthecentralnervoussystemtovoluntarilyactivatedmuscles. Conclusion:Localisedheadandneckcoolingimproves neuromuscularfunctionofthekneeextensorsduringa sustainedmvcunderhyperthermicconditions. References: [1]NyboL&NielsenB(2001)Hyperthermiaandcentralfatigueduringprolonged exerciseinhumans.journalofappliedphysiology.91pp.1055>1060. [2]RacinaisS(2013)Hotambientconditionsshifttheforce/EMGrelationship. Springerplus.2pp.317. [3]TylerC&SunderlandC(2011)Coolingtheneckregionduringexerciseintheheat. JournalofAthleticTraining.46(1)pp.61> Fig.1.Changesinforceofthelegextensorsduring 120>s of isometric MVC in HOT, HOT Cooling CON. Electrical stimulation (EL) was superimposed every 30stoassesscentralactivation.Dataaremeansfor

19 Effectiveness%of%pre5cooling%and%cooling%during%play%on%wheelchair%rugby%performance% Katy%Griggs 1,%George%Havenith 2,%Michael%Price %3,%Thomas%Paulson 1 %and%victoria%gooseym Tolfrey* % 1 PeterHarrisonCentreforDisabilitySport,LoughboroughUniversity,UK. 2 EnvironmentalErgonomics ResearchCentre,LoughboroughUniversity,UK. 3 DepartmentofBiomolecularandSportsScience, CoventryUniversity,UK.*Correspondingauthor:V.L.Tolfrey@lboro.ac.uk Introduction:Athleteswithtetraplegia(spinalcordinjuryatthecervicalregionofthespinalcord)areat agreaterriskofheatillnessthantheirable>bodiedcounterparts,duetothelossofsweatingcapacityand vasomotorcontrolbelowthelesionlevel.commerciallyavailableicevestswornpriortoexercise(pre> cooling)havereceivedconsiderableinterestintheable>bodiedathleticpopulationelicitingvaryingresults inperformance,andphysiologicalandthermoregulatoryresponses.however,limitedresearchhasbeen conductedinthermoregulatoryimpairedathleteswithtetraplegia.anecdotallywatersprayingtheface andtorsoiscommonlyusedbytheseathletesduringbreaksinplay,thoughtheeffectivenessofthis methodhasnotbeenestablished.thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectsofpre>cooling usinganicevestandthecombinationofpre>coolingandcoolingduringplayusingwatersprayson simulatedwheelchairrugbyperformanceinathleteswithtetraplegia. Methods:Eightwheelchairrugbyplayerswithtetraplegia(32(7)yrs,64.0(6.8)kg,VO 2peak 1.35(0.27) ml.kg.min >1 )completeda60minintermittentsprintprotocol(isp)onawheelchairergometerin20.2(0.2) Cand33.0(3.1)%rh.TheISPrepresentedawheelchairrugbymatch(4quarters)andwasbasedondata obtainedfromcompetitivematchplaybyanindoortrackingsystem.theispwasconductedonthree occasionseitherwithnocooling(nc),pre>coolingwithanicevest(p)orpre>coolingwithanicevestand waterspraysbetweenquarters(pw).theicevest(articheatproducts)weighed~800gwhenactivated, waswornoverthetopoftheparticipant splayingvestandwasappliedduringa15minrestperiodand subsequent20minwarm>up.inpw,water(~17 C)wassprayedtwice(20sspray)ontheface,frontsof botharmsandtorsowithawaterspray(~50mlper20sspray)attheendofeachquarter.gastrointestinal temperaturewasmeasuredbyatelemetrypill(t gi ),individualandmeanskintemperature(t sk, Ramanathanmethod),heartrate,ratingofperceivedexertion(RPE),thermalsensationandthermal comfortweremeasuredthroughoutinadditiontowheelchairperformance. Results:Attheendofthepre>coolingperiod,T gi was0.3(0.2) C,0.2(0.3) Cand0.2(0.4) Chigherthanat thestartfornc,pandpw,respectively(p>0.05).thereductionint sk overthepre>coolingperiodwas significantlygreaterinpandpwcomparedtonc(>0.8(0.6) C,>1.6(0.8) Cand>1.2(0.5) CforNC,Pand PW,respectively,p<0.05).The T gi overtheispwassignificantlylowerfromtheendofquarter2to completionoftheispinpwandpcomparedtonc(p<0.05).bytheendofthesecondquarterto completionoftheisp,thereductionint sk waslowerinpwcomparedtopandnc(p<0.05).coolinghad noeffectonheartrate,performancemeasures,rpe,thermalsensationorthermalcomfortduringtheisp. Discussion:Pre>coolingusinganicevestattenuatedT sk duringthepre>coolingperiod,andalthoughthis reductionwasnotlonglasting T gi on completionoftheispwasstilllowerinpcomparedtonc.pw loweredthermalstraintoagreaterdegreethanp,yetneitherconditionhadadetrimentaleffecton performanceimplyingcoolingdidnotaffecttheparticipant spushingability.participantsreportedno differencesinthermalsensationorcomfortbetweenconditions,suggestingtheywereunabletodetectthe attenuationintsk,potentiallyduetothesmallareaofsensateskininindividualswithtetraplegia. Conclusion:Watersprayingbetweenquartersinadditiontopre>coolingwithanicevestlowersthermal straintoagreaterdegreethanpre>coolingonly,andhasnodetrimentaleffectonkeyparametersof wheelchairrugbyperformanceorthermalperceptions. 19

20 The%effect%of%ice%slurry%ingestion%on%intermittent%activity%and%a%run%to%exhaustion%in%the% heat% % Sarah%Jackson*%&%Nicola%Gerrett,% InstituteofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofWorcester,UK.*Correspondingauthor:S.jackson> 14@student.lboro.ac.uk Introduction:Majorcompetitionsareoftenstagedinhotenvironments.However,thebody sabilityto dissipateheatiscompromisedduringheatstressresultinginaconcomitantriseincoretemperature(t c ), ultimatelyleadingtoimpairedperformance.precoolingmethodssuchasicevestsandcoldwater immersionareemployedbeforecompetition,tolowert c andincreaseheatstoragebeforeacriticalt c is reached.however,therearenumerouspracticallimitationsmeaningpre>existingmethodsareimpractical foruseinafieldsetting.iceslurryingestionhasbeeninvestigatedasamorepracticalprecoolingmethod andhasenhancedenduranceperformance[1],howeverresearchhasyettodetermineitseffectsupon intermittentactivity.thereforetheaimofthisstudywastodeterminetheefficacyoficeslurryingestionas aprecoolingmethodpriortointermittentactivityandaruntoexhaustionintheheat. Methods:Inacounterbalancedorder,tenfemalefootballers(age20±1years,height162±9.5cm, weight62.4±8.5kg,bodyfat23.7±2.6%,bodysurfacearea1.66±0.15m 2,"V$O 2 max46.7±4.6ml.kg > 1.min >1 )eitheringested7.5g.kg 1 iceslurry(is)oractedasacontrol(c).afteringestiona45minute intermittentshuttletest(walk4km.h >1 > 7mins,jog8Km.h >1 >10mins,cruise10Km.h >1 >5mins,sprint14 Km.h >1 > ~ 3mins)wasperformed,followedbyanalternatingruntoexhaustion&(1&min&at&65%&V/O 2 max,1 minat95%untilfatigue)in33 C59%rh.T c,skintemperature(t sk ),heartrate(hr),ratingofperceived exertion(rpe),thermalsensationandbloodlactate(bla)weremeasuredduringintermittentactivityand T c andhrwererecordedthroughouttheruntoexhaustion.grosssweatloss,heatstorageandbody temperature(t b )wascalculatedfortheentireprotocol.astudentpairedt>testwasperformeduponrun timeandsweatrate.a2x2repeatedmeasuresanovawasconductedupont c,t sk,t b,hr,rpe,thermal sensationandbla.significancewassetatp Results:Timetoexhaustionwassignificantlylongeraftericeslurryingestionwhencomparedtocontrol (P=0.0005).PriortoexerciseiceslurryreducedT c by0.3>1.0 C(P=0.034).T c remainedsignificantlylower oniscomparedwithcduringthefirst30minutesofintermittentactivity(p=0.05).heatstoragewas significantlyhigher(p=0.003),t sk,t b andrpeweresignificantlylower(p 0.05),andtherewasatrendfor areductioninthermalsensationthroughoutintermittentactivityintheistrial(p=0.064).therewereno significantdifferencesbetweenconditionsinbla(p=0.743),hr(p=0.113)andsweatrate(p=0.278).at theendoftheruntoexhaustiont c was0.3 ChigherontheIStrial(P=0.004). Discussion:Iceslurryingestionimprovedruntimeby2minutes20seconds(93seconds),through reducingt c andpromotinggreaterheatstoragewithoutanychangesinbloodlactateaccumulation. Previousresearchindicatesthiscouldbeduetonumerousmechanismsincludingthereductionof inhibitoryafferentfeedbacktothebrainandstimulationofsensoryreceptorsleadingtoimproved perceptualresponses. Conclusion:Iceslurryingestionappearstobeaneffectiveprecoolingstrategyforuseinsports characterisedbyintermittentactivity.iceslurriesareapracticalalternativetoexistingmethodsandcould beincorporatedintopre>matchhydrationstrategies.futureresearchshouldfocusondeterminingthe optimalvolumeandtimingoficeslurryingestion. Reference: [1]Siegel,R.,Mate,J.,Brearley,M.B.,Watson,G.,Nosaka,K.&Laursen,P.B.(2010)Iceslurryingestionincreasescoretemperaturecapacityandrunningtimein theheat.medicine&scienceinsports&exercise,42(4),717>

21 Effects'of'Menthol'on'Thermoregulatory'Responses'after%Exercise5induced'Hyperthermia% YoungMJoon%Jang 1 *,%%JungMHyun%Kim 2,%JooMYoung%Lee 1 % 1 COM:FORTLaboratory,CollegeofHumanEcology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,Korea. 2 NationalPersonalProtectiveTechnologyLaboratory(NPPTL),NIOSH/CDC,Pittsburgh,PA,US. *Correspondence:leex3140@snu.ac.kr Introduction:MentholisachemicalcompoundstimulatingTRPM8whichisactivatedinrelativelycool environmentbelow28 o C[1]andinducescoolingsensationonhumanskin[2].Manyresearchershave exploredmenthol sthermo>physiologicalinfluencesonhumans.leeandcolleagues[3]foundthatrectal temperatureincreasedfasterandtotalsweatratewaslowerthancontrolwhena0.8%mentholsolution wasappliedontheupperbody.mostresearcheshavefocusedonmentholapplicationduringorbefore heatexposure,butinthepracticalsituationmentholproductsareusedforrelievingthermaldiscomfortor muscularfatigueafterintensiveexercise.therefore,theeffectsoftopicalmentholapplicationon physiologicalresponses,includingsweatsecretionafterexercise>inducedhyperthermiawereinvestigated inthepresentstudy.wehypothesizedthatmentholapplicationduringrecoveryafterexercisewould relievethermalsensationwithoutincreasingdeepbodytemperature. Methods:Tenmalesubjectsparticipatedinthisstudy.Theexerciseprotocolconsistedof15minrestona cycleergometeratairtemperature(t a )of23 o Candrelativehumidity(RH)of50%,followedbycyclingat T a 45 o Cwith50%RHuntilrectaltemperatureincreased1.5 o Chigherthanbaseline,anda1hrecovery period.atthe10 th minoftherecovery,mentholorcontrol(lanolin)creamwasappliedonbotharmsand legs,exceptthehandsandfeet.skintemperatures,rectaltemperature,activesweatglanddensity(asgd) ontheforearmandthigh,skinbloodflowontheforearmandthigh,andsubjectiveperceptions(thermal sensation,thermalcomfort,andrateofperceivedexertion)weremeasured.aperipheralvasomotortone indexwascalculatedfromthedifferencebetweenforearmandfingertemperatures. Results:Rectaltemperatureshowedatendencytobedecreasedmorequickly,theperipheralvasomotor toneindexwassmaller,andasgdwasalsosmallerinthementholconditioncomparedtothecontrol,but thegroupdifferenceswerenotstatisticallysignificant.subjectsfeltcoolerinthementholconditionthanin control(p<0.05)butthedifferencesdisappeared30minafterthetopicalapplication. Conclusion:Amenthol>inducedperipheralvasoconstrictionandlowersweatinghasbeenreported beforeexercisecausedanincreaseindeepbodytemperature,whichmightnotbesafeforhumansinheat. Thepresentresultsindicatethatmentholapplicationontheextremitiesexceptthehandsandfeetduring recoveryafterexercisedidnotincreaserectaltemperaturebutrelievedthermalsensationandthermal comfortfor30minutes.theseresultssuggestthatmentholcanbeeffectivelyappliedtosportstherapy duringrecovery. References: [1]TalaveraK,NiliusB,VoetsT(2008)NeuronalTRPchannels:thermometers,pathfindersandlife>savers.TrendsinNeurosciences,31(6),287>295. [2]PatelT,IshiujiY,YosipovitchG(2007)Menthol:Arefreshinglookatthisancientcompound.JournalofAmericanAcademyofDermatology,57(5),873>878. [3]LeeJY,NakaoK,BakriI,TochiharaY(2012)BodyregionalinfluencesofL>mentholapplicationonthealleviationofheatstrainwhilewearingfirefighter's protectiveclothing.europeanjournalofappliedphysiology,112,2171>

22 Human&thermoneutralzoneandthermalcomfortzone:effectsofmildheatacclimation% Hannah%Pallubinsky 1 *,%Lisje%Schellen 1,2,%Boris%R.M.%Kingma 1,%Wouter%D.%van%Marken% Lichtenbelt 1 %% 1 DepartmentofHumanBiology,NUTRIM,MaastrichtUniversity,TheNetherlands 2 SchoolofBuiltEnvironmentandInfrastructure,AvansUniversityofAppliedSciences,TheNetherlands. *Correspondingauthor:h.pallubinsky@maastrichtuniversity.nl Introduction:OverheatingofbuildingsiscurrentlyahottopicintheWesternWorld.Asignificant amountofenergyisneededforairconditioningandventilationofpublicandcommercialbuildings. Nevertheless,upto80%oftheoccupantsaredissatisfiedwiththethermalenvironment,eventhough buildingsmeetthermalcomfortcriteriaasdeterminedbytheashraestandard55andisostandard7730. Physiologicalparameterssuchassex,age,bodycompositionandmetabolicratecanhaveagreateffecton anindividual sperceptionofthethermalenvironment.astudyamongyoungeuropeansindicatedthatthe preferredambienttemperaturemightvaryasmuchas10 Cbetweenindividuals.However,itisnotyet clearhowanindividual sthermalcomfortzone(tcz)relatestothephysiologicalthermo>neutralzone (TNZ).Moreover,unlikethermoregulatoryadaptationstostrongrepetitiveheatchallenges,itisunknown towhatextenthumansadapttomoremildwarmambientconditionsintermsofsubjectiveperceptionand thermo>regulatoryphysiology.therefore,thepresentstudyaimedtoinvestigatetherelationshipofan individual stnzandtczaswellastheinfluenceof7daysofmildheatacclimationontnzandtcz.since thestudyisstillongoing,preliminarydatawillbepresented. Methods:Twelveyoung,healthymaleswillvisitthelaboratoryofMaastrichtUniversityfor10 consecutivedays.atday1and2,protocols neutral>to>warm and neutral>to>cold willbeconducted.both willconsistof60minutesbaselineat30 C,followedbyatransienttemperaturechangewith10K.hto40 Cforthe neutral>to>warm protocolandto15 Cforthe neutral>to>cold protocol,respectively.relative humiditywillnotbecontrolledinthissetting.participantswillbesituatedinaclimatechamberinsupine position,wearingunderwearonly. Mildheatacclimation(7days)willstartimmediatelyafterthe neutral>to>cold protocolandparticipants willbeexposedto34 Cfor6hperday.Atday9and10,protocols neutral>to>warm and neutral>to>cold willberepeated.energyexpenditurewillbemeasuredbymeansofindirectcalorimetry(quarkrmr, COSMED,Italy).Thermalcomfortwillbeevaluatedusinga7>pointvisualanaloguescalerangingfrom>3 veryuncomfortableto3verycomfortable. Results:Preliminarydatashowthattheprotocols neutraltowarm and neutraltocold allowfor approximationofanindividual stnzandtcz.energyexpendituredataofthefirstparticipantsshows inter>individualdifferencesinbasalmetabolicrate,tnzrangeandupperandlowercriticaltemperatures. Fortheparticipantsmeasuredsofar,prolongedexposuretomildheat(34 C,6hfor7consecutivedays) seemedtoinfluencethermalperceptionandthetnz.however,thereisvariationinresponsebetween individuals. Preliminaryconclusion:TherangeandpositioningofthehumanTNZandTCZvaryamongindividuals. ProlongedmildheatexposureseemstobeaneffectivewaytoextendorshiftTCZandTNZ.Moredatais neededtofurtherelucidatetherelationshipbetweentnzandtcz.duringtheconference,definitive resultsofallsubjectswillbepresented. 22

23 Quantification*of*muscle*recovery*methods*by*near5infrared(spectroscopy(after(heavy( exercise'in'the'heat% % Sirkka%Rissanen*,%Satu%Mänttäri,%Juha%Oksa%% PhysicalWorkCapacity,FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth,Oulu,Finland.*Correspondingauthor: sirkka.rissanen@ttl.fi Introduction:Recoveryofmusclefunctionafterheavyphysicalworkmaylastforseveralhours[1].This studycomparedfourdifferentrecoverymodalitiestopassiverecoveryduring4hrsfollow>upafterheavy exerciseperiodwhilewearingfirefightingprotectiveequipmentinahotenvironment. Methods:Thirteenmalefirefightersvolunteeredinthestudy.Theyperformedanexercisetrackwhich containedsledgehammering,goingunderandoveranobstacle,stairwalking,hoserollingandwalking withandwithoutloads.theexerciselastedfor20minandthevolunteerswereaskedtoperformthe exerciseashardaspossiblebutkeepinginmindtobeabletocompletethewholetest.theywore firefightingsmokedivingprotectiveclothing(ca.2clo),helmet,glovesandbootsandcarriedanair>pak cylinderinabackpack.regulatorandfacemaskwerenotused.ambienttemperaturewas35 Candrh30 %.Heartrateandrectaltemperatureweremeasuredduringtheexercise.Followingtheexercise, volunteerstookofftheprotectiveequipment.recoveryprocesswasfollowedatroomtemperaturefor4 hours.thefiverecoverymodalitieswere:1)caffeineingesting(ci,6mg.kg> 1 ),2)forearmstretching(S),3) forearmcoldwater(15 C)immersion(C),4)forearmcold(15 C)andwarm(37 C)waterimmersion(CW) and5)reference(ref)withoutanyintervention.ci,s,candcwwereappliedat20,40and80minafter theexercise.recoveryfollow>upwasfocusedontherightforearm(wristflexor)andwereperformedat0, 30,60,120and240minaftertheexerciseandwasperformedatsittingposition.Betweenthefollow>up measurementstheparticipantswerefreetomove.muscleoxygenconsumption(mvo 2 )wasmeasuredby near>infraredspectroscopy(nirs)evaluatingtherateofdecreaseinoxyhaemoglobinintheupperarm. Reoxygenation(ReO 2 )ratewasevaluatedfromtheincreaseino 2 Hbaftertheocclusion. Results:Mean(SD)rectaltemperatureroseupto38.2(0.1) Candpeakheartratewas178(13)b.min >1 duringtheexerciseintheheat.allthefouractiverecoverymodalitiesincreasedmvo 2 at30and60min measurementpointscomparedtoref.at120and240minpostexercisetheeffectsonmvo 2 were diminished.reo 2 ratewasdecreasedbyciat30minincomparisontoref.ciandrefwerelower(p<0.05) incomparisontos,candcwat60min.cwdemonstratedthemostpronouncedincreasefollowedbysat 120min.Nodifferenceswereobservedat240inReO 2. Conclusion:AllfouractiverecoverymodalitiesincreasedmuscleVO 2 andallexceptciincreasedreo 2 rateafterheavyexerciseintheheatincomparisontoreference.themostpronouncedeffectwas observedinreo 2 rateat60and120min.thegreaterincreaseinmvo 2 andreo 2 rateaftertheserecovery interventionsareindicativeofincreasedmetabolicrateandprobablyfasterrecoveryprocessinthe muscle. References: [1]OksaJ,RintamäkiH,TakataloK,MäkinenT,LusaS,LindholmH,RissanenS.Firefightersmuscularrecoveryafteraheavyworkboutintheheat.ApplPhysiol NutrMetab.2013,38(3):292>9. ThisstudywassupportedbyTheFinnishWorkEnvironmentFund 23

24 Height,(mass,(and(body(fat(percentage(as(functions(of(bmi,(gender(and(age(for(psda(from( the$nhanes$ $data$sets$$% Arthur%Allen 1 *,%%Xiaojiang%Xu 2 %% 1 U.S.CoastGuardOfficeofSearchandRescue,1ChelseaStreet,NewLondon,CT,USA U.S.ArmyResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalMedicine,Natick,MA,USA,01760.*Corresponding author:arthur.a.allen@uscg.mil Introduction:TheUSARIEMProbabilityofSurvivalDecisionAid(PSDAver1.0)hasgender,height,mass, andbodyfatpercentageinputs[1],butnotage,thatareeither UserDefined orcategorizedasveryhigh, High,Mean,Low,VeryLow.ThedefaultvaluesofheightandmassarefromCDC snationalhealthand NutritionExaminationSurvey(NHANES)[2];andbodyfat%arefrom[3].However,bodyfat%isbasedupon alimitedsamplesizeof665menandwomenages17to65[3].thenhanesexaminesandinterviews about5000personseachyearfromrepresentativesamples.eachparticipantisgivenauniquesequence numberandisweightedbasedupontheportionoftheuspopulationthatindividualrepresents.the NHANES1999>2004datasetincludedtheuseofDual>EnergyX>rayAbsorptiometry(DXA)tomeasuretotal bodyfat%for11,103malesand9,687femalesage8to85.thetotaldatasethad12,729malesand 13,430femalesage24to1019months(2>85years)representingtheUSpopulation. Methods:TheNHANESdatasetsweredownloadedfromhttp:// XPORTfilesandconvertedtoMatlabfilesforanalysisanddisplay.Thethree2>yeardatasetsof Demographics,BodyMeasurements,andDXAwerecombinedusingtheuniquesequencenumbers,non> respondentswereeliminated,andthecombineddatasetwasseparatedbygenderandthenbyage.the weightswerecombinedaccordingtonhanesinstructions. Results: Table1.Height/MassonGender,Age(months) Height(mean)=AB(Age)C(Age 2 )andmass(mean)=de(age)f(age 2 ) Gender/Age A B C D E F Male<=200mo > Male=>200mo > e> > e>05 Female<=200mo > Female=>200mo > e> > e>05 Table2.BodyFat%onGender,Age(months),BMI(kg.m >2 ) BF%=GHAgeJ[1 exp(>bmi/k))] Gender/Age G H J K Male<=240mo > Male>240mo > Female<=240mo > > Female>240mo > Discussion:AnalysisoftheNHANES1999>2004databasewasusedtoupdatetheheight,mass,andbody fat%inpsdaver1.2.confidencelimitsweredeterminedtoprovideresultsforveryhigh,high,lowand VeryLowestimatesofheight,mass,andbodyfat%. Conclusion:Usingheight,mass,bodyfat%relationshipsweightedtotheentireUSpopulationand includingtheeffectsofagearemoreappropriatefortheu.s.coastguard suseofpsdathantheoriginal PSDAequationsforheight,massandbodyfat%[1]. References: [1]Xu,X,Amin,M,Santee,WR.Probabilityofsurvivaldecisionaid(PSDA).NatickMAUSARIEM,2008Report#USARIEMT08/05,ADA [2]McDowell,M.A.,C.D.Fryer,R.HirshcandC.L.Ogden.Anthropometricreferencedataforchildrenandadults:U.S.Population,1999>2002.Advanceddata fromvitalhealthstatisticsn >426,2005. [3]Jackson,A,P.Stanforth,J.Gagon.A.S.Leon,D.C.Rao,J.S.Skinner.C.BouchardandJ.H.Wilmore.Theeffectofsex,ageandraceonestimatingpercentage bodyfatfrombodymassindex;theheritagefamilystudy.internationalj.ofobesity26:786>796,

25 The$Load$Carriage$Index$(LCI)$ Adjusting*the*Load*Carried*by*the*Soldier*According*to* Body%Composition%Measurements%% Itay%Ketko,%Amir%Hadid,%Ran%Yanovich,%Yoram%Epstein,Yuval%Heled*%% TheWarriorHealthResearchInstitute,MedicalCorps,IsraelDefenceForces.HellerInstituteofMedical Research,ShebaMedicalCenter,TelHashomer,Israel. DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Facultyof Engineering,TelAvivUniversity,Israel. SacklerFacultyofMedicine,TelAvivUniversity,Israel. Introduction:Leanbodymass(LBM),stronglycorrelateswithabsolutemaximaloxygenuptake (VO 2 max),hasbeenshowntopredictloadcarriageperformance[1].incontrast,fatmassisconsidered "deadmass"(dm)thatreducesmobilityandeffectivenessofthecarrier.[2,3]lyonsetal.proposedthat theratiolbmtodmcanindicatetheabilitytocarryloads[3].weaimedtostudytheabilitytobetter distributetheloadstobecarriedbyateamofsoldiersbyusingaloadcarriageindex(lci)ratherthan relyingonlyonpercentageofbodyweight. Methods:TheloadcarriageIndexwasappliedasfollows:LCI=(leanbodymass)/(fatmassexternalload) 14healthymales(age:26(2)yrs;weight:77(12)kg;fatpercentage:17(4)%;VO 2max :52.1(5.6)mL.kg >1.min > 1 )performedlightexerciseonamotordriventreadmill(4km.h >1 and0%incline),whilecarrying40%of theirbodyweight(bw).thelciwascalculatedforeachsubjectaccordingtohisanthropometricmeasures andtheloadhecarried.theoxygenconsumptionwasmeasuredcontinuouslyduringtheexercise. Results:Theaverageloadweightcarriedbythesubjectswas31(5)kg,whichcorrespondedtoanaverage LCIof1.46(0.16)(rangeof1.21>1.70).Themetabolicdemand(%VO 2max )was26.7(3.4)%.astrong correlationwithlci(spearmanp=>0.68,p<0.006),%fat(spearmanpof0.70,p<0.005)andrelative VO 2 max(spearmanpof>0.89,p<0.001.)theabilityofthelcitoenableabetterdistributionoftheloads withinthestudygroupisexemplifiedbythefollowing(table):thetwosubjectswithsimilarweightand VO 2 maxwererequiredtocarryalmostthesameload(~30kg).thelciwaslowerforthesubjectwiththe higher%body>fat,resultingwithahighermetabolicdemand(%vo 2max ).BymatchingLCIforbothsubjects, withoutchangingthetotalweighttobecarried,almost5kgcouldbeshiftedfromsubject#1tosubject#2. Subject% BW% [kg]% Fat% [%]% LBM% [kg]% Load%[kg]% (40%%BW)% LCI% 25 VO 2 max% [ml/kg/min]% %VO 2 max% New% LCI% New% Load% [kg]% New% Load% [%BW]% #1% #2% Discussion:LCIvariesconsiderablywithinthegroupwhilerequiringcarryingthesame%BW.Thisisdue tothehigherdmcarriedbythosewiththehigher%body>fat.thus,inordertomatchworkintensity (similarmetabolicdemandofthetask)betweendifferentindividualscarryingloadswesuggestthelciasa helpfulindexforabettergivenloaddistribution,ratherthanrelyingonlyonpercentageofbodymassonly. References: [1]BuskirkE,TaylorHL.Maximaloxygenintakeanditsrelationtobodycomposition,withspecialreferencetochronicphysicalactivityandobesity.JAppl Physiol1957;11:72>78. [2]HaismanMF.Determinantsofloadcarryingability.ApplErgon1988;19: [3]JasonLyons,AdrianAllsoppandJamesBilzon,Influencesofbodycompositionupontherelativemetabolicandcardiovasculardemandsofloadcarriage, OccupationalMedicine2005;55:380>384.

26 Aerobic%fitness%and%body%fatness%describe%minimal%variability%in%the%thermoregulatory% responses%to%exercise%after%accounting%for%heat%production%and%body%size% % Matthew%Cramer 1,%Ollie%Jay 1,2 *% 1 SchoolofHumanKinetics,UniversityofOttawa,Canada; 2 ThermalErgonomicsLaboratory,Facultyof HealthSciences,UniversityofSydney,Australia.*Correspondingauthor:ollie.jay@sydney.edu.au Introduction:Aerobicfitness(VO 2max )andbodyfatnesshavebeenregularlysuggestedasimportant determinantsofcoretemperatureandsweatingresponsestoexercise[3,5],butrecentstudiessuggest thatbiophysicalfactorsrelatedtoheatproduction(h prod ),totalbodymass(tbm),andbodysurfacearea (BSA),predominantlyinfluencerectaltemperaturechanges(ΔT re )andsweating[1,2,4].thepresentstudy testedthehypothesesthat(i)individualvariationinδt re,whole>bodysweatloss(wbsl),andsteady>state localsweatrate(lsr ss )isdeterminedprimarilybyh prod (W.kg 1 TBM),evaporationrequiredforheat balance(e req,w),ande req (W.m 2 ),respectively,and(ii)factorsrelatedtovo 2max andbodyfatpercentage (BF%)contributeminimallytotheresidualvarianceintheseresponses. Methods:Twenty>eightmalesubjects[TBM:78.2(11.3)kg,BSA:1.96(0.15)m 2,VO 2max :3.86(0.68)L.min 1 )]performedexerciseatexternalworkloadscorrespondingtoawiderangeof%vo 2max (32.2>80.0%),H prod (5.2>12.1W.kg 1 TBM),andE req (256>672W)in24.8(0.7) C,33.4(12.2)%RH,and1.2(0.1)m.s 1 airvelocity. T re andforearmlsrweremeasuredcontinuously;wbslwasestimatedfromchangesinbodymass. Forwardstepwisemultipleregressionanalysiswassubsequentlyperformedandpartialcontributionsof eachindependentvariableweredeterminedusingstandardizedregressioncoefficients. Results:H prod (W.kg 1 TBM)alonedescribed~50%ofthevarianceinΔT re (adjustedr 2 =0.496,P<0.001), whilebsa>to>massratioandbf%added4.3%and2.3%,respectively,totheexplainedvariance.forwbsl, E req (W)aloneexplained~71%ofthevariance(adjustedR 2 =0.713,P<0.001),andtheinclusionofBF% explainedanadditional2%ofthevarianceinwbsl.similarly,e req (W.m 2 )correlatedsignificantlywith LSR ss (adjustedr 2 =0.603,P<0.001),while%VO 2max contributedanadditional~4%tothetotalvariance. Discussion:PreviousfindingsthatidentifiedVO 2max andbodyfatnessasimportantmodulatorsofcore temperatureandsweatingmaybeconfoundedbycollinearitybetweenindependentvariables,sincefitter individualstendtobelighterandleanerandthusgeneratemoreheat(inw.kg 1 TBM)andhaveahigher E req (inwandw.m 2 )atafixed%vo 2max,resultinginexpectedlyhigherT re andsweatingrates.the relativelyminorindependentcontributionofbf%and%vo 2max totheseresponseswarrantsconsideration. Conclusion:Biophysicalfactorsrelatedtoheatproductionandbodysizeexplained~54>71%ofthetotal variabilityinthecoretemperatureandthermoregulatorysweatingresponsestoexerciseinacompensable environment,withonlyaminorcontribution(<4%)totheexplainedvarianceinδt re andwbslbybf%,and LSR ss by%vo 2max. References: [1]CramerMN,JayO.JApplPhysiol116: ,2014. [2]GagnonD,JayO,KennyGP.JPhysiol591: ,2013. [3]GreenhaffPL,CloughPJ.EurJApplPhysiolOccupPhysiol58:348 52,1989. [4]JayO,BainAR,DerenTM,SacheliM,CramerMN.AmJPhysiolRegulIntegrCompPhysiol301:R832 41,2011. [5]Mora>RodriguezR.ExercSportSciRev40:79 87,

27 Novel&Model&for&Load&Carriage&Ergonomics&Optimisation& Amir%Hadid,%Noa%Belzer,%Amit%Gefen,%Nogah%Shabshin,%Yoram%Epstein*% DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,TelAvivUniversity,DivisionofDiagnosticImaging,CarmelMedical Center,HellerInstituteofMedicalResearch,ShebaMedicalCenter,SacklerFacultyofMedicine,TelAviv Introduction:Soldiersandrecreationalbackpackersareoftenrequiredtocarryheavyloadsduring militaryoperationsorhiking.despitetheadvancesinbackpackdesign,theloadscarriedbysoldiersstill imposeanextremephysiologicalstrain(softtissuedeformation)whichfrequentlyresultsindiscomfort, pain,andmusculoskeletalinjuries.shoulderstrain,whichappearstobeoneofthelimitingfactorsofload carriage,isthoughttoresultfromhighersusceptibilitytoshort>terminjuriessuchassofttissuedamage and/ortrappednervesandobstructionofbloodvessels.theaimofthecurrentstudywastodevelopa flexiblemodelenablingtosimulatereallifeloadingscenarios(variousloads,strapmaterialsandstrap structures)andthatwillhelpinoptimisingloadcarriagesystemsdesignandguidelines. Methods:Open>MRIscanswereusedforreconstructinga3Dgeometricalmodelofanunloadedshoulder andformeasuringthesofttissuedeformationscausedbya25kgbackpack;subsequently,asubject> specificfiniteelement(fe)stress>strainanalyseswasdeveloped.inthismodel,loadswereappliedatthe strap>shouldercontactsurfacesbypullingthestraptowardstheshoulderuntilthedesiredloadwas reached.then,themodelenablestocalculateandanalysethestrainsinthesofttissuessurroundingthe brachialplexus. Results:Thenewlydevelopedmodelsuccessfullyenabledthepredictionofsofttissuedeformationsin thebrachialplexussurroundingtissues,whicharecausedbydifferentbackpackloads.increasingtheloads upto35kg(or~45%ofatypicalbodyweight)resultedinfurtherincreaseinstrainsoftheunderlyingsoft tissues:themaximaltensilestraininthebrachialplexusfora25kgbackpackwas12%andwhilecarrying 35kgthemaximaltensilestrainincreasedto16%.Italsohadbeenfoundinthestudythatthelateral aspectsofthebrachialplexusaremorevulnerabletoadeformation>inducedinjury,becauseatthese aspectsthenerveplexusislessprotectedagainstthecompressiveloadsappliedduringloadcarriage. Discussion:Inaddition,themodelallowsabetterunderstandingofthemoresusceptibleanatomical regionsinthebackpack>wearerinterface.basedonpreviousanimalstudies,thesofttissuestrainsinthe areaofthebrachialplexusascalculatedbythemodelaresubstantialandmighthampernormalnerve conductivity. Conclusion:Thismethodispotentiallyastrongworkingtoolallowingfurtherdevelopmentsofnewstrap structuresandmaterialsorbackpackdesignforalleviatingthestrainsappliedontheshoulder'ssoft tissues. 27

28 The%Use%of%Human%Thermal%Modelling%to%Assess%Performance%during%Extreme%Exposures% Marshall%Nuckols 1 *,%Eugene%Wissler 2,%Pratibha%Sinha 3,%Gary%N.%Proulx 4% 1 DukeUniversity,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,Durham,NC,USA. 2 UniversityofTexas,Department ofchemicalengineering,austin,texas,usa. 3 NavyClothingandTextileResearchFacility,Natick,MA,USA. 4 U.S.ArmyNatickSoldierR&DCenter,Natick,MA,USA.*Correspondingauthor: marshall.nuckols@duke.edu Introduction: Clothingisanimportantfactorinhumanresponsetothermalstress,butthereisoftena largegapbetweenmanikinstudiesandpredictionofhumanbehaviourunderactualconditions.although that gap can be bridged with experimental studies involving human subjects, such studies are difficult to execute and costly to perform. Moreover, human studies cannot be performed under life>threatening conditions. An alternative approach is to predict human behaviour using a thermal model. While that approachgreatlyreducestheneedtoconductexperimentswithhumansubjects,validationofamodelfor a particular application still requires human studies. In this paper we discuss several applications of a humanthermalmodel.oneinvolvesaninvestigationofsystemsforelectricallyheatingdiversduringlong> term immersion in cold water. Another describes a system currently under development that will allow Navyofficerstoassesstheadequacyofavailablegarmentsforaparticularmission. Methods: Thehumanthermalmodelemployedinthesestudieshasevolvedoverhalfacentury.Human geometry in the current model is represented by 21 cylindrical elements. Temperatures, physiological properties (metabolic and perfusion rates), and physical properties (density, specific heat and thermal conductivity)aredefinedin169smallregionswithineachmajorelement,andupto6additionalshells(72 additionalsmallregions)representclothing.pennesbioheatequationissolvedusingatwo>dimensional finite>difference technique. Physiological control functions are based on the results of physiological studies, and are not simply parametric variables defined to obtain good agreement between computed andmeasuredthermalvariables[1]. Results: Thermal properties of the divers drysuits were measured using a submersible manikin at the NavyClothingandTextileResearchFacility(NCTRF)inNatick,MA.Coldwatertrialswerethenconducted atthenavyexperimentaldivingunitinpanamacity,flwithseventestsubjectswearingthecharacterized drysuits to validate the model for this application. The validated model was then used to evaluate differentelectricalheatingarrangements,andpredictedbehaviourwascomparedwithactualperformance ofseveralsuitsduringatotalof20manneddives. Discussion:Thecombinationofmanikintestingincombinationwithsimulationsusingahumanthermal modelhasbeenshowntobeaneffectiveapproachtomosteffectivelyintegrateactiveheatingincold> waterdivinggarments.asimilarapproachcanalsobeusedtopredictthethermalstatusofpersonnel whileoperatinginanynumberofstressfulapplications,ortocreateadesigntoolfordevelopinggarments tomeetthosethermallystressfulapplications.byutilizingahumanthermalmodel,missionsimulations canpredictthermalperformanceinextremeenvironmentswithouttheriskandhighcostofexposing humansubjectstopotentiallylife>threateningconditions. Conclusion: Mathematicalhumanthermalmodelscanbeusedinvariouspracticalwaysthathavebeen largely underutilized. Applications require close cooperation between modellers, physiologists, and end users.ourstudydemonstratesthatthoseeffortsyieldvaluableresults. References: [1]WisslerEH(2012)Whole>bodyhumanthermalmodelling>analternativetoimmersionincoldwaterandotherunpleasantendeavours.JHeatTrans134 28

29 On#the#measurement#of#globe#temperatures:(analysis(of(the(influence(of(different( parameters% A.%Virgílio%M.%Oliveira 1 *,%Adélio%R.%Gaspar 2 %,%António%M.%Raimundo 2 %,%Divo%A.%Quintela 2 % 1 CoimbraInstituteofEngineering,PolytechnicInstituteofCoimbra,DepartmentofMechanical Engineering,Coimbra,Portugal; 2 ADAI>LAETA,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Universityof Coimbra,Coimbra,Portugal.*Correspondingauthor:avfmo@isec.pt Introduction:Theassessmentofthermalstress,eitherduetoheatorcold,requiresthemeasurementof differentphysicalparameters.budd[1]statesthatsuchassessmentsaredifficult,expensiveandtime> consuming.theaccurateevaluationofthephysicalparametersisrecognizedasoneofthemostimportant reasonsforthisstatement.whenheatstressisconsidered,thewetbulbglobetemperatureindex (WBGT)[2]isprobablythemostcommonindexusedthroughouttheworld.Itsassessmentrequiresthe measurementoftheglobetemperature,animportantissuethatisaddressedinthepresentpaper. Methods:Tostudytheperformanceofglobethermometersthreesensorswereused:a50mmglobe madeofa0.3mmcooperplate;andtwo150mmstandardglobes,onefrombrüel&kjær[3]madeofa 0.4mmcopperplateandanotherfromTestowithanunknownthickness.Theexperimentalsetupalso includesahelicalfanfromsodeca(type90/50)tocreateflowswithdifferentairvelocitiesandaradiative heatsourcewith14lampsfromphilips,type13117,positionedatdifferentdistancesfromthe temperaturesensor. Results:Theanalysisoftheresultsconsiderstheresponsetime,thetemperaturedifferencebetween globesandtheinfluenceoftheairvelocity.forthe50mmglobetheresponsetimesrangedbetween9and 44minuteswhileforthe150mmglobesthevaluesvariedfrom12to48minutes.Thetemperature differencesbetweenglobesaresometimessignificant.inthecaseofthedifferencebetweentheglobe fromtestoandthe50mmglobethelowestdifferencewas7.5 Cwhilethehighestwas21.7 C.The analysisoftheinfluenceoftheairvelocityshowsthatthehighesttemperaturedifferencebetweenthe150 and50mmglobesalwayscorrespondedtoavelocityof0.5m.s >1,thendecreasingforhigherairvelocities. Discussion:Theliteraturesuggeststhattheglobesensorsresponsetimeisusuallybetween20and30 minutes.thepresentresultsalertforthefactthatthatlimitcanbeovercome.ifthetemperature differencebetweenthe150and50mmglobesisconsidered,theresultshighlightthatthedifferencecan beimportant.theuseofsmallerglobesiscommonduetotheiradvantages,namelyinthereductionofthe responsetime.however,whensmallglobesareusedtheglobetemperatureislower,thuscallingforthe needtocorrectthevaluesforthestandard150mmglobe,animportantmatterthatisnotalways addressed.theanalysisoftheinfluenceoftheairvelocityclearlyidentifiestheneedtoseparatethe naturalandforcedconvectionresults. Conclusion:Asafirstapproach,themeasurementoftheglobetemperatureseemssimple.Nevertheless, itsmeasurementdemandscertainrequisitesfortheestimationofthewbgt.thispaperpresentssome precautionstobeconsidered. References: [1]Budd,G.M.,2001.Assessmentofthermalstress theessentials.journalofthermalbiology26:371>37. [2]ISO7234,1989.HotEnvironments>EstimationoftheHeatStressonWorkingMan,BasedontheWBGT>index(Wetbulbglobetemperature).International Standard,2ndEdition,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO),Genève. [3]Brüel&Kjær,(1985).WBGT>HeatStressMonitor:InstructionManual.Denmark,NaerumOffset. 29

30 A"systematic"approach"to"the"development"and"validation"of"adaptive"manikins% Agnes%Psikuta 1 *,%%Manuela%Weibel 1,%Rick%Burke 2,%%Mark%Hepokoski 3,%%Tony%Schwenn 3,%%%%% Simon%Annaheim 1 %and%%rené%m.%rossi 1 % 1 LaboratoryforProtectionandPhysiology,Empa,St.Gallen,Switzerland. 2 MeasurementTechnology Northwest(MTNW),USA. 3 ThermoAnalytics,USA.*Correspondingauthor:agnes.psikuta@empa.ch Introduction:Recentadvancesincomputationtechnologieshavefacilitatedcomputersimulationof humanphysiologicalregulationmechanismsathighspatialandtemporalresolution.improvementsin manufacturingtechniquesandcontrolstrategieshaveresultedinthedevelopmentofadvancedthermal manikins.however,thebroaderacceptanceofhumanthermophysiologicalsimulationviamodellingand measurementtoolsislimitedbythescarcepublicdomainresourcesandavailabilityofvalidationdata supportingsuchtools[1].inthisstudyasystematicapproachtothedevelopmentandvalidationof thermophysiologymodelsandadaptivemanikinswasdeveloped.thisapproachisbasedonboththe evaluationofmanikinresponsiveness>tobeabletofollowthecourseofhumanphysiologicalresponses, andtheadequatevalidationofanadaptivemanikinagainsthumanexperimentsrepresentinggroupswith increasingcomplexityofexposure. Methods:TheresponsivenessofthemanikinNewton(MTNW,USA)wasevaluatedbyaddressingits accuracy(uncertaintyoftheheatfluxmeasurementandlateralheatflowbetweensegments)anddynamic control(responseofmanikincontrolsystemtothefrequentchangeoftheset>pointtemperatureand manikinpassivethermalbehaviourbeyondthelimitsofthecontrolsystem).secondly,asystematic approachtothevalidationofadaptivemanikin(manikinnewtoncontrolledbymanikinpc 2 physiology model(thermoanalytics,usa))wasbasedonselectionofhumanexperimentsrepresentinggroupswith increasingcomplexityofexposure(basicexposureswithawiderangeofsteady>stateandtransient environmentalconditions,lowactivitylevelandnoclothing,activeexposureswithaddedvarietyofactivity levels,andcompleteexposuresconsideringclothingunderspatialandtemporaltransientconditions). ResultsandDiscussion:Themanikinresponsivenessevaluationrevealedtheopportunitiesand constraintsofthishighlysophisticatedthermalmanikin,suchasgoodmeasurementaccuracyevenwith heterogeneoussurfacetemperature,sufficientlyfastresponseduringpassiveheatingandcooling.the dynamicregulationofsurfacetemperatureunderextremetransientconditionswasdeficient;however, thisparameterwasnotcrucialintheadaptivemanikinoperationprinciple.thisinformationwasusedfor targetedselectionofvalidationexposuresinthesubsequentvalidationstudy,aswellasforbetter understandingofdiscrepanciesbetweenhumanandadaptivemanikindata. Secondly,themanikincontrolledbythephysiologymodelwassuccessfullyvalidatedagainstfifteen selectedhumansubjecttrialsincludingallthreeexposuregroupsandoriginalclothingusedinhuman studies.theoverallroot>mean>squaredeviationsforskinandcoretemperaturesmeasuredinhumansand simulatedusingtheadaptivemanikinapproximated1.25 Cand0.26 C,respectively.Thesevalueswere comparablewiththetypicalinter>subjectvariabilityobservedinhumanstudies. Conclusion:Ingeneral,themanikinwassuitableforcouplingwithaphysiologymodelwithrespecttoits accuracyanddynamicsrequiredforrealisticsimulationofthephysiologicalresponse.theadaptive manikinwaschallengedinthevalidationwithhighlytransientenvironmentalconditionsandlongduration oftheexposure,anditshowedgoodperformanceinsimulatingtheoverallhumanthermophysiological responseforbothsteady>stateandtransientconditions. References: [1]Psikuta,A.,D.Fiala,G.Laschewski,etal.,ValidationoftheFialamulti>nodethermophysiologicalmodelforUTCIapplication.InternationalJournalof Biometeorology, (3):p

31 Comparison*of*Thermal*Manikins*to*Human*Thermoregulatory*Responses*% Jonathan%Power*,%%Andrew%Baker%,%António%Simões%Ré % NationalResearchCouncilofCanada,St.John s,nl,canada.*correspondingauthor: jonathan.power@nrc.ca Introduction:Immersionsuitsarelifesavingappliances(LSA)designedtoprotectthewearerifthey becomeaccidentlyimmersedincoldwaterbyreducingthecoldshockresponseanddelayingtheonsetof hypothermia.immersionsuitsarecertifiedtobothnationalandinternationalstandards;someofwhich requirethethermalprotectivepropertiestobetestedusinghumansorthermalmanikins.theethical natureoftestingwithhumanshasbeenquestioned[1]duetothephysicallygruelingnatureofthesetests, thustestingwithmanikinsmaybepreferential.however,previousworkhasshownthatdiscrepanciesexist betweenthermalmanikinsandhumansthatcouldresultinimmersionsuitselectionthatwouldbenefitthe formermorethanthelatterwhowouldultimatelyuseit[2].thisstudyinvestigatedthethermoregulatory responsesofhumansandcomparedthemtoathermalmanikinwhilewearingimmersionensembleswith insulationdistributedinvariousconfigurationshypothesizedtobebeneficialtohumansandmanikins. Methods:Elevenhealthymalesperformedthree,3>hourimmersionin5 Cstirredwaterwhilewearing variousimmersionensembles.theimmersionensemblesconsistedofstandardizedunderclothing,an outerwaterproofshell,andacustom>madeclosedcellneopreneinnerlinerwithinsulationdistributedin threeconfigurations: Control >insulationdistributedevenlyaroundthelimbsandtorso; Human Beneficial (HB)>insulationconcentratedaroundthetorsocomparedtothelimbs;and Manikin Beneficial (MB)>insulationconcentratedaroundthelimbscomparedtothetorso.Meanskin temperature(t SK ),meanskinheatloss(mshl),gastro>intestinaltemperature(t GI ),andoxygen consumption(vo 2 )weremeasuredthroughouttheimmersions.a23zonethermalmanikin(nemo)was alsoimmersedwiththesamethreeensembles. Results:Forthehumans,acrossallensembles,therewerenosignificantdifferencesinthemean(SD) changeint SK (Control:>4.5[0.6] C;HB:>4.5[1.0] C;MB:>4.6[0.9] C),MSHLattheendoftheimmersions (Control:95.5[10.2]W m >2 ;HB:101.9[8.2]W m >2 ;MB:102.0[8.8]W m >2 ),changeint GI (Control:>0.1[0.4] C;HB:>0.2[0.4] C;MB:>0.3[0.3] C),andVO 2 attheendoftheimmersion(control:515.7[79.5]ml min >1 ; HB:538.9[77.3]mL min >1 ;MB:565.3[101.2]mL min >1 ).Therewerenosignificantdifferencesintheclo valueoftheensemblesasmeasuredbythehumans(control:1.39[0.16]clo;hb:1.28[0.13]clo;mb: 1.28[0.15]clo);andNEMO(Control:1.09clo;HB:1.06clo;MB:1.09clo). Discussion:Ourfindingsdonotagreewiththepreviouswork[2]undertakenwithlowerlevelsofoverall insulationinthatwedidnotfindanysignificantdifferencesinchangeindeepbodytemperature(t GI )or VO 2 wheninsulationwasreducedoverthetorsocomparedtothelimbs.aswell,wheninsulationwas reducedoverthelimbscomparedtothetorso,nemodidnotmeasurealarge(>10%)dropinclo.initial resultssuggestthatallthreeensemblescausedthesamelevelofthermalstressinthehumans,even thoughinsulationwasconcentratedaroundthetorsoinhb,andreducedarounditinmb. Conclusion:Higheroverallinsulationvaluesmaynegatethedifferencesinthermoregulatoryandthermal responsesofhumansandmanikinsevokedbydifferencesinregionalinsulation. References: [1]Barwood,M.J.andTipton,M.J.(2011).Survivingprolongedcoldwaterimmersion>Anevaluationofimmersiondrysuittestperformacestandards..World ConferenceonDrowningPrevention.Vietnam. [2]Tipton,M.J.andBalmi,P.J.(1996).Theeffectofwaterleakageontheresultsobtainedfromhumanandthermalmanikintestsofimmersionprotective clothing.eurjapplphysioloccupphysiol,72,394>400. % % 31

32 Is#the#dermatomal#recruitment#of#sweating#a#physiological#reality#or#a#misinterpretation?% Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*,%Sean%R.%Notley,%Catriona%A.%Burdon,%Elizabeth%A.%Taylor,%Norikazu%Ohnishi% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Acaudal>to>rostral(sympatheticdermatomal)recruitmentpatternforhumaneccrine sweatingwasfirstdescribedbyrandallandhertzman[1],andiswidelyaccepted.nevertheless,neither sudomotoractivationnorsweatglandrecruitmentpatternswereactuallymeasuredduringthat,ortheir subsequentsupportingresearch.instead,recruitmentwasderivedusingcurvesfittedtodataobtained overseveralmonths,withdataforseparateskinregionsnotnecessarilyobtainedfromthesame individuals.sincesuchdataareill>suitedfordrawinginterpretationsrelativetosympatheticactivation,and sincekuno[2]reportedasimultaneousglandularactivationacrossallskinregions,thishypothesiswas revisited. Methods:Eightblindfolded,semi>nudemaleswereexposedtoasupine,restingairexposure(28 o C,60% relativehumidity).theywereheatedinthreestagesusingatube>only,water>perfusiongarment:0>5min (watertemperature40 o C),5>10min(watertemperature45 o C)andbeyond10min(watertemperature50 o C).Localsweatratesweremeasuredusingventilatedsweatcapsules(3.16cm 2 ;capacitancehygrometry) positionedatfoursites,noneofwhichwascoveredbythegarment:forehead(fifthcranial[trigeminal] nerve),dorsalhand(c6>7),lowerchest(t5>6)anddorsalfoot(l4>5).thesepositionsincludedonecranial nerveandmaximisedthedermatomalrangeinvestigated.sweatonsetsweretakenfromthe commencementofcontinuouslocalsweating,withresponsestrackeduntilsteadystateswereachieved. Results:Forsixoftheseeighttrials,thefootcommencedsweatingfirst,withthecheststartingfirston twooccasions.however,duringthosetwotrialsfootsweatingoccurredlastanddidnotcommenceatallin oneindividual.forthatperson,sweatflowsfromtheforeheadandchestattheendofthetrialexceeded2 mg.cm >2.min >1 (47.8min).Innoindividualwasthepurportedcaudal>to>rostralrecruitmentpatternevident (foot>chest>hand>forehead).indeed,sweatingatthechestcommencedlastonthreeoccasions.foreach trial,theaveragetimedelaysforlocalsweatcommencement,relativetoitsinitiationatthefirstsite activated,wereasfollows:foot3.5min,chest8.8min,hand8.1minandforehead9.9min. Discussion:Theseobservationsareinconsistentwitheitherasympatheticdermatomalorasimultaneous sweatactivationpattern.randallandhertzman[1]onlypresenteddatafortwoindividualsdisplayingthe formerpattern,withdatafromanotherindividualshowingadifferentpattern.subsequentself>verifying evidencealsocamefromonlytwoindividuals[3].ontheotherhand,thesimultaneousactivationpattern [2]wasdeterminedfollowingvisualinspection(starchiodidemethod),whichlacksanacceptabletime resolution.thus,thesescientificfactsseemtohavereachedtheirexpirydateandarenolongerfactual. Furthermore,whilstfootsweatingcommencedfirstin75%ofthecurrenttrials,onlytwosubjectsrevealed identicalrecruitmentpatterns.itappearsmorelikelythatthepatternoflocalsweatrecruitmentisan individualphenomenon. References: [1]Randall,W.C.,andHertzman,A.B.(1953).Dermatomalrecruitmentofsweating.JournalofAppliedPhysiology.5:399>409 [2]Kuno,Y.(1934).Thephysiologyofhumanperspiration.J.&A.Churchill,London. [3]McCook,R.D.,Wurster,R.D.,andRandall,W.C.(1965).Sudomotorandvasomotorresponsestochangingenvironmentaltemperature.JournalofApplied Physiology.20:371>378. % % 32

33 Protecting*Aircrew*from*Cold*Stress*Elevates*Heat*Stress% Andrew%P.%Hunt*% LandDivision,DefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganisation,Melbourne,Australia Introduction:Aircrewneedtowearanimmersionsuittoprotectagainsthypothermiaintheunlikely eventofcrashingintocoldwater.theseclothingconfigurationsprovideinsulationandwatertightsealsto reducebodyheatlossinwater;however,heatlosswillalsobeimpairedduringnormalflyingactivitiesina warmcockpit.therefore,thisstudyevaluatedtheheatexchangepropertiesoftheaircrewprotective ClothingConfiguration(APCC)todeterminethelimitationsitmayimposetoworkinwarmenvironments. Methods:TheheatexchangepropertiesofsixAPCC sweremeasuredonaheatedsweatingmanikin (NewtonP>352,MTNW,USA)inaccordancewithstandardtestprocedures[1][2].Outergarmentsincluded astandardflyingsuit(fly)andaconstantwearimmersionsuit(cwis).threecombinationsof undergarmentswereevaluatedwitheachoutergarment.themethodforevaluatingthermalstrain (METHS)modelwasusedtoestimatetheheatstrainofwearingtheAPCC s.theworkscenarioincludeda 20minpre>flightperiodofmoderatework(350W)andaflightperiodofupto4hoursoflightwork (150W).Theworkdurationuntilcorebodytemperaturerosefrom37.0 Cto38.5 Cwasexaminedacross arangeofwet>bulbglobetemperature(wbgt)including:23.6,26.4,26.9,28.5,29.5,29.7,31.1,32.5, 33.0,and36.5 C. Results:Additionalundergarmentsincreasedthethermal resistanceoftheflyandcwisconfigurations(fly>1:0.234; FLY>2:0.269,andFLY>3:0.320;CWIS>1:0.273;CWIS>2: 0.317;andCWIS>3:0.334 C.m 2.W >1 ).TheCWIS configurationshadadistinctlyhigherevaporative resistancethantheflyconfigurations,whichalso increasedwithadditionalundergarments(fly>1:0.039; FLY>2:0.043;FLY>3:0.051;CWIS>1:0.062;CWIS>2:0.070; CWIS>3:0.073kPa.m 2.W >1 ).WorkdurationintheWBGT rangeof24 30 CwasmuchshorterfortheCWIS comparedtotheflyensembles(fig1).alternatively,inthe mostoppressiveconditions(wbgt32.0>36.5 C)thework durationwassimilarineithertheflyorcwis configurations(fig1). Fig1.Thetimetobodycoretemperatureof 38.5 CacrossarangeinWBGTforeach clothingconfiguration. % Discussion:Protectingaircrewfromhypothermiawillelevateheatstrainandrestrictworkdurationinthe WBGTrangeof24 30 Ccomparedtowearingstandardflightsuits.However,inwarmerconditionsthe choiceofapcchadanegligibleeffectonworkduration,whichwashighlyrestrictedirrespectiveofthe clothingworn. Conclusion:Thedecisiontodonimmersionprotectiveclothingtoprotectagainsthypothermiainthe eventofacrashintocoldwatermustbebalancedwiththeriskofelevatedheatstrainduringflight. References: % [1]AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(2010)StandardTestMethodforMeasuringThermalInsulationofClothingUsingaHeatedManikin.ASTM: F1291>10 [2]AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(2010)StandardTestMethodforMeasuringtheEvaporativeResistanceofClothingUsingaSweatingManikin. ASTM:F

34 The%physiological%and%thermal%responses%of%military%personnel%undertaking%a%military% exercise%in%kenya%% Sophie%Britland 1,%Simon%Delves 1 *,%Maj.%Mike%Stacey 2,%Joanne%L.%Fallowfield 1 % 1 InstituteofNavalMedicine,Gosport,Hampshire. 2 RoyalCentreforDefenceMedicine,Birmingham,UKand SectionofAnaesthetics,ImperialCollegeLondonUK.*Correspondingauthor:NAVYINM>EMSAP3@mod.uk Introduction:Undertakingoperationalpatrollingactivityinhotenvironments,carryingheavyloadsand wearingpersonalprotectiveequipment(ppe)presentsasignificantphysiologicalchallengetoservice personnel.plannedresearchtrialsinvolvingvolunteersexercisingintheheatobserveanimportant volunteerwithdrawalcriterionofattainmentofacorebodytemperatureof39.5 o C.However,trained populations(marathonrunners)havebeenshowntosustainexercisewithcoretemperaturesinexcessof 40 o Cwithnorecognisedadversehealtheffects[1].Thus,itcouldbehypothesisedthatmilitarypersonnel withagoodlevelofphysicalfitnessmightsimilarlysustainhigherthanusualcoretemperatures,albeit whilewearingimpermeableppe.theaimofthepresentstudywastomeasuretheactualthermal responseofmilitarypersonnelwhileperformingoperationallyspecificexercisesinthemostarduousphase ofamilitaryexerciseinahot>dryenvironment. Methods:Acohortofn=28malepersonnelfrom3 rd BattaliontheParachuteRegimentvolunteeredto participateinthisstudy(modrec465/gen/13).physicalcharacteristics;age,25(5)years;height,1.80 (0.06)m;bodymass,81.1(9.5)kg;sub>groupmaximaloxygenuptake,60.7(6.3)mL.kg.min >1 [2]. Physiologicalandthermalmeasuresweremadeovertwoconsecutive24hourperiods(Day1andDay2) duringthemilitaryexerciseaskaristorm.thisisalivefiringtacticaltrainingactivityinkenyadelivered bythebritisharmytrainingunitkenya.each24hourperiodcontainedacombatscenario(livefiring1 and2).volunteerswereinstrumentedwithaheartratemonitor(polarteam2,polar,finland)in%situprior tothebeginningofexerciseoneachday.additionally,volunteersswallowedingestiblecoretemperature pills(vitalsense,minimittercompanyinc,usa)at12hourintervalsthroughouttheobservationperiod. Results: MeanWBGTforDay1andDay2were25.9(4.2)and24.2(4.9) o C,respectively.ThroughoutDay 1andDay2meancoretemperatureremainedbelow38.5 o C(Day1,37.4(0.4) o C;Day2,37.1(0.4) o Cand althoughtherewasahighdegreeofvariationbetweenindividuals,allvolunteersremainedbelowthe criticalt core of39.5 o C.AttheonsetofeachLiveFiringscenario,T core rose(livefiring1,1.0(0.6) o C.hr >1 ; LiveFiring2,0.3(0.4) o C).However,afterthisinitialrise,T core eitherdecreased(livefiring1)orattaineda plateau(livefiring2).rateofrisewaslowerwhenconsideredoverthedurationofeachscenario(live Firing1,0.2(0.3) o C.hr >1 ;LiveFiring2,0.1(0.4) o C.hr >1 ).Duetotechnicaldifficulties,heartrate measurementswereonlycollectedduringlivefiring1,wherethemajorityoftime(60(11)%)wasspentin themoderateheartratezone(40>59%hrmax),whilst20(9)%wasspentinthehardzone(60>84 %HRmax). Discussion: Despitevolunteersundertakingchallengingmilitary>specificworkintheheat,core temperaturewassuccessfullyregulatedoverbothaprolongedperiod(day1and2)andduringanintense combatscenario(livefiring1and2).thissuccessfulmaintenancewasmostlikelyaresultofgoodaerobic fitnessandpositivebehaviouralresponsestotheactivityandenvironment(i.e.adequaterestandventing opportunitiessuchasremovinghelmetandlooseningppe). Conclusion:Throughoutthe2dayobservationperiodcoretemperaturewaselevatedbutsuccessfully maintainedbelow39.5 o C.Inthiswell>trainedpopulation,theriskofattainingacriticalcoretemperature waslowintheenvironmentalconditionsandattheintensitiesundertakenhere. References: [1]Kenefick,R.W.,Cheuvront,S.N.andSawka,M.N(2007)ThermoregulatoryFunctionDuringtheMarathon.SportsMedicine.37(4>5)312>315. [2]Unpublisheddata(2014)InstituteofNavalMedicine. 34

35 Can$motorcycle$riding$in$Australia$really$be$that$thermally$stressful?% Liz%de%Rome,%%Elizabeth%A.%Taylor,%Rodney%J.%Croft,%Julie%Brown,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% NeuroscienceResearchAustralia,SydneyandtheCentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,Schoolof Medicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong,Australia.*Correspondingauthor: Introduction:Personalprotectiveclothingandequipment,whenusedduringmoderatetoheavy workloads,canpushindividualstothelimitsofphysiologicalregulation.whatislesscertainisthe physiologicalstrainimposedbyappropriatelyprotectiveensembleswhenridingamotorcycle,and whetherornotoneneedevenconsidertheimpactofthatstrain.nevertheless,evidenceindicatesthat thermaldiscomfortisakeydisincentivetothewearingofmotorcycleprotectiveclothinginhotweather. Therefore,thepurposeofthisinvestigationwastoquantifythermalandcardiovascularstrainduringa simulatedurban,motorcycleride,conductedunderlaboratoryconditions. Methods:Twelvemaleswereinvestigatedonfouroccasionsacrossthreethermalenvironments:25 o C (watervapourpressure1.3kpa),30 o C(1.7kPa)and35 o C(2.25kPa).Eachtrialwascomprisedofthree,30> minstages:25mincycling(30w)plus5minrest.heartrates,auditory>canalandmeanskintemperatures weremeasured.subjectswerealsoexposedtoanoverheadradiantheatloadanda30km.h >1 headwind. Clothingwasmodifiedbetweenfullaccidentprotection(helmet,jacket,trousers,gloves,boots;ventilation portsclosed)andanunprotectedstate(helmet,gloves,boots,jeans,long>sleevet>shirt),withboth conditionstestedat25 o C,andthefullprotectiveensemblealsoinvestigatedat30 o Cand35 o C. Results:Increasingriderprotectionat25 o Cdidnotmodifyauditory>canaltemperature(P>0.05),but meanskintemperatures(2 o C)andsteady>stateheartrateswereincreased(12beats.min >1 ;bothp<0.05) withincreasedprotection.incrementsinairtemperaturereducedtheskin>airtemperaturegradient (P<0.05)anddryheatloss.Consequently,at35 o C,auditory>canaltemperatureroseat0.02 o C.min >1 (SD 0.005),deviatingfromalltrials(P<0.05),andthethresholdsformoderate(>38.5 o C)andprofound hyperthermia(>40.0 o C)werepredictedtooccurwithin105min(SD20.6)and180min(SD33.0).Thelatter mighteventuatein~10hat30 o C,butwouldnotoccurat25 o C.Thermaldiscomfortincreasedsequentially inthe35 o Ctrial,averagingbetween uncomfortable and veryuncomfortable. Discussion:Theprincipaloutcomesfromthisexperimentwerethat,withinairtemperaturesthat approximateddeep>bodytemperature,asmaybeencounteredduringanaustraliansummer,urban motorcyclistswouldbelikelytoapproachprofoundhyperthermiaandpotentiallydebilitatingcentral cardiovascularstrainwithin3h,andearlierinsedentaryriders.however,atairtemperaturesof25 o and30 o C,neitherofthoseoutcomeswouldbelikely.Whatremainsuncertainiswhetherornotthelevelof physiologicalstrainencounteredat35 o Cwouldhaveanadverseimpactuponcognitivefunction,perhaps throughreducingcerebralbloodflow,whichmay,inturn,elevatetheriskofmotorcycleaccidents.this possibilityformsthebasisofongoingresearch. Conclusion:Thisexperimentwasdesignedtoevaluatethephysiologicalsignificanceofmotorcycle impact>protectiveensemblesunderclosetoworst>caseconditions.theoutcomesindicatethatgreater designattentionisrequiredtoenhancedryandevaporativeheatdissipationfromclothingintendedfor summeruseinhotterclimates,butwithoutcompromisinginjuryprotection. 35

36 Soldiers %perceived%versus%actual%heat%strain%in%a%jungle%environment% Alison%Fogarty 1 *,%Andrew%Hunt 1,%Catriona%A.%Burdon 2 % 1 LandDivision,DefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganisation,Melbourne,Australia 2 CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Australia.*Correspondingauthor:Alison.Fogarty@dsto.defence.gov.au Introduction:Soldiersareregularlyrequiredtoworkinhotenvironmentswhilstwearingprotectivebody armour(ba).however,baisimpermeableanddecreasesthetorsosurfaceareaavailableforevaporative heatlosses[1].consequently,anelevationinbodycoretemperaturewasobservedwithearlyversionsof BA[2,3].Inrecentyears,thesize(andsurfaceareacoverage)ofBAhasdecreasedandlaboratory simulationshaveshownthatthisnewerbadoesnotincreasethephysiologicalloadtothesameextentas previoussystems[4].anecdotally,however,australiansoldierscontinuetoreportfeelinganincreased thermalburdenwhenwearingba.therefore,weinvestigatedthedisconnectbetweenexperienceand laboratorytrialsofthethermalimpactofwearingbainawarmjungleenvironment. Methods:Thirty>oneAustraliansoldiersundertooktwoactivities(threedaysofpatrollingandasection competitionincludingamarch,abattlerun,anobstaclecourseandabayonetassaultcourse)wearing eitherbaandwebbing(baw)orwebbing(w)onlywhileundertakingjungletraining.althoughthegroups werenotmatchedduetooperationalconstraints,therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetweenthe groupsinanthropometricmeasuresoraerobiccapacity.heartrate(hr)andbodycoretemperature(t c ) weremeasuredusingaphysiologicalmonitoringsystem.perceivedheatillnesssymptomsweremeasured usingtheenvironmentalsymptomsquestionnaire(esq;22statements)[5].environmentalconditions weremeasuredusingawetbulbglobethermometer(wbgt). Results:TheWBGTwas24>25 Cand20 Cforthesectionpatroldaysandsectioncompetition respectively.thephysiologicalmeasures(hrandt c )werenotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthebawand Wgroupsduringbothactivities.ThesummedESQratingwasnotdifferentbetweengroupsduringthe patroldays,howeversixindividualstatementswerehigherwiththebawgroup.incontrast,afterthe sectioncompetitionboththesumofratingsand7statementsweresignificantlyhigherinthebawgroup. Discussion:Similartolaboratorysimulations,BA(withreducedsurfacearea)didnotimposeagreater thermalstrainonsoldiersinawarmjungleenvironment.despitethisfinding,theesqindicatesthatthe soldierswearingbaperceivedthattheywereundergreaterthermalstrain. Conclusion:Thefindingsofthepresentstudysuggestthat,ifoperationalneedsrequiresoldierstowear BAinajungleenvironment,thereisnotanincreasedriskofpersonnelbecomingaheatcasualty.However, soldiersperceivethemselvestobemoreuncomfortableandthusmaybelessabletoconcentrateonthe mission. References: [1]Pascoe,D.D.,Shanley,L.A.andSmith,E.W.(1994)Clothingandexercise.I:Biophysicsofheattransferbetweentheindividual,clothingandenvironment. SportsMed18(1)38>54. [2]Goldman,R.F.(1969)Physiologicalcostsofbodyarmour.MilitaryMedicine134(3)204>10. [3]Haisman,M.F.andGoldman,R.F.(1974)PhysiologicalEvaluationsofArmouredVestsinHot>WetandHot>DryClimates.Ergonomics17(1)1>12. [4]vandenHeuvel,A.M.J.,etal.(2010)Theeffectofafour>tierbodyarmoursystemonbody>heatretentionandphysiologicalstrain.UOW>CHAP>HPL>Report> 040,Wollongong,UniversityofWollongong. [5]Sampson,J.B.,J.L.Kobrick,andR.F.Johnson,Measurementofsubjectivereactionstoextremeenvironments:Theenvironmentalsymptomsquestionnaire. MilitaryPsychology,1994.6%(4)215>

37 Comparison*of*performance*on*a*heat*tolerance*test*of*military*personnel*that*have* suffered'heat'illness'and'subsequently'been'diagnosed'with'malignant'hyperthermia'and' controls% % Carol%House*,%%Dan%Roiz%de%Sa EnvironmentalMedicineandScience,InstituteofNavalMedicine,Gosport,UK.*Correspondingauthor: carol.house721@mod.uk Introduction:TheInstituteofNavalMedicinerunsaHeatIllnessClinic(HIC),seeingabout140military patientsayearwhohavebeenreferredfollowinganepisodeofheatillness(hi).patientsundertake assessmentofmaximalaerobicfitness(vo 2 max)followedbyaheattolerancetest(htt),inwhichthey walkonatreadmillat60%vo 2 maxinawarmenvironment(34 Cdrybulb,relativehumidity40%witha WBGTof27 C).Initiallypatientsarefullyclothedandcarryarucksack(mass14kg)toraisethedeepbody temperature,at30minthejacketandrucksackareremovedandat45minthet>shirtremoved.patients continuetoexerciseuntilthermalequilibrium(i.e.aplateauofrectaltemperature)isachieved(60minto 90min).Rectaltemperature(T re ),meanskintemperature(t msk ),heartrate(hr)andsweatrate(sr)are recorded.patientsinwhichthermalequilibriumisnotachievedareconsideredtodemonstrateabnormal thermoregulationand fail thehtt.thesepatientsarereviewedatleastonceaminimumof8weeks later,andiftheyconsistentlyfailthehttandthereisasuspicionofmalignanthyperthermia(mh)theyare recommendedforreferraltothemalignanthyperthermiaunit,leeds.mhisageneticconditioninwhich toomuchcalciumisreleasedfromtheintracellularstoreintothecytoplasminresponsetocertain triggeringagents,e.g.theanaesthetichalothane.thisleadstoariseincellularmetabolismandheat production,particularlywithinskeletalmuscle,andithasbeensuggestedthatindividualswithunderlying MHaremoresusceptibletoHI[1]. Methods:HICdatafrompatientsthatattendedtheclinicin2014andpassedtheHTT(n=116),datafrom patientsthathadattendedthehicandweresubsequentlydiagnosedwithmh(n=11),anddatafrom militarypersonnelwithnohistoryofhiwhovolunteeredtoundertakehicassessments(controls,n=19) werecompared.datawerecomparedbyone>wayanalysisofvariancewithpair>wisecomparisonsand BonferronicorrectionusingSPSSversion21,p<0.05wasconsideredsignificant. Results:TheMHgrouphadahigherHR(45>60min),T re at60minandgreaterriseoft re between30to45 minand45to60minthanthehicpatientsthatpassedthehttandthecontrolgroup,andalower absolutevo 2 maxandhighert msk at30,45and60minthanhicpatientsthatpassedthehtt.therewere nodifferencesinage,height,bodymass,vo 2 maxrelativetobodymassorsr(absoluteorcomparedto bodysurfacearea)betweenthemhgroupandtheothertwogroups. Discussion:TheresultssuggestthatindividualswithMHwilldemonstrateheatintolerancewhen assessedintheinmhic,andthismaymakethemmoresusceptibletohi.however,furtherworkis requiredtodeterminethesensitivityandspecificityofthehtttodetectmh. Conclusion:IndividualswithMHmaydemonstrateheatintolerance,whichcanbeidentifiedusingthe INMHTT. Reference: [1]Hopkins,P.M.(2007)Istherealinkbetweenmalignanthyperthermiaandexertionalheatillness?BritishJournalofSportsMedicine.41:283>

38 Heat%stress%and%workload%associated%with%sugarcane%cutting%5an#excessively#strenuous# occupation% % Rebekah%A.I.%Lucas 1 *,%Theo%Bodin 2, % Ramon%GarcíaMTrabanino 3,%Catharina%Wesseling 2,%Jason% Glaser 4,%Ilana%Weiss 4,%Emmanuel%Jarquin 5, Kristina%Jakobsson 6,%David%H.%Wegman 7 % 1 SchoolofSport,ExerciseandRehabilitationSciences,UniversityofBirmingham,UK; 2 UnitofOccupational Medicine,KarolinskaInstitutet,Sweden; 3 ScientificBoard,DepartmentofInvestigation,HospitalNacional Rosales,ElSalvador; 4 LaIslaFoundation,IL,USA/ElSalvador; 5 AgencyforAgriculturalHealthand Development(AGDYSA),ElSalvador; 6 OccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicine,Universityof Gothenburg,Sweden; 7 DepartmentofWorkEnvironment,UniversityofMassachusettsLowell,MA,USA. *Correspondingauthor:r.a.i.lucas@bham.ac.uk Introduction:Chronickidneydiseasenotassociatedwithtraditionalriskfactors(sometimescalled Mesoamericannephropathy)isprevalentinmaleagriculturallabourers,particularlysugarcanecutters,in CentralAmericaandMexicoregions[1].Strenuousworkinahotenvironmentwithdehydrationisbelieved tobeakeycausalfactor[1].theaimofthisstudywastoassessthelevelofheatstressandworkloadin sugarcanecutters. Methods:45sugarcanecutters(34(12)y;range18>57y) fromelsalvadorwerestudiedduringthe2015harvest (Feb>April).Heartrate(HR,Polar)wasrecordedin10>11 workersperday,during7workdays.weatherdatawas collectedusingtwoweatherstations(weatherhawk, QuesTemp 34).OutdoorWetBulbGlobeTemperatures (WBGT)wascalculated(WBGT(outdoor)=0.7WB0.2G 0.1DB)viatheQuesTemp 34.HRdatawereexpresseda percentageofmaximalhr(%hr max ).Aregressionequation wasusedtopredicthr max (208>0.7xage)[2]. 38 Heart rate (% of predicted heart rate max) :00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 Time (h) Figure.Heartrate(1minintervals)duringone workdayfortwosugarcaneworkers Results:Sugarcanecuttersworkedonaveragefor7:30hours(range 3:20>9:36hours).Inthefield,WBGT reached32.1 C(95%confidenceinterval[CI]:33.0 Cto31.1 C),with79%(95%CI:87to71%) oftheday spentworkingatawbgtabove26 C(thresholdlimitforcontinuousharvestingat100%[3]).Heartrates averaged54%hr max (95%CI:57to52%HR max ) acrossallworkdays.workersspent4:44hours(95%ci: 5:19to4:09hours)workingat 50%HR max and2:48hours(95%ci:3:21to2:15hours)working<50%hr max. Discussion:Sugarcanecuttingisrepetitivehigh>intensityworkcarriedoutinhighheatstressconditions. Workersspentoverhalftheworkday(includingrestbreaks)workingatandabove50%oftheirHR max.this HRintensityissimilartothatexhibitedinthefirst12hoursofadventureracing(64%HR max [4])andhigher thanthatmaintainedbysoldiersduringmulti>dayoperations(30 40%ofaerobicpower[5]). Conclusion:Thecardiacstrainofsugarcanecuttingissimilartothatassociatedwithveryprolonged, competitiveexerciseandhigherthanthattypicallyassociatedwithself>pacedhardwork.yet,sugarcane cuttersmaintainthisworkintensitydailythroughouttheharvest( 6months). References: [1]Wesseling,C.,Crowe,J.,Hogstedt,C.,Jakobsson,K.,Lucas,R.,&Wegman,D.H.(2014).Resolvingtheenigmaofthemesoamericannephropathy:aresearch workshopsummary.americanjournalofkidneydiseases,63(3),396>404. [2]Tanaka,Hirofumi,Monahan,KevinD.,&Seals,DouglasR.(2001).Age>predictedmaximalheartraterevisited.JournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology, 37(1),153>156. [3]Crowe,Jennifer,Wesseling,Catharina,Solano,BryanRomán,Umaña,ManfredPinto,Ramírez,AndrésRobles,Kjellstrom,Tord,...Nilsson,Maria.(2013). HeatexposureinsugarcaneharvestersinCostaRica.AmericanJournalofIndustrialMedicine,56(10),1157>1164. [4]Lucas,S.J.,Anglem,N.,Roberts,W.S.,Anson,J.G.,Palmer,C.D.,Walker,R.J.,...&Cotter,J.D.(2008).Intensityandphysiologicalstrainofcompetitiveultra> enduranceexerciseinhumans.journalofsportssciences,26(5),477>489. [5]Myles,W.S.,Eclache,J.,&Beaury,J.(1979).Self>pacingduringsustained,repetitiveexercise.Aviation,space,andenvironmentalmedicine,50(9),921>924.

39 Summer&heat&stress&and&strain&during&outdoor&running&in&Aotearoa&New&Zealand.% Toby%Mündel 1 *,%Melissa%Black 1,%Nicole%E.%Moyen 1,%2,%Blake%Perry 1 %% 1 SchoolofSportandExercise,MasseyUniversity,NewZealand. 2 DepartmentofHealth,Human PerformanceandRecreation,UniversityofArkansas,USA.*Correspondingauthor: t.mundel@massey.ac.nz Introduction:Alargebodyofworkhasidentifiedtheresponsetoandconsequenceofexerciseinahot climate.however,typicallythishasbeenlaboratory>based,whichoftenmisrepresentssucha climate. ThosefieldstudiesconductedhaveoftenbeenbasedintheNorthernHemisphereduringsummerperiods. SolarstressduringaSouthernHemispheresummer,particularlyNewZealand,is~10%greaterforagiven latitudeinthenorthernhemisphere(orthecombinedeffectsofanequator>wardshiftof4 inlatitudeand 1kmincreaseinaltitude)duetoi)greaterirradiancesduetoalesserSun>Earthseparationowingtothe ellipticalorbitoftheearthaboutthesun,ii)lowerozonelevelsduetothelessersun>earthseparation,and iii)lowertroposphericpollution[1]. ThepurposeofthisstudywastomeasureheatexposureandstrainfromrunningoutdoorsintheNew Zealandsummer,inordertodeterminewhatfactor(s)mightpredictperformanceandriskforheatillness. Methods: Usinganobservationalfieldstudydesign,10malerunners(age:45±12y,peakspeed:19±2 km.h >1 )tookpartinaweekly7kmrace(starttime18:15h)oversixweeks(45observations).pertinent climaticmeasureswererecordedincludingt db,t wb andt bg,andthuswbgt.alongwithperformancetime, startingandendgastro>intestinaltemperature(t gi ),time>averagedarmtemperature(t arm ),andstarting urinespecificgravityweremeasuredandaquestionnaireaskingaboutperception(thermalcomfort, thermalsensationandexertion)andheatillnesssymptomswasadministeredfollowingtherace.data wereanalysedusinglinearregression. Results:Ofthesixweeksobserved,twoweeksmeasuredaWBGTabove27 C;forboththeseweeksT db remainedbelow26 Candrelativehumiditybelow60%(T wb 20 C)whilstT bg measured53and57 C, respectively.urinespecificgravitymostly(78%)describedparticipantsasnotbeingdehydratedwhen beginningtherace(i.e.<1.020).anend>t gi >40 Cwasobservedon10occasions,however,few participantsregisteredsymptomsofheatillnessandmeanthermalsensationregisteredabove warm onlyonthreeofthetenoccasionsandmeanthermalcomfortneverregisteredabove uncomfortable. Linearregressionidentifiedperceivedexertionandthermalcomfortattheendoftheraceasstrongest predictorsofperformance(modelr 2 =0.50,%p%=0.02),T db andt wb asstrongestpredictorsofend>t core (modelr 2 =0.38,%p%=0.09),andperformancetimeandstartingT gi asstrongestpredictorsofheatillness symptoms(modelr 2 =0.30,%p%=0.37). Discussion: BasedontheWBGTduringtherace,themostrecentACSMguidelines[2]wouldclassifythis climateashighriskforunfit,unacclimatizedindividuals;thisisdespiterelativelylowt db andt wb values, andhighlightstheincreasedrolethatsolarradiation(t bg )playstosummerheatexposureinnewzealand. Nevertheless,regularrunnersachievehighend>T core (>40 C)withoutsignificantsymptomsofheatillness. Howhardrunnerspushthemselves(perceptually)andhowthermallycomfortabletheyarebestpredict performancetime,whilstwet>anddry>bulbtemperaturesbestpredicttheriskforheatillness. References: [1]RMcKenzieetal:Geographicaldifferencesinerythemally>weightedUVmeasuredatmid>latitudeUSDAsites.PhotochemPhotobiolSci2006,5,343>352.[2] AmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine:PositionStand:Exertionalheatillnessduringtrainingandcompetition.MedSciSportsExerc2007,30,556>

40 Physiologicalresponsesandbalanceabilityareaffectedbyphysicalworkloadandheat exposure(in(workers(% SuMYoung%Son*,%%Ken%Tokizawa,%Akinori%Yasuda,%ChinMichi%Sawada%% NationalInstituteofOccupationalSafetyandHealth,Kawasaki,Japan.*Correspondingauthor: Introduction:Japanisexperiencinghightemperaturesandrelativehumidity(rh)duringthesummer months,whichleadtoincreasesintheincidenceofheatstrokeamongoutdoorworkers.accordingtothe MinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfareinJapan,between2010and2012,approximately86deathswere causedbyheatstroke,ofwhich40%occurredatconstructionsites[1].thisstudyaimedtodetermine whetherphysicalperformance,especiallybalanceability,deteriorateswithincreasedphysicalworkload andheatexposure.inaddition,weaimedtodeterminetherelationshipofphysiologicalresponsesand balancefunctionwithheatexposure. Methods:Tenhealthymaleswereincludedinthestudy(mean(SD):age31.9(7.9)yrs;weight,64.6(6.7) kg;height,171(4.5)cm).theparticipantswererequiredtowearaworksuit,helmet,gloves,andboots. Thetestproceduresincludeda1>hrworkloadtest(2x25minexerciseboutswalkingat5.5km.h >1, separatedby10min)with1>hrrecoveryperiod,bodyswaytest,andfunctionalreachtest.thetest chamberwasmaintainedat27 Cand40%rhfortheLowtemperature(LT)condition,37 Cand70%rhfor hightemperature(ht)condition.twotypesofbalanceabilitytestswereperformedbeforeandafterthe workloadtestandduringtherecoveryperiod.thefirstwastheposturalbalancetestandthesecondwas thefunctionalreachtest.alloftheexperimentalprocedureswereapprovedbythehumanresearch EthicsCommitteeofourInstitute. Results:Rectaltemperature(T re )increasedduringtheworkloadtest,withsignificantdifferencesbetween theltandhtconditionsintherecoveryperiod.theincreaseint re ( T re )undertheltandhtconditions were0.5(0.1) Cand1.0(0.2) C,respectively(p<0.001).Themeanbodyweightlosswassignificantly greaterunderthehtconditionthanundertheltconditions(1.0(0.3)kgvs.0.5(0.2)kg,p<0.001).inthe functionalreachtest,themeanvaluesdecreasedwithworkloadandwereloweratthemiddleofthe recoveryperiod.however,nosignificantdifferenceswereobservedbetweentheltandhtconditions. BodyswaylengthandswayareaweregreaterundertheHTconditionthantheLTcondition.Inaddition, thesevaluesincreasedwithworkloadanddecreasedduringtherecoveryperiod.fortheeyesclosedtrials, thebodyswayparametervaluesincreasedatthemiddleoftherecoveryperiod.however,nosignificant differenceswereobserved. Discussion:Themainfindingofthisstudyshowsthatphysiologicalresponsesandbalanceabilitywere affectedbyphysicalworkloadandheatexposure.thephysiologicalresponses, T re,andbodyweightloss weresignificantlyhigherunderthehtconditionthanundertheltcondition.eventhoughbodysway parametersdidnotshownsignificantdifferencesbetweentwoconditions,ittendedtoincreasewith workloadorheatexposure.moreover,bodybalanceabilitydeterioratedmoreuntilthemiddleofthe recoveryperiodwithheatexposureandcouldnotberecoveredenoughduringtherecoveryperiod. Conclusion:Inconclusion,thisstudydemonstratedthatphysiologicalresponsesandbalanceabilityare affectedbyphysicalworkloadandheatexposure.basedonourresults,lessthan30minoftherecovery periodisseemstocontributetotheoccurrenceofadverseeventsafterphysicalworkloadinahot environment. Reference: [1]AresearchofoccurrencesituationofheatstraininJapan,MinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfareinJapan,2012(Japanese), 40

41 Heat%stress%and%strain%limits%applicable%to%military%helicopter%aircrew%% Andy%Weller*,%Jonathan%Boyd%and%Ken%Puxley% AircrewSystems,QinetiQ,CodyTechnologyPark,IvelyRoad,Farnborough,GU140LX,UK.*Corresponding Introduction:Heatstresscanresultinuncompensatedheatstorage(termedheatstrainandindicatedby coretemperature,t C ),heatillness,impairedperformanceandfatigue,andrepresentsasignificantthreat totheeffectivenessofaircrewundertakinghot>weatheroperations.todeterminethepotentialriskto aircrew,twophysiologicalaircrewsimulationtrials(1&2)wereundertakentoassesstheenvironmental heatstressresultinginameant C of38 o C(occupationallimit[e.g.1]),andthelevelofparallelheatstrain variables. Methods:InTrial1,16unacclimatisedmenundertook4x170>minuteheattestsinathermalchamber controlledatwet>bulb>globe>temperatures(wbgts)of18,22,27and31 Cwearingarepresentative aircrewclothingandequipmentensemble(includingbodyarmour).thevolunteerswereassignedtotwo groupsof8,withonegroupcompletinganexerciseprotocolrepresentativeofthemetaboliccostof helicopterpilots(front)andtheotherundertookarearcrewsimulation(rear)(metabolicrate95and117 W.m >2,respectively).InTrial2,8differentmencompletedtheheattestataWBGTof28.5 C.Physiological (rectaltemperature,t RE ;meanskintemperature,t SK ;totalrateofmassloss,m TOT ;heartrate,hr),and subjectiveindicators(thermalsensation,ts;thermalcomfort,tc)ofheatstrainwereobtainedinboth trials. Results:Meanheatstrainresponsesat170minutesinthedifferentthermalenvironmentsforFrontare givenintable1.theresponsesweregenerallynotdifferentbetweenfrontandrear. Table1.Meanheatstrainresponsesinthe5thermalenvironments Variable/WBGT( C) T RE ( C) ns 37.7 ## T SK ( C) ## ns M TOT (kg.h >1 ) # ns HR/ HR[vsWBGT18](b.min > 1 ) 41 88/0 91 ns /3 ns 103/14 ## 118/30 129/41 ns(p=0.08) TS 1 /TC 2 1.1/ ns /0.8 ns 2.1 # /0.9 ns 3.0 / ns /2.1 ns 1 ThermalSensation(TS)ratings:0(Neutral),1(SlightlyWarm),2(Warm),3(Hot),4(VeryHot). 2 ThermalComfort(TC)ratings:0(Comfortable),1(Slightly Uncomfortable),2(Uncomfortable),3(VeryUncomfortable),4(ExceedinglyUncomfortable).StatisticaldifferencesbetweenWBGT18and22( ),22and27 ( # ),27and28.5( )and28.5and31( )aregivenbysingle(p<0.05)anddouble(p<0.01)symbols(studentsttests). ns signifiesnostatisticaldifference. Discussion:TherewasageneralcurvilinearrelationshipbetweenWBGTandtheheatstrainresponses. The38 o CT C limitwasreachedat165minutesinthe28.5 o Cenvironmentandthecorrespondingincrease inhrwasconsistentwiththephysiologicallimitiniso9886[1].itremainstobeestablishedwhetherthe subjectivethermalstrainexperiencedatawbgtof28.5 o C(partlydrivenbyhighT SK )couldinfluence performance. Conclusion:HelicopteraircrewarelikelytoexceedtheT C limitof38 o Candbeatriskofheat>related illnessandimpairedperformancewhenexposedtoacockpit/cabinwbgtof~28 o Candbeyond. Reference: [1]ISO9886:2004Ergonomics Evaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurements.InternationalStandardsInstitution.Geneva,Switzerland.Also publishedasbseniso9886:2004(bsi,uk). This%work%was%undertaken%as%part%of%the%Aircrew%Systems%Research%programme%and%was%funded%by%the%UK%MOD.%

42 Physiological%and%subjective%evaluation%of%PPE%using%a%sweating%thermal%manikin%% Aitor%Coca*,%Travis%Dileo,%JungMHyun%Kim,%Raymond%Roberge,%and%Ronald%Shaffer% NationalPersonalProtectiveTechnologyLaboratoryoftheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyand Introduction:Experiencewithpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)ensemblesusedbyhealthcare workers(hcws)duringtheebolaoutbreakinthehot,humidconditionsofwestafricahasprompted significantconcernswithheatstressandtheinabilitytoworkintheppeforextendedworkperiods. Methods:Asweatingthermalmanikinwasusedtoascertainthetimetoachievementofacriticalcore temperatureof39 CwhilewearingfourdifferentPPEensembles(consistingofvarioustypesofcoveralls, orsurgicalgownsinadditiontootherprotectiveclothinglayerssuchasaprons,hoods,googlesandgloves) similartothosesuggestedbytheworldhealthorganization(who)andmèdecinessans Frontiéres/DoctorsWithoutBorders(MSF),attwodifferentambientconditions(32 C/92%rhand26 C/ 80%rh)comparedwithcontrolensembles(medicalscrubsandrubberboots). Results:SweatingthermalmanikindataindicatedthatthePPEensembles3and4withmoderate>to>high degreesofimpermeabilityincreaset co toacriticallevelof39 Cmorerapidlythanthecontrol,and ensembles1and2.encapsulationoftheheadandneckregionresultedinhighermodelpredicted subjectiveimpressionsofheatsensation(table1). Table1.Mean(SD)timetoreachcoretemperature(T co )of39ᵒc%inthefiveensemblesforconditiona(32ᵒcand92%rh)and skintemperature(t sk ),comfort,andheatsensationatthatpoint;t co,t sk,comfortandheatsensationforconditionb(26ᵒcand 80%rh)at80minoftesting.(n=3) T co %(ᵒC)% PPE% Condition% TIME%(min)% T sk %(ᵒC)% Heat%Sensation% Comfort% Control A% 80 b,c,d,e 36.8(0.2) c,d,e 3.2(0.1) d,e >3.1(0.1) d,e Ensemble1 A% 80 a,d,e 37.3(0.3) d,e 3.6(0.2) >3.2(0.1) 39% Ensemble2 A% 78(7) a,d,e 37.7(0.2) a 3.5(0.2) >3.2(0.1) % Ensemble3 A% 65(3) a,b,c 38.3(0.2) a,b 3.7(0.1) a >3.4(0.1) a Ensemble4 A% 62(5) a,b,c 38.4(0.8) a,b 3.8(0.1) a >3.4(0.1) a TIME%(min)% % T co %(ᵒC)at%80min 80min% Control B% 37.9(0.1) 35.4(0.2) 2.6(0.5) >1.8(0.4) Ensemble1 B% 38.05(0.1) c,d,e 35.8(0.6) e 2.4(0.5) e >2.3(0.3) e Ensemble2 B% 38.33(0.1) b,d,e 36.4(0.4) e 2.5(0.6) >2.6(0.4) e Ensemble3 B% 38.7(0.1) b,c 36.9(0.2) 2.5(0.4) >3(0.2) Ensemble4 B% 38.9(0.2) b,c 37.6(0.4) b,c 3.2(0.6) b >3.2(0.2) b,c ControlPPEforConditionBwasnotincludedinthestatisticalanalysisbecauseonlytworeplicateswerecollected.Superscriptsindicatepairsofvaluesthatdiffer significantly(p<0.05)wherea=control,b=ensemble1,c=ensemble2,d=ensemble3,ande=ensemble4. Discussion:Ensembleconfigurationssimilartotheensemble4PPEstudiedherearecurrentlyinuseby MSFhealthcarepersonnelinEbola>affectedcountriesofWestAfrica.Thepresentstudyindicatesthatuse ofthisensembleresultsinsignificantheatstressafteronehourofuseina nearworstcase ambient environmentscenario(32 C,92%RH)atatypicalHCWworkrate(3METs). Conclusion:Implementationofappropriatework/restratiosisrecommendedforHCWsinWestAfrica whenwearingppeensemblessimilartothosestudiedhere,aswellasinvestigatingpossiblecooling strategiesandotherprecautionsthatwouldalleviatetheheatstressfacedbyhcw.thesemeasureswill helpachievethermalreliefduringtherecoveryperiodsandallowingpossiblylonger,butsafer,work periods.thesubjectiveimpactofhead/neckencapsulationonheatperceptionrequiresfurther investigationandcouldpotentiallybeamelioratedbytheuseofalternativeequipment(e.g.,poweredair> purifyingrespiratorswithshrouds,and/ormorebreathablematerialsforbodyandheadprotection). DISCLAIMER.%ThefindingsandconclusionsinthispaperarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofCDC.Mentionofproductnames doesnotimplyendorsement.theauthorsidentifynoconflictsofinterestintheconductofthisstudy. 42

43 The%challenges%of%undertaking%expeditionary%physiological%data%collections%in%hostile% environments% Simon%K.%Delves 1 *,%Sophie%Britland 1,%Maj.%Mike%Stacey 2,%Joanne%L.%Fallowfield 1% 1 InstituteofNavalMedicine,Gosport,Hampshire. 2 RoyalCentreforDefenceMedicine,Birminghamand SectionofAnaesthetics,ImperialCollegeLondonUK.*Correspondingauthor:NAVYINM>EMSAP3@mod.uk Introduction:Understandingthephysiologicaldemandsofoperationalmilitaryactivitiesposes significantchallenges.thelocationsvisitedbymilitarypersonnelonexerciseandoperationsareoften hostileduetothegeography,terrain,environmentalchallenge,localwildlifeand(possibly)local inhabitants.tosupportgoodqualitydatacollection,thatadherestoprinciplesofbestscientificpractice, trainedpersonnelarerequiredthatareoftennotfamiliarwithsurvivinginhostileenvironments.one solutionisforcivilianscientiststodeployonexerciseoroperationssupportedbymilitarypersonnel.these deploymentscanincludeland>basedandmaritimelocationswherethemilitaryundertaketheirroles. Methods:Scientificinvestigationsaretraditionallyundertakenincontrolledenvironmentssuchasa laboratory.inalaboratorytheenvironmentcanbestandardised,andvolunteersarerequiredtoarrivein certainmetabolicstates,suchasfastedorafterabstainingfromstimulantssuchascaffeineoralcohol. Investigationsintomilitaryphysicaldemandsarerequiredtohaveecologicalvaliditytoensurethat resultingpolicyadvicehaspracticalutilityandisoperable,thuspromotingmorelikelyadherenceunder difficultcircumstances.therearethreelevelsofundertakingmilitary>specificinvestigations:laboratory> basedstudywhereconditionscanberigidlycontrolledandvariabilityisreduced;structuredmilitary vignettes,wherethetimeframeandtypeofexerciseiscontrolledandwherevolunteerscanbewithdrawn shouldtheirphysiologicalresponsesreachpre>definedlimitssetbyethicalprotocols;andtheleast controlledenvironmentwheremilitarypersonnelarefree>livingwhilstundertakingmilitaryduties.this lattermaybeonexerciseoroperations,andmayinvolveshiporsubmarinebasedactivity,livefiring, contactwithenemyorphysicalthreatwherethescientistdoesnothavecontactwiththevolunteersandis onlyabletocollectdataatpre>definedtime>pointsandlocations.eachoftheseapproachesinvolve methodologieswithdifferentstrengthsandweaknessesdependingonthequestionbeingaddressed. Logistics:Logisticalplanningisessentialforexpeditionarydatacollections.Thelocalsecuritysituation willdictatethefreedomwithwhichthestudyteamwillbeabletomovearoundthearea.onoperationsit isunlikelythatcivilianscientistswillbeallowedonthefrontline.however,theyareoftenrequiredtovisit ForwardOperatingBaselocationsbylandorbyhelicoptertoensuredatacollectionsareundertaken correctly.onexercise,transitaroundhostilelocationscanbechallengingduetotheruggedterrain, qualityofvehicletransportationandtherequirementtonavigateoverlargeexpansesofland. Infrastructure:Abaselocationinremotelocationsisimportant,howevermanydatacollectionswillbe undertakenfromasmallplatformsuchasavehicle,tentedaccommodationorbunkspace.modern scientificequipmentrequiresarobustpowersupply,andissupportedbyportablecomputersforthe downloadingofdata.portablepowersolutionssuchassolarandgeneratorscansupporttherechargingof equipment,ortopowerlightingfornightworking.portablepowerisalsoimportantfortheprocessingand localstorageofbiologicalsamplesbeforereturntransittotheukcanbearranged.thehostile environmentalconditionsoftenexperiencedduringexpeditionarydatacollectionscanleadtodecreased batterylife,inthecaseofcoldenvironments,andelectronicfailureinhotandhumidenvironments. Personalhygienesuchashandwashingandappropriatefoodpreparationwillreducetheriskoffailureof thedatacollectionduetoillness. Conclusion:Undertakingphysiologicaldatacollectionsinhostileenvironmentspresentsspecific challenges.howeverwithgoodinfrastructureandlogisticalplanningthesecanbeovercometocollect novel,ecologicallyvaliddatathatcanbetranslatedintooperablepolicyadviceformilitarypopulations. 43

44 Measuring%body%core%temperature%using%a%novel%non5invasive%sensor% Yoram%Epstein 1,2 *,%Savyon%Mazgaoker 1,%Doron%Gruber 1,%Daniel%S%Moran 3,%Ran%Yanovich 1,%Itay% Ketko 1,%Yuval%Heled 1,2.% 1 HellerInstituteofMedicalResearch,ShebaMedicalCenter,TelHashomer,Israel. 2 SacklerFacultyof Medicine,TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv; 3 ArielUniversityandWashingtonCollegeofEducation,Israel. *Correspondingauthor:Yoram.Epstein@sheba.health.gov.il % Introduction:Invariousjobsworkersmaybeexposedtoextremeenvironmentalconditionsandphysical activities.undertheseconditionsitisimperativetofollowbodytemperatureinworkersinordertoprotect themfromoverheatingleadingtoheatrelatedinjuries.thedrägerdoublesensor(ds)isanovelnon> invasivedevicebasedonheatfluxbalanceapproachfortheassessmentofbodycoretemperature[1].the purposeofthisstudywastocomparedsmeasurementstorectaltemperaturesandtoevaluatethe agreementbetweenthetwomeasurements. Methods:17malesubjectsdressedinshortsperformedthefollowingexperimentalprotocol:30minrest underthermalcomfortconditions,30minrestunderhotclimate(40 o C,40%rh)and60minofexercise underthehotclimaticconditions.continuousmeasurementswereobtainedwiththeds(t DS )inparallelto rectaltemperature(t re )(YSI>401thermistor). Results:DuringrestundercomfortableclimaticconditionsT DS tendedtobelowerthant re (Fig1).During heatexposure,meant DS waswithin0.3 CofmeanT re.agoodlinearcorrelation(r=0.99)betweenthet DS andt re duringexerciseintheheatwasfound,whichenabledtoadjustt DS.AscatterplotofTemperature residuals(t re >T DS )ofthecorrecteddatawaswithin±0.5 Cofmeanresidual(Fig2). Discussion:T DS iswithinareasonablerangefromthe"goldstandard"(t re )duringheatstress.itseems thatt DS equilibratesslowerthant re and,therefore,theagreementbetweenthetwomeasurementsislow duringthefirstpartoftheexposure(30minutes). Conclusion:TheresultsarepromisingforpotentialuseoftheDSinworkersunderfieldconditions, especiallyunderenvironmentalheatstressandwhendressedinprotectivegarments.further investigationsarerequiredtovalidatethedataundervariousconditions(e.g.higherheatstress). Reference: [1]GungaHC,SandsundM,ReinertsenRE,SattlerF,KochJ.Anon>invasivedevicetocontinuouslydetermineheatstraininhuman.JThermalBiol33:297>307,

45 Location(awareness(using(combined(multimodal(sensor(infrastructure(for(emergency( service'personnel% % Miklos%Kozlovszky 1 *,%Daniela%Zavec%Pavlinic 2,%Gábor%Fehér 3 % 1 BiotechKnowledgeCenter,ObudaUniversity,BudapestHungary,kozlovszky. 2 TiteraLtd.,Slovenia. 3 OMTLABResearchLtd.*Correspondingauthor:kozlovszky.miklos@nik.uni>obuda.hu Introduction:Locationawarenessiscrucialtoeffectivelyworkorevensurvivalinaharshenvironment. Besidesbasicfunctionsofprotection,thenewgenerationofprotectivegarmentshasadditionalfunctions likemonitoringtheenvironmentandprovideslocationinformationabouthighlightedobjects,spots,or personnel.thisisachallengingtask[1];locationsensorsrangefromlowaccuracysensorswithalmost globalcoveragetohighaccuracyshortrangesolutions.designrequirementssuchascost,bulkiness, accuracy,independency,scalability,robustnessarekeyparameters[2].wearedesigninganddeveloping anintelligentpersonalprotectivesystem(pps)integratedwithadataacquisition(daq)systemandweare usingenablingtechnologiestocollectlocationinformationandawiderangeofenvironmentinformation. Inthispaperweshowhowourfirstprototypeoflocationmonitoringisdesignedanddeveloped. Methods:Theproposedlocalizationsolutionisbasedonacombinationofdifferenttechnologies.Mostof thetechnologiesareusingradiowavecommunication.wearetrackingthepositionoftheppss,combining absoluteandrelativepositioningtechniques.relativepositioningismeasuringsignalstrengthdifference; thusworkswithrelativedistanceanddirectionofarrivalmeasurements.absolutemeasurementsaredone whenasignalfromknownpositionfixedelementscanbedetected.fixedelementsarethesatellites emittinggpssignalsandfire>enginesatknownlocationsprovidingrangingfunctionsintheuhfband.we acquireperiodicallyfromthedifferentsensordeviceslocationinformation. Results:Foroutdoorenvironments,ifGPSsatellitesignalsandGSMsignalsareavailable,wemostlyrely onthisinformation(heretherangeislarge,butaccuracyispoor).inindoorenvironmentsthedistance measurementsaremoresuitable,andpositionsareestimatedfromtriangulationsamongthedifferent signalsenders.thedistancemeasurementsaredoneinparallelwithuhfanduwbradiotechnology.uhf distancemeasurementsprovidesbelow5maccuracyinalongrange(200m>1500mdependingon environment)whileuwbdistancemeasurementsgiveanexcellent1maccuracyinashorterrange(20m> 100mdependingonenvironment).Forofflinemovementtrackingandforthesupportofposition estimationinextremeconditionsweacquirealsoinertialmeasurementunit(imu)information,which providesmulti>axisaccelerationinformation.todolocationsensordatafusioninaneffectiveway,we introducedacommonrepresentationformatfortheacquiredsensordata.weareusingaprimaryfusion algorithmtoconvertthereceivedlocationinformationandconstructacommoncoordinatesystem.the differenttechnologiesprovidesdifferentoperationalparameters(suchasavailability,accuracy,etc.), whicharerelateddirectlytothesurroundingppsenvironment.wearealsoevaluatingthecorrectnessof thereceivedlocationdata,becauseextremeever>changingconditionscanbringweirdsensingsituations. Conclusion:Wehavedesignedandrealizedalocationawaresolutionusingcombinedmulti>modal sensorinfrastructureforemergencyservicepersonnel.duringlocationsensorfusionweconvertthedata toacommonrepresentationformatandhavecreatedacommoncoordinatesystem.theacquireddatais processedondifferentlevels,andweevaluate/filtersensordatainreal>time.thecombinationofthe sensorscanprovidebetterlocationawarenesseveninspeciallocations/extremeenvironmentsforthepps users.theacquiredlocationdatacanbevisualizedbytheppsuser,andcanbetransmittedtowardsa remotelocationforvisualizationoftheemergencyserviceteamactivities. References: [1]Mitchell,HB;DataFusion:ConceptsandIdeas,2nded.2012,XIV,Springer,ISBN978>3>642>27222>6 [2]D.A.Trovi,G.V.Hadjisophocleou.ResearchinProtectiveClothingforFirefighters:StateoftheArtandFutureDirections,FireTechnology35(2),1999,111>

46 46 Implementation&of&the&Fiala5based&thermophysiological&model&coupled&with&the&Zhang& regression(model(of(human(thermal(comfort% Jan%Pokorny,%Miroslav%Jicha% BrnoUniversityofTechnology,EnergyInstitute>DepartmentofThermodynamicsandEnvironmental Introduction:Evaluationofthermalcomfortinnon>uniformandtransientenvironmentsisstilla challengingtopic,whichrequiresknowledgeofhumanphysiologyandperceptionofthethermal environment.wepresentthematlabimplementationofthefialathermophysiologicalmodel[1]coupled withtheempiricalmodelofhumanthermalcomfort[2].bothmodelsaredesignedfornon>uniformand transientenvironments,e.g.transportvehiclecabins.theoriginalfialamodelwasre>implementedwith somemodificationsintocommercialsoftwareastheseus>feorradthermandithasbeenwidelyusedby theresearchcommunity;e.g.todevelopindividualizedmodels[3],[4],forcouplingwiththecfd (ComputationalFluidDynamics)[5]orforreal>timeapplications[6].Nowadays,[7]theFialamodelisone ofthemostadvancedmodelsinthefieldofthehumanthermophysiologyandthermalcomfort(indexdts >DynamicalThermalSensation). Methods:Amathematicalbackgroundofthethermophysiologicalmodelisformedbythesetofpartial differentialequationsdescribingunsteady1dheattransferinlivingtissues.thesetofequationswas solvedbythefinitedifferencemethodusingcrank>nicolsonscheme. Results:WeimplementedtheFiala>basedmodelintheMatlabandweverifieditontheexperimental datafromtheliterature.wealsocreatedacouplingbetweenthefialaandzhangmodelalthoughwith onlypartialsuccess. Discussion:Themainproblemofthecouplingisthedifferentdefinitionofaneutralthermalstateofthe humanbody,whichvariesby2 Cinthecaseofcentralbodyparts.Thisproblemwaspointedoutand discussedbyschellen,etal.[8]. Conclusion:TheFiala>basedmodelwasimplementedintotheMatlabanditwascoupledwiththeZhang regressionmodelofthermalcomfort.thepredictionofthecoupledmodelsneedstobeimproved. Acknowledgements: TheresearchwassupportedbytheprojectLO1202NETMECENTREPLUSwiththefinancialsupportfromtheMinistryofEducation,YouthandSportsofthe CzechRepublicunderthe"NationalSustainabilityProgrammeI"andtheprojectoftheJosefBozekCompetenceCentreforAutomotiveIndustryTE References: [1]Fiala,D.,1998.Dynamicsimulationofhumanheattransferandthermalcomfort.Ph.D.Thesis,DeMontfortUniversity. [2]Zhang,H.,etal.,2010.Thermalsensationandcomfortmodelsfornon>uniformandtransientenvironments:PartI:Localsensationofindividualbodyparts; PartII:Localcomfortofindividualbodyparts;partIII:Whole>bodysensationandcomfort.BuildingandEnvironment,45(2),380>410. [3]Lichtenbelt,W.D.V.,et.al.,2007.Validationofanindividualisedmodelofhumanthermoregulationforpredictingresponsestocoldair.InternationalJournal ofbiometeorology,51(3),169>179. [4]MillerT.,etal.,2011.DynamicSimulationofHumanThermoregulationandHeatTransferforSpaceflightApplications.41stInternationalConferenceon EnvironmentalSystems.Portland,Oregon,USA. [5]Cropper,P.C,.etal,2010.Couplingamodelofhumanthermoregulationwithcomputationalfluiddynamicsforpredictinghuman>environmentinteraction. JournalofBuildingPerformanceSimulation,3(3),233>243. [6]vanTreeck,C.,etal.,2009.Integratedthermalcomfortanalysisusingaparametricmanikinmodelforinteractivereal>timesimulation.JournalofBuilding PerformanceSimulation,2(4),233>250. [7]Fiala,D.,etal.2012.UTCI>Fialamulti>nodemodelofhumanheattransferandtemperatureregulation.IntJBiometeorol,56(3),429>441. [8]Schellen,L.,etal.,2013.Theuseofathermophysiologicalmodelinthebuiltenvironmenttopredictthermalsensation:couplingwiththeindoor environmentandthermalsensation.buildingandenvironment,59,10>22

47 Effects'of'sweating'on'distalskin%temperature%prediction%during%walking%% Stephanie%Veselá 1 *,%Boris%RM%Kingma 2,%Arjan%JH%Frijns 1 %% 1 EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Eindhoven,TheNetherlands. 2 NUTRIMSchool,MaastrichtUniversity MedicalCenter,TheNetherlands.*Correspondingauthor:s.vesela@tue.nl Introduction:Thermalsensationmodelsrequireahighqualitypredictionoflocalskintemperatures (T skin,x )fromthermoregulationmodels.however,mostthermoregulationmodelsarevalidatedfort skin,mean underlaboratorysetting.theobjectiveofthisstudyistoinvestigatethechallengesofsimulatingdistalskin temperaturest skin,distal duringwalking. Methods:Forthisstudy,theskintemperature(T skin )ofhumansubjects(4males,2females)ismeasured at15sites(locationsaccordingto[1]plusfingertip)whilewalkingindoors(2.8met).thesubjectswearan everydayoutfitconsistingofunderwear,jeans,t>shirt,long>sleevedshirt,socksandshoes(0.8clo)[2].the temperatureisrecordedevery60secondsduringaonehourexperiment.themeasureddataisthen comparedtothecomputedt skin,x ofthemathematicalthermoregulationmodelthermosem[3]. Results:ThecomputedT skin,mean arewithin2 Cofthemeasuredtemperatures.ThemeasuredT skin,foot rangefrom29 Cto34 Cforallsubjectswithanincreaseof2>3 Cinthecourseofonehourwalking.The computedt skin,foot largelyunderestimatethemeasuredvaluesby4to9 C(Fig.1,lightbluesquares).For T skin,hand itdiffersonly1to4 C.Theclothing insulationandmetabolicactivityareestimatesand mightdifferfromreality.byraisingtheclothing insulationatthefoottoamaximalmeasuredvalue of2clo(see[2])thecomputedtemperatures increaseby3 C(Fig.1,greencrosses).The increaseofmetabolicrateleadstoslightlylower computedt skin,foot (Fig.1,orangecircles).Lower T skin,foot atincreasedmetabolicrateisdueto evaporativeheatlossesovertheentirebody becauseofsweating.ifthesweatingisneglectedin themodel,thecomputedandmeasuredresults areinbetteragreement(fig.1,redtriangles). Fig.1.Measuredandsimulatedfoottemperature(Tskin,foot)forone malesubjectwhilewalkingindoors(5minuteaverage).theeffectsof increasedclothinginsulationandmetabolicrateaswellasneglecting sweatingareshown. Discussion:EventhoughtheexclusionofsweatingleadstoimprovedresultsforT skin,foot,themainissueis thelatentheattransportfromthefootskinsurfacetotheenvironment.thecurrentclothingmodelonly includesatotalevaporativeresistancetakenfrom[4]duetotheabsenceofstudiesondetailedlocal evaporativeresistances.thereforenewexperimentsonlocal(evaporative)clothingresistancesare needed. Conclusions:Inordertoaccountforthereducedheatlosseswhenwearingvapourresistantclothing(e.g. shoes),clothingmodelsshoulddifferbetweensensibleandlatentheattransportfromtheskintothe clothingandfromtheclothingtotheenvironment.furthermore,experimentsarerequiredtoquantifythe localevaporativeresistancesmoreaccurately. References: [1]ISO,2004.EN>ISO9886.Ergonomics>evaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurements. [2]Lee,J.,Zhang,H.,&Arens,E.(2013).TypicalClothingEnsembleInsulationLevelsforSixteenBodyParts.InCLIMAConference2013(pp.0 9). [3]Kingma,B.R.M.etal.,2014.Incorporatingneurophysiologicalconceptsinmathematicalthermoregulationmodels.Int.J.Biometeorol.,58,pp [4]ISO,2007.EN0ISO9920.Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment Estimationofthethermalinsulationandwatervapourresistanceofaclothing ensemble. 47 Foot skin temperature [ C] Time [min] measured sim. (2.8met, 0.83clo) sim. (2.8met, 2clo) sim. (3.3met, 0.83clo) sim. without sweating

48 Response'patterns'in'finger'and'central'body'skin'temperatures'under'mild'whole'body' cooling'in'an'elderly'and'in'a'young'male' a"pre5study% % Kalev%Kuklane 1 *,%Leif%Vanggaard 2,%Juhani%Smolander 1,%Amitava%Halder 1,%Karin%Lundgren 1,% Chuansi%Gao 1,%Jari%Viik 3,%Jarmo%Alametsä 3 % 1 TheThermalEnvironmentLaboratory,DivisionofErgonomicsandAerosolTechnology,Departmentof DesignSciences,FacultyofEngineering,LundUniversity,Lund,Sweden. 2 DanishArcticInstitute, Copenhagen,Denmark. 3 TampereUniversityofTechnology,BioMediTech,Tampere,Finland *Correspondingauthor:kalev.kuklane@design.lth.se Introduction:Thearteriovenousanastomoses(AVAs)indistalbodyparts(especiallyhandsandfeet)and theperipheralveinsdrainingthemconstitutethe AVAorgan thatmayprovidearoundonethirdofthe totalskinsurfaceareaforheatexchange[1].thetemperaturesoverava>regulatedskinsitesareseldom takenintoaccountandthereforeactualheatlossmaybeunderestimated,especiallyinstudiesemploying mildwhole>bodycooling.theaimofthistestwastostudytheresponsepatternoffingerskintemperature (richinavas)withnon>avasitesduringtransientwhole>bodycoolinginanelderlyandayoungman. Methods:Twosubjects,old(78years,weight73kg,height1.74m)andyoung(31years,weight70kg, height171cm)volunteered.rectaltemperature(every10s),skintemperatureat8bodysitesand fingertips(every10s),pulse(every15s),colddiscomfort/thermalsensation(10min),ir>imaging(10min), ballistocardiographicmeasurementswithpressure>sensitiveemfifilmsensorstripsonthenecknear carotidarteryandontherightankle,andalargeremfisensorontheseatbeneaththemeasuredperson [2,3]wererecorded.Instrumentation(20>25minutes)wascarriedoutinachamberatabout29 C.The subjectsweredressedinshortsandseatedonchairwitharmssupportedattheheartlevel,andright upperarmwearingbloodpressureband.ambienttemperaturewassetto29 Cfor25minutesandthen graduallyloweredatameanrateof0.13 C.min >1 forthenext100minutesstabilizingat17 C.Mean(SD) airflowof0.45(0.14)m.s >1 wasdirectedintotheback.afterthecoolingstabilized,bicycleergometer exercisesessions(50w)wereaddedtoobservetheeffectofexercise. ResultsandDiscussion:Classicalarea>weightedmeanskintemperatureintheoldandintheyoung persondidnotshowdifferences.rectaltemperatureandbodyheatcontentintheoldpersonreducedata quickerratethanintheyoungone.theoldsubjectreportedlessdiscomfortandcoldsensationas comparedtotheyoung.thetemperatureinextremities(hands,feet=avasareas)droppedquickerand lowerintheyoungsubjectthanintheold.onemajorballistocardiographicfindingwasthatthesystolic anddiastolicamplitudesincreasedstrongly,especially,withtheolderpersonreflectingtheincreased workloadoftheheartduetocoldness.thiswasseenalsoindramaticallyincreasedbloodpressurevalues (diastolic68>>>101andsystolic125>>>176mmhg).skinrewarmingwiththeolderpersonseemedtobe moregradualasseenincoldlimbsinthermalimages. Conclusion:Theobservationsofthislimitedstudyindicateclearage>relateddifferencesintheperipheral circulatoryresponsetoamildcoldchallenge.theperipheralcirculatoryresponsemaybeassociatedwith thenormalagingprocess.ifthepresentresultholdstruewithalarger,andwithasignificantnumberof olderpeople,thenthesefindingsmightopenupavenuestodevelop smartclothes applicationsforthe elderlypopulationtocompensateambienttemperaturechanges. References: [1]TaylorNAS,Machado MoreiraCA,vandenHeuvelAMJ, CaldwellJN.Handsandfeet:physiologicalinsulators,radiatorsandevaporators.European JournalofAppliedPhysiology,2014,114(10),pp [2]AlametsäJ,SmolanderJ,VanggaardL,HalderA,LundgrenK,GaoC,ViikJ,KuklaneK.Age>relatedcirculatoryresponsestowholebodycooling:observations byballistocardiographicemfisensors.in:varheenmaam(ed.).proceedingsofambience14&10i3m,scientificconferenceforsmartandfunctionaltextiles, Well>Being,ThermalComfortinClothing,Design,ThermalManikinsandModelling,7>9September2014,TampereUniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland. [3]AlametsäJ,KuklaneK,SmolanderJ,VanggaardL,HalderA,LundgrenK,GaoC,ViikJ.Age>relatedcirculatoryresponsestowholebodycooling:observations byheartratevariability.finnishjournalofehealthandewelfare,2015,7(2>3),pp % 48

49 49 Skin%blood%flow%responses%to%locally%applied%acetylcholine%in%Caucasian%and%African% descent%individuals%with%and%without%cyclooxygenase%inhibition% % Matthew%Maley*,%James%R.%House%,%Michael%J.%Tipton%and%Clare%M.%Eglin% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, UK.*Correspondingauthor:matthew.maley@port.ac.uk Introduction:IndividualsofAfricandescent(AFD)aremoresusceptibletonon>freezingcoldinjury(NFCI) thancaucasians(cau)[1].thismaybeaconsequenceoflowerskinbloodflowduringlocalcoldexposure andsubsequentrewarminginafd[2],possiblyduetoadifferenceinendotheliumfunctionas acetylcholine(ach)>inducedvasodilatationissmallerinafdthancauonthenon>glabrousfingerandtoe skinsites[3].itisknownthatprostaglandinsproducedbytheenzymecyclooxygenase(cox)mediatepart oftheach>inducedvasodilatorresponse[4]howeverinhypertensiveindividuals,coxinhibitionresultsin augmentedvasodilatationinresponsetoach[5]demonstratingthatcoxcanalsopromote vasoconstriction.whethercoxproductsareinvolvedintheattenuatedvasodilatorresponsetoachin healthyafd[3]isnotknown.therefore,theaimofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatethecontribution ofcoxinbothcauandafdtolocalapplicationofachinfootandfingerskinsiteswhicharesusceptibleto NFCI. Methods:12AFDand12CAUmalevolunteersreceivedlocalapplicationofACh(1%).Participants consumed150mloforangesquash(placebo)priortorestingsupinefor30minutesin23 C.AChwasthen appliedusingiontophoresis(sixpulsesof25μafollowedbyonepulseof50μaandoneof100μaapplied for20swith60sintervals)tothemedialorlateralaspectofthedorsumofthefootandthenthethirdor fourthfinger.followingthis,participantsconsumed600mgaspirin(coxinhibitor)dissolvedin150mlof orangesquashandremainedrestingfor30minutesbeforeundertakingthesameiontophoresisprotocol asbefore.theorderofskinsiteswasbalanced.skinbloodflowwasmeasuredbylaserdopplerand maximumpercentagechange(max%δ)andareaunderthecurve(auc)werecalculated.skinresistance wastoohighinsomeafdandthereforeiontophoresiswasnotpossibleintheseindividuals. Results:Foot:AChelicitedagreatervasodilatationinCAUthanAFDfollowingplacebo(Median [interquartile],caun=12,afdn=12,max%δ:943[490]%vs81[370]%,p=0.003;auc:4516[2601]vs 190[1329],P=0.001)andaspirin(Median[interquartile],max%Δ:775[784]%vs50[148]%,P<0.000;AUC: 3120[3170]vs95[894],P=0.002).AspirinreducedtheresponsetoAChinCAUonly(AUCP=0.031).Finger: AChelicitedagreatervasodilatationinCAUthanAFDfollowingplacebo(Mean[SD],CAUn=11,AFDn=10, max%δ:301[76]%vs160[139]%,p=0.013;auc:1542[597]vs539[660],p=0.002)andaspirin(median [interquartile],caun=11,afdn=8,max%δ:287[162]%vs53[88]%,p=0.001;mean[sd],auc:1255[872] vs35[218]p=0.001).aspirinshowedatendencytoreducetheresponsetoachinafd(max%δ,p=0.064; AUC,P=0.053)butnotCAU. Discussion:CAUhaveagreaterendothelialreactivitythanAFDinbothfootandfingerskinsites irrespectiveofwhethercoxwasinhibitedornot.inresponsetolocalachapplication,itappearsthatthe roleofprostaglandinsinafdisminimalinthefootandfinger.incau,prostaglandinsappeartoplayarole indilatationinthefootonly. Conclusion:ThepresentstudydemonstratesthatthelowerendothelialreactivityinAFD,asevidenced byareducedvasodilationtoach,isnotduetoalterationsinthecoxpathway. References: [1]BurgessJE&MacfarlaneF(2009).JRArmyMedCorps155,11 15 [2]MaleyMJ,EglinCM,HouseJR&TiptonMJ(2014).EurJApplPhysiol114, [3]MaleyMJ,HouseJR,TiptonMJ,EglinCM(2015).EurJApplPhysiol.doi: /s00421>015>3164>2 [4]HolowatzLA,ThompsonCS,MinsonCT,KenneyWL(2005).JPhysiol563: [5]TaddeiS,VirdisA,GhiadoniL,MagagnaA,SalvettiA(1998).Circulation97:

50 Peripheral) thermal) responses) in) normal) and) cold5sensitive' individuals' to' sublingual' Glyceryl'Trinitrate'(GTN)% Katrina%Hope 1 *,%Clare%M.%Eglin 2,%Frank%Golden 2,%Michael%J. % Tipton 2 %% 1 SchoolofPhysiology&Pharmacology,ClinicalResearchandImagingCentre(CRICBristol),Universityof Bristol,60StMichael shill,bristol,bs28dx; 2 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportand ExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth,Portsmouth,UK.*Correspondingauthor: katrina.hope@bristol.ac.uk Introduction:Non>freezingcoldinjury(NFCI)iscausedbyprolongedexposureoftheextremitiestocold. Thelong>termsequelaeofNFCI,includecold>sensitivityandpain[1].Thecoldsensitivityischaracterisedby areductioninbasalskinbloodflowandaugmentedvasoconstrictionduringcoldexposure.wetestedthe hypothesisthatsublingualgtnwouldincreasebloodflowintheperipheralmicrocirculationduringand afteramildcoldchallengeinindividualswhohadnotbeendiagnosedwithnfci,butwerecold>sensitive. Methods:Inairat30 C,sevencontrolandsixcold>sensitiveparticipantsundertook12minofgentle exercisepriortoimmersingtheirrightfoot(protectedbyathinplasticbag)into15 Cwaterfor2min, followedby10minofspontaneousrewarming.twominutespriortoimmersion,participantsweregiven either400µggtnorplacebosublinguallyinasingle>blinded,counter>balancedorder.toepadskin temperature(t sk )andbloodflow(skbf)weremeasuredusinginfraredthermographyandlaserdoppler flowmetryrespectively. Results:Intheplacebocondition,T sk was significantlylowerincold>sensitive participantscomparedtocontrolsthroughout thetest(p<0.001)aswasskbf(p<0.05). GTNincreasedtherateofrewarming ( C.min >1 )andabsolutet sk ofthecoldesttoe afterthecoldchallengeincold>sensitive (placebo:0.62(0.14) C.min >1,28.03(0.92) C; GTN:1.08(0.29) C.min >1,32.20(2.43) C; P<0.001)butnotcontrolindividuals(Fig1). GTNalsoincreasedthebloodflowinthegreat toeduringrewarminginsomecold>sensitive individuals. % % Skin4Temperature4( C) Fig 1. Mean (SD) T sk of coldest toe before and after footimmersionin15 CwaterinCold>sensitivegroup following placebo () or GTN (") * P<0.05, ** P<0.001 Discussion:Weacceptourhypothesisthatimpairmentinthevasodilatoryresponseseeninindividuals withcold>sensitivitycanbeovercomebytheuseofgtn,anendothelial>independentnitricoxidedonor, andtherebyimprovetherewarmingofcooledperipheraltissues. Conclusion:Individualswithcold>sensitivityshowincreasedvasoconstrictorytone,bothatrestand duringwarmingafteracoldstimulus,comparedtocontrols.theuseofgtntoovercomethisimpliesan abnormalendotheliumandnitricoxidepathwayinthiscondition. Reference: [1]Ungley&Blackwood(1942)Lancet2: B Baseline Placebo4/4GTN Cold4challenge 0 * 5 ** Rewarming4Time4(min) 10 50

51 Whole5body%cryotherapy%(extreme%cold%air%exposure)%for%preventing%and%treating%muscle% soreness&after&exercise&in&adults& A"systematic"review"and"meta5analysis% % Joseph%T%Costello 1 *,%%Philip%R%Baker 2,%Geoffrey%M%Minett 3,%Francois%Bieuzen 4,%Ian%B%Stewart,% Chris%M%Bleakley 5 % 1 DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth,Portsmouth,UK. 2 SchoolofPublic HealthandSocialWork,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,QLD4059,Australia. 3 SchoolofExerciseand NutritionSciences,KelvinGrove,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,QLD4059,Australia. 4 Institut NationalduSport,del ExpertiseetdelaPerformance(INSEP),Paris,France. 5 UniversityofUlster, Newtownabbey,UK.*Correspondingauthor:joe.costello@port.ac.uk Introduction:Whole>bodycryotherapy(WBC),whichinvolvesasingleorrepeatedexposure(s)to extremelycolddryair(below>100 C)inaspecialisedchamberorcabinfortwotofourminutesper exposure,iscurrentlybeingadvocatedasaneffectiveinterventiontoreducemusclesorenessafter exercise[1][2].thissystematicreviewsoughttodeterminetheeffects(benefitsandharms)ofwbcfor preventingandtreatingmusclesorenessafterexerciseinadults. Methods:InSeptember2014wesearchedtheCochraneBone,JointandMuscleTraumaGroup SpecialisedRegister,theCochraneCentralRegisterofControlledTrials,MEDLINE,MEDLINEIn>Process& OtherNon>IndexedCitations,EMBASE,CumulativeIndextoNursingandAlliedHealth,BritishNursing IndexandthePhysiotherapyEvidenceDatabase.Wealsoconductedhandsearchesandcontactedexperts. Randomisedandquasi>randomisedtrialscomparingtheeffectofusingWBCafterexerciseincluding,but notlimitedto,passiveintervention,coldorcontrastwaterimmersion,activerecovery,infraredtherapy,or adifferentduration/dosageofwbcwereincluded.primaryoutcomesweremusclesoreness,subjective recovery(e.g.tiredness,well>being)andanyadverseeffects. Results: Foursmalltrialswereincluded,involvingatotalof64participantsofwhom42wereexposedto WBC.Studyqualitywasverylow.Thetemperature,durationandfrequencyofWBCvariedbetweenthe fourtrials,asdidtheprecedingexercise.allofthestudiesfailedtoreportactivesurveillanceofpre> definedadverseevents.thefourtrialscomparedwbcwithapassiveintervention.pooledresultsfor musclesorenessatrestshowedstatisticallysignificanteffectsinfavourofwbcafterexerciseat1hour: (standardisedmeandifference(smd)>0.77,95%confidenceintervals(ci)>1.42to>0.12,2trials),24hours (SMD>0.57,95%CI>1.12to>0.03;3trials)and48hours(SMD>0.58,95%CI>1.12to>0.04;3trials)follow> ups.nodifferencewasobservedat72,96and120hours.twotrialsalsofoundasignificantlylowerlevelof musclesorenessafterwbcwhileperformingsubsequentexerciseat24hours(smd:>0.66,95%ci>1.25to >0.07)butnotat1,48,72,96and120hours.OnetrialcomparedWBCwithfar>infraredtherapyat1,24 and48hourspostintervention.althoughlowerlevelsofmusclesorenesswerereportedafterthewbc interventionat1hourfollow>up,nootherdifferencesinsorenesswereobservedat24or48hours. DiscussionandConclusion: TherewassomepreliminaryevidencethatWBCreducesmusclesoreness afterexercisecomparedwithpassiveinterventionswithinthefirst48hours;therewasinsufficient evidencetoconcludeonotheroutcomesorforothercomparisons.thesummaryoffindings(grade) suggeststhatthestrengthofevidencesupportingtheuseofwbcwas verylow. Thismeansthat recommendationsbasedoncurrentlyavailableevidencefromrandomisedcontrolledtrialsinvestigating useofwbcfollowingexercisearenotdefinitive.althoughonecaseofskinburnwasreportedinthe literature,theincludedtrialsdidnotundertakeactivesurveillanceofpre>definedadverseevents.further highquality,wellreportedresearchinthisareaisrequiredandmustprovidedetailedreportingofadverse events. References: [1]CostelloJTetal.(2012)Effectsofwhole>bodycryotherapy(>110 C)onproprioceptionandindicesofmuscledamage.ScandJMedSciSports,22: [2]BleakleyCMetal.(2014)WholebodyCryotherapy:EmpiricalEvidenceandTheoreticalPerspectives,OpenAccessJSportsMed,5:

52 Cold%water%swimming%and%upper%respiratory%tract%infections% Naomi%Collier 1 *,%Heather%C.%Massey 1,%Mitch%Lomax 1,%Mark%Harper 2,%Michael%J.%Tipton 1 % 1 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Portsmouth,UK. 2 ConsultantAnaesthetist,RoyalSussexCountyHospital,Brighton,UK.*Corresponding author:naomi.collier@port.ac.uk Introduction:Itisoftensuggestedthathabitualcoldwaterswimming(HCS)mayimproveresistanceto infection[1],yetresearchintoeffectsofhcsontheimmunesystemhasproducedinconclusiveresults. Thismaybeduetothewiderangeofprotocols,frombriefice>colddips[2]tolongcoldwaterswims[3]. Manystudiesmeasuredbloodandsalivamarkersratherthanactualillness,andtheclinicalsignificanceof thesemarkersisnotwellestablished[4].incidenceofupperrespiratorytractinfection(urti),i.e.the commoncold,isausefulindicationofin%vivoimmunesystemfunction[5,6].thisstudycomparedurti susceptibilityinthosepractisinghcswiththatintheirnon>swimmingco>habitingpartners.tocontrolfor anyeffectofswimming,thosewhoswiminindoorheatedpoolsandtheirpartnerswerealsoinvestigated. Thenullhypothesis(H 0 )wasthattherewouldbenodifferencebetweenswimminggroups. Methods:50coupleswererecruitedtothisethicallyapprovedstudy,with44completingit:21coldwater swimmers,23poolswimmers,andtheirnon>swimmingpartners.participantsreportedurtisymptoms usingthejacksoncoldscale[7],andtheirphysicalactivity(pa),everyweekfor13weeksfrom1december 2014.URTIfrequencyandseveritywerecalculatedpergroupeachweek.Eachperson ssymptomdays wereweightedforseverityandtotalled.thesumofscores 14wasdividedbythenumberofresponsesto giveurti%frequency,andbythenumberofpersonsscoring 14togiveURTI%severity.Groupaveragesfor the13weekswerecomparedbetweenallgroups(t>testforindependentsamplesormann>witneyu)and correlationsweresoughtbetweenpaandurtimeasures(pearson srorspearman sρ). Results:Coldswimmershadfewercoldsthantheirpartners(URTIfrequency,mean(SD)3.0(3.2)v5.5 (3.2),p=0.03;percentwithURTI8.2%v12.8%,p=0.04).Therewerenostatisticallysignificantdifferences betweencoldandpoolswimmersinanyurtimeasure.morepoolpartnersthanswimmersgotanurti (17.8%v11.4%,p=0.03).Coldpartnershadmoreseverecoldsthanpoolpartners(URTIseverity41.6 (17.1)v29.7(8.2),p=0.03).ThereweretrendsforcorrelationsbetweenweeklycoldswimtimeandURTI rate(spearman sρ=0.51,p=0.07),andbetweenweeklycoldswimdurationandurtiseverity(r=0.50,p =0.09).TherewerenocorrelationsbetweenpoolswimmingandURTIs. Discussion:AlthoughcoldwaterswimmershadthelowestaverageURTIfrequencyandthelowest percentwithanurti,thesewereonlystatisticallysignificantwhencomparedtocoldpartners.urti severitywashighestincoldpartnersandverysimilarintheotherthreegroups.bothgroupsofswimmers hadfewerurtisthantheirpartners,butthisdoesnotimplyanyprotectiveeffectofswimming,andin respectofcoldwaterswimmingitappearsthatmoremaynotbebetter.thesearepreliminaryresultsand deeperanalysisiscontinuing. Conclusion:TherewerenodifferencesinURTIsusceptibilitybetweencoldandpoolswimmers(H 0 accepted),thereforecoldwaterswimmingappearstohavenoprotectiveeffect.coldswimmershadbetter resistancetocoldsthantheirpartners,butthereasonforthisisnotknown. References: [1]Harper,C.M.(2012).MedicalHypotheses78: ; [2]Dugué,B.andLeppänen,E.(2000)ClinicalPhysiology20(2):114>121; [3]Kormanovski,A.,CastañedaIbarra,F.,LaraPadilla,E.andCamposRodriguez,R.(2010)InternationalJournalofMedicineandMedicalSciences2(3):80>87 [4]Gleeson,M.(2007)JApplPhysiol103: ; [5]Brenner,I.K.M.,Castellani,J.W.,Gabaree,C.,Young,A.J.,Zamecnik,J.,Shephard,R.J.andShek,P.N.(1999)JApplPhysiol87:699>710; [6]Bishop.N.C.andGleeson,M.(2009)FrontiersinBioscience14:4444>4456; [7]Barrett,B.,Brown,R.,Voland,R.,Maberry,R.andTurner,R.(2006)EurRespirJ28:

53 Theeffects&of&water&temperature&on&physiological&responses&and&exercise&performance& during'immersed'incremental'exercise% % Tomomi%Fujimoto 1 *,%Yosuke%Sasaki 1,%Hitoshi%Wakabayashi 2,%Yasuo%Sengoku 3,%Shozo% Tsubakimoto 3 %and%takeshi%nishiyasu 3 % 1 GraduateSchoolofComprehensiveHumanSciences,UniversityofTsukuba,Japan. 2 Facultyof Engineering,ChibaInstituteofTechnology,Japan. 3 InstituteofHealthandSportSciences,Universityof Tsukuba,Japan.*Correspondingauthor:swimmer_tomomi@yahoo.co.jp Introduction:Aquaticexercisesuchasswimmingisperformedinthewaterof18to34 Cbecauseofthe differencesinambientenvironmentalconditions.heatconductivityofwaterisgreaterthanthatofair, thereforewatertemperaturewouldhaveaconsiderableimpactonphysiologicalresponsesandexercise performance.apreviousstudyhasshownthat,oxygenconsumption(v O 2 )duringimmersedcycleexercise atsubmaximalworkloadisgreaterincoldwater(18 C)comparedtomoderatelycoolandwarmwater(25 and34 C)[1].Furthermore,previousstudieshavereporteddecreasedV O 2 atmaximalwork(v O 2peak )in thecoldwater[2],whileothershavereportednochange[3].therefore,consensusviewsonwhether differenceinwatertemperatureaffectsv O 2peak andexerciseperformancehasn tbeenobtained.the purposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectsofwatertemperatureonphysiologicalresponsesand exerciseperformanceusingimmersedincrementalcycleexerciseuntilexhaustion. Methods:Tenhealthyyoungmenperformedincrementalexerciseonawatercycleergometerinasemi> recumbentposition.thesubjectsimmersedtotheirshouldersandperformedtheexercisein3water temperatures(tw):18,26and34 C.Fortheexercise,initialworkloadwas60Wandincreased20Wevery 2minutesatfirst4levels,andthenincreased10Weveryminuteuntiltheywouldnolongercontinue.The workloadwasincreasedbyelectricalbrakewhilstkeepingaconstantpedallingrate(60rpm)inanattempt toavoidchangesinthewaterexternalforceexertedonthelegs.oesophagealtemperature,skin temperature,expiredgases,heartrateandmaximalworkloadweremeasured.thisresearchconformedto theprinciplesofthedeclarationofhelsinki,andallsubjectssignedaninformedconsentform. Results:Duringsubmaximalexercise(60to120W),V O 2 washigherint w 18comparedtootherconditions (T w 26and34).WhilemaximalworkloadinT w 18waslowerthanintheotherconditions(T w 18mean(SD): 138(16)W,T w 26:157(15)W,T w 34:156(18)W),V O 2peak didnotdifferamongconditions(t w 18:3156(364) ml.min >1,T w 26:3270(344)mL.min >1,T w 34:3281(268)mL.min >1 ).Minuteventilationduringmaximaland submaximalexerciseandtidalvolumeduringsubmaximalexercisewerehigherint w 18comparedtothe otherconditions,whilerespiratoryfrequencydidnotdifferbetweenconditions. Discussion:ThelowermaximalworkloadinT w 18maybeduetothefactthat,eventhoughV O 2peak was samelevelamongallconditions,itreachedpeakvaluesfasterint w 18comparedtotheotherconditions, sincev O 2 int w 18duringsubmaximalexercisewasalreadyelevated.Theenhancedventilatoryresponsein T w 18wastheresultoftheenhancedtidalvolumeratherthanrespiratoryfrequency. Conclusion:Duringimmersedincrementalcycleexercise,exerciseperformancedecreasesincoldwater (18 C)duetoV O 2 reachingpeakvaluesfaster.ventilatoryresponse(vt)isenhancedincoldwater(18 C). References: [1]McArdleWD,MagelJR,LesmesGR,PecharGS:Metabolicandcardiovascularadjustmenttoworkinairandwaterat18,25,and33degreesC.JApplPhysiol. 1976,40:85>90 [2]RennieDW,ParkY,VeicsteinasA,PendergastDR:Metabolicandcirculatoryadaptationtocoldwaterstress.ExerciseBioenergeticsandGasExchange.1980, 315>321 [3]DressendorferRH,MorlockJF,BakerDG,HongSK:Effectsofhead>outwaterimmersiononcardiorespiratoryresponsestomaximalcyclingexercise. UnderseaBiomedRes.1976,3:177>87. 53

54 Rapid&habituation&of&the&cold&shock&response&% Clare%M.%Eglin*,%%George%Butt%,%Stephen%Howden,%Thomas%Nash,%Joseph%Costello%% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Introduction:Suddenimmersionintocoldwaterinitiatesaseriesofcardio>respiratoryresponses collectivelyknownasthecoldshockresponse(csr)whichmayincreaseanindividual sriskofdrowning. TheCSRisstimulatedbyarapidfallinskintemperatureandincludestachycardia,areflexinspiratorygasp followedbyuncontrollablehyperventilation.repeatedcoldwaterimmersionsconductedoverseveral dayshavebeenshowntoreducethemagnitudeofthecsr[1].thisstudyinvestigatedwhetheran habituationcouldbeachievedinacoupleofhours;itwashypothesisedthatfollowingthisrapid habituationthecsrwouldbereducedonasubsequentcoldwaterimmersion. Methods:Ninehealthymales(mean[SD]age21[2]years,height179[7]cm,mass76[13]kg)withno previouscoldwaterexposure,undertooktwohead>outimmersionsintostirredwaterat15 Cfor5 minuteswearingswimmingtrunks.theseimmersionswereundertakenoneweekapartatthesametime ofday(imm1andimm7).oneortwodaysafterimm1,participantsundertookfive,3>minute,head>out immersionsinto15 Cwateroveraperiodof55to120min.Inbetweeneachhabituationimmersionthey rewarmedinabathat38 Cfor3minutesandthenextimmersionoccurredapproximately10minutes later.heartrate(f C ),respiratoryfrequency(f R ),tidalvolume(v T )andinspiratoryminutevolume(v I )were measuredpriortoandduringeachimmersion.dataforimm1andimm7wereaveragedoverthefollowing timeperiods:0>30,30>60,and60>300sandarepresentedasmean[sd]. Results:f C wasreducedthroughoutimm7comparedtoimm1(0>30s:117[21]v106[14]bpm;30>60s: 110[21]v86[19]bpm;60>300s:90[18]v78[17]bpm;allP<0.05).V I wasattenuatedinimm7comparedto IMM1overthefirstminuteofimmersion(0>30s:61.3[7.5]v52.5[12.1]L.min >1 ;30>60s:50.8[13.5]v 40.5[13.6]L.min >1 ;P<0.05)whereasf R wasonlyreducedinthefirst30sfrom37(11)to29(9)breaths.min >1 (P<0.05).Theinspiratorygaspobservedwithinthefirst10sofimmersionwassimilarinIMM1andIMM7 (2.44[0.62]v2.71[0.64]L,P>0.05)aswasV T throughouttheimmersions. Discussion:Repeatedimmersionsconductedoverashorttimeperiod(1>2hours)onthesameday resultedinadecreaseinf C,f R andv I duringthefirst30sofimmersion.thismayreducetheriskof drowningbyattenuatingventilationandthustheriskofwateraspirationaswellasloweringf C and thereforecardiacstrainonimmersion.noreductionineitherv T ortheinspiratorygaspwasobserved, probablybecausef R decreasedgivingalongerdurationforeachinspiration.aspreviousstudies[2]have indicatedthatf R isabetterindicatorofrespiratorydrivethanv T duringthecsr,thecurrentfindings suggestthatrespiratorydrivewasreducedfollowingtherapidhabituationprotocol. Conclusion:RapidhabituationtotheCSRispossibleandmayprovideapracticalandinexpensivemethod ofprotectionagainstdrowningforindividualswhoaredeployedatshortnoticetosituationswherethey areatriskofaccidentalcoldwaterimmersion. References [1]Tiptonetal.(1998)Temperaturedependenceofhabituationoftheinitialresponsestocoldwaterimmersion.EurJApplPhysiol78:253>57. [2]Tiptonetal.(1991)Humaninitialresponsestoimmersionincoldwateratthreetemperaturesandafterhyperventilation.JApplPhysiol70:317>

55 Concomitant%vagal%and%adrenergic%stimulation%does%not%precipitate%ventricular% arrhythmias%in%a%healthy%rabbit%heart%model%of%autonomic%conflict% James%Winter 1,%Michael % J.%Tipton 2,%Michael%Shattock 1 *% 1 CardiovascularDivision,King scollegelondonand 2 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DSES,Universityof Portsmouth,UK.*Correspondingauthor:michael.shattock@kcl.ac.uk Introduction: Experimental studies indicate that cold>water immersion is associated with incidence of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia in young, seemingly, healthy subjects [1]. We recently hypothesised that the sudden and simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, termed autonomicconflict (AC),maybeacauseofarrhythmiasassociatedwithcold>waterimmersionand,when combined with other risk factors, may explain immersion>related sudden death. The aim of the present studywastoinvestigatethearrhythmicconsequencesofacinnormalhealthyrabbithearts. Methods:AdultNewZealandWhiterabbits(n=9)wereanaesthetisedandtheirheartsisolatedwithintact autonomic innervation. Isolated preparations were perfused in constant pressure (80 mmhg) in the Langendorff mode and instrumented for electrocardiogram recordings. The effects of right vagus nerve stimulation(vns 10Hz,5V)wereassessedincontrolconditionsandduringperfusionwithnoradrenaline (100nmol.L >1 )andadrenaline(25nmol.l >1 )(CAT).Datarepresentmean(SEM).*P<0.05. Results:VNSwasassociatedwithrapidonsetbradycardiathatwaspotentiatedbyCATperfusion(Δheart rate = >80(6) vs. >122(8) bpm, P<0.01). As shown in Fig 1, VNS alone was associated with spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias, including premature ventricular beats (PVBs), ventricular salvos, and sustained atrio>ventricular dissociation (not shown). However, when VNS was combined with CAT there was no furtherincreaseineitherpvbs(c)orsalvos(d). % Fig.1.Ventriculararrhythmiasintheisolatedrabbitheartduringvagalnervestimulation(VNS)withandwithout backgroundcatecholamineperfusion(cat).bl=baseline,p=prematureventricularbeat(pvb),s=ventricularsalvo (n=9) Discussion:TheresultsofthepresentstudyindicatethatACdoesnotprecipitateventriculararrhythmia inthehealthyrabbitheart.ratherweobservethatpvbscanarisespontaneouslyasaconsequenceofa strong vagal stimulus. The mechanism of arrhythmias associated with VNS is not immediately apparent, howevertheprematurityofventricularbeats,inmostcases,suggeststhatthesebeatsarenotlikelytobe escaperhythmsattributabletocardiacslowing,butrathertrueextrasystoles. Conclusion:Intheabsenceofco>morbidities,wefindnoevidenceinthehealthyrabbitheartinsupport oftheachypothesisasthecauseofarrhythmicepisodesassociatedwithcold>waterimmersion.theeffect ofsuperimpositionofaconotherrisksfactors,suchascardiovasculardisease,hasyettobeinvestigated. Reference: [1]ShattockMJandTiptonMJ(2012)'Autonomicconflict':adifferentwaytodieduringcoldwaterimmersion?JPhysiol,590:3219>30.% % 55

56 Brain%blood%flow%and%hyperventilation%on%cold%water%immersion:%can%treading%water%help% control%these%symptoms%of%cold%shock? % Martin%Barwood 1*,%Holly%Burrows 2,%Jess%Cessford 1,%Liz%Fraser 1,%Stuart%Goodall 1,%Scott% Griffiths 1 % 1 Dept.Sport,Exercise&Rehabilitation,NorthumbriaUniversity,UnitedKingdom; 2 RoyalVictoriaInfirmary, EmergencyMedicineUnit,Newcastle>Upon>Tyne,UnitedKingdom. * Correspondingauthor: martin.barwood@northumbria.ac.uk Introduction: Cold>water immersion (CWI) elicits the cold shock response (CSR). The hyperventilatory component of the CSR causes a decrease in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) potentially causing sensationsofdizzinessandincreasingtheriskofbecomingunconsciousandconsequentlydrowning[1].in theseearlyminutesofcwithecurrentadviceisto floatfirst andremainstationary[2]yetthisstrategy maynothaveanyeffectonventilationandthereforebraincbfv.wetestedthehypothesisthatlegonly exercisecouldoffsetthereductionincbfvinarestingcwi(h 1 )andbeabsentinwarmwaterimmersion. Methods:Seventeenparticipantsconsentedandvisitedthelaboratory3times;mean[SD]:age21[3]yrs; height1.71[.01]m;mass70.9[10.1]kg.allimmersionswerestandardisedbydepth,duration,clothing (bathingsuit)andtimeofday.testconditionswerea)arestingwarmwaterimmersion(wwi;34.7[2.6] C),b)arestingCWI(CWI>R:12.2[0.5] C),c)aCWI(12.1[0.5] C)wherelightexercise(legkicking/treading water;80bpm >1 )commenced30>secondsafterwaterentry(cwi>k).cbfvwasmeasuredusinga transcranialdoppleratafixeddepth(61[1]mm)overthemiddlecerebralartery.oxygenuptakeand ventilationweremeasuredusinganonlinegasanalysissystem.perceptionsofbreathlessnesswere measuredafter1,3and5minutesusingan11>pointcategoricalscale(0 not%at%all%breathless,10 extremely%breathless).anovawasusedtoanalysethedatatoanalphalevelof0.05. Results:CWIinducedsignificantchangesincontrasttoWWI(seeTable1). Table1.Mean[SD]perceivedbreathlessness,CBFv,oxygenuptake,andcarbondioxideproductioninWWI(conditiona),CWI>R (b)andcwi>k(c);lettersdenotedifferencesbetweenthecorrespondingcondition. CBFv(Δ%) VO 2 (ml.kg >1.min >1 ) VCO 2 (ml.kg >1.min >1 ) WWI a CWI>R b CWI>K c WWI a CWI>R b CWI>K c WWI a CWI>R b CWI>K c PRE > > > 387[96] 407[58] 405[90] 335[80] 377[75] 365[87] 1MIN 5[4] b >6[9] a >3[16] 633[117] c 671[129] 692[137] a 518[97] b,c 837[253] a 880[343] a 2MIN 3[6] b >6[9] a 2[20] 424[84] c 437[94] c 534[89] a,b 375[79] c 482[212] c 623[216] ab 3MIN 3[4] 1[10] 3[16] 390[76] bc 432[84] ac 537[79] a,b 347[76] c 405[173] c 497[133] ab 4MIN 3[4] 7[11] 8[21] 359[66] bc 436[101] ac 543[84] a,b 321[60] c 368[135] c 460[120] ab 5MIN 5[6] 7[10] 4[17] 362[72] bc 454[85] ac 570[99] ab 322[66] c 372[108] c 455[99] ab Discussion: Leg kicking on CWI partially offset the reduction in CBFv that normally occurs on CWI; in contrast to a warm water control. WWI CBFv was only different to the CWI>R condition. This did not alleviatesymptomsofbreathlessnessdespiteincreasedoxygenuptakeandcarbondioxideproductionin thecwi>kcondition;thehypothesisisonlypartiallysupported. References: [1]Mantoni,T.,Rasmussen,J.H.,Belhage,J.H.,Pott,F.C.(2008).Voluntaryrespiratorycontrolandcerebralbloodflowvelocityuponice>waterimmersion. Aviation,SpaceandEnvironmentalMedicine,79(8),765>768. [2]Barwood,M.J.,Bates,V.,Long,G.M.,Tipton,M.J.(2011).IntJAqResEdu,5,147>

57 Neuromuscular%fatigue%during%hypoxia%is%mediated%by%the%hypoxic%ventilatory%response% % Geoffrey%Hartley 1,%Cody%Watson 1,%Philip%Ainslie 2,%Matthew%Greenway 3,%Stephen%Cheung 1 *% 1 EnvironmentalErgonomicsLaboratory,DepartmentofKinesiology,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines,ON, Canada; 2 UniversityofBritishColumbia Okanagan,Kelowna,BC,Canada; 3 McMasterUniversity,Hamilton, ON,Canada.*Correspondingauthor:scheung@brocku.ca Introduction:Neuronsofthecorticospinaltractareinherentlysensitivetooxygenavailabilityand,in responsetohypoxia,reducetheirmetabolicrequirementsandactivity[1].consequently,hypoxiaisassociated withneuromuscularfatigue,attributedinparttocentral(i.e.,cns)mechanisms[2].althoughchangesin cerebralbloodflow(cbf),mediatedbytheratioofhypoxiainducedvasodilationtohypoxicventilatory response(hvr)inducedhypocapnia(i.e.,p ET CO 2 )[3],maybeimplicatedinthedevelopmentofcentralfatigue, thecontributionfromthechemoreflexcontrolofhvrandcbfvs.reductionsincbfper%sehasyettobe isolated. Methods:Neuromuscularfunction,indicatedbyvoluntarytorqueproduction,motorevokedpotentials (MEP),M>wavesandcorticalvoluntaryactivation(cVA)oftheflexorcarpalradialismuscleduringisometric wristflexionwasassessed(n=8;27±8y)during3separateconditions:1)poikilocapnichypoxia(poikilo);2) isocapnichypoxia(iso);and3)isocapnichypoxiaandcyclooxygenaseinhibitionusingindomethacin(indo)to selectivelyreducecbf(estimatedusingtranscranialdopplerultrasound).end>tidalforcingwasusedtocontrol P ET O 2 (51.5±5.1mmHg)duringallconditionsandP ET CO 2 ateucapniaduringiso(43.4±4.0mmhg)andindo (41.6±3.8mmHg).Measurementsweretakenduringbaselineanduponsteady>stateresponse(i.e.,stable S a O 2 )tohypoxia(approximately5minutes). Results:TheexperimentalconditionssuccessfullyisolatedCBFandP ET CO 2.IsoandIndowereassociatedwith apronouncedhvr(0.93±0.60l min >1.S a O 2 >1 and1.15±0.72l min >1.S a O 2 >1 )vs.poikilo(0.26±0.15l min >1 S a O 2 >1, p<0.05).torquewasreducedfrombaselineinallconditions(>10.9±13.7nm,p=0.03).mepamplitude(%m> wave)decreasedinpoikilo(>4.5±3.5%,p=0.02)andindo(>4.5±4.8%,p=0.02)vs.iso(0.8±2.8%;p=0.9).no changeswereobservedinm>wave(p=0.81).cvadecreasedinallconditions(p<0.01);however,reductions weregreaterduringiso(>11.5±9.3%,p=0.01)andindo(>12.5±9.1%,p=0.04)vs.poikilo(>3.8±11.5%,p=0.77). Discussion:Consistentwithpreviousresearch[2],hypoxiaresultedinimpairedneuromuscularfunction(i.e., reducedtorque)inallconditions.thesereductionsweremediatedbythecns,ascvadecreasedinthe absenceofchangesinm>wave.reductionsincvaweregreaterduringisoandindo,suggestinganassociation withthemagnitudeofthehvr.reducedcbfduringpoikiloandindowasassociatedwithdecreasedmotor cortexexcitability;however,wasnotassociatedwithdecrementsintorqueorcva. Conclusion:ThisstudydemonstratesthattheseverityofCNS>mediatedneuromuscularfatigueduring hypoxiaisdependentonthemagnitudeofthehvr,independentofchangesincbf. References: [1] NeubauerJA,SunderramJ.Oxygen>sensingneuronsinthecentralnervoussystem.JApplPhysiol96:367>74,2004. [2] AmannM,RomerLM,SubudhiAW,PegelowDF,DempseyJA.Severityofarterialhypoxaemiaaffectstherelativecontributionsofperipheralmusclefatigueto exerciseperformanceinhealthyhumans.jphysiol581:389>403,2007. [3] AinsliePN,LucasSJE,BurgessKR.Breathingandsleepathighaltitude.RespirPhysiolNeurobiol188:233>56,

58 The$interaction$between$cooling$and$hypoxia$on$the$rate$of$peripheral$and$central$fatigue$ development*of*the*knee*extensors% Alex%Lloyd*,%Simon%Hodder,%Margherita%Raccuglia,%Yifen%Qiu,%George%Havenith.%% EnvironmentalErgonomicsResearchCentre,DesignSchool,LoughboroughUniversity,UK. Introduction:Highaltitudeoftencomprisesofhypobarichypoxiaandcoldambienttemperatures. However,researchexamininghumanperformanceduringthesestressorsincombinationissparse[1]. Previousfindingshavereportedthattherateoffatigueadditivelyincreaseswhenhypoxiaandcoldare combined[2].howeverthisstudyinvestigatedsmallmusclegroups(forearmflexors)usingafixedduration (closed)exerciseprotocol.thus,thepresentstudysoughttoexaminewhethervolitionalexhaustionortask failure[duringanopenprotocol]ofthelargerkneeextensormuscleswouldresultinasimilaradditive effectduringcombinedhypoxic>coldexposure. Methods:Ninephysicallyactivemaleswereexposedtofourconditionsinabalancedorder.The conditionswerecontrol/normoxicthermoneutrality,hypoxicthermoneutrality,normoxiccoldandhypoxic cold.thermoneutralconditionswere23 Candcoldconditionswere5 C.Hypoxicexposureswere13% oxygen(~4000m).subjectsweredressedinshortsandsocks.aftera40minuterestperiod,participants carriedoutdynamickneeextensionatafixedintensity(35[6]w)untilfailure.afterevery110seconds exercise,participantsperformedanisometricmaximalvoluntarycontraction(imvc;2second)withtwitch interpolationtoquantifyvoluntaryandperipheralfatigue.totestdataateachtimepointforsignificance, atwo>way(2x2)repeatedmeasuresanovawasused. Results:Rectaltemperaturewasunaffectedbycondition(p>0.3).Muscle(3depthmean)andskin(7 pointmean)temperaturedecreasedby3.8(0.4) Cand5.4(0.1) Cincoldconditions,comparedto0.8 (0.3) Cand0.3(0.1) Cinneutralconditions(effectoftemperature=p<0.001).Therewasnoeffectof hypoxiaonbodytemperature(effectofhypoxia=p>0.2).peripheralarterialoxygensaturationwas significantlyreducedto85(1)%inhypoxiacomparedto99(1)%innormoxia(effectofhypoxia=p< 0.001).Inresponsetoexercise,independentexposuretohypoxiaandcoldreducedtimetotaskfailureby 505(105)seconds(p=0.002)and190(73)seconds(p=0.006)respectively,comparedto915(122) secondsincontrol.duringcombinedhypoxiccold,exercisetimewasreducedfurther(589(110)seconds comparedtocontrol);howevertherewasnosignificantinteractionbetweenstressors(p=.198).the absolutereductionintimetotaskfailurewasnotadditive(e.g.695>seconds);howevertherelative influenceofhypoxiaandcoldweresimilarinthepresenceoftheotherstressor(>48(6)and>51(5)%for hypoxia;>21(7)and>20(3)%forcold),supportinganindependenteffect.therateofincreasein peripheralfatiguewasalsofaster(p<0.005)duringindependentexposuretohypoxiaandcoldcompared tocontrol(4.9(0.9)%.min >1 and1.6(0.8)%.min >1 respectively).thecombinedeffectofhypoxic>coldon peripheralfatigueratewasadditive(7.6(1.1)%.min >1 )withnointeraction(p=0.525).volitional(central) fatiguewasunaffectedbytime(p=0.327)orcondition(p>0.15)inthisstudy. Conclusion:Theresultsindicatethatwhencomparedtoexerciseinthermoneutralornormoxic conditions,bothcoldandhypoxiainducesignificantreductionsintimetotaskfailure.additionally,the timetofailureisdecreasedfurtherwhenthesestressorsarecombined,andtheirrelativeinfluenceisnot interactive.thedatasuggestthattherateofperipheralfatiguedevelopmentistheprimaryfactorbehind theadditiveeffectsofhypoxic>coldexposureonfatigueandtaskfailure. References: [1]TiptonM.Acaseforcombinedenvironmentalstressorstudies.ExtremPhysiolMed1:7>8,2012;98. [2]LloydA,Hodder,S,HavenithG.Theinteractiveeffectofcoolingandhypoxiaonforearmfatiguedevelopment.EurJApplPhysiol.[Epubaheadofprint] DOI: /s00421>015>3181>1% 58

59 Koroška#8000:#digit#responses#to#cold#stress#following#himalayan#expedition#to#broadpeak,# Pakistan((8051(m)% Jurij%Gorjanc 1 *,%%Shawnda%A.%Morrison 2,%Adam%C.%McDonnell 3,4,%Jan%Babič 3,%Igor%B.%Mekjavic 3 %% 1 DepartmentofSurgery,HospitaloftheBrothersofSt.JohnofGod,Spitalgasse26,A>9300St.Veit/Glan, Austria 2 ScienceandResearchCentre,UniversityofPrimorska,Garibaldijeva1,Koper,Slovenia, 3 DepartmentofAutomation,BiocyberneticsandRobotics,JožefStefanInstitute,Jamova39,SI>1000 Ljubljana,Slovenia, 4 JozefStefanInternationalPostgraduateSchool,JamovaCesta39,1000Ljubljana, Slovenia*Correspondingauthor:jurij.gorjanc@mf.uni>lj.si Introduction:Weinvestigatedtheeffectschronichypobarichypoxiaexposurewouldhaveonalpinists physiologicaladaptations,including:aerobicfitness,bodycomposition,haematologicalvariablesanddigit perfusionresponsestocoldstress,performedbeforeandimmediatelyaftera35>dhighaltitudeclimbing expedition. Methods:SeveneliteSlovenianalpinistscompletedabatteryofphysiologicaltests,includingacoldstress testprotocolpreviouslyusedtodeterminechangesindigittemperatures. 1,2,3 Briefly,alpinistsimmersed theirhandorfoot(randomorder)intoacirculated,warmwaterbath(35 C)for5mintostandardiseskin temperature,andtheninacoldwaterbath(8 C)for30min.Individualdigittemperatures(thermocouples) weremeasuredcontinuouslyforeachminduringtheprotocol,andforanadditional10minofpassive recoveryinair. Results:5/7alpinistssuccessfullysummitedBroadpeak(8051melevation).Ofthosealpinists,4/5 demonstratedhighercold>inducedvasodilation(civd)waveamplitudesinmeanfingertemperatures,or higherrecoverytemperatures,(orboth),post>expedition.inthefeet,1/5hadhigherwaveamplitudes,1/5 hadhigherpassiverecoverytemperatures,whereas2/5hadlowermeantoetemperaturesduringcold exposure,andonehadnodiscerniblealterationspost>expedition.onealpinistdeclinedparticipationinthe coldstresstestinginthisexpeditionbecausehehadpreviouslycompletedanidenticalprotocoland reportedextremediscomfortinhisdigitsduringthecoldwaterimmersionphaseoftesting.areaunder thecurvecalculationsforthehandsfound5/5alpinistshadhighervaluespost>expedition,whilstinthe toes,3/5hadhighervaluescomparedtopre>expedition. Discussion:PreviousresultshavedemonstratedasignificantenhancementoftheCIVDresponseinboth fingersandtoesofalpinistsreturningfromhighaltitudeexpeditions 1 andfollowing15>monthsofmilitary traininginthecold, 4 whilstothershavereportedvariabledifferencesfollowingrepeatedcoldexposure, dependingonaltitude 5.Vasodilatationandvasoconstrictionresponsesarenon>generalisablebetween handsandfeet 3.Itisnotclearwhetheruniformperipheralcoldadaptationper%seoccursinbothhandsand feetfollowingcombinedexposuretohighaltitudeandcoldinthisparticularpopulation. Conclusion:Alpinistspresentedvastlydifferentdigitresponsestocoldstressafterexposuretohypobaric hypoxia. References: [1]FelicijanA,GojaP,MilčinskiM,CheungSS,MekjavicIB.Enhancementofcold>inducedvasodilatationfollowingacclimatizationtoaltitude.EurJApplPhysiol. 2008;104:201>6. [2]AmonM,KeramidasME,KounalakisSN,MekjavicIB.TheEffectofaSleepHigh TrainLowRegimenontheFingerCold>InducedVasodilationResponse.High AltMedBiol.2012;13(1):32>9. [3]CheungSS,MekjavicIB.Cold>inducedvasodilatationisnothomogenousorgeneralizableacrossthehandandfeet.EurJApplPhysiol.2007;99:701>5. [4]BrandstromH,GripH,HallbergP,GronlundC,AngquistK>A,GiesbrechtGG.Handcoldrecoveryresponsesbeforeandafter15monthsofmilitarytrainigina coldclimate.aviatspaceenvirmd.2008;79(9):904>8. [5]DaanenH,vanRuitenH.Cold>inducedperipheralvasodilationathighaltitude>afieldstudy.HighAltMedBiol.2000;1:323>9. % 59

60 Effects%of%hypobaric%hypoxia%and%voluntary%hypocapnic%hyperventilation%on%metabolic%response% during%high5intensity%intermittent%exercise% Kohei%Dobashi 1 *,%Kazuhito%Watanabe 2,%Bun%Tsuji 3,%Yosuke%Sasaki 4,%Tomomi%Fujimoto 4 %and%takeshi% Nishiyasu 2 %% 1 SchoolofHealthandPhysicalEducation,UniversityofTsukuba,Japan. 2 InstituteofHealthandSportSciences, UniversityofTsukuba,Japan. 3 FacultyofHumanDevelopment,KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan. 4 GraduateSchoolof ComprehensiveHumanSciences,UniversityofTsukuba,Japan.*Correspondingauthor:dobakoo613@gmail.com Introduction:Toimproveperformanceofshorttimehigh>intensityexercise,itisimportanttoenhanceanaerobic energysystems.highintensityintermittentexercisetrainingstressestheanaerobicenergysystemsinorderfor improvementstooccur.inaddition,itissuggestedthathighintensityintermittentexerciseunderhypobaric hypoxia(hx)aswellasreductionsinarterialco 2 pressure(hypocapnia:hc)inducedbyvoluntaryhyperventilation couldenhanceanaerobicmetabolicratemoreeffectively[1].however,itisunclearwhethertheeffectson anaerobicmetabolicratedifferbetweenhxandhc.therefore,thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigate whetherhxandhchavesimilareffectsonmetabolicresponseduringhighintensityintermittentexercise. Methods:Tenmaleathletes(8sprintersand2decathletes)performedhigh>intensityintermittentcyclingexercise consistingofthreeexerciseboutsinterspacedwith4minrecoveryperiods[first(ex.1)andsecond(ex.2)exercise: 30>shigh>intensityconstantworkloadexercise{574(17)W};thirdexercise(Ex.3):30>smaximalexercise].The exercisewasperformedundernormobaricnormoxia(con),hx(hx;equivalentto2,500mabovesealevelat560 mmhgandexposuredurationwasthroughtheexperimentor,aboutanhour),andnormobaricnormoxiabutthe subjectsperformedvoluntaryhyperventilationbeforetheexercise(minuteventilationof30l.min 1,20min)and therecoveryperiods(minuteventilationof40l.min 1,4min)(HC).Includethevariablesmeasured Results:InEx.1,O 2 uptake(vo 2 )inhcwaslowerthanincon{826(107)vs.1645(126)ml.min 1 }.Also,Blood Lactateconcentration(BLa)afterEx.1washigherinHCthaninCON{5.46(0.1)vs.4.54(0.2)mmol.L 1 }.Onthe otherhand,nodifferencesinvo 2 andblabetweenconandhxwereobservedthroughex.1toex.3. Discussion:%TheseresultssuggestthatHCinducedbyvoluntaryhyperventilationattenuatedaerobicenergy supplywithconcomitantincreaseinanaerobicenergyreleaseduringex.1.inex.2andex.3,however,vo 2 andbla didnotdifferbetweenconandhc.becausereductionsinend>tidalco 2 pressure(anindexofarterialco 2 pressure)inhcobservedimmediatelybeforeeachexercisewerereducedwithrepeatedexercise,theextentofthe reductioninarterialco 2 pressuremightnotbeenoughtoinduceremarkablechangesinmetabolicresponsesin Ex.2andEx.3.Inaddition,acutehypoxicexposuresdidnotaffectanaerobicmetabolism.Thismaybeduetothe shortexercisetimeandtherelativelylongrecoverytimeintheprotocol,thismayleadtoaerobicrecovery occurringinthehypoxicenvironment.consequentlytheanaerobiccomponentsofmetabolismwerenotstressed topromoteincreasesinanaerobicmetabolism. Conclusion:Ourfindingssuggestthat,duringhigh>intensityintermittentexerciseconsistingofthreeshorttime (30>s)exercises,HCinducedbyvoluntaryhyperventilationreducesaerobicenergysupplyandenhancesanaerobic metabolicrateespeciallyatthefirstexerciseandacutehx(2,500mabovesealevel)hasnoimpactonthe metabolicresponse. Reference:%% [1]Fujii.N,Tsuchiya.S,Tsuji.B,Watanabe.K,Sasaki.Y,Nishiyasu.TEffectofvoluntaryhypocapnichyperventilationonthemetabolicresponseduringWingateanaerobictest.EurJ ApplPhysiol.(Inpress)% 60

61 Cold%acclimation%and%health:%effect%on%brown%fat,%energetics,%and%insulin%sensitivity% Wouter%D.%van%Marken%Lichtenbelt 1 *, % Mark%J.W.%Hanssen 1,%Joris%Hoeks 1,%Anouk%A.J.J.%van%der% Lans 1,%Boudewijn%Brans 2,%Felix%M.%Mottaghy 2,%Patrick%Schrauwen 1 % 1 DepartmentofHumanBiology,NUTRIMSchoolforNutrition,ToxicologyandMetabolism,Maastricht UniversityMedicalCentre(MUMC),Maastricht; 2 DepartmentofNuclearMedicine,Maastricht UniversityMedicalCentre(MUMC),Maastricht.*Correspondingauthor: markenlichtenbelt@maastrichtuniversity.nl Introduction:Brownadiposetissue(BAT)hasemergedasapotentialtargetinthetreatmentand preventionofobesityandtype2diabetes.wehaverecentlyshownthata10>daycoldacclimationperiod leadstorecruitmentofbatinyoung,leanhumans.inaddition,rodentstudieshaveshownthatprolonged coldexposureandincreasedbatvolumeareassociatedwithimprovementsinglucosehomeostasisand insulinsensitivity.here,weinvestigatedtheeffectofcold>acclimationonbatactivity,energymetabolism, andwhole>bodyinsulinsensitivityinhealthyleansubjects,obesesubjectsandtype2diabetic(t2d) patients. Methods:Subjectsincluded17leansubjects(8males),10obesemalesand8overweight/obesetype2 diabeticmalepatients(lean:bmi:21.6±2.2kg/m 2,age23.0±3.2y;Obese:BMI:34.2±4kg/m 2,age: 31.8±12.9y;T2D:BMI:29.8±23.2kg/m 2,age59.3±5.8y).BATactivitywasassessedby[ 18 F]FDG>PET/CT scanning,energymetabolismbyindirectcalorimetryduringnonshiveringcoldexposure,andinsulin sensitivitywasmeasuredusinga1>stephyperinsulinemiceuglycemicclamp(int2dpatientsonly)before andaftera10>daycoldacclimationperiod.thecoldacclimationperiodconsistedofintermittentcold exposure(airandwalltemperature:14>15 C,6hours/day)for10consecutivedays.Subjectswerewearing shorts,t>shirt,socksandshoesandwereengagedinsedentaryactivities. Results:BeforeacclimationBATactivitywasmostpronouncedintheleansubjectgroup,withlowerlevels intheobeseandtype2diabetics(batactivityinsuvmax[maximalstandarduptakevalue]before acclimation:lean15.9±5.8,obese7.4±5.2,t2d0.40±0.29.inallgroupsbatactivitywassignificantly relatedtononshiveringthermogenesis.the10>daycoldacclimationprotocolincreasedbatactivity significantly(batactivityinsuvmaxafteracclimation:lean19.9±6.3,obese15.4±9.3,t2d0.63±0.78). However,themostpronouncedchangeswereobservedintheleansubjects.Interestingly,intheT2D groupglucoseinfusionrateduringthehyperinsulinemiceuglycemicclampincreasedfrom15.1±4.9 ml/kg/minbeforeto21.4±7.6ml/kg/minaftercoldacclimation(p<0.05),indicatingpronounced improvementsininsulinsensitivity. Discussion:ColdacclimationincreasedbrownfatactivityandNSTinleansubjectswithsimilar,albeitless pronounced,effectsinobeseandt2dsubjects.therewasasignificantincreaseinwhole>bodyinsulin> mediatedglucosedisposalintype2diabeticpatients.long>termeffectsandpossibleinvolvementofother tissuesthanbatintheseimprovementsawaitfurtherinvestigation. Conclusion:Theresultsindicatethatintermittentmildcoldexposurecouldbeusedasaneffective therapytoincreasebrownfatactivityandenergyexpenditureinleanandobesesubjectsandimprove insulinsensitivityint2d. 61

62 Peripheral%Perfusion%and%Acute%Mountain%Sickness:%Is%There%a%Link?% % Adam%C.%McDonnell 1,2 *, % Ola%Eiken 3,%Igor%B.%Mekjavic 1 1 DepartmentofAutomation,BiocyberneticsandRobotics,JozefStefanInstitute,JamovaCesta39,1000 Ljubljana,Slovenia.2 JozefStefanInternationalPostgraduateSchool,JamovaCesta39,1000Ljubljana, Slovenia. 3 DepartmentofEnvironmentalPhysiology,SwedishAerospacePhysiologyCentre,RoyalInstitute oftechnology,stockholm,sweden.*correspondingauthor:adam.mcdonnell@ijs.si Introduction:Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereisaninteractionbetweenacutemountainsickness,body temperaturesandautonomicresponses[1].wetestedthishypothesisbymonitoringthecircadianrhythm ofperipheralperfusionreflectedintheproximaltodistalskintemperaturegradient( Tp>d)duringacute exposureofactiveandinactive(bedrestexperimentalprotocol)subjectstoacutenormobarichypoxia[2]. Methods:Thirty>sixmalesparticipatedinatotalof58hypoxicexposureswithintheframeworkofthree separatestudies:lunhab(11participants;two10dayhypoxicconfinements:p I O 2 =103mmHg,simulated altitudeof3,000m),planhab,(11participants;two21dayhypoxicconfinements:p I O 2 =89.6mmHg, simulatedaltitudeof4,000m),hecs(14participants;one10dayhypoxicconfinement:p I O 2 =88.2mmHg, simulatedaltitudeof4,175m).onthefirstdayofexposuretothesimulatedhypoxiccondition,all participantsofeachstudyenteredthehypoxicareaat9:00.proximaltodistalskintemperaturegradient (calfandtoerespectively, Tc>t)wasrecordedcontinuouslyfrom10:00for20hrsonthisfirstdayof exposure(d1).theparticipantscompletedthelakelouisemountainsickness(llms)questioninthe eveningofthefirstdaybetween20:00and21:00.distalandproximalskintemperatureswererecordedat 1>minuteintervalsandthenaveragedinto60>minuteepochs.The Tc>tdatawascollatedintotwogroups, thosewhopresentedwithacutemountainsickness(ams)andthosewhodidnot(nams). Results:Ofthe58exposures,sixteenresultedinparticipantspresentingwithmildsymptomsofAMSon D1ofthehypoxicexposure(4.2(1.3)).ThenAMSgroup(42exposures)gaveanaverageratingof0.4(0.7) onthellmsquestionnaire.the Tc>tmeasuredintheAMSgroupincreasedfrom4.1(3.4) Cat17:00to 5.1(3.7) Cat18:00andto5.0(3.7) Cat19:00.ThenAMSgrouphada Tc>tof2.6(2.9) Cat18:00and 3.1(3.1) Cat19:00.Asignificantdifference(p<0.05)inthe Tc>tgradientbetweentheAMSandnAMS grouppersisteduntil19:00ond1ofthehypoxicexposure.anon>significantdifference(p=0.06)was observedbetween19:00and20:00.at21:00thedifferencein Tc>tbetweenthetwogroupshadabated, wherebybothgroupsshowedsignificantvasodilatation(p<0.05)ofthetoesthereafterandthroughout thenightcomparedtothedaytime.therewerenodifferencesbetweengroupsintermsofage,bodymass, bodyfat%orvo 2max. Conclusions:Themainfindingofthecurrentstudyisthatdaytimevasoconstrictionoftheperipheryseen duringhypoxicconfinementismorepronouncedinthosesufferingfromamsduringtheeveninghours (17:00to19:00).Thisincreasedhypoxia>inducedvasoconstrictioninindividualswithAMSsuggeststhat theymaybeatagreaterriskofcoldinjurywhenexposedtoextremecoldathighaltitude. Acknowledgements:TheresearchleadingtotheseresultshasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropean Union sframeworkprogramme(2007>2013)undergrantagreementno (projectplanhab: PlanetaryHabitatSimulation),theEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)ProgrammeforEuropeanCooperating States(ESTEC/ContractNo /11/NL/KML:PlanetaryHabitatSimulation)andtheSlovene ResearchAgency(ProjectL3>4328). References: 1.Loeppky,J.A.etal.Bodytemperature,autonomicresponses,andacutemountainsickness.HighAltMedBiol4,367>73(2003) 2.McDonnell,A.C.etal.Circadianrhythmofperipheralperfusionduring10>dayhypoxicconfinementandbedrest.EurJApplPhysiol114,2093>2104(2014) 62

63 Effects'of'cooling'on'muscle'function'and'duration'of'stance'phase'during'gait'''% % Amitava%Halder% 1,%Chuansi%Gao 1, % Michael % Miller 2 % 1 ThermalEnvironmentLaboratory,DivisionofErgonomicsandAerosolTechnology,DepartmentofDesign Sciences,FacultyofEngineering,LundUniversity,Sweden. 2 DivisionofPhysiotherapy,Departmentof HealthSciences,FacultyofMedicine,LundUniversity,Sweden.*Correspondingauthor: Amitava.Halder@design.lth.se Introduction:Coldexposurealtersmuscularfunction.Musclecoolinginfluencestheneuromuscular activationduringmaximalisometricvoluntarycontractions(mvc)andtheamplitudeofsurface electromyography(semg)[1],[2].italsoslowsdownthemechanicalprocessduringcontraction[3].the purposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectsoflocalcoolingincoldwaterat10 Cfor20minina climatechamberonlowerlegmuscleactivityandgaitpattern. Methods:Sixteenhealthyadults(eightfemales),agedMean(SD)27.0(2.9)years;bodymass66.3(9.8)kg; andheight169.5(7.8)cmparticipatedinthisexperimentalstudy.themedianfrequency(mf)andmean powerfrequency(mpf)ofsemgfromtibialisanterior(ta)andgastrocnemiusmedialis(gm)muscles duringmvcinankleplanter(pf)anddorsi>flexion(df)againstahand>helddynamometeraswellas contacttimesonaforceplateduringgaitbeforeandaftercoolingweremeasuredandanalysed. Results:TheMFandMPFweresignificantlylower(P<0.01*)inbothTAandGMmuscleduringMVCandin TAduringgaittrialsaftercooling.However,thefrequencyanalysisforGMmuscleshowednosignificant difference(p=0.46and0.06,respectively)eitherinmformpfduringwalkingonlevelsurface(table1). Table1.ThemeansandSD(Hz)fortheMFandMPFoftheTAandGMduringgaitandMVCtrialsbeforeandafter cooling(n=16). semg Tibialis%Anterior%(TA) Gastrocnemius%Medialis%GM Pre%Cooling Post%Cooling Pre%Cooling Post%Cooling Gait%MF 83.0±10.2*% 69.9±9.6*% 81.6±12.6% 79.3±11.1% Gait%MPF 99.7±11.5*% 82.3±11.7* 99.8± ±12.4% MVC%MF 87.0±9.7*% 50.0±6.1*% 111.7±16.7*% 90.8±14.8*% MVC%MPF 100.7±10.6*% 59.8±7.7*% 129.1±15.3*% 101.0±16.1*% 63 Fig.1.Durationofstancephaseingait trials. Additionally,thepost>coolingstancephaseovertheforceplatewaslongerthanpre>cooling(P=0.013). % Discussion:ThesignificanttimedifferencemightbecausedbythecoldinducedMFandMPFdecreasein semg.ourpreviousinvestigationreportedthatcoolingincreasedthesemgamplitudeandproduced fatiguelikeresponsesinthelegmuscles[2].moreover,otherstudiesshowedthatmusclefatigueresulted inelectromechanicaldelayduringcoldexposure[1],[4].% Conclusion:Moderatedegreeanddurationofcoolingmayaffectmusclemotorunitfiringrates,thus shiftingthesemgspectrumtolowerfrequencies,thereforedecreasingthelegmuscleforceproduction. TheresultsuggeststhatmusclecoolingcancausecoldinducedfrequencydecreaseinsEMGsimilarto fatigueresponseandleadtoreducedmuscleperformance. Reeferences: [1]Cè,Eetal(2013).Effectsoftemperatureandfatigueontheelectromechanicaldelaycomponents.Muscle&Nerve,47(4),566>576.doi: /mus [2].HalderAetal(2014).Effectsofcoolingonanklemusclemaximumperformances,gaitgroundreactionforcesandelectromyography.JournalofSports Medicine.doi: /2014/ [3]Drinkwater,E.(2008).Effectsofperipheralcoolingoncharacteristicsoflocalmuscle.MedicineandSportScience,5374>88.doi: / [4]Rampichini,Setal(2014).Effectsoffatigueontheelectromechanicaldelaycomponentsingastrocnemiusmedialismuscle.EuropeanJournalofApplied Physiology,114(3),639>651.doi: /s00421>013>2790>9.

64 Work%environment%and%health%in%the%Norwegian(fishing(fleet(5a"field"study"on"board" deep5sea$fishing$vessels$% Mariann%Sandsund 1 *,%Erik%U.%Høye 1,3, % Cecilie%T.%Heidelberg 2,4,%%Lisbeth%%Aasmoe 2,4 % 1 SINTEFTechnologyandSociety,DepartmentofHealthResearch,Trondheim,Norway. 2 UniversityHospital ofnorthnorway,departmentofoccupationalandenvironmentalmedicine,tromsø,norway. 3 Norwegian UniversityofScienceandTechnology,DepartmentofBiology,Trondheim,Norway. 4 TheArcticUniversityof Norway,DepartmentofMedicalBiology,Tromsø,Norway.*Correspondingauthor: mariann.sandsund@sintef.no Introduction:WorkersintheNorwegianfishingfleetwhoareexposedtounfavorableconditionssuchas cold,noise,heavylifting,inconvenientworkinghours,longworkdaysandexcessivestrain,areliabletobe negativelyaffectedintermsoftheirhealthandworkperformance.suchconditionsmayalsoaffect thermoregulatoryresponses,thermalsensationandcomfort.thereisalackofknowledgeregarding interactionbetweenwork,theworkenvironmentandtheworkinghealthoffishermen.theobjectiveof thisstudywastoidentifyworkstrainandcold>relatedproblemsindeep>seafishingvesselcrewmembers. Methods:Fieldstudieswereperformedonboardfivedeep>seafishingvesselsintheNorwegianSea betweenmarch2014andfebruary2015.onehundredandfiftycrewmemberscompletedaquestionnaire coveringwork>relatedhealthtopics,anddetailedsubjectiveperceptionsoftheirthermalwork environment.inaddition,physiologicalparametersweremeasuredonasampleofthecrew(n=6,32(12) years)ononeboatduringoneoftheirworkshifts.inordertoquantifyheatproductionandworkintensity duringthetimeonthetrawldeck,coretemperature(t core )wasmeasuredusinganingestedtelemetric gastrointestinaltemperaturepill(vitalsensejonahcapsule,minimitterinc,bend)andwasrecorded togetherwithheartrate(hr)usinganequivitaleq02lifemonitor(hidalgo,cambridge,uk). Results:Seventy>sevenpercentoftherespondents(n=115)reportedtheirownhealthasbeingverygood orgood.53%(n=80)and55%(n=83)hadexperiencedstiffnessand/orpainfromtheneck/shouldersand lowerback/smallofthebackrespectivelyduringthelast12months.forty>eightpercent(n=72)answered thattheysometimesoroftenfeelcoldatwork,while39%(n=58)answeredthattheyhaveexperienceda lossoffeelingintheirfingers/handsand14%hadsufferedfrostbiteorcolddamage.thephysiologicaldata demonstratedthatduringthe80(35)minworkperiodonthetrawldeckthet core rosefrom36.8(0.3) Cto amaximumof37.9(0.4) C.Duringthesameperiodworkabove67%ofHR max (somewhathard)corrected forageandupperbodyworkwereregisteredforlongperiods.hrof149(11)b.min >1 correspondingto86 %ofhr max (hard)weremeasuredforshorterperiods. Discussion:InaccordancewithpreviousstudiesfromNorwegiancoastalfishing[1]workontrawldeck canbecharacterizedasanintermittentactivitywithaveragelevelsofcardiacstrain.wealsoregistereda highoccurrenceofheavycardiacstrain,shownastimespentworkingathardintensities.combinedwith repetitiveworkincoldenvironmentsthismayhavenegativeeffectsonmusclefunctionandfatigue[2]. Conclusion:Thisstudyconfirmsthatworkersondeep>seafishingvesselsareexposedtounfavorable conditionssuchascoldandexcessivestrain.thequestionnairestudyshowedthatmusculoskeletal problemsaswellasfeelingcoldatwork,experiencesofalossoffeeling,discomfortorpaininfingers, handsandfeetarecommon.thestudyalsodemonstratesthatworkersareperiodicallyexposedtohigh workstrain,evidencedasincreasedcoretemperatureandheartratewhenworkingonthetrawldeck. Refernces: [1]RodahlKetal(1974)CirculatoryStrain,EstimatedEnergyOutputandCatecholamineExcretioninNorwegianCoastalFishermen.Ergonomics17: [2]OksaJetal(2002)Combinedeffectofrepetitiveworkandcoldonmusclefunctionandfatigue.JApplPhysiol92: TheprojectisbeingfundedbytheResearchCouncilofNorway.Projectperiod:June2013>

65 Thermal(response(of(triathletes(to(14 C#swim#with#and#without#wetsuits% Jane%Hall*,%%Mitch%Lomax%,%Heather%C.%Massey%&%Michael%J.%Tipton%% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Introduction:WetsuituseispermittedinOlympic>distancetriathlonsbelowawatertemperatureof22 C,or20 Cforeliteathletes,andmandatoryinwaterbelow14 C[1].Theyimproveinsulationagainstheat lossduringswimming,increasebuoyancyandreducetheafterdrop(continuingfallindeepbody temperatureafterleavingthewater)duringsubsequentcycling[2].theaimofthisstudywastocompare performanceandbodytemperatureofhigh0leveltriathletesswimminginwaterat14 Cwithand withoutwetsuits,beforecyclingatracepaceforanolympic0distanceevent,astheolympiceventis thefocusoftheinternationaltriathlonunionandinternationalolympiccommittee. Methods:12highly>trainedlean(meansumof7skinfolds=50.15/>22.9mm)triathletes(10male,2 female)aged15to61yearscarriedouta(self>paced)frontcrawlrace>pace20minuteswim(the approximatetimeforelitetriathletestocompletetheswiminanolympic>distanceevent)inaflumeat14 C,followedbyatransitionandrace>pacecycleonastationarybicycleuntildeepbodytemperature(T re ) hadreturnedtoitsstartingpoint.t re wasmonitoredwitharectalthermistor,insertedto15cmpastthe anus.10athletescompletedtheswimwithoutwetsuits(skinsswim, SS )and9athletescompletedthe swimwearingtheirowntriathlon>specificwetsuits(wetsuitswim, WS ).7malescompletedbothswims. Airtemperaturewasmaintainedat12 C,withfansprovidingwindspeedduringthecycleofatleast15 km.h >1.TherateoffallofT re wascalculatedfromthepointatwhichthefallbecamelinear,anddatafor thosewhocompletedbothswimswasanalysedbypairedsamplest>tests(n=7). Results:FourathletesoutoftenwereunabletocompletetheSScondition.Allathletescompletedthe WScondition.Therewasasignificantdifference(p<0.05)betweenSSandWSinlinearrateofchangeofT re intheswim(ss=>0.076 C.min >1 or>4.56 C.hr >1 ;WS=>0.023 C.min >1 or>1.38 C.hr >1 ),totalchangeint re in theswim(ss=>1.12 C;WS=>0.21 C),afterdroponthebike(SS=0.31 C;WS=0.02 C)andtimetakenonthe bikefort re toreturntostartingpoint(ss=54.57mins;ws=10.56mins).duringss,coolingtypically continuedatthesamelinearrateduringtransitionandtheearlypartofthecycle(10.6mins),whileinws, athletesstartedtorewarmalmostimmediatelyonstartingthecycle(1.4mins)withlittleornoafterdrop. Discussion:InSS,therateofcoolingduringtheswimwasrapidalthoughswimmerswereableto maintainspeed.duringcycling,aconvectiveafterdroppatternwasobserved.wearingawetsuitreduced thefallint re,andalsokeptskintemperatureshigher,allowingathletestorewarmonthebikewithlittleor noafterdrop. Conclusion:PurposelydesignedtriathlonwetsuitshelpprotectT re forlean,high>levelathletesracingin 14 Cwater,aswellasreducingorremovingsubsequentafterdropwhilecycling.Whetherthishasan impactonperformanceonthebikeremainstobeseen. References: [1]ITUrulebook2014.fromhttp:// [2]Trappe,T.A.,Starling,R.D.,Jozsi,A.C.,Goodpaster,B.H.,Trappe,S.W.,Nomura,T., Costill,D.L.(1995).Thermalresponsestoswimminginthree watertemperatures:influenceofawetsuit.medicineandscienceinsportsandexercise,27(7), (Font:Calibri8) Acknowledgment: Fundingbodies:TheInternationalOlympicCommittee,TheInternationalTriathlonUnion,FederationInternationaledeNatation 65

66 Effect&of&having&floats&on&cardiorespiratory&response&during&eggbeater&kick% Yosuke%Sasaki 1 *,%Hideki%Takagi 2,%Bun%Tsuji 3,%Yosuke%Murase 1,%Shozo%Tsubakimoto 2,%Takeshi% Nishiyasu 2 % 1 GraduateSchoolofComprehensiveHumanSciences,UniversityofTsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan. 2 Instituteof HealthandSportSciences,UniversityofTsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan. 3 FacultyofHumanDevelopment,Kobe University,Kobe,Japan.*Correspondingauthor:sasaki@lbnp.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp Introduction:Theeggbeaterkickisusedtotreadwaterduringemergencysituations(e.g.boatcapsize) andbecomesnecessaryskillforthosewithoutaself>floatationdevicetopreventprimaryandsecondary drowning.utilizingfloatingdebrisorobjectstominimizethemetaboliccostofperformingthistechniqueis essentialduringsuchemergencies.however,nostudyhasinvestigatedtheeffectsofhavingfloatsonthe physiologicaldemandsofperformingtheeggbeaterkick,andquantifyingtheseeffectsformsthefocusof thecurrentexperiment. Methods:Twelvemales,eachtrainedinperformingtheeggbeaterkick,treadedwaterusingthis techniqueforfiveconsecutive,3minperiods,witheachperiodvaryingonlyinthequantityoffloatation used(no>,one>,two>,three>andfour>floats).floatswere500mlplasticbottlesfilledwithair,eachequal to~0.6kgfofbuoyancy.subjectswereinstructedtokeeptheirheadabovewaterlevelforthedurationof eachexerciseperiod,withfittingabriefswimsuit,inanindoorswimmingpoolcontainingchlorinated water(depthandmean(sd)temperatureofwater:2mand26.7(0.4) C,respectively).Oxygen consumption,heartrate,ratingsofperceivedexertionandthedifficultyofbreathingindexwere measured.dataweresampledduringthefinalminuteofeachexerciseperiodandusedforsubsequent analyses. Results:Oxygenconsumptionandheartrateduringexercisewithadditionalfloatationweresignificantly lessthanduringexercisewithoutfloats(oxygenconsumption:1.80(0.31)l.min >1 ;heartrate:113(13) bpm),anddecreasedinproportiontothenumberoffloatsused(r=0.99;p<0.05).thiswasequivalenttoa decreaseinoxygenconsumptionandheartrateof0.17l.min >1 and4bpmperone>float,or0.29l.min >1 and8bpmperone>kgfofbuoyancy(p<0.05).inaddition,ratingsofperceivedexertionanddifficultyof breathingscoresweregenerallylesswhenadditionalfloatswereused(p<0.05);thesescoresalso demonstratedstronglinearrelationshipswiththenumberoffloatsused(r=0.99;p<0.05). Discussion:Apreviousstudyreportedthattrappingairbetweenclothinglayersincreasedthebuoyancy justafterimmersion(1).similarly,havingfloatsmightcreatetheadditionalbuoyancyduringeggbeaterkick inpresentstudy.further,thebuoyancymightreducetheverticalforcerequiredtokeeptheheadabove thewatersurface,andpotentiallyprolongthedurationonecantreadwaterinsurvivalsituations, particularlyintheabsenceofalifejacket.toconsidermorescenarioswhereaccidentalimmersionoccurin somepopulations,furtherinvestigationsmayberequiredinthefuture(e.g.%effectsofwatertemperature, salinity,viscosityandcurrents,wearingclothing,inherentbuoyancyandperforminglevelsofsubjectson thecardiorespiratoryresponsesduringeggbeaterkick). Conclusion:Thesedataindicatethatadditionalfloatation,evenaslittleasoneemptywaterbottle,can significantlyreducethephysiologicaldemandsoftreadingwaterusingtheeggbeaterkick,andincrease survivaltimeduringemergencyscenarios.theimportanceofobtainingadditionalfloatationintheeventof anaccidentalwaterimmersionshouldbeincludedinwatersurvivaltrainingandsafetyprotocols. References: [1]Barwood,M.J.,Bates,V.,Long,G.,Tipton,M.J.(2011) Floatfirst :Trappedairbetweenclothinglayerssignificantlyimprovesbuoyancyafterimmersion. InternationalJournalofAquaticResearchandEducation.5:147>163 66

67 Biophysical*characteristics*and*thermophysiological*responses*at*the*inflection*point*in* deep$body$temperature$for$individuals$with$high$or$low$aerobic$fitness% Ella%F%Walker*,%Jo%Corbett,%James%R%House,%Michael%J % Tipton%% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Portsmouth,UK.*Correspondingauthor:ella.walker@port.ac.uk Introduction:Endurancetrainingincreasesaerobicfitness,improvesthermoregulatoryfunction [1] and exercisetoleranceintheheat [2].However,studiescomparingindividualsofhighandlowaerobicfitness duringexerciseintheheatareoftenconfoundedbydifferencesinbodyweightandbodycomposition [3].It isalsodisputedifusingtherelativeworkratetostandardiseexerciseintensityisappropriate [4],[5] as individualswithhigheraerobicfitnesswillbeworkingatahigherabsoluteworkratewithincreasedheat production.thisstudyexaminedtheinfluenceofaerobicfitnessonbiophysicalcharacteristicsand thermophysiologicalresponseswhenmovingfromcompensabletouncompensableconditions,atmatched relativeandabsoluteworkrates,underconditionsofhighandlowhumidity. Methods:Eight&high&(HI)&(V,O 2max =58.73[6.28]mL.kg >1.min >1 ) andeightlowaerobicfitness(lo) (46.53[6.73]mL.kg >1.min >1 )males,matchedforbodymass,bodysurfaceareaand%bodyfatvolunteered. LOexercisedat60W(ABS)inahot>humid(28 Cstartingtemperature,80%rh[HH])andhot>dry(34 C startingtemperature,20%rh[hd])environment.hicompletedthesametrials,plusanadditionaltrialin eachconditiontomatchtherelativeintensityofthelogroupexercisingat60w(rel).t db was incrementedafter60minutesofexerciseuntilaninflectioninrectaltemperature(t reinfl ).T db,t re,upper backsweatrate(sr Back )andforearmskinbloodflow(skbf)weremeasuredatthet reinfl.datawere analysedbymixed>modelanova,withpost%hocanalysisbypaired(effectofhumidity)orindependentt> tests(effectoffitness). Results:T db% att re inflectionwaslowerinthehhconditioninbothabs(p<0.001)andrel(p<0.001) conditions.additionally,duringreltrials,t db% att reinfl waslowerforhithanlointhehhcondition (p=0.013).t re waslowerinhithanloatthet reinfl inthehhcondition duringabstrials%(p=0.010),%withno effectoffitnessorhumidityconditioninreltrials.hihadhighersr Back atthet reinfl ininbothabstrials(hh, p=0.030;hd,p=0.005)andreltrials(hh,p=0.001;hdcondition,p<0.001).skbfatthet reinfl notdiffer betweenanyofthetrials(p>0.05). Discussion:TherewasnoeffectoffitnessonT db% att reinfl atabs,buthihadalowert db% att reinfl atrelin thehhconditionreflectingthehighermetabolicheatproductionandlowercapacityforevaporativeheat loss.thedifferenceint re attheinflectionpointbetweenhiandlo,inthehhenvironment,maybedueto theneedtomaintainagradientforheatexchangefromcoretoshellunderconditionswhereanincreased SRisnotsufficienttomaintainheatloss.Nonetheless,HIindividualshavebeenshowntotoleratehigherT c temperaturesthanlocounterpartswhenexercisingintheheat [2] andthepracticalsignificanceofthe lowert re attheinflectionpointisunclear. Conclusion:Despiteimprovedthermoregulatoryfunction,whenbodyweightandbodycompositionare controlled,aerobicfitnessdoesnotofferanybenefitintermsofthebiophysicalconditionselicitingthe transitiontouncompensableheatstresswhenexercisingagivenabs.moreover,thet reinfl mayoccurata lowert db inhiindividualswhenworkingatmatchedrelunderconditionsthatlimitevaporativeheatloss. Finally,HIindividualsmayshowaT reinfl atalowert re during exerciseatagivenabsinhhconditions. References: [1]Aoyagi,Y.,McLellan,T.M.&Shephard,R.J.Sport.Med.23, (1997). [2]McLellan,T.M.Comp.Biochem.Physiol.A.Mol.Integr.Physiol.128, (2001). [3]Jay,O.,Bain,A.R.,Deren,T.M.,Sacheli,M.&Cramer,M.N.Am.J.Physiol.>Regul.Integr.Comp.Physiol.301,832 41(2011). [4]Gass,G.C.,McLellan,T.M.&Gass,E.M.Eur.J.Appl.Physiol.Occup.Physiol.63, (1991). [5]Saltin,B.&Hermansen,L.J.Appl.Physiol.21, (1966).6.Ichinose>Kuwahara,T.etal.Exp.Physiol.95, (2010). 67

68 Evaluation*of*firefighters *heat*strain*using*heart*rate*during%breaks%at%work% Siyeon%Kim,%%JooMYoung%Lee*%% COM:FORTLaboratory,CollegeofHumanEcology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea. Introduction:Real>timemonitoringoffirefighters heatstrainduringworkhasbeenattemptedby recordingdeepbodytemperatureandheartrate(hr).however,monitoringdeepbodytemperaturewith HRduringfirefightingiscumbersomeandinconvenientforfirefighters.Furthermore,monitoringeither deepbodytemperatureorhrsolelydoesnotreflectfullheatstrainduringfirefightingwhilewearing personalprotectiveclothingwithself>containedbreathingapparatus(scba).becausethecapacityofscba islimitedto30~45min,firefightersshouldtakeshortbreaksduringfirefightingtoreplacethescba.inthe US,theyprovideguidelinestohavefirefighterstakeaminimum10minbreakafterusingabottleofSCBA, andaminimum20minbreakafterusingtwobottlesofscba.however,itismorehelpfultopreventheat> relatedillnessanddiseasesoffirefighetrsifweproposeanecessarybreaktimebasedonnon>invasively> monitoredphysiologicalresponse.thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatethepossibilityofhr asaheatstainindexforfirefightersduringrestperiods. Methods:Twelveprofessionalmalefirefightersparticipatedinanexperimentwearingfirefighters personalprotectiveequipment(15kg)withintermittentexercisesatanairtemperatureof32 o Cand43% rh.participantsbeganeachtrialwitha10minrestandperformedtwoboutsof15minexercisesona treadmillat5.5km.hr >1 (60%VO 2max )thatwereseparatedby10minofseatedrest.hr,rectaltemperature (T re ),andoxygenconsumptionweremeasured.t re.break and T re.break weredefinedast re duringrestperiods andchangesint re duringrest,respectively.linearregressionequationswerederivedbetweenhrandt re. Heartratewasexpressedasabsolute(HR absolute, bpm)andrelativevalues(hr relative, %HR max ). Results:Duringrestperiods,significantregressionequationswerederivedbetweenHRandT re; and betweenhr and T re :T re.break =0.035õHR relative 35.83(R 2 =0.722,P<0.05)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[Eq.1] T re.break =0.0008õHR relative >0.0066(R 2 =0.506,%P<0.05)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>[Eq.2] T t = %HR "#$ (8 %HR "#$ 66) 10 t(r 2 =0.708,%P<0.05)>>[Eq.3] Byusing[Eq.3],wecalculatedHRreferencevalueswhichcanidentifywhenitissafetocontinue15min, 30minor45minoperationsafterbreaks(Fig.1).Forexample,tocontinuea15minofoperationaftera breakatworkwithoutanyheat>relatedillness,hrduringthebreakshouldbelessthan70%hr max (39 o CT re predicted). A.% Predicted T re after operation ( C) Heat stroke Danger Alarm min 30min 15min B.% HR absolute (bpm) HR relative (%HR max ) Conclusion:Weconfirmedthepossibilityofusingaheartrateindexduringbreaksatworktoevaluate firefighters heatstrain.usingheartrateduringbreaksatwork,wecandeterminewhethertocontinueor stopfirefighters operationsinhotenvironments.however,furtherstudiesarerequiredtoconfirmthe validityofusingaheartrateindexinvariousthermalenvironmentsandworkintensitiesoffirefightingto determinewhenitissafetoreturntowork Predicted T re after operation ( C) Heat stroke Danger Alarm min 30min 15min Fig.%1.%Referencevaluesofheart rate to commence firefighting operations for 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min. A: Absolute value ofheartrate(bpm),b:relative valueofhr(%hr max ).

69 Vasomotor(responses(to(hypoxia(and(cold(air% Heather%C.%Massey*,%%James%R.%House%,%Michael%J.%Tipton%% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Introduction: At altitude hypoxia coexists with other environmental stressors, in particular cold. Cold injury(ci)remainsafrequentpathologicalconsequenceofexposuretoaltitude(>2800m)[1].anumberof studies [2,3] have examined extremity vasomotor responses during local cold stress in controlled laboratoryconditionsathighaltitudeandhavesuggestedthatsystemicarterialhypoxiaexaggeratescold> induced cutaneous vasoconstriction and impairs any cold>induced vasodilatation (CIVD) response. Recently,Keramideset%al.[4]reportedthathypoxicexposureimpairsthelocalrewarmingresponseofthe hands. In this way, hypoxia increases the risk of CI for a given temperature, but this hypothesis has not beentestedinadynamicairenvironmentorduringwholebodyexposuretothethermalstimulus,similar tothatwhenataltitude.itisthisdynamicresponsewhichdeterminesthe dose ofcoldexperiencedby the extremities and thereby the risk of CI. It was hypothesized that vasoconstriction and vasodilatation wouldoccuratwarmerskintemperatureswhenbreathingahypoxiccomparedtonormoxicgasmixture. Methods: Fourteen volunteers (males and females) gave their informed consent to participate in the ethicallyapprovedstudyduringwhichtheyworeshortsandat>shirttheninspirednormoxicair(f I O 2 :0.209 [N]),orahypoxicgasmixture(F I O 2 :0.113[H])inabalancedorder.Throughoutgradualcooling(>26 o C.hr >1 ) and rewarming (28.5 o C.hr >1 ) phases, skin temperatures (T sk ) were measured continuously (at the chest, arm, thigh, exposed calf, right index finger and right Great toe) with skin thermistors, and laser Doppler skinbloodflowmeasuredontherightgreattoe,littletoe,thumbandlittlefinger.assessmentoftheonset andmaximalvasoconstriction,andonsetofvasodilatationweremadebyindependentvisualinspectionby tworesearcers,usinga%prioridefinitions;meanskintemperatures(t msk )atthesepointswerecompared. Results:Duringthecoolingphase,theonsetofvasoconstrictionofthethumbandlittlefingeroccurredat highert msk HthanN(Thumb;H,34.27[0.78] o C,N,33.83[0.82] o CP=0.021;Littlefinger;H34.15[1.06] o C, N,33.37[0.89] o C,P=0.009).Maximalvasoconstrictionofthethumbandlittlefingeroccurredathigher T msk inhypoxiathannormoxia(thumb;h,32.00[1.43] o C,N,31.08[1.31] o CP=0.025;Littlefinger;H32.39 [1.09] o C,N,31.58[1.25] o C,P=0.003).GreaterT sk wasobservedattheonsetofvasoconstrictioninthelittle toe(h,34.63[0.85] o C,N,33.87[0.95] o CP=0.001),butwasnotseenatmaximalvasoconstrictionoratany pointonthegreattoe.theonsetofvasodilatationoccurredatawarmert msk inhcomparedtoninthe thumb(h,32.82[1.88] o C,N,32.01[1.65],P=0.011)andlittlefinger(H,32.78[1.95] o C,N,32.05[1.72] o C, P=0.006),butnotintheGreattoeorlittletoe. Discussion: Acuteexposuretonormobarichypoxiaincombinationwithwholebodycoolingresultedin vasoconstrictionatwarmertskcomparedtoanormoxicconditioninthehandsbutnotthefeetwiththe exception of the little toe. Similarly, the onset of vasodilatation occurred at higher T sk in hypoxia than normoxiainthehandsonly.therefore,ingeneral,thehypothesiscanbeacceptedforthehands,butnot thefeet.thereasonforthedifferentresponsesofthehandsandfeetisnotclear,butmayrelatetothe greatersensitivityofthefeettocoolingresultinginvasoconstrictionathighert sk inallconditions. Conclusion:Hypoxiaandgradualcoolingresultsinvasomotorresponseswhichincreasethe doseofcold experiencedattheextremities,primarilythehands,andthereforeincreasestheriskofci. References: [1]Harirchi,I.,Arvin,A.,Vash,J.H.,&Zafarmand,V.(2005).BritishJournalofSportsMedicine,39(12),898>901. [2]Takeoka,M.,etal.,(1993).InternationalJournalofBiometeorology,37(1),27>31. [3]Purkayastha,S.S.,etal.,(1999).TheJapaneseJournalofPhysiology,49(2),159>167. [4]Keramides,M.,Kolegard,R.,Mekjavic,I.,Eiken,O.,(2014).HighAltitudeMedicineandBiology,15(2),183>191.% % 69

70 The%Effect%of%a%Live5High/Train5High%Regimen%on%Emotional%State% % Adam%C.%McDonnell 1,2 *,%Nektarios%A.M.%Stavrou 3,4,%Ola%Eiken 5,%Igor%B.%Mekjavic 1% 1 DepartmentofAutomation,BiocyberneticsandRobotics,JozefStefanInstitute,JamovaCesta39,1000 Ljubljana,Slovenia. 2 JozefStefanInternationalPostgraduateSchool,JamovaCesta39,1000Ljubljana, Slovenia. 3 Aspetar,OrthopaedicandSportsMedicineHospital,Doha,Qatar. 4 National&Kapodistrian UniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece. 5 DepartmentofEnvironmentalPhysiology,RoyalInstituteof Technology,Stockholm,Sweden.*Correspondingauthor:adam.mcdonnell@ijs.si Introduction:Wehavepreviouslyreported[1]that10>dhypoxicbedrestinducespsychologicalstrain, whichisnotevidentduringnormoxicbedrest.inaddition,dailyambulationwhileconfinedtoahypoxic environmentalsoappearstopreventthehypoxicinactivityinducedpsychologicalstrain.inviewofthe growingpopularityofhypoxictraining,particularlyamongwinterathleteswholiveandtrainataltitude (Live>High/Train>High,LH/TH),weinvestigatedtheeffectofsuchatrainingregimenonemotionalstate,as wellasontheinteractionamongthepsychologicalindices. Methods:Fourteenmaleparticipantstookpartina10>dconfinementtonormobarichypoxia(P I O 2 =88.2 ±0.6mmHg;simulatedaltitudeof4175m),conductedattheOlympicSportCentrePlanica(Rateče, Slovenia).TheparticipantswererandomlyassignedeithertoaLive>High/Train>Highgroup(LH/TH:two60> minutemoderateintensityexercisesessionsdailyonacycleergometer),ortoalive>high(lh)group.the participantscompletedtheprofileofmoodstates(poms)andthepositiveaffectandnegativeaffect Schedule(PANAS)instruments,twodaysbeforetheonsetoftheconfinement(PRE),onthe3 rd (D3),7 th (D7)and10 th (D10)day oftheconfinementandontheseconddayofrecovery(post). Results:TherewerenosignificantdifferencesrevealedacrossthefivemeasuresinthePOMSorPANAS subscalesineithergroup(lh/th:p=0.325to0.788,lh:p=0.345to0.760).highpositivecorrelations wererevealedamongthenegativemoods(depression,anger,confusion,fatigueandtension)during hypoxicconfinement(d3:r mean =0.88,D7:r mean =0.81,D10:r mean =0.60),whilelowtomediumnegative correlationswererevealedbetweenthepositiveandnegativepsychologicalindices. Conclusion:HypoxicconfinementinducesahighcorrelationamongthenegativePOMSsubscalesand depression.increasingthelevelofdailyexercisetomoderatedoesnotamelioratethisnegative psychologicalprofile. % Acknowledgments:Theresearchleadingtotheseresultshasreceivedfunding,inpart,fromthe EuropeanUnion sframeworkprogramme(2007>2013)undergrantagreementno (project PlanHab:PlanetaryHabitatSimulation)andtheSloveneResearchAgency. % References: [1]Stavrou,N.A.M.;McDonnell,A.C.;Eiken,O.;Mekjavic,I.B.Psychologicalstrain:Examiningtheeffectofhypoxicbedrestandconfinement.Physiology& Behavior139,497>504(2015) 70

71 Diving&Bradycardia&of#ElderlyKorean'Women'Divers'in#Cold#Seawater:#A#Field#Report% JooMYoung%Lee*,%HyoMHyon%Lee,%Siyeon%Kim,%YoungMJoon%Jang% COM:FORTLaboratory,CollegeofHumanEcology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea. Introduction:Throughouttheworld,breath>holddivinghasbeenreportedinwomendiversinKorea (haenyeo)andjapan(ama),spongediversingreece,pearldiversinthesouthpacificandshelldiversin Australia.However,mostofthemhavebeguntouseSCUBA(self>containedunderwaterbreathing apparatus),whereaswomendiversinkoreaandjapanhavecontinuedbreath>holddiving.sinceover80% ofhaenyeosatpresentareintheirsixtiesorolder,itispredictedthatbreath>holddivingwillceasetoexist inacoupleofdecades.thereisverylittleknownaboutelderlyhaenyeos cardiovascularchanges.the purposeofthepresentstudywastoexplorethedivingpatternsandheartrateofolderkoreanwomen diverswhilebreath>holddivingincoldseawater. Methods:NinehaenyeosparticipatedinafieldstudyinJejuIsland,Korea[mean(SD)68(10)yrinage, rangedfrom56to83yr].airtemperature,airhumidity,andglobetemperaturewere14.9(1.0) o C,63(4) %RH,and18.3(1.5) o C,respectively.Airflowonthecoastwas3.4(1.0)m.s >1.Seawatertemperaturewas 10to13 o C.Werecordedheartrateat1minintervalsassoonasthehaenyeosbeganwalkingtothecoast anduntiltheyreturnedtotheirpreparatoryhouseafterdiving. Results:Average(SD)divingtimewas253(73)min.Totalfrequencyofdiveswas97(28)times(56~134 times)andtheydived23(8)timesperhour.allhaenyeosshoweddivingbradycardiawithadecreased heartrateof20(8)%atthebottomtime(101(20)bpm)whencomparedtosurfaceswimmingtime(125 (16)bpm)inthesea.Olderhaenyeoshadshorterdivingtime,lessdivingfrequencies,andlowerheartrate atwork(p<0.05). Discussion:Divingbradycardiaisaphysiologicallyprotectiveoxygen>conservingmechanismcommonin divingmammalsandbreath>holddivers.foreliteyoungmalebreath>holddiversthemean(sd)declineof heartratewas44(10)%[1].hongetal.[2]reportedanapproximate30%decreaseinheartrateduring breath>holddivingforyounghaenyeos,whilewefounda20%>decreaseinheartratefortheelderly haenyeos.thereductionsindivingtime,divingfrequencyandheartrateimplythathaenyeosvoluntarily adjusttheirworkloadalongwithadvancingageanddiminishingcardiovascularfunctions.also,theelderly haenyeosinthisstudyhadrelativelylongersurfacetimeintheseathanyounghaenyeosinprevious studies,whichisregardedasabehaviouraladaptationtocompensateforattenuatedcardiovascular capacityduetoageing. Conclusion:Thisstudyconfirmedthatelderlyhaenyeoshaddivingbradycardiaduringbottomtime,with shorterdivingtime,lessdivingfrequenciesandlowerheartratewiththeiradvancingage. References: [1]LemaîtreF,BernierF,PetitI,RenardN,GardetteB,JouliaF(2005)Heartrateresponsesduringabreath>holdingcompetitioninwell>traineddivers.Sports Med26, [2]HongSK,SongSH,KimPK,SuhCS(1967)SeasonalobservationsonthecardiacrhythmduringdivingintheKoreanama.JApplPhysiol23,

72 Effects'of'increasing'cold'exposure'on'the'oxygen'uptake'of'walking'unloaded'and'loaded' Katrina%Hinde* 1,%%Carlton%Cooke 1,%Ray%Lloyd 2 % 1 SchoolofSport,CarnegieFaculty,LeedsBeckettUniversity,Leeds,UK. 2 LeedsTrinityUniversity,Leeds,UK *Correspondingauthor:k.hinde@leedsbeckett.ac.uk Introduction:Coldexposureandloadcarriageisan#understudied#area.#Most#research#shows#that#V2O 2max isgenerallyunaffectedbycoldexposure,howeverthemajorityofresearchsuggeststhatsub>maximalo 2 consumptionincreasesforagivenworkload[1].thispilotstudyassessedtheeffectsofcoldonload carriage. Methods:4maleparticipants(age:21.8±3.4years,height:182.5±5.0cm,weight:77.8±13.5kg) completedawalkingprotocolof~1hourinarangeofdifferentambienttemperatureswithinan environmentalchamber(20 C,10 C,5 C,0 C,>5 Cand>10 C).Humiditywascontrolledat~50%while altitudewas0m(20.95%fio 2 ).Participantsworeshortsandt>shirtforalltrials.Theprotocolincludeda15 minuterestperiod,unloadedwalkingat4km.hr >1 for4minutesat0%and10%gradient.thesame workloadswererepeatedloaded(18kg)aftera5minuterest.heartratereturnedtorestinglevelsbefore eachexercisesectiontoensureprioractivitydidnotinfluencefindings.unloadedwalkingwasthen repeated.expiredairwascollectedandanalysedusingacortex3bmetalyzer(germany).statistical analysiswasperformedusingspssversion22,withsignificancedenotedbyp<0.05. Results: Table1.Mean±SDV"O 2 responses(ml.kg >1.min >1 )averagedacross0%and10%gradient 20 C 10 C 5 C 0 C >5 C >10 C Unloaded ± ± ± ± ± ±1.09 Loaded 21.66± ± ± ± ± ±4.13 V"O ± ± ± ± ± ±4.55 Unloaded ± ± ± ± ± ±5.53 Table1showsasignificantincreaseinV"O 2 with%load%(p=0.019).%at%all%workloads,%significant%increases%in% V"O 2 were$associated$with$decreasing$temperature$(p=0.048).$ V;O 2 valuessuggestthattheeffectofloading wasconsistent,regardlessofambienttemperature(p=0.997).whencomparingthefirstunloadedexercise boutwiththesecond,v"o 2 for20 C,10 Cand5 Cwassimilar,whereasat0 Candbelow,V"O 2 washigher inthesecondunloadedbout,butthisinteractionwasnotsignificant(p=0.158). Discussion:Theeffectofambienttemperatureonloadingwasnotsignificant,howeveradecreasein temperaturegenerallyincreasedoxygenuptake.reasonsforahigherv"o 2 responseduringcoldexposure couldbeduetoshiveringinanattempttomaintaincoretemperature[2].however,theexerciseintensity wasabovetheestimated1.5l.min >1 thresholdfortheshiveringresponse,thereforeitisunlikelythatthis wasthesolereason[3].v"o 2 canbeincreasedbynon>shiveringthermogenesis[4],thisisheatproduction fromsourcesexcludingmusclecontractionandinvolvescalorigenichormonesandbrownfatmetabolism. Musclestrengthhasalsobeenseentodecreaseincoldenvironmentsthroughadecrease'in'contractile' force&[1,5].&more&motor&units&are&therefore&recruited&to&meet&the&exercise&demands,&thus&increasing&v:o 2. References: [1]Oksa,Jetal(2004)JournalofThermalBiology,29(7>8)pp.815>818. [2]Tharion,Wetal.(2005)Appetite,44(1)pp.47>65. [3]Sandsund,Metal(1998EuropeanJournalOfAppliedPhysiologyAndOccupationalPhysiology,77,pp.297>304. [4]Ito,Retal(2013)Effectsifrainonenergymetabolismwhilerunninginacoldenvironment.InternationalJournalofSportsMedicine,34(8)pp.707>711 [5]Doubt,T.J.(1991)SportsMedicine(auckland,n.z.),11(6),pp.367>381 72

73 Relationships,of,self5identified'cold'tolerance'and'cold5induced'vasodilatation'in%the% finger'% Joonhee%Park,%JooMYoung%Lee*% COM:FORTLaboratory,CollegeofHumanEcology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea. Introduction:Thermalenvironmentsindailylife,suchasoccupationalcoldexposureandtheuseof heatingfacilitiesandwarmclothing,affectacclimatizationtobothcoldandheat.also,&cold$tolerance$can$ be#cognized#by#self>identified'evaluation.'thermallife>styleduringdailylifemightbeoneofthefactors whichaffectcold>inducedvasodilatation(civd)whendifferentdegreesofthermalstimuliareconsidered. Therefore,thisstudyinvestigatedwhetherornotCIVDresponseisrelatedtoself>identifiedcoldandheat toleranceswhichisattributabletothermallife>style. Methods:Aself>reportedsurveyandaCIVDtestwereconductedwith9malesand34females.Theself> reportedquestionnaireconsistedof28questionsaboutpersonalinformationandself>identifiedcold tolerance.eachquestionuseda4>pointscale(1:stronglydisagree,2:disagree,3:agree,and4:strongly agree).thecivdtestconsistedof10>minresting,30>minimmersion(3.8(0.3) o C)ofthemiddlefingerand 20>minrecoveryinclimaticchamber(27.9(0.1) o C).WeusedaCIVDdefinitionof>1.0 increaseinfinger skintemperature.asforcivdvariables,thefollowingcharacteristicsfromfingerskintemperaturecurves wereexamined:1)timeinminutesuntiltheonsetofthefirstcivdfollowingimmersion(t onset ),2)finger skintemperatureatwhichthefirstvasodilationoccurred(minimumfingertemperature,t min ),3)periodin minutesofthetemperatureriseforthefirstcivd(t peak ),4)maximumfingerskintemperatureduringthe firstvasodilationcycle(t max ),5)meanfingerskintemperaturefromthemomentoftheCIVDonsettothe endofthecoldimmersion(t mean ),6)differencebetweenT min andt max (amplitude).coldresistanceindex (RI)wascalculatedusingT mean,t min,andt onset. Results:Byaclusteranalysisonthesurveyresults,theparticipantsweredividedintotwogroups:high self>identifiedcoldtolerance(hsct,n=25)andlowself>identifiedcoldtolerance(lsct,n=18).lscthad lowerself>identifiedcoldtolerance,andworeheavierclothingduringdailylifethanhsct(p<0.05).lsct hadsignificantlylowermaximalfingertemperature(t max ),smalleramplitude,anddelayedonsettimeof CIVDwhencomparedtoHSCT(P<0.05).Somequestionsforexaminingtheself>identifiedcoldtolerance showedrelationshipswithcivdvariablessuchascoldtoleranceindex,t max,andamplitude(p<0.05). Discussion:HSCThadmorepronouncedandquickerCIVDreactionsandhigherfingerskintemperature whencomparedtolsct.thisisbecausehscthashigherperipheraltemperaturesduringlocalcold exposurewhencomparedtolsct.theresultoffastert onset in#hsct#shows#that#hsct#is#the#group#that#has# a"high"level"of"cold"tolerance."this"also"means"that"the"group"classification"by"self>identified'cold'tolerance' was$quite$applicable.$ Conclusion:Weprovedthatself>identificationduringdailylifeissignificantlyrelatedtophysiological responses.thisresultsuggeststhatthelevelofindividualcoldtolerancecanbeevaluatedbya standardizedquestionnaireonself>identifiedthermaltolerance.suchconvenientevaluationscanbe appliedtoschoolsormilitarycampstomonitorpeoplewhoaresensitivetocoldonascreeningstageof healthcheck>ups. ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalResearchFoundationofKorea(NRF)grantfundedbytheKoreagovernment(MSIP)(No.2014R1A2A2A ). 73

74 Differences) in) skin) temperature) responses) during) three) different) (5135 C)" whole" body" cryotherapy*exposure*durations*in*elite*rugby*league*players.% James%Selfe,%Jill%Alexander*,Joe%Costello,%Karen%May,%Nigel%Garratt,%Steven%Atkins,%Stephanie% Dillon,%Howard%Hurst,%Matthew%Davison,%Daria%Przybyla,%Andrew%Coley,%Mark%Bitcon,%Greg% Littler,%Jim%Richards.%% % Introduction:Growingeverpopularwithinelitesports,WholeBodyCryotherapy(WBC)isthetherapeutic applicationofextremecoldairforashortduration.minimalevidenceisavailablefordeterminingthe physiologicaleffectsofwbc,includingobservationofskinsurfaceanddeepbodytemperaturechanges,in particularacrossspecificpre>determinedregionsofinterest. Methods:14maleprofessionalfirstteamsuperleaguerugbyplayersworeshorts,socks,glovesandhats, whileexposedto1,2and3minutesofwbcat>135 C.EachWBCexposurewasseparatedbysevendays andfollowedacompetitiveleaguefixture.gibodytemperaturewasrecordedpre,immediatelypostand 20minutespostWBC.Non>contact,digitalinfraredthermalimagingmeasuredskinsurfacetemperature (T sk ).T sk wasmeasuredpre,immediatelypostandeveryfiveminutespostwbcexposure,upto20 minutes.fourregionsofinterest(roi)weredefined;anteriortriangleoftheneck(a),torso(b),lower abdomen(c)andtheback(d). Results:Significantreductions(p=<0.05)inmeanT sk werenotedaftereachexposureduration.averaget sk overtimedemonstratedsignificantdifferences(p=<0.05)betweenpreandimmediatelypostexposure timepoints,foreachexposure.whencomparingregionsofinterestsignificantdifferences(p=<0.05)were foundinmeant sk.whencomparingaveraget sk oflowerabdomenwitha,bandd,significantdifferences (p=<0.05)weredetermined. Discussion:Inallfourregionsofinterest,T sk wasreducedfollowingallexposuredurationsofwbc.the lowestt sk recordedwas12.1 C,inthelowerabdomen(ROIC)followinga3minuteexposureofWBC.This demonstratestheabilityofwbctoachieveskincoolingwithinadesiredtherapeuticrangeofbetween10> 15 C[1].ThepatternofchangeanddifferencesinaverageTskacrossCagainstA,BandDwasinteresting. InparticularvascularshuntingtoprotectvitalorgansinareasAandBcouldbeasuggestionastowhyT sk differedfollowingwbcexposures.asmallrisewasobservedinallexposuresincoretemperature, illustratingarelationshipwiththedropint sk,andthebody sabilitytomaintainthefunctionofvital organs.aphaseofrewarmingoccurredfollowingwbcexposureswithpostmeant sk at20minutesnot reachingpreexposuremeant sk. Conclusions:T sk therapeuticrangewasmetfollowingexposuretowbc,akeyclaimofwbcaspartofa recoverymethodwithinelitesport.considerationofvascularshuntingasdemonstratedwhencomparing ROI sisimportantasthesefindingsmayhaveimplicationsforcliniciansdecidingwhenitissafetoreturn anathletetofunctionaltasksfollowingwbc,inrelationtodexterityofperipherallimbcontrol.the graduatedphaseofreturntoactivityshouldalsobeconsideredaspostmeant sk at20minutesdonot reachpreexposuremeant sk. Reference: [1]Kennet,J,Hardaker,N,Hobbs,SandSelfeJ(2007).Coolingefficiencyof4commoncryotherapeuticagents.JAthlTrain,43(3):343>

75 Cold5induced'vasodilation'during'continuous'exercise'in'theextreme&cold&air&( 30.6% c)% % Chuansi%Gao 1 *, % LiMYen%Lin 2,%Amitava%Halder% 1,%Kalev%Kuklane 1 % 1 ThermalEnvironmentLaboratory,DivisionofErgonomicsandAerosolTechnology,DepartmentofDesign Sciences,FacultyofEngineering,LundUniversity,Box118,22100Lund,Sweden 2 DepartmentofTesting andcertification,taiwantextileresearchinstitute(ttri),6chengtianroad,tuchengdistrict,newtaipei, 23674,Taiwan.*Correspondingauthor:Chuansi.Gao@design.lth.se Introduction:Coldinducedvasodilation(CIVD)inpreviousstudieswasmostlyevokedbycoldwater immersionat0,5,and8 Coftheupperorlowerextremitieswithoutperformingphysicalwork[1].A limitednumberofinvestigationsincorporatedintermittentexercisesduringcoldairexposure[2]. LiteraturehasdocumentedthattheCIVDoccurrencedependedonthebodycoretemperature[2],[3].It wasobservedthatcivdincoldwaterimmersionwashighlyvariableacrossthefingersandwasnota generalizableresponseacrossfingersortoes[4].however,thenumberofstudiesoncoldairinduced vasodilationintheextremelycoldislimited.theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigateindividual variationsoffingercivdinrelationtothecoreandmeanskintemperaturesduringcontinuousexercisein theextremecoldair(>30.6 C). Methods:Fouryoungandhealthymalesubjectsworecoldprotectiveclothingensemble(I cl %=1.89clo) andwalkedat4met(232.8w/m 2 )onatreadmillinaclimaticchamber(t a =>30.6C,V a =0.4m/s)for90min [5].Hestrawindstopperfleecefabricgloves(relativelythin)wereused.Thecoreandskintemperatures weremeasuredrespectivelyintherectum10cmabovetheanalsphincter,andontheforeheadandleft sideofthebodyontheupperarm,forearm,hand,littlefinger,chest,scapula,thigh,calf,andlittletoe.the meanskintemperature(t sk )wascalculatedbelow. T sk %=%0.07%(T _forehead %%T _upperarm %%T _forearm )%%0.175%(T _chest %%T _scapula )%%0.05%T _hand %%0.19%T _thigh %%0.20%T _calf Results:CIVDinthelittlefingeroccurredwhenthesubjects rectaltemperatures(t re )wererelatively stableintherangeof CandtheT sk intherangeof C.Withintheseranges,the fingercivdperiodicalresponseswerenotdependentonthet re andt sk changes.theonsettime,t min,t max andt finger_mean,amplitude(t max >T min ),frequency(numberofwaves)ofthecivdwere14.6(3.5)min,3.8 (3.4) C,16.5(3.6) C,7.9(1.4) C,12.7(4.4) C,7.5(4.7)respectively. Discussion:ThefingerCIVDappearedinallfoursubjects.However,theonsettime,minimum,maximum andmeanfingertemperatures,amplitude,frequencyofthecivdvariedamongthefoursubjects.the fingercivdoccurredwhenthemeanfingertemperaturesofthefoursubjectswerebelow10 C,thusit seemstoberelatedtothelocalcoolingoftheextremitiesduringcontinuousandstableexerciseathigh metabolicrateintheextremelycoldenvironment.thecivdintoeswasnotasclearasinthefingers, whichmightbeattributedtothecontinuouswalking. Conclusion:ThefingerCIVDvariesamongthesubjects.ItsoccurrenceisnotdependentonT re andt sk changeswithinthet re andt sk ranges( Cand C),butitisassociatedwiththelocal coolingoftheextremitiesduringcontinuous90minwalkingat4metintheextremecoldair(>30.6 C). References: [1]DaanenH.A.M.,2003.EurJApplPhysiol,89:411>426. [2]FlourisA.D.,WestwoodD.A,MekjavicI.B.,CheungS.S.,2008.EurJApplPhysiol,104:491>499. [3]DaanenH.A.M,WammesL.J.A,LotensWA(1992)ProceedingsofthefifthinternationalconferenceEnvironmentalErgonomics,Maastricht,pp [4]CheungS.S.,MekjavicI.B.,2007.EurJApplPhysiol,99:701>705. [5]Gao,C.,Lin,L.,Halder,A.,Kuklane,K.,Holmér,I.,2015.AppliedErgonomics,46,44>53. 75

76 The%effect%of%mild%dehydration%on%physical%fitness%of%elderly%individuals%% % MariaMVassiliki%Andrianopoulou,%Nickos%Geladas,%Maria%Koskolou*%% DepartmentofSportsMedicineandBiologyofExercise,FacultyofPhysicalEducationandSportScience, UniversityofAthens,Greece.*Correspondingauthor: mkoskolu@phed.uoa.gr Introduction:Thedetrimentaleffectofdehydrationonexerciseperformancehasbeenstudied extensively[1].however,thereisascarcedataregardingtheimportanceofadequatehydrationonthe functionalcapacityofelderlyindividualstocarryoutdailyphysicalactivities.inthisstudy,theeffectof milddehydrationonphysicalperformanceofelderly(60to75yearsold)healthysubjectswasevaluated. Methods:Tenmaleandtenfemalehealthyparticipants,65.5(4.7)yearsold,performedafitnesstest batteryespeciallydevelopedforthispopulation,theseniorfitnesstest[2],botheuhydrated(hyd)and dehydrated(by1to2%ofbodymass)(deh),followingarandomandcounterbalancedorder.indeh, participantshadtoabstainfromfluidintakefor24hrs,whileinhydtheywereencouragedtoconsume liquidsadlibitumfor24hrs(aminimumof2.5l.day >1 wassuggested)beforeexercisetesting.hydration levelwasassessedbymeansofurinespecificgravity(usg)andurinecolorchart(ucc).ausgvalue 1020 wasdefinedasdeh,whileusg<1020ashyd.inadditiontothescoresachievedinthephysicalfitness tests,heartrate,arterialpressure,bodyweightandthirstsensationwererecordedatrestandduring recovery. Results:A1,4%lossofbodymass(p<0.001)wasachievedonaverageinDEHandtheperceptionofthirst wasgreater(p<0.001).lowerscorescomparedwiththehydconditionwereobservedinthetests:6>min walkingtest;6mwt[deh:521.3(79.4)mvs.hyd:565.8(94.8)m;p<0.001]and30>secchairsit>to>stand [DEH:17.9(5.1)rptsvs.HYD:19.5(4.1)rpts;p<0.05].Nosignificantdifference(p>0.05)wasfoundbetween DEHandHYDinthetests:armcurl[DEH:24.9(3.9)rptsvs.HYD:26.5(5.8)rpts;p=0.101],backscratch [DEH:>9.2(9,3)cmvs.HYD:>8.0(9.4)cm;p=0.119],chairsitandreach[DEH:0.0(9.1)cmvs.HYD:1(10.2) cm;p=0.118],8>feettrialupandgo[deh:5.0(1.1)secvs.hyd:4.9(1.1)sec;p=0.119].malesandfemales didnotdifferinperformanceofthefitnesstestsandnosignificantinteractionwasdetectedbetween genderandhydrationstatusinanytest(p>0.05). Discussion:Itwasshownthatevenamilddehydrationcorrespondingto1.4%ofbodymasswas adequatetoimpairperformanceoflowerextremities,asevaluatedbythesit>to>standtest,andexercise tolerance,asjudgedbythe6mwt,inelderlypeople.thedistancecoveredinthe6mwtisanindexof cardiopulmonaryenduranceandreflectsthefunctionalexerciselevelrequiredfordailyactivitiesinelderly individuals,sincemostactivitiesofdailylivingareperformedatsubmaximallevelofexertion[3]. Conclusion:Theresultsofthepresentstudyunderlinetheimportanceofadequatehydrationonadaily basisforpreservingfunctionalcapacityandexercisetoleranceinoldage. References: [1]Cotter,J.D.,Thornton,S.N.,Lee,J.K.W.,&Laursen,P.B.(2014).Arewebeingdrownedinhydrationadvice?Thirstyformore?ExtremePhysiology& Medicine,3,18. [2]Rikli,R.E.,&Jones,C.J.(1999).DevelopmentandValidationofaFunctionalFitnessTestforCommunity>ResidingOlderAdults.JournalofAgingandPhysical Activity,7,129>161. [3]ATSStatement:GuidelinesfortheSix>MinuteWalkTest(2002).AmericanJournalofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine,166, % % 76

77 Cold5Induced'Vasoconstriction'for'preventing'onycholysis&during&cancer&treatment% Lola%Bladt 1,%Jonathan%De%Clercq 1,%Tom%Janssens 1,%Johan%Van%Hulle 1,%Jochen%Vleugels 1,%JeanM Marie%Aerts 2,%Guido%De%Bruyne 1 *% 1 ProductDevelopment,FacultyofDesignSciences,UniversityofAntwerp,BE. 2 M3>BIORES,Facultyof BioscienceEngineering,KULeuven,BE.*Correspondingauthor:guido.debruyne@uantwerpen.be Introduction:Chemotherapyinducednailtoxicityisobservedinupto88%ofcancerpatients. Onycholysis,asevereformofnailtoxicityinwhichthenailisdetachedfromthenailbed,isobservedin0% to44%ofcancerpatientsundergoingataxanesbasedchemotherapy.theuseoficeglovesmayreduce incidenceratesforchemotherapyinducedonycholysis,butcausecoldandpain.inthisresearchitwas hypothesizedthattheuseoflocalactivecoolingwouldreducebloodflowinthedistalphalanxes,whilst inducinglessdiscomfortascomparedtoaniceglove. Methods:Twelvehealthytestpersons,sixmaleandsixfemale,participatedinthisstudy.Averageage was22years.threetestcaseswereinduced(independentvariables):activecoolingoftherighthandat2 C,activecoolingoftherighthandat10 Candpassivecoolingoftherighthandwithaniceglovecooledat >18 Cpriortothetest,resultingin36experiments.Activecoolingcontrolledlocalskintemperatureonthe dorsalsideoftheproximalphalangeswiththeuseofpeltierelements.localbloodflowatthedistal phalangeswasassessedwiththeuseoflaserdoppleroptometry(moorvms>ldf2)underthenailbedand withtheuseofskintemperature( C)measurementsonthepalmarsideofthephalanges(dependent variable).coolingeffectiveness(%)wasquantifiedastherelativechangeintheareaunderthecurveof bloodflowfordistalphalangesitovduringthe30minutescoolingperiodcomparedtoabaselinethatwas measuredforfiveminutespriortotheexperiment.ambientairtemperaturewas20 C(SE0.4 ).Thermal comfortwasevaluatedwiththeuseofalikertscale. Results:Thisresearchshowedthatlocalactivecoolingof2 Cismoreeffective(85.8%,P<0.05) comparedto10 C(91.5%)toinducevasoconstrictionwhenbloodflowisquantifiedthroughskin temperature.bloodflowassessedthroughlaserdoppleroptometryshowedtoolargevariationsfor providingconclusiveresultswithrespecttotheeffectivenessofpassivecooling.thermalcomfortwas significantlyhigher(p<0.05)forlocalactivecoolingascomparedtopassivecooling. Discussion&Conclusion:Localactivecoolinginducesvasoconstrictionatthedistalphalangesofahand andinduceslessdiscomfortascomparedtoaniceglove.moreresearchisneededforprovidinginsightin theunderlyingmechanismsofcoldinducedvasoconstrictionandcoldinducedvasodilationtorestrict bloodflowunderthenailbedanditseffectsonnailtoxicityandonycholysiswhentaxanesareusedduring chemotherapy. 77

78 Physiologicaltestingofabeveragesystemdesignedforlong5haul%air%travel%% James%D.%Cotter 1 *,%Evelyn%B.%Parr% 1,%%Patrick%Silcock% 2,%Fiona%Nyhof% 2,%Nancy%J%Rehrer% 1 %% 1 SchoolofPhysicalEducation,SportandExerciseSciences,and 2 DepartmentofFoodScience,University ofotago,dunedin,newzealand.*correspondingauthor:jim.cotter@otago.ac.nz Introduction:Long>haulairtravelimposesmultiplestressors,arisingfromprolongedimmobility,low humidity,modesthypobaria,circadiandisruptionandoxidativestressfromfoodandcosmicradiation[1]. Wedevelopedabeveragesystem(Flyhidrate TM a )tocounteractsucheffects,usingingredientsshownin previousresearchtobeeffectivewhenusedacutelyinachievablequantities,withlowriskofadverse effectsinunscreenedpopulations.flyhidrateisa3*330mlbeveragesystembasedonsodium>citrateand sodium>chlorideforhydration,withsupplementalingredients(esp.fruitextracts)forearly,midand/orlate phaseflyingeffects.theaimofthisstudywastodeterminethephysiologicaleffectivenessofflyhidratein labtrialsthatsimulatedlong>haulflyingtotheextentpossibleinourtestingfacilities. Methods:Inadouble>blind,placebo>controlled,crossoverdesign,12maleadultvolunteers(mean(SD): mass76(16)kg)underwenttwo7>htrials,atleastoneweekapart(bothat24.2(0.1) C,30.4(1.5)%rh). Participantswereseatedexceptfortwo10>minperiodsusedformicturition.Ineachtrial,participants consumedastandardisedsnack,mealandnormalfluids(430mlwater,teaandcoffee;adlibituminfirst trial,thenrepeatedinsecondtrial),and330mlofflyhidrateorequalvolumesofequivalently>coloured andflavouredplacebo(143kjenergyand0.8mmolsodium)at0.3,3.0and5.7h(i.e.,990mlofeach beverage).eachflyhidrate330>mldrink,dependingonitsrole,contains298>913mgpolyphenols,0>48g caffeine,255>288kjenergyand21.7mmolsodium,andhasanosmolalityof336>378mosmol/kg. Results:Urineoutputacross7hwas0.23±0.16L(mean±95%CI;%p=0.02)lowerinFlyhidratethanin Placebo(1.05(0.48)vs.1.28(0.34)L).Approximatelyhalf(0.13L)ofthisdifferencewasevidentafterthe firstdrink(p=0.01).totalbodywaterloss,assessedfrombioimpedanceanalysis,was0.4±0.4llessin Flyhidrate(p=0.05),andplasmavolumeincreasedby3.0±2.8%(p=0.04)moreinFlyhidratethanin Placebo(4.1vs1.1%).Flyhidrateprovidednocleareffectontheseating>inducedincreaseincalfgirth(0.5 vs1.3%p=0.10)oranklegirth(0.2vs0.8%;p=0.23).effectsonheartrateweresimilarlyunclear(p=0.70). Oxidativestress,asindicatedfromplasmaconcentrationofAdvancedOxidativeProteinProducts, increasedby171%forflyhidrateand199%forplacebo,withoutmeasurabledifference(p=0.50). Discussion:FluidbalanceandplasmavolumeweremaintainedmoreeffectivelywithFlyhidratethanwith amatchedvolumeofplacebobeverage,despitetheconsumptionofotherfluids.thesefindingsconcur withthosefromafieldtrialofanothersodium>basedbeverageinlong>haulflying[2].otherpotential physiologicaleffectsfromsupplementalingredientswerenotdiscernibleintheselaboratorytrials. Controlledtrialsinvolvingamorecompleterepresentationofthestressorsoflong>haulairtravelappear necessarytoexaminesucheffects. Conclusion:Thecustomisedbeveragesystemmaintainedfluidbalanceandplasmavolumemore effectivelythandidaplacebobeverage,butotherpotentialbenefitswereunclearinthissetting. AcknowledgementandDisclosure:TheconceptofthisbeveragesystemandfundingforthestudywasprovidedbyFlyhidrateLtd,NewZealand.Thanksto MichaelDessoulavyforoxidativestressanalyses. References: [1]Greenleaf,J.E.,Rehrer,N.J.,Mohler,S.R.,Quach,D.T.,&Evans,D.G.(2004).Airlinechair>restdeconditioning:inductionofimmobilisationthromboemboli? SportsMedicine,34(11),705>725. [2]Hamada,K.,Doi,T.,Sakurai,M.,etal.(2002).Effectsofhydrationonfluidbalanceandlower>extremitybloodviscosityduringlongairplaneflights.JAMA, 287:844 78

79 Pressor&threshold(of(muscle&metaboreflex*is%modulated%during%unloading%of%carotid% baroreceptors%in#humans% Masashi&Ichinose1*,"Tomoko"Ichinose2,"Kazuhito"Watanabe3,Takeshi(Nishiyasu3.% 1 Human&Integrative&Physiology&Laboratory,&School&of&Business&Administration,&Meiji&University,&Tokyo,& Japan.&2Laboratory(for(Human(Performance(Research,(Osaka(International(University,(Osaka,(Japan.( 3 Institute(of(Health(and(Sports(Science,(University(of(Tsukuba,(Tsukuba,(Japan.(*Correspondingauthor: ichinose@meiji.ac.jp Introduction:Static&and&dynamic&exercise&are&accompanied&by&increases&in&arterial&blood&pressure,&heart& rate%and%sympathetic%nerve%activity.itisthoughtthattheactivationofthemusclemetaboreflexisoneof majormechanismsforevokingthepressorresponsesduringheavyintensityexercise[1].ithasbeen shownthat$the$arterial$baroreflex$buffersthemusclemetaboreflex>mediatedpressorresponses[2]." However,(it(is(unknown(whether(the(carotid(baroreflex(modifies(muscle(metaboreflex%function%in%humans.% Therefore,thepurposeofthisstudywasto#investigate#the#effects#of#unloading#of#carotid#baroreceptors#on# threshold)and)gain)of)the)muscle)metaboreflexinhumans."" Methods:Subjects(ninemalesandonefemalewith%a%mean%age%of#23(2)years,'a'body'weight'of'63.2 (3.0)kg,and$a$height$of$171.0(2.8)cm.)performed(static(handgrip(exercise(at(50%(of(maximum(voluntary( contraction.)thecontraction(was(sustained(for(15,(30,(45(and(60(s,(followed(by(3(min(of(circulatory(arrest,( respectively.,it,has,been,demonstrated,that,in,this,maneuver,,forearmmuscular(ph(during(the(ischemia( linearly(decreases(with(increasing(contraction(time[3]."the"carotid&baroreceptors&were&unloaded&by&0.1&hz& sinusoidal)neck)pressure)(oscillates)from)15)to)50)mmhg))during)the)third)min)of)ischemia.)we)compared) cardiovascularresponsesduringtheischemiawithandwithoutunloadingofthecarotidbaroreceptors.in addition,we"estimated"the"threshold"and"gain"of"the"muscle"metaboreflex"by"analyzing"the"relationship" between&cardiovascular&responses&during&the&third&min&of&ischemia&and&amount&of&work&during&handgrip& (i.e.,&integrated&values&of&handgrip&force). Results:Duringunloadingofcarotidbaroreceptors,the#muscle#metaboreflex#thresholds#for#meanarterial' blood%pressure(map)and$fortotalvascularresistance(tvr)located(significantly(lower(work(amount( compared)tothoseincontrolconditions(thresholdformap:795(32)vs.662(66),fortvr:818(67)vs.572 (92)kg.s,p<0.05).The#gains#of#the#muscle#metaboreflex#that#were#estimated#as#maximum#rate#of#changes# in#hemodynamic#values#to#change#in#work#amount#were#not#different#betweenthesetwoconditions (gain formap:4.9(0.5)vs.4.4(0.5)mmhg.kg.s>1.100,fortvr:1.3(0.3)vs.1.3(0.2)mmhg.l>1.min>1.kg.s>1.100)."" Discussion:Ourresultsshowthatunloadingofcarotidbaroreceptorslowersthepressorthresholdofthe musclemetaboreflexinhumans.thisindicates)that)under)normal)blood)pressure)conditions,)the)carotid) baroreflex)shifts)the)threshold)to)a)higher)metabolic)stimulation)level)and)thus)inhibits)the)muscle) metaboreflexmediatedpressorresponse. Conclusion:We#conclude#that#the#carotid#baroreflex)modifies)the)muscle)metaboreflex)threshold)in) humans.wesuggestthatthemodulationofthemusclemetaboreflexfunctionthroughcarotidbaroreflex wouldcontributetocardiovascularregulationsduringexercise. References: [1]Rowell&LB,O Leary(DS.(Reflex(control(of(the(circulation(during(exercise:(chemoreflex(and(mechanoreflexes.(J(Appl(Physiol(1990,69,407>418. [2]Sheriff'DD,'O Leary'DS,'Scher'AM,'Rowell'LB.'Baroreflex'attenuates'pressor'response'to'graded'muscle'ischemia'in'exercising"dogs."Am"J"Physiol"Heart"Circ" Physiol(1990,258,H305>H310. [3]Nishiyasu(T,(Ueno(H,(Nishiyasu(M,(Tan(N,(Morimoto(K,(Morimoto(A,(Deguchi(T,(Murakami(N.(Relationship(between(mean(arterial(pressure%and%muscle%cell%pH% during'forearm'ischaemia'after'sustained"handgrip.acta%physiol%scand%1994,151,143>148.# 79

80 Key%considerations%for%a%pre5emergency%survival%pack:%a%hypothetical%case%study% % Alvin%Khah*,%Jason%Lee% HumanPerformanceLaboratory,DefenceMedicalandEnvironmentalResearchInstitute,DSONational Laboratories.Singapore*Correspondingauthor:kkokleon@dso.org.sg Introduction:Populationsaffectedbynaturaldisastersusuallyrelyheavilyonsearchandrescue operationsandreliefsuppliestosustaintheirroadtorecovery.itisobservedthatfewsurvivorsare recoveredafter2weeks 1 ofcontinuoussearchandrescueeffortsandlimitedresourcesaredistractedfrom aidingrescuedsurvivors.hence,individualslivinginnaturaldisasterproneareasorhavereceivedearly warningforanimpendingdisastermayconsiderowning/beprovidedwithapre>emergencynutritional packforself>sufficiency.inaddition,collapsedstructuresmayentrapvictimsinconfinedspaceswith limitedoxygensupplyandfacesthedangerofhypercapnia,soahypotheticalexampleofa20yearold healthymalein14dayentrapmentwasusedtodemonstratethedietary,co 2 outputandco 2 scrubbing requirements.acommerciallyavailable20gproteinbarandlithiumhydroxide(lioh)powderwereusedin thecalculationstoshowhowthecontentofsuchapre>emergencypackcanbetailored. Methods:CalculationsbasedonpublishedsourcesofdietaryrequirementsandCO 2 emissionofanadult. Results: Table1.Emergencypackrequirementsfora20yearoldhealthymaleof70kgtosurviveanentrapmentin10m 3 spacewithhealthyweightlossandmaintainingco 2 concentrationatinitiallevel. % Daily% 14%days% 80 Example%of%pre5Emergency%Pack% for%14%days% Energy% 1190kcal 16660kcal Carbohydrate[2]% 130g 1820g 70%bars%of% commercially% Protein[2]% 56g 784g available%20%g%protein%bar % Fat% 49.5g 693g Sodium%[2]% 500mg 7000mg Water[3]% 2.5L 35L 35%L% CO 2 %to%be%scrubbed% 0.637m m 3 24%kg%of%LiOH% Discussion:ThedietaryrequirementsinTable1providetheminimumnutritionforsustenanceand minimiseco 2 outputfromtheentrapped20yearoldhealthymaleweighing70kgthrough14daysina10 m 3 space.theco 2 scrubbingcapacityofthispre>emergencypackshouldalsoscrubanyco 2 produced throughrespirationbythevictimduringthisperiodofentrapment.anydietaryand/orco 2 scrubbing alternativescanbeevaluatedagainsttheserequirementsandselectedintothepre>emergencypack. Conclusion:Preventionisbetterthancureinmost,ifnotall,harmfulsituations.Thisnovelpre> emergencysurvivalpackisaconvenient firstaidkit fornaturaldisasters.acarefullydesignedpre> emergencypackcanbeeasilyadaptedtotheuniqueconditionsofvariousdisastersandenhancethe survivabilityofavictimentrappedunderdebrisatasiteofnaturaldisaster.earlydistributionofpre> emergencysurvivalpackswillalsoensureisolatedruraldwellerstobeself>sufficient,duringtheaftermath ofanaturaldisaster,whileawaitingarrivalofreliefsupplies. References: [1]MacintyreAG,BarberaJAandSmithER(2006).Surviving%collapsed%structure%entrapment%after%earthquakes:%a% time5to5rescue %analysis.prehospdisaster Med.21(1):4>17;discussion18>9. [2]NationalResearchCouncil(2006).DietaryReferenceIntakes:TheEssentialGuidetoNutrientRequirements.Washington,DC:TheNationalAcademiesPress. [3]ReedBandReedB(2011).How%much%water%is%needed%in%emergencies?WEDC,LoughboroughUniversity,UK.

81 RespiratorymechanicsinfluenceVO 2max in#acute#hypoxia%infemales'% Teruhiro Hanamaru 1,%Tsuyoshi%Yoshikawa 1, Takeshi%Nishiyasu 2,%Takeshi%Ogawa 1 *%% 1 DepartmentofPhysicalandHealthEducation,OsakaKyoikuUniversity,Japan. 2 InstituteofHealthand SportsScience,UniversityofTsukuba,Japan.*Correspondingauthor:ogawat@cc.osaka>kyoiku.ac.jp Introduction:Themagnitudeofdecreaseinmaximaloxygenuptake(VO 2max )inhypoxia(h)ismore pronouncedinmaleenduranceathletes.inthesesubjects,highpulmonaryventilation(v E )couldbe beneficialinmaintainingvo 2max inh[1].becausefemaleshavesmallerchestwallsandnarrowerairways thanmales,v E duringintensiveexerciseismechanicallylimited[2].thus,itishypothesisedthatinfemales, respiratoryresponseandmechanicsinfluencedthemagnitudeofdecreaseinvo 2max inhrelativetomales, despitelowervo 2max infemalesthaninmales.totestthishypothesis,westudied22healthymalesand femalesastheyperformedanexhaustivecyclingtestinhandnormoxia(n)conditions. Methods:Twenty>twohealthymales(n=12;VO 2max :51(7)ml.kg >1.min >1,age;21(2)yr,stature;172(3)cm, mass;66(6)kg)andfemales(n=10;vo 2max =44(6)ml.kg >1.min >1, age;21(1)yr,stature;159(4)cm,mass; 53(8)kg)performedtheincrementalcycleexercisetestuntilexhaustionunderN(20.9%O 2 )andh(15.0% O 2 )conditions.duringtheexercisetest,wemeasuredvo 2max andv Emax.Tomechanicallyassessthe respiratorywork,wemeasuredtranspulmonarypressurebysubtractingmouthpressurefromesophageal pressureandcalculatedworkofbreathing(wob)astheintegratedareaoftheptp>volumeloop. Results:ThepercentagedecreaseinVO 2max inh(%dvo 2max )tendedtobelargerinfemalesthaninmales ( 16%inmalesand 21%infemales,p<0.06).V E /VO 2 wassignificantly(p<0.05)higherinfemalesthan males,anditwassignificantly(p<0.01)higherinhthaninninbothgenders.infemalesonly,the% dvo 2max inhwassignificantlycorrelatedtotheextentofchangeinv Emax (r=0.79,p<0.05).incomparison withn,wob/v E inhtendedtobelowerinmales( 13.1%)whereasitwas14.6%higherinfemales(not significant).furthermore,infemales,the%dvo 2max inhwassignificantlycorrelatedtowob/v E inh(r= 0.76,p<0.05). Discussion:Theseresultssuggestthatfemaleshavelowerventilatorymechanicalefficiencythanmales, andveisoneofthefactorscausingthisdecreaseinvo 2max inh.further,thereisapossibilitythatthe oxygendemandattherespiratorymusclesgreatlyincreasesagainsttheincreaseinv E inh.thus,high respiratorymuscleworkcompromisesbloodflowtotheactivemuscles[3],therebylimitingtheirpeak workrateandvo 2max inh. Conclusion:Ourfindingsdemonstratedthatinfemales,therespiratorymuscleworkefficiencyaffectedthe decreaseinvo 2max inh,adecreasewhichtendedtobelargerinfemalesthaninmales,despitethelower VO 2max infemalescomparedwithmales. References: [1]OgawaTetal.,Theeffectsofbreathingahelium oxygengasmixtureonmaximalpulmonaryventilationandmaximaloxygenconsumptionduringexercisein acutemoderatehypobarichypoxia.eurjapplphysiol,110:853>861(2010). [2]McClaranSRetal.,Smallerlungsinwomenaffectexercisehyperpnea.JApplPhysiol84:1872>81(1998). [3]HarmsCAetal.,Respiratorymuscleworkcompromiseslegbloodflowduringmaximalexercise.JApplPhysiol82:1573>83(1997). % % 81

82 Smart%protective%clothing%for%cold%climate% % Hilde%Færevik% SINTEFTechnologyandSociety,DepartmentofHealthResearch,7465Trondheim,Norway Correspondingauthor:hilde.ferevik@sintef.no Intheyearsahead,asignificantincreaseinhumanactivityintheArcticisexpected.SeveralEuropean countriesareinvolvedinarcticbusinessthroughnaturalresources,oilandgas,mining,fisheries,the growingtourismsector,transportandnavigationaswellastechnologysuppliersanddevelopersforthose fields.year>roundactivityinthisareainvolvesmorechallengingclimaticconditionsandthereisan increasedawarenessofthepotentialhazardsandrisksassociatedwithhumanactivityinthiscold,harsh environment. Smarttextilesofferanopportunitytodevelopmoreefficientandadvancedclothingandpersonal protectiveequipmenttoensurethecomfort,health,safetyandperformanceofpeopleworkingandliving incoldclimate.thislecturewillpresentsomeexamplesofrecenttechnology,researchanddevelopment ofsmartprotectiveclothingforworkandemergencysituationsinthecoldandalsosomeoftheobstacles toinnovation. Sensorsintegratedinclothingcanprovideinformatione.gaboutambienttemperature,relativehumidity, vibration,activityandphysiologicalparameters.thiscanbeusedasatooltomonitortheworker swiththe useofwirelessdatatransmissiontogiveearlydetectionofhazardoussituationinthecold.suchaclothing systemcanpotentiallyprovideanimproveddecisionsupportsystembyprovidingmoreprecisethreshold limitsforsafeperformanceinthecold.activealarmingsystemscanalsobeintegratedinclothingforusein sailing,fishingetc.todetectmanoverboardsituations.advancesinmaterialsandtextilesmayprovide improvedthermoregulation,insulationandcomfort.anewgenerationoftextileswhichadaptsits insulationandbreathabilityaccordingtothesurroundingenvironmenthasbeendevelopedrecentyears. ExamplesofsuchadaptivetechnologiesaretheSchoellerC>changewhichreferstothe"pineconeeffect", wheretheheatandmoisturepermeabilityadaptsinresponsetohumiditychangesinthemicro>climateof theclothingsystem.anotherexampleofthermoregulativematerialsisphasechangematerials(pcm) whichhastheabilitytostoreandreleaselatentheatasthephaseschange.pcmhasthepotentialto reducethermalstressandimprovethermalcomfortwhenintegratedinclothing,absorbingheatduring periodswhenexternalheatloadexceedstheheatlossandreleasingheatwhentheprocessisreversed. AnotherexampleofimprovedtechnologyforcoldprotectiveclothinginsulationisAerogelswhichconsists of90%airand10%silica.aerogelhastheadvantageofbeingextremelylightweightwhileprovidinghigh insulation;itishoweververybrittleandexpensive.thecoatingofcoldprotectiveclothingmaybe improvedbyimplementingself>repairfunctionality.thisismicrocapsulesthatcontainahealingagentthat willcureand heal thedamagedareaofthetextile. Smarttextilesofferopportunitiesforimprovedcoldclimateclothing.Despitethenumerousresearchand developmentprojectsinthisarea,thewayfromresearchprototypestorealproductshaveinmanycases beendifficult.someofthetechnologiesareimmatureandnotreadyforlargescalemanufacturing. Usability,durability,maintenance,affordability(cost)isachallengefordevelopingtrulysmartclothing systems.significantdevelopmentisoftenrequiredbeforetheprototypescanenterthecommercial market,andonemainchallengeisthedifficultiesonbuildingabridgebetweentwohighlyunlikesectors, textileandelectronicindustry. % 82

83 Making%chemical%&%biological%protective%gloves%vapour%permeable%reduces% thermoregulatory%strain%better%than%making%armour,%respirator%or%overboots%permeable Christie%Garson 1,%Michael%J%Tipton 1 %and%james%r%house 1* % 1 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Portsmouth,UK.*Correspondingauthor:jim.house@port.ac.uk Introduction:Wearingchemicalandbiological(CB)protectiveequipmentcausesthermoregulatorystrain by restricting evaporative cooling. We identified [1] that a moisture vapour impermeable (MVIP) body armourliner(bal)imposedagreaterthermalburdenthanmvipcbgloves(g),overboots(o)orrespirator (R). The previous study progressively and cumulatively removed these MVIP items across 5 conditions whenwearingacbprotectivesuit.thisstudyisarepeat,exceptthatitemswereremovedinisolationand replacedforsubsequentconditionstomaintainamoreuniformthermalloadacrosscomparisons.theaims ofthisstudyweretoquantifythethermalburdenimposedbyeachmvipitemwhilstmaintainingahigh thermalloadbetweenconditionstoidentifythepotentialbenefitsiffutureequipmentwasmademoisture vapourpermeable(mvp).asecondaimwastodeterminewhetherthepreviousexperimentaldesign[1] influencedthethermalburdenimposedbyeachmvipitem.wehypothesisedthatremovalofamvipitem wouldreduceheatstraininthisorderbal>g>r>o. Methods:Followingafavourableethicalopinion,13malesvolunteeredforthisfive>condition,repeated measures study, stepping at a light intensity (VO ml.kg >1.min >1 ), interspersed with 20>minute rest periodsinahotanddryenvironment(40.5 Cand20%rh)foramaximumof170minutes;thelasthour beingcontinuouswork.conditionsvariedinwhichcombinationsofmvipitemswerewornwithacbsuit. InControl(CON)allitemswereworn,insubsequentconditions,onlyoneitemwasremoved:N R (nor), N BAL (nobal),n G (nog)andn OB (noo).whenremovedthemassoftheitemwassubstitutedatthesame bodysitetherebysimulatingthatitem100%mvpbutwithoutreducingthemetaboliccostofwearingthe item. Results:RemovingGreducedthermoregulatorystrainmost,as7participantscompletedthefull60minof steppinginthefinalworkperiodcomparedto1(con),2(n OB ),5(N R )and5(n BAL ).RemovingGattenuated therateofincreaseinrectaltemperature(t re )duringthefinalworkperiodcomparedtoconby0.37 C.hr > 1 (p<0.001)resultingina6%extensiontosteppingtimeduringthefinalworkperiod(p<0.05).predicted tolerance time (TT) to a T re of 40 C (participants stopped when T re = 39 C) was extended by 13.3 % (p<0.01). In N G, the rate of cooling was augmented in the final rest period with the final change in T re loweredby0.14 C(p<0.01).Theriseinmeanbodytemperaturewasattenuatedfrom90minuteswiththe greatest attenuation being 0.24 C (p<0.0001) in N G. During N G the physiological strain index (PSI) was reducedby12.7%(p<0.001).removinggalsoreducedrpeduringrest2(p<0.05),finalwork(p<0.001) and final rest (p<0.0001) and improved ratings of thermal comfort during final work (p<0.01) and rest (p<0.001). Removing BAL increased sweat evaporation by 10.2 %, yet did not extended TT. Removing R improved the PSI by 15.7 % (p<0.05) but did not improve TT. Removing O did little to reduce thermoregulatorystrain. Conclusion: With the thermal load maintained across conditions, removal of any of the MVIP items reducedthethermalburdenwithremovinggcausingthegreatestreductiontothermoregulatorystrain. Thisisincontrastto[1]whereBALaffordedthebiggestbenefitwhenremoved.Thismethodratherthan [1] offers a better assessment of the contributing burden of protective equipment in human studies. We partlyacceptourhypothesis;thermalstrainwasreducedmostbyremovingg,notbal. Reference: 1.Garson,C.,Dennis,M.,Tipton,M.J.&House,J.R.(2015).Proceedingsofthe16 th InternationalConferenceofEnviron% % 83

84 Assessing'thermal'resistance'of'wet'suits'on'human'subjects'during'aquatic'activity'by'a' heat%flux%method% Bernard%Redortier*,%%Emmanuelle%Brossard,%Remi%Tillol,%Remi%Goffinet% DecathlonSportsLab,ThermalComfortLaboratory,Villeneuved Ascq,France.*Correspondingauthor: Introduction:Thermalprotectionofwetsuitsforaquaticsport(surfing,snorkelling,outdoorswimming) isimpactedbydesign(stretchandfit,typeofseams,designofopenings)aswatercominginandflushing betweentheskinandsuitdramaticallyincreasesbodyheatloss.wedevelopedatestprotocolfor measuringthermalresistanceofasuitonahumansubjectwhileperforminganactivityinwater.sixsurf suitswerecomparedandtwoswimmingsuitsdifferingbythicknessandstretchofneoprene,typeof seamsandneckdesign. Methods:Thetestisoperatedinaswimmingpool1.3mdeep,equippedwithacounter>currentflow systemandanindoorrowerfixedonthebottom.watertemperatureisbetween18and24 C,no regulationrequired. Ultra>thinandsensitiveheatfluxsensors(Captec,size10mmx10mmx0.6mm,3μV.W >1.m >2 )measuringheat loss(w.m >2 )andtemperature( C)aretapedonskinofahumansubject(19sensorsintotal:torsofront5, torsoback5,arm4,leg5).thesubjectisthendressedwiththesuit,pluswhenrequiredshoesgloves, maskscuba.afterenteringthewaterthesubjectexercisesfor10minutes:eitherrowingfullyimmersed fortestingsurf/snorkellingsuit,orfrontcrawlswimmingforswimmingsuit;therowingexerciseelicits movementsofallbodysegmentsandfavourswaterentranceintheback,whilebeingeasytostandardise. Thenthesubjectstaysimmersedatrestinstillwaterfor8minutes.Measurementsareintegratedoverthe lastthreeminutesofactiveandrestconditionintoregional(arms,legs,torsofront,torsoback)andwhole bodythermalresistances.theexperimentisreplicatedwith6subjects. Results&Discussion: (1)Wholebodyresistance(95%c.i.<=10%)rankedthesuitsinagreementwithusualperceptioninreal use,validatingtherealismofthetestprotocol. (2)Thedifferenceonthermalresistancebetweenactiveandrestconditionisduetowaterentranceinto thesuitinducedbyactivity,whichwecharacterisedbyaleakresistance(m 2.K.W >1 )inparallelwith resistanceofrestcondition,outofwhichaneffectiveleakflow(ml.min >1 )wascalculated.forsurfsuits, legsandarmsdidnotshowsignificantwaterleak,asthesuittightlyfittedthelimbs.onthetorsoforthe suitwithsewedseamsaleakflowof60ml.min >1 wasfound(turningintoa20%lossofthermalresistance), 30mL.min >1 forsimilarstylebutwithgluedseams,15ml.min >1 forimprovedstyleandstretch,4ml.min >1 fortopoftherangefrontzipdesign.forswimmingsuits,forwhichopeningsatneckandcuffsfacedthe waterflow,morethan50%ofthethermalinsulationwaslostbywaterflushingintheback,35%forarms. Highstretchneoprene,whichisrequiredforergonomicsreasons,wasfoundtofavourwaterentranceand tobeanegativefactorforthermalprotectionduringtheswimmingphase. Conclusion:Besidesanassessmentofthermalinsulationforcomparingsuitsorcalculatingtheir temperaturerangeofuse,themethodalsoquantifieswaterflushforeachbodysegmentandbyhow muchconceptualanddesignfeaturesimpactinsulation. References [1]"Heatexchangesinwetsuits",WolffA.,ColeshawS.,NewsteadC.,KeatingeW.,JournalofAppliedPhysiology1985:770>777 [2]"Acalorimetricvalidationofevaporativeanddryheatlossesmeasuredwithheatflowtransducers",DucharmeM.,KennyG.,ProceedingsofInternational ConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,Boston,2009 [3] ManikinvsHumanforSport,B.Redortier,T.VoelckerandB.Jacob,Oralpresentation,10thInternationalMeetingonManikinandModelling10i3m, Tempere,

85 Fire%Service%Instructor s%undergarment%choice%can%minimise%physiological%and%perceptual% strain% % Emily%Watkins*,%Alan%Richardson% EnvironmentalExtremesLaboratory,CentreforSportandExerciseScienceandMedicine,Universityof Brighton,Eastbourne,UK.*Correspondingauthor:E.Watkins2@uni.brighton.ac.uk Introduction:TheSouthEastRegionalFireServicerequestedaninvestigationintotheeffectofdifferent undergarmentswornbyfireserviceinstructors,tohelpimprovethermoregulationandreducethestrain experienced.literaturesuggeststhatwearingshortsandt>shirtmayreduceheatstrain[1],whilstno researchhasyetestablishedtheeffectofwearingcompressionundergarmentsinfireenvironments.the studyaimedtoidentifywhichtypeofundergarment[boilersuit(boiler),wholebodycompression garments(compression)orshortsandt>shirt(shorts)]producedtheleastphysiologicalandperceptual strain. Methods:Eightmales(age20±2years;weight75.7±7.1kg;height177±7cm)weremonitoredduring three45minssessionsinaheatchamber(49.5±1.4 Cand16.9±4.3%rh)whilstperformingintermittent exercise[5minswalking(4km.hù¹,1%gradient)and5minsrest].participantsworefireservicekitanda rucksacktoreplicateabreathingapparatus,weighing17kgintotal.physiologicalandperceptualmeasures wererecordedevery5min.venousbloodsampleswerecollectedbeforeandafterheatexposurefor analysisofinterleukin(il)>6. Results:TwowayrepeatedmeasuresANOVA swereconducted,andrevealedsignificantinteractionsfor changeinheartrate,changeinrectaltemperature( T re ),volumeofoxygenuptake(vo₂),physiological strainindex(psi)andil>6,p<0.05.il>6wassignificantlydecreasedforcompression(6.45±0.43pg.mlù¹) andshorts(6.59±0.30pg.mlù¹)comparedtoboiler(6.96±0.28pg.mlù¹),p<0.05.significantdifferences werealsopresentbetweengarmenttypesat45minforpsiand T re,withtrendssuggestingcompression causedthelowestlevelsofstrain(4.06±0.85 C,and0.70±0.31 C,respectively)comparedtoSHORTS (4.50±1.07 Cand0.76±0.37 C,respectively)andBOILER(5.07±1.02 Cand1.00±0.56 C,respectively), p<0.05.thermalsensation(tss)trendssuggestthatcompression(7.13±0.52)generatedlessperceptual stressincomparisontoshorts(7.43±0.45)andboiler(7.75±0.27),p>0.05. Discussion:Previousstudieshavenotednothermoregulatoryimprovementwhilstwearing COMPRESSIONinsportingsituations.[2],[3]However,thisstudysuggeststhatinhotenvironments,with protectiveclothing,wearingcompressionmaybebeneficial,possiblyduetothethinmaterial,tightfit, andwickingcapabilitiesofthefabric. Conclusion:Incomparisontostandardissueboilersuitsorshortsandt>shirt,wearingcompression garmentsunderneathprotectiveclothing,duringfire>fightingoperations,significantlyimproves thermoregulation,reducingphysiologicalstrainandinflammation.undergarmentselectionhasaless pronouncedeffectonperceptionsofstress;howeverdifferencesmaybemeaningfultofireservice instructors. References: [1]McLellan,T.M.andSelkirk,G.A.(2004). Heatstresswhilewearinglongpantsorshortsunderfirefightingprotectiveclothing., Ergonomics,47(1),pp [2]Roberts,B.C.,Waller,T.M.,andCaine,M.P.(2007). ThermoregulatoryResponsetoBase>layerGarmentsDuringTreadmillExercise, InternationalJournalof SportsScienceandEngineering,1(1),pp [3]Goh,S.S.,Laursen,P.B.,Dascombe,B.,andNosaka,K.(2011). Effectoflowerbodycompressiongarmentsonsubmaximalandmaximalrunningperformance incold(10 C)andhot(32 C)environments., Eur.J.Appl.Physiol.,111(5),pp % % % 85

86 Numerical*simulation*of*the*transport*phenomena*in*tilted*clothing*microclimates% Tiago%Sotto%Mayor 1 *,%Dinis%Oliveira 2,%René%Rossi 1,%Simon%Annaheim 1 % 1 ProtectionandPhysiologyLaboratory,SwissFederalLaboratoriesforMaterialsScienceandTechnology (EMPA),St.Gallen,Switzerland. 2 BioengineeringDepartment,EngineeringFacultyofPortoUniversity (FEUP),Porto,Portugal.*Correspondingauthor:tiago.sottomayor@empa.ch Introduction:Humansdependonclothingprotectiontominimizethethermalburdenimposedonthe bodybythesurroundingenvironmentstowhichtheymaybeexposed([1]).theabilityofclothingtooffer protectiondependsonmultiplefactors,frompropertiesofitsmaterialstogeometricalaspectsinfluencing theshapeoftheclothingelementsandthewaytheyfitthebody.thelatterisparticularlyrelevantforthe caseofloosegarments(e.g.cbrn),whererelativelythickmicroclimatesexistbetweentheskinandthe clothing,whichmayoriginateinternalbuoyancy>drivenflows(i.e.naturalconvection)andsubstantially alterthewayheatistransportedto/fromthebody.recentliterature([2>4])reportrelevantchangesinthe localheattransportalongtheskin,inhorizontalclothingmicroclimates,stressingtheneedforanalysesof othergeometricalarrangementsoccurringwithinclothing. Methods:Anumericalapproach(basedonComputationalFluidDynamics,CFD)wasusedtostudythe steady>statetransportphenomenawithininclinedclothingmicroclimates,formedbyairlayerstrapped betweenskinandair>impermeablefabrics.focuswasputontheeffectofmicroclimateinclinationrelative togravityinorderinvestigatehownaturalconvectionaffectsthelocalheattransportneartheskin,for differentbodyregions(orpostures).theanalysisaddressedboththeflowinthemicroclimateandinthe surroundingenvironment,inordertoanalysehowheatistransportedbetweenthebodyandthe environment. Results&Discussion:Theflowpatternsinsideclothingmicroclimateswereobservedtostrongly dependontheinclinationofmicroclimateasitrotatesrelativetogravitydirection.themulti>cellflows observedforthehorizontalset>up(i.e.warmskinbelowthecoldfabric),switchedtosingle>cellflowsfor theverticalset>up,withsubstantialimpactonthetemperaturemapsobservedinsidethemicroclimates. Thisresultedinconsiderablechangesonthelocaltransportratesobservedalongtheskinandalongthe clothinglayers,withclearimpactonboththefabrictemperatureandtheexternalconvectivecoefficient obtainedalongtheclothingsurface.thelatterwasfoundtodifferfromthecorrelation>basedconvective coefficientcurveobtainedalongsurfaceswithconstant>temperature. Conclusion:Theobtainedresultsshowtheimportanceofthemicroclimatesinclination(i.e.position relativetogravity)indeterminingthetransportprocessesacrossclothing.italsostresstheimportanceof consideringboththeinternalflows(i.e.insideclothing)andtheexternalflows(i.e.outsideclothing)when analysingorpredictingthetransportphenomenato/fromthebody.thisisneededtoobtain representativeinsightontheeffectsinfluencingthelocaltransportratesbetweenthebodyandthe environment,andiscriticallyrelevantwhenstudyingwaystooptimizetheperformanceofproductsused nearandaroundthebody(e.g.personalprotectiveclothingandequipment,outdoortents,sleepingbags). Forthelatter,furtherinvestigationisneededtoclarifytheinteractionsbetweenthemicroclimates inclination,dimensionandshaperelativetothebody. References: [1]Neves,S.F.,Campos,J.B.L.M.&Mayor,T.S.Onthedeterminationofparametersrequiredfornumericalstudiesofheatandmasstransferthroughtextiles Methodologiesandexperimentalprocedures.Int.J.HeatMassTransf.81, (2015). [2]Mayor,T.S.,Couto,S.,Psikuta,A.&Rossi,R.Anumericalanalysisonthetransportphenomenaacrosshorizontalclothingmicroclimates.in6thEur.Conf. Prot.Cloth.34(2014). [3]Mayor,T.S.,Couto,S.,Psikuta,A.&Rossi,R.Transportphenomenainclothingwavymicroclimates anumericalstudy.insci.conf.smartfunct.text.well> being,therm.comf.clothing,des.therm.manikinsmodel.(ambience1410i3m)(2014). [4]Mayor,T.S.,Couto,S.,Psikuta,A.&Rossi,R.Advancedmodellingofthetransportphenomenaacrosshorizontalclothingmicroclimateswithnatural convection.internationaljournalofbiometeorology,doi: /s00484>015>0994>x. 86

87 Effect% of% Flexing% Deformations% on% Functional% Properties% of% Laminated% Silica% Aerogel% Fibrous%Matting%Composites%for%Footwear%Applications% Polona%Kraner%Zrim 1 *,%Igor%B%Mekjavic 2 %and%tatjana%rijavec 1 % 1 FacultyofNaturalSciencesandEngineering,Departmentoftextiles,UniversityofLjubljana,1000 Ljubljana,Slovenia. 2 InstitutJožefStefan,DepartmentofAutomation,BicybernetictsandRobotics, Ljubljana,Slovenia.*Correspondingauthor:polona.kraner@gmail.com Introduction: Silica>aerogel composite, a silica>aerogel reinforced with fibrous matting, are being consideredasanisolativematerialforfootwear.thesuitabilityforsuchapplicationshasbeeninvestigated inthestudypresentedinthisarticle.experimentswereconductedonlaminatedsilicaaerogelcomposite (LAC). Lamination of silica aerogel composite with a solid membrane is needed to prevent spreading of crushedsilicaaerogeldustintosurrounding.lacwassubjectedtocyclicofflexingtosimulatemechanical stressthatoccursduringnormalusageconditioninfootwearapplications.thestudyhighlightstheimpact of the irreversible crushed structure of silica aerogel on the permeability and thermal resistance, tensile propertiesandthequalityoflamination. Methods: Cyclic% flexing% was performed on a Bennewart machine, originally used for testing shoe sole materials.itwasperformedinaccordancewithiso17707:2005(e)standardthatillustratestestmethods for personal protective equipment and footwear. Thermal resistance was measured on a single sample heat flow meter apparatus with symmetrical configuration in accordance to standard EN 12667:2002. Water%vapor%permeability%wasdeterminedaccordingtoEN13515:2001,whichisusedforfootwearuppers andliningmaterialsandisappropriateforthickermaterials.tensile%strength,ofmaterialswasmeasured onadynamometerinstron5567(instron,gb)accordingtostandardiso13934>1.delamination%test,was performedonadynamometerinstron5567(instron,gb)inaccordancewithstandarden15619:2008. Results: Thermalresistance Watervapour Tensilestrength Meanforceat permeability [MPa] delamination [m²k.w >1 ] [mg.cm >2.h >1 ] Longitudinal Transverse [N] LAC (0.010) 1.3(0.07) 3.40(0.18) 2.40(0.11) 7.3(0.7) LACafterflexing (0.007) 1.3(0.06) 2.84(0.05) 1.86(0.1) 6.0(0.8) Thermalresistance[m²K.W >1 ] Thinsulate (0.001) Polyurethanefoamlaminate (0.002) Discussion: It was found that flexing caused crushing of the silica aerogel and loosening of fibrous structureofthecompositebutdidnotdamagethemembraneonthelaminatedcomposite.nostatistically significant differences of thermal resistance and water vapor permeability could be measured between unflexedandflexedsamples.thedelaminationtestshowedthata17.8%lowermeanforcewasneededto delaminate flexed samples. A decrease of tensile strength of 16.4 % was measured in the longitudinal directionandof21.9%inthetransversedirectionofflexedsamples. Conclusion:FlexinghadnoeffectonthethermalresistanceandwatervaporpermeabilityoftheLAC.It increased the tendency of laminated silica aerogel composite to delaminate and deteriorated its tensile properties but in a range where that had no effect on the end use. Compared to LAC the thermal resistance(at a thicknesses that are comparable to that of LAC) of Thinsulate is 63% lower and that of laminateswithpolyurethanefoamsis54%lower.thestudyconfirmedthatthenewlydevelopedlaminate haspotentialapplicationsinapparelandfootwearforextremetemperatureenvironments. 87

88 Critical%WBGT%for%4%protective%clothing%made%of%fabrics%with%different%Total%Heat%Loss% values Aitor%Coca 1 *,%JungMHyun%Kim 1,%Candi%Ashley 2,%Thomas%Bernard 2 %% 1 NIOSH/NPPTL,Pittsburgh,PA; 2 UniversityofSouthFlorida,Tampa,FL. *Correspondingauthor:esq6@cdc.gov Introduction:Managingheatstressintheworkplacewhilewearingprotectiveclothing(PC)iscriticalfor workersafetyandhealth.thereisavarietyofpc,suchasfire>fightingensembles,emergencymedical clothing,cbrnsuits,etc.,designedtoprotectthewearer sbodyfromspecifichazards,whichhave differentlevelsofprotectionandthusdifferentclothingthermalcharacteristics(thermalandvapour resistances).thisstudyevaluatedthecriticalwetbulbglobetemperature(wbgt crit )ofpcensembleswith fourdifferenttotalheatlossvaluesdeterminedbyasweatinghotplate(shp)test. Methods:Sevenhealthymaleadultsparticipatedinthisstudy.Subjectswereacclimatizedfor5days priortothetestsoffivepcensemblesinrandomorder.thefivetestsconsistedoffourpcensembleswith identicaldesignbutwithdifferenttotalheatloss(thl)values,andcontrolworkingclothes.controlisthe cottonregularworkingclothes;pc>awasaprototypewithathlvalueof904w/m 2 ;PC>BhadaTHLvalue of700w.m >2 ;PC>CwasanotherprototypewithaTHLvalueof500W.m >2 ;andpc>dwasacommercially availablechemicalpewithathlvalueof191w.m >2.Subjectswalkedonatreadmillatametabolicwork rateof160w.m >2 inaclimaticchamberthatslowlyincreasedthelevelofheatstresswhentheircore temperaturereachedasteady>state.wbgtwassetat25.5(50%rh)atthestartofthesessionandthe ambienttemperaturewasincreased1degreeevery5minutesaftersteady>state.thepointatwhichthe coretemperaturebegantoincreasewasdefinedastheinflectionpoint,andthewbgtrecorded5min beforetheinflectionpointwasdeterminedasthewbgt crit foreachpe. Results:Figure1showsthecomparisonofthedifferentTHLvalueswiththeWBGT crit.forcontrolworking clothes,wbgt crit issignificantlydifferentfromanyofthepctested.thepcbuiltwiththelowestthlvalue alsohasasignificantlylowerwbgt crit thantheotherpctested.however,therearenosignificant differencesinwbgt crit betweenpcbuiltfromfabricsthatareabove500w/m 2. ThematerialsusedtomanufacturethesePCwereratedinarangefromaverylow(PC>D,191W.m >2 )anda veryhighthlvalue(pc>a,904w.m >2 ).ThreeofthePCdidnotshowanydifferencesonWBGT crit,evenwith THLdifferencesofabout400W.m >2. Fig.1.WBGT crit forcontrolworkclothingandfourpcwithdifferentthlvalues. Conclusion: Insummary,theresultsofthis researchsupportsthattheshp>thlvalue maybeeffectiveindistinguishingbasic thermalcharacteristicsofthefabricsusedfor PC;however,theoveralleffectoffabricTHL ratingsonpcwbgt crit wasnotlinearly relatedinourstudy.moreover,this preliminarydatasuggestthatheatstress causedbypcwithdifferentthlvalues, between500and900w.m >2,maynotbe physiologicallydifferentintermsofwbgt crit. Disclaimer:ThefindingsandconclusionsofthisabstractarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNationalInstitutefor OccupationalSafetyandHealth. 88

89 Thermal(effects(of(headgear:(State5of5the5art$and$way$forward Cornelis%C%Bogerd 1 *,%JeanMMarie%Aerts 2,%Simon%Annaheim 3,%Peter%Bröde 4,%Guido%de%Bruyne 5,% Andreas%D%Flouris 6,%Kalev%Kuklane 7,%Tiago%Sotto%Mayor 3,%René%M%Rossi 3 %&%COST%Action% TU1101%WG4 8 % 1 CBRNProtection,TNO,NL. 2 DivisionMeasure,Model&ManageBioresponses,KULeuven,BE. 3 Laboratory forprotectionandphysiology,empa,ch. 4 LeibnizResearchCentreforWorkingEnvironmentandHuman Factors(IfADo),Dortmund,DE. 5 ProductDevelopment,FacultyofDesignSciences,UniversityofAntwerp, BE. 6 FAMELaboratory,UniversityofThessaly,GR. 7 DepartmentofDesignSciences,LundUniversity,SE. 8 HOPE HelmetOPtimizationinEurope,EUCOSTActionTU1101WorkingGroup4( helmets.eu).*correspondingauthor:niels.bogerd@tno.nl Introduction:Headgeariswidelyusedinbothworkandleisure.Muchresearchattentionhasbeenspent onoptimizingimpactpropertiesofhelmets[1],[2].however,thermalcomfortofheadgearissuboptimalin neutralandwarmenvironments.infact,thermaldiscomfortisoftengivenasareasontonotwear protectiveheadgear[3],[4].enhancedthermalcomfortofheadgearislikelytoimprovethewillingnessto wearprotectiveheadgear,andmotivatedanincreasingnumberofstudies,ofwhichmostwerepublished inthelastdecade.theavailablebodyofliteratureallowsforavaluablefirstreviewonthethermaleffects ofheadgear. Methods:Theliteratureonthermaleffectsofheadgearwasreviewedforthepurposeofprovidinga soundbasisforimprovinghelmetdesign,andforeffectivefuturestudies. Results:Fourtopicswillbeaddressed:(i)theeffectonthermalphysiology,healthandperformance,(ii) heatandmasstransfer,(iii)methodsforstudyingthermaleffectsofheadgear,(iv)designconsiderations (Bogerdetal.,2015).SeveraltopicswillbedetailedbyothercontributionstothisconferencefromCOST ActionTU1101,whichenhancestheaccessibilityofthesubjectonergonomicsofheadgearforthe audienceofthisconference. Acknowledgement:WearegratefultoourcolleaguesfromCOSTActionTU1101 Towardssaferbicyclingthroughoptimizationofbicyclehelmetsandusage for fruitfulcollaborationanddiscussions.costissupportedbytheeuframeworkprogrammeforresearchandinnovationhorizon2020. References: [1]Deck,C.,Willinger,R.,2006.Multi>directionaloptimisationagainstbiomechanicalcriteriaofahead helmetcoupling.int.j.crashworthiness11, [2]Mills,N.,Gilchrist,A.,2008.Obliqueimpacttestingofbicyclehelmets.Int.J.ImpactEng.35, [3]Orsi,C.,Stendardo,A.,Marinoni,A.,Gilchrist,M.D.,Otte,D.,Chliaoutakis,J.,Lajunen,T.,Özkan,T.,Pereira,J.D.,Tzamalouka,G.,Morandi,A.,2012. Motorcycleriders perceptionofhelmetuse:complaintsanddissatisfaction.accid.anal.prev.44, doi: /j.aap [4]Patel,R.,Mohan,D.,1993.Animprovedmotorcyclehelmetdesignfortropicalclimates.Appl.Ergon.24, [5]Bogerd,C.P.,Aerts,J.>M.,Annaheim,S.,Bröde,P.,deBruyne,G.,Flouris,A.D.,Kuklane,K.,SottoMayor,T.,Rossi,R.M.,2015.Areviewonergonomicsof headgear:thermaleffects.int.j.ind.ergon.45,1 12.doi: /j.ergon % % 89

90 Evaporative*resistance*of*newly*designed*bicycle*helmets% Kalev%Kuklane 1 *,%Helena%Aljaste 2,%Sixten%S.%Heidmets 2,%COST%Action%TU1101%WG4 3 % 1 TheThermalEnvironmentLaboratory,DivisionofErgonomicsandAerosolTechnology,Departmentof DesignSciences,FacultyofEngineering,LundUniversity,Lund,Sweden. 2 DepartmentofProductDesign, EstonianAcademyofArts,Tallinn,Estonia. 3 HOPE HelmetOPtimizationinEurope,COSTActionTU1101 WorkingGroup4withtheparticipationofJean>MarieAerts,HelenaAljaste,SimonAnnaheim,CornelisP. Bogerd,PeterBröde,GuidoDeBruyne,AndreasD.Flouris,SixtenS.Heidmets,AnicaHursa,KalevKuklane, TiagoS.Mayor,RenéM.Rossi.*Correspondingauthor:kalev.kuklane@design.lth.se Introduction:Asacontinuationoftheworkontheventilationrequirementsforabicyclehelmetfor commuters[1],15fullscalehelmetmock>upswerecreatedandtestedfordryheatlossproperties[2]ina windtunnelonathermalheadmanikin[3].thispaperpresentstheresultsofthewetheattransfer measurementsintheformofevaporativeresistance. Methods:Thehelmetsweretestedinthewindtunnelplacedinaclimaticchamberat34 Cand40% relativehumidity(watervapourpressureintheair2200pa)withtheairvelocitiessetto1.6m/s( 6km/h). Testswereperformedontheheadmodelwithoutawig.Evaporativeresistancewascalculatedfromheat losscorrectedforthedifferenceinheadsurfacetotextileskintemperature[4].one(tk)ofthe15mock> upswastestedbacktofront,too(tko).inaddition,4commerciallyavailablehelmetsweretestedas reference.threeofthemwereoneofthebest,oneaverageandoneofthelesswellperforminghelmetsof thestudybybrühwileretal.[5],andonewasahelmetoftenboughtandusedbycommuters. Results:Theprototypesdifferedlargelyin evaporativeresistance(fig.1). Discussion:Thebestreferencehelmetfromthe earlierstudy[5]stayedapproximatelyinthe middleofthetestedrangewhilethepoorest referencehelmetwasintheendofthelinewith anoftenusedoneastheworst(fig.1).thus,the newersolutionsperformedmuchbetterfroman evaporationviewpointthancommercially availablehelmets.however,theorderofthe helmetsinthe bestfunctionline for evaporationwasdifferentfromtheirinsulation Fig.1.Evaporativeresistanceofdesignhelmetsat1.6m.s >1 performance,asreportedpreviously[2]. windand34 Cwithawettextileskin. Conclusion:Thebesthelmetfromtheevaporationviewpointwasdifferentfromthebestintermsof insulation.thismeansthatabestsolutionforacommuterhastobedefinedbytheuser sbicyclingactivity, theweatherconditionsetc.thenewlydesignedhelmets resultscanbeusedasthebasisforimprovement ofhelmetventilation. References: [1]KuklaneK,HeidmetsSS,COSTActionTU1101WG4.Userfriendlybicyclehelmetforcommuters.ProceedingsoftheInternationalCyclingSafetyConference 2013,20>21November2013,Helmond,TheNetherlands,4pp. [2]AljasteH,KuklaneK,HeidmetsSS,COSTActionTU1101WG4.BetterBicycleHelmetsforCommuters EvaluationofVentilation.Proceedingsofthe InternationalCyclingSafetyConference2014,18>19November2014,Gothenburg,Sweden,7pp. [3]LiuX,HolmérI.Evaluationofevaporativeheattransfercharacteristicsofhelmets.AppliedHumanScience,JournalofPhysiologicalAnthropology,1997,16 (3),pp.107>113. [4]WangF,KuklaneK,GaoC,HolmérI.Developmentandvalidityofauniversalempiricalequationtopredictskinsurfacetemperatureonthermalmanikins. JournalofThermalBiology,2010,35(4),pp [5]BrühwilerPA,BuyanM,HuberR,BogerdCP,SznitmanJ,GrafSF,RösgenT.Heattransfervariationsofbicyclehelmets,JournalofSportsSciences,24(9), pp.999>1011,2006. % % 90

91 Validation)of)a)physiological)model#for#controlling#a#thermal#head#simulator% Natividad%Martínez 1,2,3,%%Agnes%Psikuta 1 *,%Simon%Annaheim 1,3,%José%Miguel%Corberán 2,%René% Michel%Rossi 1%,3 % 1 LaboratoryforProtectionandPhysiology,Empa,Switzerland. 2 DepartmentofAppliedThermodynamics, PolytechnicUniversityofValencia,Spain. 3 HOPE HelmetOPtimizationinEurope,COSTActionTU1101 WG4*Correspondingauthor:agnes.psikuta@empa.ch Introduction:Theheadplaysanimportantroleinhumanthermoregulation.Helmetstypicallyprovide additionalthermalinsulationthatimpairsheatdissipation,reducingcomfortanduseracceptance[1]. Thermalheadmanikinsallowanalysisofthelocalheattransferpropertiesofheadgear,buttheyusuallydo notprovideinformationabouthumanthermalresponse.physiologicalmodelsallowsimulationoflocal physiologicalreactionsandthethermaleffectattheskinsurface.however,theycannotaccountfor complexheatandmassexchangeprocessesattheskinsurfacewhenprotectiveequipmentisworn. Weaimatcontrollingathermalheadmanikinwithaphysiologicalmodeltodevelopanoveladvanced methodforheadgearevaluation.thisworkpresentsthevalidationoftheaforementionedphysiological modelbyfiala[2] [4] (FPCmodelversion5.3,Ergonsim,Germany)forpredictionofglobalandlocal temperaturesatthehead>site,speciallyneededforthecouplingwithbodypartmanikins,andisgoingto beusedasareferenceforvalidationofthecoupledthermalheadsimulator. Methods:Atotalof41exposuresrepresentingawiderangeofenvironmentalconditions,activityand clothingaccompaniedbydescriptionsofexperimentalprotocolhavebeensimulatedusingfpcmodel.this databasecontaineddataforrectaltemperature,meanandlocalskintemperaturescollectedatdifferent bodylocations.theprecisionofthefpcpredictionswasassessedbyroot>meansquaredeviation(rmsd). Results:Fig1showsmeanprecisionvaluesobtainedfor rectal,meanandlocalskintemperatureatforehead. Discussion:Thephysiologicalmodelperformed acceptablywellwhenpredictingoverallphysiological responsebutshowedagreaterdiscrepancywith experimentaldataforforeheadskintemperature.this couldbeduetothepresenceofsomeadditionalinsulation duetohair,displacementoftheheadgearoverthe sensorsorallowanceofmovingtheheadduringthedata recording(e.g.avoidingdirectexposuretowind). Fig1.Meanrmsdvaluesfor41exposures% Conclusion:Thevalidationofthephysiologicalmodelprovidesareferenceforassessingperformanceof thecoupledthermalheadsimulator.thethermalheadsimulatorwillpredicthumanthermophysiological responseindifferentcasesofuseofheadgear. Acknowledgments:ThisworkhasbeensupportedbytheStateSecretariatforEducation,ResearchandInnovation(SBFIC )underthegrantCOSTAction TU1101project( References: [1]J.T.Finnoff,E.R.Laskowski,K.L.Altman,andN.N.Diehl, Barrierstobicyclehelmetuse, Pediatrics,vol.108,no.1,p.e4,Jul [2]D.Fiala,K.J.Lomas,andM.Stohrer, Acomputermodelofhumanthermoregulationforawiderangeofenvironmentalconditions:thepassivesystem., J. Appl.Physiol.,vol.87,no.5,pp ,Nov [3]D.Fiala,K.J.Lomas,andM.Stohrer, Computerpredictionofhumanthermoregulatoryandtemperatureresponsestoawiderangeofenvironmental conditions, Int.J.Biometeorol.,vol.45,no.3,pp ,2001. [4]A.Psikuta,D.Fiala,G.Laschewski,G.Jendritzky,M.Richards,K.Blazejczyk,I.Mekjavič,H.Rintamäki,R.deDear,andG.Havenith, ValidationoftheFiala multi>nodethermophysiologicalmodelforutciapplication, Int.J.Biometeorol.,vol.56,no.3,pp ,2012. % % 91

92 Can$body5mapped&garments&improve&thermal&comfort&for&sport&in&the&cold?&% Damien%Fournet 1 *,%Bernard%Redortier 1,%George%Havenith 2 % 1 ThermalSciencesLaboratory,DecathlonSportsLab,Villeneuved Ascq,France 2 EnvironmentalErgonomicsResearchCenter,LoughboroughUniversity,Loughborough,UK. *Correspondingauthor:damien.fournet@decathlon.com Introduction:Bodymapsofthehumanbodyhavebeendevelopedregardingdistributionofsweat production[1]andskintemperature[2].howeverithasrarelybeenexploredhowbody>mappedclothing (textilepropertiesadjustedlocallyaccordingtobodymappings)impactthermalresponsesand perceptions.thepresentstudyinvestigatesthequestionforexercisinginthecold,manipulatingskin temperaturesbyvariousdistributionsofclothing.itwashypothesizedthatcoveringnaturallycoldregions wouldmakeskintemperaturemoreuniformandbebeneficialforthermalcomfort. Methods:Twelvephysicallyactivemalesperformeda40minrunningbout(70% O 2max )followedby 10minrecoveryat5 C,70%rhwearingthreedifferentclothingensembleshavingsimilartotalinsulation, butwithlocalinsulationvaryingaccordingtotemperaturemapping(fournetetal.,2013).clothinguhad uniforminsulationalloverthebody;clothingc%extrainsulationoncoldregionsandlessonwarmregions; clothingwwastheoppositeofc,withextrainsulationonwarmregions.skintemperatures(t sk )were recordedbyinfraredthermography,withcalculationofmeant sk andt sk variability(t sk uniformityacross thebodysurface).rectaltemperature(t re ),heartrate(hr),oxygenuptake( O 2 )weremeasuredaswellas thermalsensationandcomfort(likertscales). Results:AllclothingdesignsprovidedsimilarmeanT sk throughtheprotocol(c:25.7±1.7 C,W:25.9± 1.6 C,U:25.3±1.7 C,NS),withlargerT sk variabilityforwcomparedtocandu(2.4 Cvs1.8 Cand2 C, p<0.05).thelargestregionalt sk differencesweremeasuredontheanteriortorsoandlegs(2.5 Cand 2.6 CforC%vsW)andtheupperback(3 CforW%vsC)highlightingtheinfluenceofextrainsulation.No significantdifferenceswereobservedneitheront re (37.9 Cat40mininC,W,U),noronHRor O 2. Overallthermalsensationandcomfortvotesweresimilarbetweenconditionsafter40minofrunning. Followingrecovery,participantswearingChadsmallbutsignificantlyimprovedperceptionscomparedtoU (neutral%vsslightly%coolp<0.05;comfortable%vsslightly%uncomfortablep<0.1).theeffectofclothingdesign onlocalthermalsensationwassignificantfor5outof11bodyregions(withvariedinsulation)but negligibleintermsoflocalthermalcomfort(onlylargerdiscomfortatthebackat40minforw%vsc). DiscussionandConclusion:NielsenandNielsen[3]foundthatinsulatinguppervslowerbody(nofine bodymapping)inducedsimilarthermalsensationsdespitedifferentt sk distribution.meant sk washowever alsodifferent.ourclothinginterventionwassuccessfulincontrollingformeant sk bymanipulatingregional T sk.coveringspecificcoldregions(i.ereducingt sk variability)didnotprovideathermoregulatoryora decisiveperceptualadvantage.thoughsweatproductionwaslimitedduringexercise,evaporativeheat losswasnotfavouredduetotheextrainsulationandthis,inturn,amplifiedmoistureperception.atthis exerciseintensity,optimalinsulationwithevolutive(on/off)openingscouldbepreferableforcomfort maintenance. References: [1]SmithC,HavenithG.(2012)Bodymappingofsweatingpatternsinathletes:asexcomparison.MedSciSportsExerc.44(12),2350>2361. [2]FournetD,RossL,VoelckerT,RedortierR,HavenithG.(2013)Bodymappingofthermoregulatoryandperceptualresponsesofmalesandfemalesrunningin thecold.j.therm.biol.,38(6),339>344. [3]NielsenR,NielsenB.(1984)Influenceofskintemperaturedistributiononthermalsensationinacoolenvironment.Eur.JAppl.Physiol.53(3),225>230. % % 92

93 93 The$effect$of$melt5spun%phase%change%material%fibre%garments%on%skin%temperature%in% humans% % Maria%Suong%Tjønnås*,Hilde%Færevik,%Mariann%Sandsund%and%Randi%E.%Reinertsen% SINTEFTechnologyandSociety,departmentofHealthResearch,Trondheim,Norway. *Correspondingauthor:MariaSuong.Tjonnas@sintef.no Introduction:Phasechangematerials(PCM)havetheabilitytostorelatentheat,apropertythatis utilizedinthemakingofthermoregulatingclothing[1].themelt>spunpcmfibre[2]hasapolyestersheath andpcmfilledcore,givingthefibreitscoolingproperties.byvirtueofbeingafibre,itenablesproduction ofaknittedfabricwithhighairandmoisturepermeabilityaswellashighflexibilityqualities.theflexible knittedfabricallowsforbetter>fittingclothes[3],andlargerareaofthebodysurfacetobecoveredand exposedtothecoolingeffectsofthemelt>spunpcmfibre.theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatethe effectsofamelt>spunpcmfibresweaterwithpcmmeltingtemperatureat28.4 Candcrystallisation temperatureat25.2 C,ontheskintemperaturesoftheupperbodyandperceivedthermalsensationand comfortinahotenvironment. Methods:Fourteentestsubjects(8male,6female;mean(SD)age23(3)y;height171(11)cm;weight 65.3(8)kg)completedapassiveheatsession(restedonachairinaclimaticchamberat30 Cand50%rh). Skinthermistorswereplacedon4differentlocations,theupperarm,chest,scapulaandlowerbackto measuretheaverageskintemperatureoftheupperbody.whentheskintemperatureswerestabilised, thecoolingpcmfibresweater(estimatedpcmmass;28(g),specificlatentheatcapacity;1.842(kj))was putoninanambienttemperatureof30.5(0.5) CtoensurethatthePCMwouldbeinaliquidphase.The testsubjectssatfor20minutesfurtherintheclimaticchamber.theperceivedthermalsensationand comfortwasratedbyeachtestsubjectatparticularpointsduringthetestcourse.thesameprotocolwas repeatedwithasweatermadeupof100%polyester,thesamepolyesterfibresasinthepcmsweater withoutanypcm.thispolyestersweaterservedasareferencesweatertothepcmfibresweaterinthis experiment. Results:Theaverageskintemperatureswere0.3>0.5 ClowerwhenwearingthePCMfibresweater comparedtothereferencesweater,(p<0.05).thiscoolingeffectontheskinwasfirstrecordedone minuteafterthetestsubjectshadputonthepcmfibresweater,andlastedfor8minutesfollowing.no significantdifferencesintheperceivedthermalsensationandcomfortwereseenbetweenthepcmfibre sweaterandthereferencesweater. Discussion:Thelatentenergycapacitywaslargeenoughtogenerateacoolingeffectwhichcouldbe recordedfor8minutes,butnotlargeenoughtohaveanimpactontheperceivedthermalsensationor comfort.theamountofpcmmassincorporatedinthefibreswaslikelytoosmalltogeneratealonglasting coolingeffect[4]. Conclusion:AlthoughtheflexiblePCMfabriccoveredalargeareaofthebodysurface,thecoolingeffect ofthemelt>spunpcmfibrewasrelativelyshort>lasting.morepcmmassincorporatedinthefibremay providealongerlastingcoolingeffectontheskintemperatureoftheupperbody,andaffecttheperceived thermalsensationandcomfort,andconsequently,productionofbettertemperatureregulatingclothing. References: [1]Mondal,S PhaseChangeMaterialsforSmartTextiles AnOverview. AppliedThermalEngineering28(11): [2]NoTeReFiGa( [3]Stegmaier,T.,J.Mavely,andP.Schneider >High>PerformanceandHigh>FunctionalFibresandTextiles. InTextilesinSport,editedbyR.Shishoo, Cambridge:Woodheadpublishing. [4]Tjønnås,M.S.,H.Færevik,M.Sandsund,andR.E.,Reinertsen.2014."Thedry>heatlosseffectofmelt>spunphasechangematerialfibres."Ergonomics.Vol. 58,Iss.3,2015. % %

94 Decreasing*the*tactile*interaction*between*skin,*sweat*and*clothing*significantly*reduces* the$perception$of$wetness$independently$of$the$level$of$physical$skin$wetness$during$ moderate(exercise% Davide%Filingeri 1,%Damien%Fournet 2,%Simon%Hodder 1,%George%Havenith 1 *% 1 EnvironmentalErgonomicsResearchCentre,LoughboroughDesignSchool,LoughboroughUniversity, Loughborough,UK; 2 ThermalSciencesLaboratory,OxylaneResearch,Villeneuved Ascq,France. *Correspondingauthor:g.havenith@lboro.ac.uk Introduction:Althoughtheabilitytosenseskinwetnessandhumidityiscriticalforbehaviouraland autonomicadaptations,humansarenotprovidedwithspecificskinreceptorsforsensingwetness[1].we haverecentlydemonstratedthathumansperceivethewetnessexperiencedwhentheskinisincontact withawetsurfacethroughamultisensoryintegrationofthermalandtactileinputsgeneratedbythe interactionbetweenskinandmoisture[2].tofurthertheunderstandingontheneurophysiologyofhuman skinwetnessperception,herewetestedthehypothesisthattheperceptionofsweat>inducedskinwetness canbesignificantlymanipulated,independentlyfromthelevelofphysicalskinwetness. Methods:Tenmales(meanage(SD)22(2)years,height180.3(6)cm,bodymass79.6(10)kg)repeated anincrementalwalkingprotocol(5km.h >1 ;gradientrange:2to16%)duringtwotrialsdesignedto producethesamelevelofphysicalskinwetness,buttoinducelower(i.e.tight>fit)andhigher(i.e. LOOSE>FIT)perceptionofwetness.DuringtheTIGHT>FITtrial,atightfittingclothingensemblewaswornto limitthemechanicalinteractionandstickinessbetweenskin,sweatandclothing.duringtheloose>fit trial,aloosefittingensemblewasusedtoaugmentthisinteraction.tolimittheamountofmoisture evaporationfromtheskin(andthusskincooling),avapourimpermeable,loosefittingclothingensemble waswornasasecondlayerontopofboththelooseorthetightfittinggarments.heartrate,rectal temperature,meanskintemperature,wholebodyskinwetness(w body )andgalvanicskinconductance (GSC),aswellasthermal,wetnessandcomfortsensationwererecorded. Results:Bothsweatproduction(indicatedbyGSC)andphysicalskinwetness(indicatedbyw body ) increasedsignificantlyduringtheprotocol(gscrange:3.1(0.3)to18.8(1.3)µs,p<0.01;w body range:0.26 (0.01)to0.95(0.2)nd(non>dimensionunit),p<0.01)withnodifferencesbetweenTIGHT>FITandLOOSE>FIT (p>0.05).however,thereducedskinfrictiongeneratedbythetight>fitensembleloweredsignificantly thelevelofperceivedskinwetness,bothatawhole>bodyandataregionallevel(p<0.01).regression analysesperformedbetweenindicatorsofphysicalwetness(i.e.w body andmeangsc)andperceivedskin wetnessindicatedthatwhenw body rangedfrom~0.4to~0.8ndandwhenmeangscrangedfrom~4.5to ~9.5µS,skinwetnessperceptionwassignificantlyreducedwhenwearingtightasopposedtoloosefitting garments. Conclusion:Weconcludethatunderconditionsofsweat>inducedwhole>bodywetnessandofabsenceof skincooling,theperceptionofskinwetnessisprimarilydrivenbythedegreeoftactileinteractionbetween skin,sweatandclothing,andthatbymanipulatingthisinteraction(e.g.changingtheclothingfit)skin wetnessperceptioncanbesignificantlyaltered,independentlyofthelevelofphysicalwetness. References: [1]ClarkR,EdholmO.(1985)Manandhisthermalenvironment.London:E.Arnold. [2]FilingeriDetal.(2014)Whywetfeelswet?Aneurophysiologicalmodelofhumancutaneouswetnesssensitivity.JNeurophysiol.doi: /jn % % 94

95 The%use%of%optimised%heating%trousers%and%the%role%of%the%blood%flow%on%the%reduction%in% muscle%temperature%post%warm%up% Margherita%Raccuglia*,%Alex%Lloyd,%Davide%Filingeri,%Simon%Hodder%and%George%Havenith% EnvironmentalErgonomicsResearchCentre,LoughboroughUniversity,LoughboroughUK. Introduction:Activitiesthatarehighlydependentonpoweroutputcanbenefitfromincreasesinmuscle temperature(t m )intermsofworkdoneandskeletalmusclepoweroutput.whenathletesexperiencea significant delay between active warm up and performance, T m declines. Previous studies have demonstrated that using heated trousers during a period of inactivity can attenuate this decline, with a greater peak power output as result [1>2]. However, in these studies, the reduction in T m was not completelyeliminated.thus,inthecurrentstudyweaimedtooptimisetheheatingprocedure,inorderto eliminatethereductionint m post>warmup.furthermore,tounderstandthereasonofthisreduction,the effectofthebloodflowinthecoolingprocessofthelegwasstudied. Method: Ten male cyclists participated in this experiment. The heating garment was applied during 30 minutesofpassiverecoveryfollowing15minutesofactivewarmup.theheatingprocedurewasoptimised byusingwaterperfusedtrouserswithanadjustedwatertemperatureof43 C.Theeffectofthebloodflow wasobservedduringtherecoveryperiodusingfullrestrictionofarterialandvenousbloodflowinoneleg (OCCLUDED),whiletheotherlegwasusedascontrol(CONTROL).T m ofthevastus%lateraliswasmeasured atthreedifferentdepthsbeyondthemusclefascia:5mm,15mmand25mm. Results:Duringthepassiverecovery,bloodflowsignificantlyreduced(p<0.05)T m incontrolcompared to OCCLUDED condition by 0.33(0.3) C. In the CONTROL condition the heating procedure significantly increasedt m (p<0.05)by1(1.3) Cat5mmdepthandtherewasonlyasmallreduction(p<0.05)inT m of 0.1(0.8) Cand0.1(0.3) Cat15mmand25mm,respectively.Theuseoftheoptimisedheatingtrousers coupledwiththeremovalofthebloodflowresultedinat m increase(p<0.05)of1.8(1.6) C,0.6(0.7) Cand 0.2(0.3) Cat5mm,15mmand25mmdepth,respectively.Comparedtothepreviousmusclewarming method, the current approach resulted in a 0.61 C warmer muscle (15 mm depth) at the end of the recoveryperiod. Conclusion: By optimising the heating procedure, using water perfused trousers with temperature of 43 C,itispossibletomaintainT m duringperiodofinactivityfollowinganactivewarmup.bloodflowwas identifiedasacontributortotheearlierobservedreductionint m postwarmup. References: [1]Faulkner,S.H.,Ferguson,R.A.,Gerrett,N.,Hupperets,M.,Hodder,S.G.,Havenith,G.,2013.Reducingmuscletemperaturedropafterwarm>upimproves sprintcyclingperformance.medicineandscienceinsportandexercise,45(2),pp.359>65. [2]Faulkner,S.H.,Ferguson,R.A.,Hodder,S.G.,Havenith,G.,2013.Externalmuscleheatingduringwarm>updoesnotprovideaddedperformancebenefitabove externalheatinginrecoveryperiodalone.europeanjournalofappliedphysiology,113(11),pp2713>21. % % 95

96 Predicting*the*Metabolic*Cost*of*Walking*While*Wearing*Explosive*Ordnance*Disposal* Protective)Clothing% Aaron%Bach* 1,%David%Borg 1,%Joseph%Costello 1,2,%Ian%Stewart 1 % 1 InstituteofHealthandBiomedicalInnovation,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,Australia. 2 DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth,Portsmouth,UK. *Correspondingauthor:aj.bach@qut.edu.au Introduction: The use of improvised explosive devices (IED) is becoming more prevalent in modern warfare,civilunrestandlonewolfterrorism.thishasledtoagreaterroleforexplosiveordnancedisposal (EOD)technicianstoneutralisethethreatofIEDdetonations.Assuch,theinherentrisktoEODtechnicians requires them to don a heavy (~34 kg) protective ensemble that subsequently increases the metabolic demandoftasks,suchaslocomotion.previousresearchintothemetaboliccostofprotectiveclothinghas focusedprimarilyonchemicalandfireensembles[1].currentlylittleisknownaboutthemetaboliccostof EODprotectiveclothing.Thepurposeofthisinvestigationwas1)toquantifythemetabolicdemandwhen wearinganeodensembleatvariousspeedsoflocomotionand2)establishwhetherthepandolfpredictive formula[2]isappropriatetoestimateofeodenergyexpenditure. Methods:Sevenmales(mean(SD)26(4)years,1.82(0.05)m,83.7(10.0)kg,4.3(0.4L.min >1 )completed sixtreadmillwalkingtrialsat2.5,4and5.5km.h >1 (1%grade)whilewearingnormalathleticclothing(CON) oraneod>9militaryensemble(eod)inarandomisedorder.steadystateoxygenconsumption(6 th to8 th minute)wasmeasuredtodeterminethemetaboliccost.observedenergyexpenditurewasalsocompared tothosepredictedusingpandolf sformula[2]. Results: Fig. 1. Oxygen consumption between CON and EOD at different walking speeds.*significantlydifferenttoconatsamespeed(p<0.05). 96 Fig. 2. EOD energy expenditure (W) observed vs. predictedfrompandolf[1]. Discussion: This study suggests that a strong correlation (r 2 = 0.97) is present between observed and predicted EOD energy expenditure. Although, due to the constant under>estimation of the predictive formulabasedontraditionalloadcarriage(i.e.backpack)itmaybenecessarytomakeadjustmentstothe predictive formula to account for the variation in load carriage while wearing the EOD ensemble. For example, the distribution of load around the body, potentially changes gait mechanics due to ensemble size/thicknessandincreasedfrictionoflocomotion. Conclusion:Thelargestdifferencesinenergyexpenditurewereseenatthefastestspeedandalthough strong correlations are present between observed and predicted EOD energy expenditure, the formula significantlyunderestimatedthemetaboliccostofwalkinginaneodensembleateveryspeedtested. References: [1]Dorman,LE,&Havenith,G(2009).Theeffectsofprotectiveclothingonenergyconsumptionduringdifferentactivities.EurJApplPhysiol,105(3);463>470. [2]Pandolf,KB,Givoni,B,Goldman,RF(1977).Predictingenergyexpenditurewithloadswhilestandingorwalkingveryslowly.JApplPhysiol,43(4);577>581.

97 Inside' the' Hurt' Locker :' The' combined' effects' of' explosive' ordnance' disposal' and' chemical(protective(clothing(on(physiological(tolerance(time(in#extreme#environments% % Joseph%T%Costello 1,2 *,%%Kelly%L.%Stewart 2,%Ian%B.%Stewart 2 % 1 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Portsmouth, UK. 2 School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4059, Australia. *Corresponding author:joe.costello@port.ac.uk Introduction: Explosive ordinance disposal (EOD) technicians are often required to wear specialised clothing combinations that not only protect against the risk of explosion but also potential chemical contamination.thisheavy(>35kg)andencapsulatingensembleislikelytoincreasephysiologicalstrainby increasing metabolic heat production and impairing heat dissipation [1][12]. This study investigated the physiological tolerance times of two different chemical protective undergarments (2.9 kg v s 4.2 kg), commonly worn with EOD personal protective clothing, in a range of simulated environmental extremes andworkintensities. Methods:Sevenmalesperformedeighteentrialswearingtwoensembles.Thetrialsinvolvedwalkingon atreadmillat2.5,4and5.5km.h >1 ateachofthefollowingenvironmentalconditions,21 C,30 Cand37 C wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT). The trials were ceased if the participants gastrointestinal temperaturereached39 C,ifheartrateexceeded90%ofmaximum,ifwalkingtimereached60minutes orduetovolitionalfatigue. Results: Physiological tolerance times ranged from 8 to 60 min and the duration (Figure 1, mean difference: 2.78 min, P>0.05) were similar in both ensembles. A significant effect for environment (21>30>37 C WBGT, P<0.05) and work intensity (2.5>4>5.5 km.h >1, P< 0.05) was observed in tolerance time.themajorityoftrialsacrossbothensembles(101/126;80.1%)wereterminatedduetoparticipants achievingaheartrateequivalenttogreaterthan90%oftheirmaximum. Fig1.Tolerancetime(mean±SD)inbothensemblesacrossthedifferentenvironmentalconditionsandworkrates. DiscussionandConclusion: Thisisthefirststudytosystematicallycomparethephysiologicaltolerance times of two air>permeable, charcoal>impregnated chemical protective undergarments while worn in combination with EOD personal protective clothing. Physiological tolerance times wearing these two ensemblesweresimilarandpredominantlylimitedbycardiovascularstrain. References: [1]StewartIB,StewartKB,WorringhamCJ,CostelloJT.(2014)Physiologicaltolerancetimeswhilewearingexplosiveordnancedisposalprotectiveclothingin simulatedenvironmentalextremes,plosone,9(2):e83740.doi: /journal.pone [2]StewartIB,TownshendA,RojekA,CostelloJT.(2013)BombDisposalintheTropics:AcocktailofMetabolicandEnvironmentalHeat,JournalofErgonomics. S:2; 97

98 Perception*of*cold*hands:*comparison*between*women*and*men Thomas%Voelcker*% ThermalComfortLaboratory,DecathlonSportsLab,Decathlon,Villeneuved Ascq,France.*Corresponding Introduction:Exposuretocoldgenerallycauseshandcoolingassociatedwithacoldsensation.Literature givesvariousthresholdsforhandskintemperatureunderwhichcoldsensationisnotacceptedanymore: 10 CforHellström[1],between15 Cand20 CforHavenith[2],around21 CforCandas[3].Inthe presentstudy,correlationbetweenfingerskintemperatureandcoldsensationofthehandwas investigatedforwomenandmen.arelationshipwasalsoestablishedwiththepercentageofpeople acceptingthissensationinordertocompareandexplainhowwomenandmendifferintheirperceptionof coldhand. Methods:Twenty>threesubjects(9womenand14men)withnoperipheralvasculardiseasewalkedona treadmillfor45minutesinaclimaticchamber.sixhikingglovesweretestedinfourdifferentconditions:5 km.h >1 walkwitha10%slopeat>20 C,5km.h >1 walkwitha10%slopeat>5 C,5km.h >1 flatwalkat>5 C and5km.h >1 flatwalkat5 C.Middlefingerskintemperature(Tsk)wasmonitoredcontinuouslywith thermocouples.participantswereaskedtoratetheirhandthermalsensation(hts)usinga9pointsscale (from>4 extremelycold to4 extremelyhot )andtodeterminewhetherthissensationwasacceptable ornotfivetimesduringtheprotocol. Results:ThesamerelationbetweenTskandHTSwasfoundforwomenandmen,withaneutralsensation (0)at28 C,cool(>1)at19 Candcold(>2)at14 C.However,acceptabilitydifferedbetweenbothsexes. Hand thermal sensation Tsk,middle finger ( C) R² = 0.8 Discussion:Whilethesamepercentageofwomenandmenfelttheirhandscomfortableforneutral(100 %)andcool(95%)sensation,differencesappearedforharsherconditions,withwomenshowingless tolerancetocold.noneofthewomenacceptedaverycoldsensation(>3)whilehalfofthemenconsidered itwasstillacceptable.forsportsandleisureapplications,wepickedtsk=23 Casthediscomfort thresholdforcold bothformenandwomen correspondingtothepointkeeping95%ofthe participantswithcomfortablehands. Conclusion:Thisstudypointsoutthedifferencebetweenthermalsensationandthermalacceptability.In coldconditions,womenandmenwillfeelthesamesensationontheirhands.but,womentendtobeless toleranttocoldthanmen,especiallywhenfingerskintemperaturedropsunder23 C. References: [1]HellströmB.:Localeffectsofacclimatizationtocoldinman,UniversityPress,Oslo,1965. [2]HavenithG.,etalPain,thermalsensationandcoolingratesofhandswhiletouchingcoldmaterials,EurJApplPhysiol65:43 51,1992. [3]CandasV.,DufourA.:Handskintemperaturesassociatedwithlocalhanddiscomfortunderwhole>bodycoldexposure,JournaloftheHuman>Environmental SystemVol.10;No.1:31 37, Men Women Percentage of people accepting their hand thermal sensation 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Men Women Hand thermal sensation

99 PCM5cap$to$provide$thermal$comfort$for$human$head% Yigit%Can%Sezgin*,%Murat%Celik% DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,BogaziciUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey.*CorrespondingAuthor: Introduction: Motorcycles are one of the most widespread transportation vehicles in the world. However, in hot summer days wearing a motorcycle helmet can be exhaustive and because of high temperatures,theridermayexperiencelossofconcentrationandhighstress[1].inordertopreventthese effects,phasechangematerials(pcm)>caps,madefromplasticandarefilledwithtwodifferentpcm,are producedandtested.pcmhavespecificphasechangetemperaturesfordifferentuses.becauseamaterial needs higher heat energy during the phase change, these materials are widely used for thermal energy storage purposes. In this paper, a heat transfer model of the PCM>cap inside the motorcycle helmet is examined.twodifferentpcm>capsaretested. Methods: The heat transfer model of the experiment was accomplished using the finite difference method.itwasassumedthatthehumanheadissphericalandthemodelconsistedofthefollowinglayers: brain,skull,fat,innerskin,outerskin,hair,pcm>cap,insulationandoutershellofthehelmet[2].forthe heattransfermodel,thebio>heattransferequationwasusedandthenecessaryvaluestakenfromother academicstudies.itwasalsoassumedthatthecoreofthehumanheadandtheoutershellofthehelmet haveconstanttemperatures.intheexperiment,thetemperatureoftheoutershellofthehelmetwaskept constantbyinfraredheaterandthetemperaturebetweenthehairandpcm>capasmeasuredusingk>type thermocouple. Results:Intheexperiment,84.5gramsofPCMwasusedineachPCM>cap.TwodifferentPCMproducts, px27andpx31,whicharetheproductsofrubithermcompany,wereused.athermocouplewasusedto measuretemperature( C)asafunctionoftime(inminutes)andispresentedinthefollowingfigure. Discussion:UsingPCM>capinsidethemotorcyclehelmetincreasedthetimetoreachthetemperatureof 35 C,whichisassumedtobethemaximumtemperatureforthermalcomfortofhumanhead[3]. Conclusion: A PCM>cap inside a motorcycle helmet increases the thermal comfort duration of a motorcyclerider.therefore,accidentsbecauseofthelossofconcentrationandraisedthermalstressmay beprevented. References: [1]F.L.TanandS.C.Fok;Coolingofhelmetwithphasechangematerial,AppliedThermalEngineering,26,pp.2067>2072,2006. [2]F.E.M.Janssen,G.M.J.VanLeeuwenandA.A.VanSteenhoven;Modellingoftemperatureandperfusionduringscalpcooling,PhysicsinMedicineandBiology, 50,pp.4065>4073,2005 [3]S.C.Fok,F.L.TanandC.C.Sua;Experimentalinvestigationsonthecoolingofamotorcyclehelmetwithphasechangematerial,ThermalScience,15,

100 Infrared(heating(as(an(adjunct(to(achieve(vehicle(occupant'thermal'comfort% David%Collins 1,%%Ramona%Rednic 2 %,%C.%Douglas%Thake 1 * % 1 DepartmentofAppliedScienceandHealth,UniversityofCoventry,Coventry,UK. 2 JaguarLandRover Research,UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UK.*Correspondingauthor:d.thake@coventry.ac.uk Introduction:Traditionallyvehicleoccupantsarewarmedorcooledindirectlyviaheating,ventilationand airconditioning(hvac)systems.theneedtoenhanceelectricvehiclerangehasfuelledinterestin developingalternative,moreenergyefficientmodesoradjunctstohvacsystemstoachievethermal comfort.infrared(ir)radiantheat,thatfallsdirectlyontheindividual,couldbeamoreeffectiveand energyefficientadjuncttotraditionalairheatingmethods.thereforethisinvestigationexaminedthe impactofapplyinganirheatsourceonvehicleoccupantsachievingthermalcomfort. Methods:Eightthermoneutralpreconditionedmaleparticipants,aged27(8)years;height1.76(0.05) meters;mass76.5(11.2)kg,wereexposedtoadynamic pullup from5to25 C(1 C.2min >1 )inan environmentalchamberonthreeoccasionswhilstsatonacarseat.acoveredinfraredheatingpanel ( 0.55m 2 consuming48welectricalpower;qpunkt,germany)waslocatedineitherthesunvisorposition (IRV);footwellposition(infrontofthelowerleg;IRL);orabsent(NoIR).Thermalcomfortandsensation [1],desirability(bespoke7>pointscaledevelopedfroma3>pointscale[2])weresoughtat2minintervals alongsideparticipantsmarkingtheir acceptabilityofthetotalthermalenvironment onavisualanalogue scale[3].rectal,auralandvariousskinsurfacetemperatureswererecorded. Results:Wholebodythermalcomfortimprovedalongsideincreasedthermalsensationinalltrials (P<0.001)withenhancedthermalcomfortandsensation(warmth)inIRV(P<0.001;<0.01)andIRL(P<0.05; <0.001)comparedtoNoIR.Acceptabilityofthetotalthermalenvironmentreached justacceptable after 10>12minwithIRheating(airtemperature,T air,irv,7.6>8.4 C;IRL,7.3>8.2 C)withthispointbeing reachedat16min(t air 9.9 C)inNoIR(vs.IRV,P<0.001;vs.IRL,P<0.05).LikewiseT air desirabilitywaslower (agreaterriseintemperaturebeingdesirable)innoirvs.irv(p<0.001)andirl(p<0.01)upto 24>28min (T air,noir,14.6>17.2 C;IRV,14.7>17.2 C;IRL15.1>17.7 C).Head,faceandnosethermalcomfortand sensationdidnotvarybetweenconditions.irpanelpositiondependentdifferenceswereevidentfor thermalcomfortandsensation,respectively,forthechest&arms(p=0.01;<0.05)andhands(p<0.001)in IRVandthelowerleg(P<0.001),feet(P<0.05;<0.01)andtoes(P=0.05;=0.001)inIRLcomparedtoNoIR. BothIRVandIRLresultedinimprovedthermalcomfortandsensationofbodyareasincontactwiththe seatsurfacecomparedtonoir;alignedtolowerseattemperaturedesirabilityinnoircomparedtoirv (P<0.01)andIRL(P<0.05). Discussion:IncidentIRradiationfromtheheatingpanelinIRVandIRL,providedheatenergythat temporallyenhancedlocalandoverallthermalsensationandcomfortcomparedtonoir.thelackof differenceinhead,faceandnosethermalcomfortandsensationinirvislikelyduetotheirpanelposition limitingincidentirtothesebodysegments.howeverthechest&armsandhandsdidbenefit.irl improvedfeetandtoethermalcomfortandsensation,bodyareasthatarenotoriouslycoolandresistant towarming. Conclusion:TheadditionofanIRheatingpanelduringadynamic pullup protocolyieldedpositiveand positionspecificeffectsonthermalperceptionsinyounghealthymales.thereforestudiestofurtherdefine theapplicationofirheatingpanelswithinvehiclecabinsarewarranted. References: [1]ASHRAE(2004)ASHRAEStandard55>2004.AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAir>conditioningEngineers,Inc.,Atlanta. [2]Oi,Hetal(2012)Effectsofheatedseatsinvehiclesonthermalcomfortduringtheinitialwarm>upperiod.AppliedErgonomics43,360>367 [3]Gunnarsen,L.B.andFanger,P.O(1992)Adaptationtoindoorairpollution.EnvironmentalInternational18(1)s.43>54 % 100

101 Prescribing*workload*administration*to*optimise*isothermic*heat*acclimation% Oliver%R.%Gibson*,%%Peter%W.%Watt,%Neil%S.%Maxwell.%% Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK. Introduction: Repeated exercise>heat exposures, known as heat acclimation (HA), are often implemented as an intervention to attenuate decrements in physiological strain and exercise tolerance prior to work in normothermic and hot, humid conditions. The fundamental potentiating stimuli for thermoregulatory adaptation are repeated, significant rises in core temperature. Targeting of a specific coretemperatureisknown%as%isothermic,%or%controlled%hyperthermic%ha.%different%methods%of%modulating% the$ exercise$ component$ of$ isothermic$ HA$ have$ been$ implemented,$ with$ prescription$ previously$ based$ upon%either%peak%oxygen%uptake%(v2o 2peak ),power,orsubjectiveratingsofperceivedexertionorthermal sensation.interestingly,metabolicheatproduction,ameasuretodeterminechangesincoretemperature, has not been used to prescribe isothermic HA. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the rate of rectal (core) temperature (Trec) increase, and different methods for prescribing workloadduringanacuteexercise>heatexposure,withtheobjectiveoftryingtorefinetheprescriptionof isothermichaworkloads. Methods: Followingpreliminarytesting"to"determine"V,O 2peak,fiftyfourmaleparticipants(Age23.1(4.2) years,height180(6)cm,mass76.3(10.1)kg,bodysurfacearea(bsa)1.95(0.13)m 2,BodyFat13.8(4.1)%, VO 2peak 3.82(0.66)L.min >1 )cycledinuncompensableheatstress40 C,39%rhfor$29$(2)$min$to$replicate$ the$active$stage$of$a$typical$isothermic$ha$session.$the$initial$exercise$workload$was$prescribed$based$upon$ a" %V%O 2peak (59.7& ±& 8.7).& Potential& exercise& prescription& variables& corresponding& to& the& actual& %V?O 2peak performedwereretrospectivelycalculatedfollowingeachsessionasfollowsmeanpower(w.kg >1 ),power (%max), metabolic heat production (MHP; W.kg >1 ), MHP/BSA (W.m >2 ), heat production (H prod ; W.kg >1 ), H prod /BSA (W.m >2 ),# V%O 2 (%peak), heart rate (HR; %max), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (TS). Pearson product moment correlations were calculated for each prescriptive workload variableagainsttherateofchangeintrec( C.hr >1 )occurringineachsession.linearregressionwasthen performedtodeterminetheworkloadprescriptionrequiredtoincreasetrecby1.5 Cwithin30minutes thusreplicatinganincreasefromresting(37.0 C)totheisothermictarget(38.5 C)temperature. Results:Allvariablesdemonstratedsignificant(p%<0.05)relationshipswiththerateofchangeinTrecin rankedorderasfollows:power(r 2 =0.58;2.1(0.1)W.kg >1 ),MHP(r 2 =0.50;10.8(2.7)W.kg >1 ),MHP/BSA(r 2 =0.46;419(97)W.m >2 ),power(r 2 =0.46;51(12)%max),H prod (r 2 =0.43;8.7(2.1)W.kg >1 ),H prod /BSA(r 2 = 0.39;336(77)W.m >2 ),RPE(r 2 =0.33;14(2)),HR(r 2 ="0.28;"83(10)"%max),"V2O 2 (r 2 =0.28;50.8(10.5)%peak), andts(r 2 =0.10;6.3(0.6)).LinearregressiondescribedtheworkloadprescriptiontoincreaseTrecby1.5 C in 30 minutes as follows power = 2.7 W.kg >1, MHP = = 12.9 W.kg >1, MHP/BSA = 518 W.m >2, power = 64 %max,h prod =10.9W.kg >1,H prod /BSA=422W.m >2,"RPE"="17,"HR"="95"%max,"V1O 2 =68%peak,andTS=8. Discussion: Rapid(<30 min) attainment of the target Trec for isothermic HA optimises the efficiency of thisintervention.prescriptionofisothermichaintensityutilisingpower(w.kg >1 or%max)orh prod (W.kg >1 orw.m >2 )havethestrongestrelationshipwiththerateofchangeintrec.thisislikelyduetothedirect relationship with the heat balance equation. The calculated workload prescriptions can therefore, be implementedbypractitionerstoaccuratelyincreasetrec. Conclusion:PrescribingHAworkloadsutilisingpower(W.kg >1 or%max),mhp(w.kg >1 orw.m >2 ),orh prod (W.kg >1 orw.m >2 )demonstratesleastvariabilityofthemethodstested.utilisingrelativepower(w.kg >1 )or MHPandH prod toprescribeisothermicharemovestherequirementforaprehavo 2peak test. 101

102 Establishingsafelimitsformilitaryoperations*by*any*troops*exposed*to*risk*from* extremes'of:'1)'work;'2)'heat;'or'3)'cold;'especially'wearing'encapsulating'cbr'protective' clothing% % Ralph%F.%Goldman%% FounderofMilitaryErgonomicsUSARIEM,Natick,MA,USA ralph@ralphgoldman.com NationalPolicy,atthehighestlevels,establishesoperationalrequirementsthatUSMilitaryunitsofall servicesatgivenlevelsoftrainingmayberequiredtomeet.themosteffectivemilitarycommandersin thefieldseemtobethosewhobelievethat,undertheirinspiredleadership,theirtroopscanaccomplish almostanymission(e.g.,generalpattonetal),andanyinabilitytodososimplyrequiresmoretraining. Unfortunately,humans(subjecttoinborngeneticphysiologicallimitations,whichmaybemodifiedby additionaltrainingwhensubjecttotheencapsulatingeffectsofpartialbodyarmour),butthetotal encapsulationwhenwearingcbrprotectiveensembleswhichareessentialtosurvivingcbrattacks, CANNOT%BE%OFFSET,otherthanbyauxiliarycoolingsystems.Ihelpeddevelopsuchsystems,asoneofthe firsttoaddressthe3mileislandnuclearreactormeltdown;isuggestedtheneedtoairconditiontheair craftcarrierpilotreadyrooms,alongwiththeneedtoprovidepotabledrinkingwateratregularintervals totheflightdecklaunch&recoverypersonnel;identifiedasthesourcewhostronglysuggestedthatthe Shermantankbeairconditioned,IwastaskedbytheUnder>SecretaryoftheArmytorunastudytoprove it,whichidid,soitis;therussiansweresmarterthanwewere theirtankscanbeover>pressurized,so theyarenotsubjecttocontamination,andtheircrewmencannotbeover5 4 sotheycandoncbr protectiveclothinginsidebeforetheyhavetoexitthetank.irecommendedtheisraeliapproach,which wastoprovideathin,plasticcoverallwornwithawaterabsorbentcoverovertheiruniformtobewet downatregularintervals.iflewinalmostalltheushelicoptertypes,toassesstheirheatstress,andspent severalyearsrunningmetoxe(missioneffectivenessinatoxicenvironment)studiesforinfantry,artillery, etc.learningfromacolleagueatedgewoodarsenalthatthemarineswereplanningafullbattalion(~450 men)assaultinfullcwprotectivegearonviequesisland,offthecoastofstthomasinthesummer,isaid Theycan tdothat,andhesuggestedicallthemarinegeneralrunningit.whenidid,hesaidthat NationalPolicywasthattheywoulddothis,sotheyhadtorunit.WhenIsuggestedtherisk, thatifheput 450meninfullNBCprotectionandattemptedsuchanassault,itwouldprobablyresultinthedeathof> 300ofthem,Igothisfullattention.Iofferedtobringdownsomeofmyexperiencedmedics,and suggestedwemakeita5daystudy,putting1platooninonday1,thenthenexttwodayswe dputinone ofthetwoothercompany s,the4 th dayallthefirstcompany,andthe5 th daywewouldrunthefull Battalion.Thedetailswillbediscussedinfull sufficeittosaythatiarrangedfor3jetplanesoutfitted withspraytankstoflyoverthebeachsprayingasimulatedtoxicchemicalagent,andthedetectorpaper wehadputoneachman sshoulderssuggestedthatallbut~10%wouldhavediedbeforetheygotoffthe beachintothejungle.wechangednationalpolicy,althoughicameclosertolosingapaticpaintthaniever had.iwonanothermedalforrunningthelargestfullscalebattallionstudywhiledoingso.detailswillbe discussed. % % 102

103 The%Effect%of%Body%Armour%and%Load%Carriage%on%Respiratory%Function%and%Exercise Nicola%Armstrong 1 *,%%Amanda%Ward 2,%Gilbert%Chanza 2,%Mitch%Lomax 2,%Michael % J%Tipton 2,% James%R%House 2 % 1 Dstl,HumanSystemsGroup,PortonDown,Salisbury,UK. 2 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,Department ofsportandexercisescience,universityofportsmouth,portsmouth,uk. * Correspondingauthor: ncarmstrong@dstl.gov.uk Introduction:Wearingbodyarmour(BA)causesarestrictiverespiratorydefect,whichiscausedbyits increasedmassandrestrictionofchestexpansion[1],[2].theevidencesuggeststhatthisrespiratory impairmentissufficienttoreducemaximalexercisecapacityandmayresultintheearlyonsetoffatigue [3].ThisstudytestedthehypothesisthatUKmilitaryBAandloadcarriagewouldimpairrespiratory functionatrestandduringmilitarypatrollingtasks. Methods:24malemilitaryparticipantscompletedalaboratorytestfivetimeswearingnoBA,BAalone (totalmass15kg),ba15kg(30kg),ba25kg(40kg)orba35kg(50kg).thelaboratorytestinvolved measurementsofpulmonaryfunctionatrest(e.g.flowvolumeloops)andduringacontinuoustreadmill test(e.g.tidalflowvolumeloopmeasurementduringexercise).thespeedandincline(%)ofthetreadmill wasincreasedeverytenminutestorepresentthefollowingmilitarytasks;acautiouspatrol(lightexercise: 3km.h >1,0%),lowthreatpatrol(moderateexercise:4km.h >1,3%),forcedmarch(heavyexercise:5km.h >1, 4%)andcontactsituation(veryheavyexercise:6km.h >1,5%).Respiratorymusclepressures(RMP)were alsomeasuredpreandpostexercise. Results:BAcausedamild(6%to8%)restrictiverespiratory. V O impairment(areductioninfvcandfev 1 withoutareductionin 2 U p ta k e FEV 1 /FVC).Thisrestrictionincreasedto15%withtheadditionof 4 S a t S to o d L ig h t M o d e ra te H e a vy V. H e a vy 35kg.AreductioninRMPwasobservedinallconditions immediatelypostexercise(11%to18%forinspiratorymuscles 3 and16%to23%forexpiratorymuscles).atfiveminutespost exercise,rmpreturnedtobaselinelevelswhennobawasworn 2. andalsowhenbawaswornwithoutadditionalload.respiratory 1 limitationwasobservedduringveryheavyexerciseintheloaded conditions(whereexercisetidalflowsmeetthemaximumflow 0 volumeloopenvelope).energyexpenditurewasdefinedforfive loadsandfourexerciseintensities(seefigure).ateachexercise T im e (m in ) N o B o d y A rm o u r B o d y A rm o u r Body Arm our 15 kg intensity,increasesinventilationcausedbywearingbaandload Body Arm our 25 kg Loose Body Arm our 25 kg Body Arm our 35 kg wereexplainedbyincreasesinbreathingfrequency. Discussion:ThisstudyhasquantifiedtherespiratoryburdenassociatedwithcarryingBAwithloadsupto 50kg.ArestrictiverespiratoryimpairmentwasobservedwithBAandloadcarriage.ReductionsinRMP areindicativeofrespiratorymusclefatigueandsuggestthatlongerperiodsofrecoverywouldberequired betweentaskswhenbaiswornwithload. Conclusion:UKmilitarysoldiersmayexperiencerespiratorylimitationduringpatrollingtasks.Thismay reduceexercisecapacityandleadtotheearlyonsetoffatigue[3].thesefindingshaveimplicationsfor militarytaskperformancee.g.marksmanshipandfireandmovement,wherestablebreathingpatternsand quickrecoverytimesareessential. References: [1]Legg,S.J.InfluenceofBodyArmouronPulmonaryFunction.Ergonomics.%%31(3):349> [2]Bygrave,S.,Legg,S.J.,Myers,S,andLlewwllyn,M.EffectofBackpackFitonLungFunction.Ergonomics.47:324> [3]Coast,J.R.andCline,C.C.,TheEffectofChestWallRestrictiononExerciseCapacity,Respirology.9(2):197> V O 2 (L )

104 Head%sweat%rate%prediction%for%thermal%comfort%assessment%of%bicycle%helmets% Peter%Bröde 1,6 *,%Guido%De%Bruyne 2,6,%JeanMMarie%Aerts 3,6,%Tiago%S.%Mayor 4,6,%Dusan%Fiala 5,6 % 1 LeibnizResearchCentreforWorkingEnvironmentandHumanFactors(IfADo),Dortmund,Germany; 2 UniversityofAntwerp,Belgium; 3 KULeuven,Belgium; 4 EMPA,St.Gallen,Switzerland; 5 Ergonsim,Marxzell, Germany; 6 HOPE HelmetOPtimizationinEurope,EUCOSTActionTU1101WorkingGroup4withthe participationofj.m.aerts,s.a.annaheim,c.p.bogerd,p.bröde,g.debruyne,a.d.flouris,k.kuklane,t.s. Mayor,R.M.Rossi( Introduction:Only1%to40%ofadultcyclistsinEuropeancountriesmakeuseofbicyclehelmets.This maybepartlyattributabletoimpairedthermalcomfortassociatedwithhelmetuse,whichcanleadto locallyaccumulatedsweatandincreasedskinwettedness[1].localsweatrates(lsr)canbemodelledby sudomotorsensitivities(sud)relatingthechangeinlsrtothechangeinbodycoretemperature(tc)[2], orbytheratiooflsrtogrosssweatrate(gsr)ofthewholebody[3].couplingthoselocalmodelswith modelsofthermoregulationpredictingtcandgsrprovidesaframeworkforpredictingheadsweatrates inresponsetothecharacteristicsofthethermalenvironment,clothing,levelofactivityandexposuretime. Thispaperstudiestheinfluenceofdifferentlocalandwhole>bodymodelsonpredictiveaccuracy. Methods:WeidentifiedsixdifferentlocalmodelsfortheheadregionrelyingonSUD[2],[3],[4]and threemodelsusinglsrtogsrratios[3].thesewerelinkedwiththemodels PredictiveHeatStrain (PHS) [5],themulti>nodeUTCI>Fialamodelofthermoregulation[6]andthestillmorecomplex Fialathermal PhysiologyandComfort (FPC)model[7].Wecomparedtheprognosestopublishedmeanswith95%CIof LSRmeasuredatthefrontalandlateralheadduringbicycleergometertrialswithvaryingairtemperatures (16 28 C),airvelocities(0.1 3mõs >1 )andactivitylevels(poweroutput50 150W)[8],[9]. Results:ModelsbasedonSUDoverestimatedfrontalheadLSR,whereasfortwoSUDmodelspredicted laterallsrwerewithintheexperimental95%ci,butwithabsolutepercentageerrorbetween3%and36%. GSRbasedpredictionswerelowerthanLSRfromSUDandcoveredbetterthe95%CIfortheforehead,but againerrorrangedfrom8% 30%.ThoughPHSgavelessaccuratepredictionsthanUTCI>FialaandFPC,the localmodeldeterminedoverallperformance,whichwasbestforonegsrandtwosudmodels[3],[4]. Discussion:ThepoorpredictionofforeheadLSR,especiallybymodelsusingSUD,maybeimprovedby consideringthemodifyingeffectoflocalconvectivecooling[10],whichisrelevanttocycling. Conclusion:Eventually,integratingheadLSRpredictionwiththecalculationofskinwettednessinrelation toevaporativeresistancewillprovideassessmentcriteriaforthethermalcomfortofbicyclehelmets. References: [1]BogerdCP,AertsJM,AnnaheimS,BrödeP,deBruyneG,FlourisAD,KuklaneK,SottoMayorT,RossiRM:Areviewonergonomicsofheadgear:Thermal effects.intjindergon2015,45:1>12. [2]Machado>MoreiraC,WilminkF,MeijerA,MekjavicI,TaylorN:Localdifferencesinsweatsecretionfromtheheadduringrestandexerciseintheheat.EurJ ApplPhysiol2008,104:257>264. [3]SmithCJ,HavenithG:Bodymappingofsweatingpatternsinmaleathletesinmildexercise>inducedhyperthermia.EurJApplPhysiol2011,111:1391>1404. [4]TaylorNAS,Machado>MoreiraCA:Regionalvariationsintransepidermalwaterloss,eccrinesweatglanddensity,sweatsecretionratesandelectrolyte compositioninrestingandexercisinghumans.extremephysiology&medicine2013,2:4. [5].ISO7933:Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment>Analyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofheatstressusingcalculationofthepredictedheatstrain. Geneva:InternationalOrganisationforStandardisation;2004. [6]FialaD,HavenithG,BrödeP,KampmannB,JendritzkyG:UTCI>Fialamulti>nodemodelofhumanheattransferandtemperatureregulation.IntJBiometeorol 2012,56:429>441. [7]FialaD,PsikutaA,JendritzkyG,PaulkeS,NelsonDA,vanMarkenLichtenbeltW,FrijnsAJ:Physiologicalmodelingfortechnical,clinicalandresearch applications.frontiersinbioscience2010,s2:939>968. [8]DeBruyneG,AertsJM,VanderPerreG,GoffinJ,VerpoestI,BerckmansD:Spatialdifferencesinsensibleandlatentheatlossesunderabicyclehelmet.EurJ ApplPhysiol2008,104:719>726. [9]DeBruyneG,AertsJM,SlotenJV,GoffinJ,VerpoestI,BerckmansD:Transientsweatresponseofthehumanheadduringcycling.IntJIndErgon2010,40:406> 413. [10]NadelER,BullardRW,StolwijkJA:Importanceofskintemperatureintheregulationofsweating.JApplPhysiol1971,31:80>87 104

105 Influence(of(sports(compression(textiles(on(endurance(running(performance% Martin%Harnisch*,%Anke%Klepser,%Edith%Classen,%Jan%Beringer,%Andreas%Schmidt% HohensteinInstitutfuerTextilinnovationgGmbH,Boennigheim,Germany.*Correspondingauthor: Introduction:Sportscompressiontextilesareverypopular,especiallyinendurancesportsliketriathlon andmarathonrunning[1].itiswellknown,thatmedicalcompressionstockingsreducetheexpansionof veinsandacompressivegradienttotheheartenhancesvenousbloodflow[1>3].duringsports compressivetextilesreducewobblingmasses,musclevibrationandswelling[4].thereforecompression shouldleadtobetterenduranceperformance,butthebenefitonenduranceperformanceisnotclearly proved,e.g.kemmleret%al.%[5]foundabenefitbycompressiontextileswhilesperlichet%al.%[1]didnot. Methods:Fourcompressionstockings/calfsleeveswithdifferentcompressionandcompressiongradients aswellacombinationofcompressionstockingwithcompressionthighsleeveweretestedagainstshort sleevedsportswearwithoutcompression.tenexperiencedrunners(44.6±4.5years)participatedinrunning trialsonatreadmillinaclimaticroom(t a =23±0.2 C,RH a =56±6%rh).Anincrementaltestwasperformed tofindindividualrunningspeed.themaintestincluded40minat70%ofmaximumoxygenconsumption followedby5minatspeedofpenultimateincrement.arteriallactateconcentration,oxygenconsumption, heartrate,coretemperature,skintemperatureandhumidityandweightlosswererecorded.subjectsgave feedbackontemperature,humidity,compression,exertionandgeneralperception. Results:Statisticaldifferencescouldnotbefoundforheartrate,oxygenconsumptionandlactate concentrationwhencomparingdifferentcompressiontextilesandcommonsportswear.coretemperature, meanwholebodytemperatureandhumiditywerenotincreasedwhenwearingcompressiontextilesin comparisontocommonshortsleevedsportswear.buttemperatureandhumidityatcalfandthighwere higherwhencoveredbycompressiontextiles.furthermoreweight/sweatlosswasnotsignificantlyhigher whenwearingcompressiontextilesandefficiencyofevaporation(ratioofproducedtoevaporatedsweat) wasnotaffected.perceptionoftemperatureandhumiditywasnotworseincomparisontocommon sportswear,butcompressionatlegsmadesubjectsfeelbetterandlessexhausted. Discussion: Compression textiles had no influence on physiological parameters describing endurance performance,e.g.heartrate,oxygenconsumptionandlactate,whatcorrespondswithfindingsbysperlich et% al.% [1]. Furthermore it was found that this is independent of compression and compression gradient provided by stockings or sleeves for calve and thigh. On the other hand it could be shown, that an additionalclothinglayerbycompressiontextilesdidnotleadtohigherthermalstress.inadditionsubjects felt less exhausted when wearing compression textiles, at the end of the series a ranking of all clothing systemsshowedapreferenceforcompressiontextilesbysubjectsincomparisontostandardsportswear. Conclusion:Thereisnophysiologicalevidenceforabenefitofcompressiontextilesonrunning endurance.ontheotherhandcompressiontextilesdonotaddthermalstress,showapsychological benefitandcompressionmakessubjectsfeellessexhausted. Acknowledgement:Theresearchproject16868NwasfoundedbytheForschungsvereinigung ForschungskuratoriumTextile.V.viagrantsoftheAiFandtheMinistryofEconomyandEnergy. References: [1] Sperlich,B.;Haegele,M.;Nitsch,S.etal.,SchweizerischeZeitschriftfür«SportmedizinundSporttraumatologie»Vol.(57),No.4,pp.132>135(2009) [2] demarées,h.:sportphysiologie,verlagsportundbuchstrauss,bochum,(2003) [3] Davies,V.;Thompson,K.G.&Cooper,S.M.,JStrengthCondRes,Vol.(23),No.6,pp.1786>1794(2009) [4] Doan,B.K.;Kwon,Y.H.;Newton,R.U.etal.,JSportsSciVol.(21),No.8,pp.601>608(2003) [5] Kemmler,W.;vonStengel,S.;Köckritz,C.etal.,JStrengthCondRes,Vol.(23),No.1,pp.101>105(2009) 105

106 Ventilation)of)horse)riding)helmets:)what)is)the)connection)between)laboratory)and)field) measurements?% Matthieu%Jolly 1,%Alexia%Cariou 1 %,%Emmanuelle%Koralewski 2 %% 1 ThermalAffectiveandLaboratories,DecathlonSportsLab,Villeneuved Ascq,France. 2 Fouganza, equestrianbrandofdecathlon,villeneuved Ascq,France.*Correspondingauthor: matthieu.jolly@decathlon.com Introduction:Helmetshavereceivedlittleattentionintheliterature[1]concerningthermalcomfort. Whetheritisformotorcyclingorcycling,ventilationofhelmetshasbecomeanissue[2,3].Relationships betweenheatlossandtheeffectsperceivedvaryamonghelmets.fouganza,theequestrianbrandof Decathlon,hasmadeventilationofhorseridinghelmetsapriority,firstlaboratoryandthenfield measurementswereperformedinordertoevaluatethevalidityoflaboratorymeasuresandalsotoranka rangeofhelmetsonascalefrom1to5. Methods:Thedeterminationofthermalandevaporativeresistancewasassessedonsevenhelmets, usingaheadmanikininaclimaticchamberunder20 C,40%rhandtwowindspeeds(1,3and15,0km.h >1 ). Fourindicators(Rc lowspeed,rc highspeed,re lowspeed,re highspeed )werethusobtained. Inordertobetterunderstandthebehaviourofthehelmetsduringfieldtests,aspecificquestionnairewas createdfor15horseriders(fromgallop3togallop7)tocollectthesubjectiveresponsesoffourhelmets, ona9>points>scale(fromnotventilatedtoveryventilated),afteranintenseexerciseof45minutes undertakenattheequestriancentreofroubaix. Results: Fromthefourindicators,Rc lowspeed was foundtobesignificantlycorrelatedwith ventilationofhorseridinghelmets.the generalgradingremainedthesameby selectingtheotherindicatorsre highspeed, Re lowspeed andrc highspeed,buttheyarenot morerepresentativeoftherealuse. Thusweobtainedthecoefficientsofthe equationventilation%=%α.rc low%speed %%β, allowingustorankourrangeofhelmets. DiscussionandConclusion: The0,179m².K.W >1 extentintheresults canbeexplainedbythenoventilation Rc (m².k/w) low speed Samshield Shadow helmet(c400)comparedtotheventilationorientedconception(samshield,withchannels,awayinand wayoutforthewind).thefieldresultshavehighlightedthebestchoiceforourindicatorofventilation,but withonlyfourhelmetstestedinthefield.inthefuture,resultscouldbeadjusteddependingonthewind speedandtheselectionofheadsegmentsforthecalculation.brühwiler(2004)alsoshowedthatthe inclinationwouldbeanotherareaofinvestigation 3.Thetestmethodwillalsoleadtostrongimprovement intheconceptionofhelmetsregardingventilation. References: [1]Taylor>2008>Thephysiologicaldemandsequestrianhelmet [2]Bogerd>2011>Thermalperceptionofventilationchangesinfull>facemotorcyclehelmet_subjectandmanikinstudy [3]Brühwiler>2004>Bicyclehelmetventilationandcomfortangledependence Fouganza Stipolo GPA Speed Air Fouganza Safety Fouganza C700 Fouganza Rid'Air Fouganza C

107 An#investigation#of#PCT#and#EU#patents#on#helmetsto#improve#thermal#comfort% JuYoun%Kwon*% SchoolofDesignandHumanEngineering,UlsanNationalInstituteofScienceandTechnology,South Introduction:Todevelopaproductforpeoplewhoareexposedtotheparticularenvironmentoractivity, their implicit need should be determined; their behaviour, activity, and task etc. can be investigated. A surveywasconductedtoinvestigatetheimplicitneedofboatingpeople[1].32.1%ofrespondentsthought that head isthemostvulnerablebodyparttogetinjuredwhileboatingand11.7%oftherespondentshad beeninjuredonthe head indicatingboatingpeoplerequiresafetyequipmenttoprovideaprotectionof theirhead.therefore,theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatethetechnologyusedfordevelopinghelmets throughanalysingthehelmetpatentsofpatentcooperationtreaty(pct)andeu. Methods: The WIPSON database [2] was used in order to analyse the patents of PCT and EU and the searchkeywordwashelmet.thetotalnumbersofpctandeuregisteredorpublicisedwere412casesand 428casesrespectivelyfromJanuary,1 st,2011todecember,31 st,2014.thepatentstoimprovethermal comfort for wearers were distinguished after considering abstract, exemplary claim, plans and International Patent Classification (IPC). IPC is made up of eight sections; A: Human necessities, B: Performing operations; transporting, C: Chemistry, D: Textiles, E: Fixed constructions, F: Mechanical engineering;lighting;heating;weapons;blasting,g: Physics,H: Electricity.Thesectionwassubdivided intofurtherfoursublevelsof class,subclass,group,andsubgroup [3].TheIPC sdescriptionsonthelevels of sectionandsubgroup wereconsideredtoinvestigatethetechnologyusedfordevelopinghelmet. Results:ThecommoncontentsofbothPCT sandeu swereaboutthetechnologyrelatedtorespiratory, moulding & shaping, layered products composed of specific materials, safety technology adapted for vehicle, attaching technology, shock>absorbing technology, lighting, optical parts or element, signalling, andtransmission/transducertechnology.thenumberofpctpatentsforimprovingthermalcomfortwas 14 cases and the number of EU patents was 13 cases. These patents were classified into at least one of eight sections in IPC. 12 cases of PCT patents and 11 cases of EU patents belonged in section A only. A patentofpctandapatentofeuwereaffiliatedtosectionbaswellassectiona.apatentofpctbelonged inbothsectionsbandf.apatentofeuwasaffiliatedwithbothsectionaandsectionf.additionally,of thesubgroupsconsidered,thepatentsrelatingtoimprovingthermalcomfortwereclassifiedintosixkinds of subgroups in maximum. PCT patents tended to belong to Parts, details of accessories of helmets, Ventilationarrangement,and Filteringprocessorwithfilterelements butmostofeupatentsbelonged to Ventilationarrangement.However,therewerefewpatentsinwhichsensorsystemwasusedbutthe PCT patent and the EU patents belonged to Electric communication technique and Parts, details or accessoriesofhelmets / Cushioningdevice respectively. Conclusions:ThecharacteristicsofPCTpatentswereaboutsupplyingadditionalpartsofahelmetsuchas a mask of helmet with filters, a cooling/ventilating fan, shutters for ventilation, an absorber for CO 2, a compactairpurifier,andalinerofbreathablefabricetc.butthecontentsofeupatentstendedtobeabout modifyingthecombinationofshellsorfoamortransformingtheoriginalshapeofshellsorfoam. References: [1]Kwon,J.andKyung,G.(2014)AsurveyonSailing>relatedInjuriesandUsageofPersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE),Proceedingsof6 th EuropeanConference onprotectiveclothing,belgium.may2014. [2]WIPSONwww.wipson.com. [3]WIPOwww.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/en/. ThisstudywasfundedbyNationalResearchFoundationofKorea(NRF>2013R1A1A ) 107

108 The$Effect%of%Air%Gap%on#the%Total%and%Local%Thermal%Insulation%of%Chinese%Male%Costumes% from%twenty%minority%ethnic%groups% Wen%Shi,%%Hui%Peng,%Yehu%Lu,%Faming%Wang*%% LaboratoryforClothingPhysiologyandErgonomics,theNationalEngineeringLaboratoryforModernSilk, Introduction:Clothingthermalinsulationisanimportantthermo>physicalparametertodetermine thermalcomfort.previousstudieshaveshownthatclothingthermalinsulationcanbelargelyaffectedby theairspeed,thebodymovement,thebodyposture,clothingphysicalpropertiesanddesignfeatures[1> 2].Airgapstrappedwithintheclothingmicroenvironmentisoneoftheinherentfactorsthatdetermine thethermalinsulationoftheclothing[3].inthisstudy,theeffectofairgaponthetotalandlocalthermal insulationof20setsofchinesemalecostumeswasinvestigatedbya3dbodyscannerandthermalmanikin measurements. Methods:Asampleoftwentyclothingensemblesoftypicalmaleethniccostumeswereselectedfrom20 Chineseminoritygroups.Theyweredividedinto6majorgroupsbasedontheirdesigncharacteristics.The totalandlocalthermalinsulationofthosemalecostumesweremeasuredona Newton thermalmanikin, whichwasdividedinto11regionsfordataanalysis.aconstantsurfacetemperatureof34.0 Cwasused. Alltestswereconductedinaclimaticchamber,wheretheairvelocitywas0.4(0.1)m.s >1.Thetestprotocol strictlyfollowedtheiso15831(2004)[4].threeindependentreplicationsoftestsforeachensemblewere performed.thecoefficientofvarianceofeachtestscenarioshouldwaswithin10%.tocapturethe3d bodyshapeandclothingairgap,avitussmart3dwholebodylaserscanner(humansolutionsgmbh, Kaiserslautern,Germany)wasused.Thenudemanikinwasfirstscanned,andthenthedressedmanikin wasscannedwiththesameposition.eachgarmentwasscannedforthreetimestodeterminethe reproducibilityofthemeasurements.nudeandclothedscanswererequiredtobeoverlappedandaligned asaccurateaspossibletocalculatethethicknessofclothingairgapbythegeomagicqualify12software (GeomagicInc.,Morrisville,NC). Results:Thetotalthermalinsulationofthe20setsofChinesemaleethniccostumesrangesfrom 0.81~1.48clo(i.e.,0.125~0.230m 2 õ C/W),andtheaverageairgapthicknessrangesfrom12.67~51.39mm. Thelocalthermalinsulationandairgapthicknessofthoseethniccostumesatdifferentbodyregions differeddistinctively(p=0.05).thermalinsulationofthefronttorsoislowerthanthatoftheback;thelocal thermalinsulationattheabdomenandthelowerbackregionsaregreaterthanthoseofthechestandthe upperbackregions.localinsulationwasgreatestatthepelvisregion.localairgapthicknesswassmallest attorsoregionandgreatestatthelegs.thelocalairgapthicknessattheabdomenandthelowerback regionsaregreaterthanthoseofthechestandtheupperbackregions. Discussion:Localinsulationresultsarehighlycorrelatedwiththeunevendistributionoftheclothinglocal airgap.basedonthedataoftheairgapdistribution,thetotalandlocalthermalinsulationofeachethnic costume,ascatterchartwithmarkerswasplottedforthose20maleethniccostumesandalinear regressionequationwasdevelopedaccordingly.thetotalclothingthermalinsulationpredictionequation isi t =0.0002V cl V cl 0.503(R 2 =0.55),andthetotalclothingareafactorpredictionequationis f cl =0.47*I cl 1.0(R 2 =0.54).Theresearchfindingscontributedtotheknowledgeonclothingthermalcomfort ofchinesemalecostumes,andhenceprovidedatechnicalbaseforfuturethermalcomfortstudies. References: [1]Lu,Y.,Wang,F.,Wan,X.,Song,G.,Zhang,C.,Shi,W.,2015.Clothingresultantthermalinsulationdeterminedonamovablethermalmanikin.PartII:effectsof windandbodymovementonlocalinsulation.internationaljournalofbiometeorology,doi: /s00484>015>0959>0. [2]Sung,S.,1993.StudyonthethermalinsulationeffectofKoreanmen sfolkclothes.journalofthermalbiology18(5/6),409>412. [3]Psikuta,A.,etal2012.Quantitativeevaluationofairgapthicknessandcontactareabetweenbodyandgarment.TextileResearchJournal82(14),1405>1413. [4]ISO15831,2004.Clothing>PhysiologicalEffects>Measurementofthermalinsulationbymeansofathermalmanikin.Geneva:InternationalOrganizationfor Standardization. 108

109 Assessing'the'thermal5moisture)functional)performance)of)two)sets)of)work)uniform)by)S5 smart&simulation% Wenfang%Song 1,%Albert%PC%Chan 2,%Yueping%Guo 2,%Yang%Yang 2,%Faming%Wang 1 * 1 Laboratory for Clothing Physiology and Ergonomics (LCPE), the National Engineering Laboratory for ModernSilk,SoochowUniversity,Suzhou,China; 2 DepartmentofBuildingandRealEstate,TheHongKong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hum Hon, Hong Kong. *Corresponding author: dr.famingwang@gmail.com Introduction: Construction workers are susceptible to heat stress in summer of Hong Kong. Wearing work uniform with good thermal>moisture functional performance (TMFP) is considered as one of the effective measures to protect workers from heat stress. However, there is a lack of scientific research to designworkers uniformbasedonheat>moistureengineering.thisstudyaimstopredictthetmfpofthe selectedfabricsbyas>smartsystem(guoetal.,2013)underastressfulthermalenvironment. Methods: The fabric characteristics of the examined knitted T>shirts(T1 and T2) and woven full>length pants(p1 and P2) were listed in Table 1. The S>smart system was adopted to simulate TMFP of clothing with the input parameters listed in Table 1 (fabric characteristics) and Table 2 (body characteristics, activities and environmental condition) (Chan et al., 2015). The simulation results were the human physiologicalresponses,includingthemeanskintemperature(t sk )andcoretemperature(t c ). Table1.FabriccharacteristicsT>shirtfabrics(T1andT2)andfull>lengthpants(P1andP2) Fabrics Fabriccontent Weight(g.m >2 ) Thickness(mm) OMMC AR(KPa.s.m >1 ) WVP(g.m >2.h >1 ) k(w.m >1o C >1 ) T1 100%cotton T2 100%Coolmax P1 60%cottonblended with40%polyester P2 100%cottonwithDry> Inside technology Note:OMMC>overallmoisturemanagementcapacity;AR>airresistance;WVP>Watervapourpermeability;k>heatconductivity Table2.Thedesigncaseincomputer:bodycharacteristics,activitiesandenvironmentalcondition Thedesigncaseincomputersimulation Bodycharacteristics 65.6kgand168.5cm Activityandenvironmental condition Seatedrelaxed(58w.m >2 ),and(30 o C,50%RH)>Standingactivity(163w.m >2 ),and(30.7 o C, 65%RH)>Standingactivity(248w.m >2 ),and(33 o C,54%RH)>movingactivity(229w.m >2 ),and(34 o C, 42%RH)>movingactivity(167w/m 2 ),and(32 o C,41%RH)>recovery(58w.m >2 ),and(31 o C,44%RH) Results and Discussion: The computer simulation in Figure 1 showed that T2 and P2 had better thermal>moisture performance in terms of predicted core and skin temperatures than T1 and P1, respectively.however,onlyamarginaldifferencewaspresented.thisismightduetotheexcellentommc andloweraroft2andp2comparedtot1andp1,promotingevaporativeheatlossmoreefficiently. Fig.1.ComparisonofcoreandskinandcoretemperaturechangesamongT>shirts(T1andT2)andpants(P1andP2) Conclusion:ThecomputersimulationresultsindicatedthatT2andP2canimprovethermoregulationby decreasing the predicted core and skin temperatures and microclimate humidity as compared to T1 and P1,respectively. References: [1]Guo,Y.P.etal2013.Heatandmasstransferofadultincontinencebriefsincomputationalsimulationsandobjectivemeasurements.InternationalJournalof HeatandMassTransfer64,133>144. [2] Chan, A.P.C et al Evaluating a newly designed construction work uniform on heat stress. Textile Research Journal, unpublished paper. 109

110 % A"study"on"the"difference"between"two"types"of"mountaineering%outerwear%in%acold,&wet& and$windy$environment% LiMChu%Wang*,%HsienMChen%Chou,%GwoMTsuen%Jou% DepartmentofTestingandCertification,TaiwanTextileResearchInstitute,Taiwan,RepublicofChina Introduction:Formountaineering,theouterorprotectivelayerofclothingsystemisespeciallyimportant forextremelyenvironment.generally,abreathablebarrierembeddedinthelayeredfabricwillbeusedto prevent rain or snow from outside and let the body moisture diffused into air. There are two types of membrane,oneishydrophobic(hpo)andtheotherishydrophilic(hpi).aconsiderableamountofstudies claimedthatwatervaportransportthroughhpipolymersishighlyinfluencedbythetestconditions[1];in non>isothermal test, the clothing systems incorporating HPI polymers are improved to greater amounts thanthoseincorporatingmicroporouspolymers[2];someexperimentalresultsfurtherpointoutthatthe water vapor transfer rate of porous polyurethane laminated fabric was greater under isothermal conditionswhilstthewatervaportransferrateofhpolaminatedfabricswasgreaterundernon>isothermal conditions, especially when a fabric contains more condensation[3]; and, with the use of hot plate and sweating arm system, an EMPA study showed the hydrophilicity and condensation have little effect on effective water vapor resistance of multilayer textile combination in 20 C but become larger with decreasing outside temperature[4]. In our previous study, the difference between the microstructure of PTFEandthehydrophilicityofPUaffectsthecomfortpropertiesofleisurewearingespeciallyinmildand cooltemperature,watervaporresistancetesting(ret),empasweatingtorsowearingtrialsimulation,and subjectivewearingtrialswereconducted.thehpoisbetterinrettest,thoughthehpiisslightlybetterin the non>isothermal state. While the subjective wear trial showed no significant difference [5]. So this extendedstudyaimedtodeterminethecomfortpropertiesbyaweartrialinanextremelyenvironment. Methods: Twomales(age:21yrs;height:170and175cm;mass:60~65kg)woreeitheraHPOorHPI jacket (same as in previous study [5] and with beanie, scarf, and gloves), performed the same protocol involvedin15minutesofsittingwithoutrain,and20minutesofwalking(1.5km.h >1 at5%gradient)on treadmill,withrain.theenvironmentalconditionsweremaintainedat:5±1ᵒc,50±3%rh,150±10mm.h >1 rainfall,3±0.5m.s >1 windspeed.skintemperature(t S ),microclimatehumidity(h M )andtemperature(t M ),IR skintemperature(t IR ),sweatcondensation(s C )andperceivedcomfortwererecordedforeachparticipant. Results:TheresultsofT S andt M showedhpiwasloweratthebeginningandupto0.7and1.3 Chigherat the follow>up stage of the experiment. Thermal perceptions revealed similar trend. H M demonstrated similarresultsofhpoandhpi,whilesubjectivedampnessshowed0.5gradedryerofhpiinwalkingperiod. TheS C weightwas21.2gand17.7gforhpoandhpirespectively.thedeclinesoft IR wereverysimilar. Discussion:BothforT S andt M,HPIandHPOcrossedeachotherduringwalking,andHPIrevealedhigher warmthkeepingability.s C weightwas3.5glowerandthedampnessperceptionwasslightlydrierforhpi. Conclusion:HPIdemonstratedslightlycolderatthestartingpoint,buthadlesssweatcondensationinthe clothing system, and became warmer after walking for about 10 minutes in a cold, wet and windy environment, suggesting that a better comfort was achieved. However, the subjective perspirations were not significant between HPO and HPI outerwear in terms of comfort property. References: [1]A.MukhopadhyayandV.K.Midha.J.ofIndustrialTextile37(3)225>262(2008) [2]J.C.Grettonetal.TextileRes.J.68(12),936>941(1998) [3]Y.J.RenandJ.E.Ruckman.JournalofIndustrialTextile32(3),165>175(2004) [4]R.M.Rossi,etal.TextileRes.J.74(1),1>6(2004) [5]Y.W.Lin,etal.,Proceedingsof13 th ICEE,70>74(2009) 110

111 Smart&heating&sleeping&bags&for&improving&wearers &thermal&comfort&at&the&feet Chengjiao%Zhang 1,%%Dandan%Lai 1,%Yehu%Lu 1,%Faming%Wang 1 *%,%Kalev%Kuklane 2 % 1LaboratoryforClothingPhysiologyandErgonomics(LCPE),theNationalEngineeringLaboratoryfor ModernSilk,SoochowUniversity,Suzhou,215123China;2ThermalEnvironmentLaboratory,Department ofdesignsciences,lunduniversity,lund,sweden*correspondingauthor:dr.famingwang@gmail.com Introduction:Sleepingbagsareportableproducts,whichareessentialforsleepingoutdoors.Generally,a sleepingbagiscomprisedofanouterlayer,aninnerlininglayerandthefiller.theen13537(2012)and ASTMF1720(2014)standardsarewidelyusedtodeterminethethermalinsulationofsleepingbagsby meansofthermalmanikin.previousstudieshavefoundthatlocalthermaldiscomfortatfeetwasoften seendespitethemeanskintemperaturewaswellwithinthermoneutralrangeunderthedefinedcomfort andlimittemperature[1].thus,itismeaningfultodesignsmartheatingsleepingbagstoimprovethelocal thermalcomfortoftheusers.inthisstudy,anovelsmartsleepingbagwasdevelopedbyincorporating heatingfabricsintothefeetregionofthebag.thephysiologicalandpsychologicalresponseswhenusing traditionalsleepingbagandthesmartsleepingbagwereinvestigatedandcompared. Methods:Twosmartsleepingbagsusedatdifferenttemperaturesweredeveloped.Thethermal insulationofthosetwosleepingbags,vau(v)andmar(m),werefirstmeasuredbyathermalmanikin Newton (MeasurementTechnologyNorthwest,Seattle,USA)accordingtoEN13537(2012)[2].Foreach bag,twotestscenarioswereselected:heatingoff(i.e.,control)andheatingon(i.e.,on).theheating powerwassetat20w.eightsubjects(fourfemales)participatedinthisstudy.thetestdurationwas3 hours.thecomforttemperatureofthesleepingbagsvandmwas5.5 Cand>0.5 C,respectively.The limittemperaturewas0.5 Cand>6.4 C,respectively.TheRHandwindspeedforalltestswere80%(5%) and0.4(0.1)m.s >1,respectively.Subjectiveperceptions(e.g.,wholebodyandlocalthermalsensation, comfortsensationandskinwetness)werecollected15minbeforethetrial,thebeginningofthetrial,the 20thminandthe180thminofthetrial.Physiologicalresponses,i.e.,oxygenconsumption,bloodflow,and heartrateweremeasuredthroughouteachhumantrial.themeanskintemperature(t sk )wascalculated bythegaggeandnishi s8>pointequation. Results:FortheCONTROL,itwasfoundthatthetemperaturesattheleftfourthtoeandtheleftfootfell continuouslylineardroppingthroughoutthe3>hourtestingperiod,formale,themeantoetemperature declinedfrom25.5 Cand24.9 Cto14.6 Cand15.4 CforVandM,respectively;forfemale,themean toetemperaturedecreasedfrom25.3 Cand25.1 Cto17.6 Cand18.2 CforVandM,respectively.The meanfoottemperaturehasthesimilartendencywiththatoftoes.besides,strongcoldanduncomfortable feelingatfeetwasobservedformostsubjects.however,thet sk wellstayedwithinthethermoneutral range(i.e.,32>34 C)throughoutthewholetest.Foralltestingscenarioswithheatingon(i.e.,ON),thetoe andfoottemperaturesofallsubjectswerewellmaintainedabove22.0 Cand30.0 C,respectively.The localthermalandcomfortsensationdenotedthatsubjectswereinthermalneutralconditions. Discussion:Thislaboratorystudyvalidatedthattheintroductionoftheheatingfabriccouldimprovethe subject sthermalandcomfortsensation.ithasproventhatthesmartheatingsleepingbagcouldkeepthe usersfootandtoeremainingcomfortthroughoutthetestingperiodunderdefinedtemperature.besides, thenewlydevelopedsmartsleepingbagscouldsignificantlyimprovelocalthermalcomfortunderthe definedweartemperature.however,itwasevidentthatheatingatfootregionhasnoobviouseffecton thet sk.thisstudyalsoconfirmedagainthattheen13537(2012)definedtemperatureonlyfocusthe wholebodythermalbalance,withlessregardontheextremities(i.e.,thefeetandtoes) References: [1]LinLY,WangF,KuklaneK,GaoC,HolmérI,ZhaoM.(2012)Alaboratoryvalidationstudyofcomfortandlimittemperaturesoffoursleepingbagsdefined accordingtoen13537(2002).appliedergonomics,44(2):pp.321>326 [2]EN13537(2012)RequirementsforSleepingBags.EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization,Brussels. 111

112 112 Evaluation*of*the*Wear*comfort*of*Corporate*Identity*Clothes* the$influence$of$water$and$ Soil%Repellency% Edith%Classen*%% Hohenstein%Institut%für%Textilinnovation%gGmbH,%Boennigheim,%Germany.%*Corresponding%author:% Introduction:Corporateidentityclothes(CI>clothes)aretodaymoreandmoreimportantforcompanies andtheiridentity.oneimportantaspectistheappearanceoftheclothesoverthelonglifetime.after severalwashingandwearingcyclestheappearanceofsuchclothesshouldonlyshowlowdifferences betweennewandwornclothes.tominimizethesignsofusemanyci>clotheshaveawaterandsoil repellentfinishingavoidingcontamination.thisfinishingshowsoftenanegativeinfluenceonthecomfort oftheclothing.theaimofthegermanresearchproject16365nwastooptimizewaterandsoilrepellent finishingincombinationwithhighindustrialwashabilityandhighcomfort. Methods:Intheproject,typicalfabricsofCI>clotheswerefinishedwithdifferentauxiliariesforwaterand soilrepellencyasoneandtwosideapplication.thedifferentauxiliariescharacterisetheplurabilityof commercialavailableproducts(e.g.fluorocarbondispersions(c6andc8),fluorocarbonfreedispersions, sol>gelbaseddispersions).thethermophysiologicalandskinsensorialcomfortofthefinishedfabricswas determinedbymeasurementswithestablisheddevices:thehohensteinskinmodel,asweatingguarded> hotplateandthefivehohensteinmethodsforthemeasurementoftheskincomfort.forevaluationthe thermophysiologicalcomfortvoteandtheskinsensorialcomfortvotewasdetermined.attheendthe totalwearcomfortwascalculated. Results:Thethermophysiologicalparametersofthefinishedfabricsofthefabricinnewstateandafter finishingwithdifferentauxiliarieswithvariationofthefinishingparametersandalsotheskinsensorial parameterswerecollected.thefabricsinoriginstateshowineverycasebetterthermophysiological propertiesthanthefinishedfabrics.forallfabricsthetotalwearcomfortofthefinishedproductsislower thanofthefabricinnewstate.theamountofthefinishingdetergentsinfluencedtheproperties.inmost caseshighamountsofthefinishingdetergentsdegradethermophysiologicalandskinsensorialproperties. Butwithlowamountsofthefinishingdetergentsthewaterandsoilrepellencyisnotgiven. Discussion:Theapplicationofthewaterandsoilrepellentfinishingontwosidesleadstobetter thermophysiologicalcomfortvotebutalsotoalowerskinsensorialcomfortvote.theonesideapplication hastheadvantageofabetterskinsensorialcomfortbutthethermophysiologicalcomfortislowercaused byadditionalusedthickeneroftheapplication.theinfluenceofdifferentwaterandsoilrepellentfinishing tothetotalwearcomfortareverysimilarindependentonthechemistryofthefinishing. Conclusion:TheresultsoftheresearchprojectshowthatthephysiologicalcomfortofCI>clothescanbe influencedbytheusedwaterandsoilrepellentfinishing.theapplicationmethods(onesidecoatingortwo sideapplicationviathefoulard>process)haveanimportantinfluencetothethermophysiologicalandskin sensorialcomfort.thecomfortvotesystemwhichisdevelopedforalldayclothescanbealsousedforci> clothesbuttheadditionalfunctionalizationleadtolowervotes.atthemomentallfinishingauxiliariesfor waterandsoilrepellencydegradethethermophysiologicalandskinsensorialcomfort.newdevelopments ofauxiliariesarenecessarytoimprovealsothewearcomfort.incasesofci>clothesthequestiontothe needsofwaterandsoilrepellentfinishingmustbediscussedtoimproveveryeasilythewearcomfortof suchclothes.inthecaseofppewaterandsoilrepellentfinishingisoftennecessaryandessentialforthe protectionoftheworker. Reference: [1]EdithClassen,ReportoftheIGF>Project SchmutzabweisendeGewebefürCI>BerufsbekleidungmithohemSchweißtransportvermögen,Bönnigheim,2012

113 Does%the%skin%of%mildly%hyperthermic%individuals$display$local$variations$in$ thermosensitivity,for,the,control,of,skin,blood,flow?% Catriona%A.%Burdon,%Kyoko%Tagami,%Joonhee%Park,%Joanne%N.%Caldwell,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Inanaccompanyingcommunication,itwasrevealedthatlocalvariationsincutaneous thermosensitivity,withrespecttothecontrolofskinbloodflow,werenotevidentinnormothermic individuals.previously,greaterthermosensitivityofthefacerelativetoothersites,includingthehandand thigh,wasobservedforsudomotorcontrolinmildlyhyperthermicindividuals.therefore,thepossibility wastestedthatsuchvariationsmayalsoexistforvasomotorcontrolwhensubjectswerefirstrendered mildlyhyperthermic. Methods:Sevensubjects(4femalesand3males)participatedintwotrials.Handandforearmblood flows(rightside)weremeasuredinseparatetrials(water>displacementplethysmography).deep>body (aural)andskintemperatureswereelevatedandclamped(whole>body,water>perfusionsuit),andthen threeskinsites(face,hand,thigh;leftside)werethermallystimulated(water>perfusionpatches).local skintemperatureswereelevatedandreduced~5 Cfrombaseline.Vasomotorsensitivitywascalculatedfor eachstimulationfromthechangeinsegmentalbloodflowdividedbythechangeinskintemperatureat eachtreatedsite. Results:Meanbodytemperaturewassuccessfullyclamped,averaging37.8 C(SD0.9),anddidnotdiffer amongtrials(p>0.05).thesestimulationsproducedsignificantandconcordantchangesinbloodflow.a greaterthermalstimuluswasachievedwhencooling(>5.0 C,SD0.7)thanwhenheating(4.2 C,SD0.6; P<0.05),thereforechangesinvasomotorsensitivitywereusedtocomparethesetreatments. Thermosensitivitiesofthefaceandhand,withrespecttoboththehandandforearmvasomotor responses,weregreaterthanthoseofthethighduringboththelocalheatingandcoolingtreatments (P<0.05).Sincetherewerenodifferencesinthemagnitudeofthehandandforearmresponsestothese thermalstimuli(p>0.05),thesedatawerecombined,andtheresultingoutcomesarepresentedintable1. Table1:Vasomotorsensitivityofthehandandforearm(combined)duringthreelocalthermalstimuli. Treatedsite Handandforearmvasomotorsensitivity(mL.100mLtissue >1. C >1.min >1 ) Heating Cooling Face 1.04(SD0.55)* 0.64(SD0.50)* Hand 1.28(SD0.82)* 0.63(SD0.42)* Thigh 0.59(SD0.29) 0.50(SD0.43) *Significantdifferencesinthermosensitivityrelativetothethightreatment(P<0.05). Discussion:Consistentwithprevioussudomotorresearch,theface,andnowalsothehand,displayed greatercutaneousthermosensitivityinmildlyhyperthermicsubjects.thesevascularresponsesare consistentwiththerepresentationofeachtreatedsitewithinthesensorycortex(homunculus),andthis mayalsorelatetolocalvariationsinthermoreceptordensity.thefactthatthispatternwasnotapparent withinnormothermicindividuals(accompanyingcommunication)canbeexplainedbythefactthat,inthat state,vasomotordriveisdominatedbythethermalstatusofthedeep>bodytissues.thus,thecentrally mediatedvasoconstrictortonewasneitherover>riddennorenhancedbytheselocalisedthermalstimuli. 113

114 The$ AVA$5organ % Leif%Vanggaard 1 *,%Kalev%Kuklane 2,%Amitava%Halder 2 % 1 DanishArcticInstitute,Copenhagen,Denmark, 2 TheThermalEnvironmentLaboratory,Departmentof DesignSciences,LundUniversity,Lund,Sweden.*Correspondingauthor:lv@arktisk.dk Introduction:Ithasbeenshownthatthecutaneousarteriovenousanastomoses(AVAs)inhandsandfeet playacrucialroleinthemomenttomomentregulationofman sbodytemperature[1].thatroledepends, however,onhowmuchofthetotalbodysurfacethatisavailabletotheinfluenceoftheavas.astheavas draintothesuperficialveinsofthedorsalhand,upalongtheforearmuntiltheseveinsdisappearintothe depthattheupperarm,theskinareaforheatdissipationisaround30>40%ofthetotalskinsurface.itis thissystemwehaveproposedtocall TheAVA>organ. Methods:InordertosubstantiatethiswehaveusedIR>photos(FlirT200,Sweden)togetherwith thermistorsthatgivethesurfaceskintemperaturesofthehandsandforearms. Results:IntheIR>photos(Fig.1aandb)itisseenthatthesurfaceskintemperaturesarehighoverthe superficialveinsoftheava>organinthewarmperson,whileinthecoldexposedpersontheseveins disappearintothebackgroundoftheheatthatisbroughttothesurfacefromtheunderlyingstructures. ThefunctionofAVAsisdemonstratedinanexperimentwithintermittentexerciseinacoolroom(Fig.1c). a) b) c) Fig.1.IR>photosofthearmofa)warm,b)coldpersonandc)temperaturecurvesunderwithintermittentexercise.% Discussion:ThedistributionofheatshowsthatinwarmmantheAVA>organisthesolepartofthe surfaceskinthatactivelytendstocounteractanoverheating.thisisanewwayofseeingtheroleofthe AVAs.Thisisfurtherdemonstratedbythepassivetemperaturedecreaseinallotherskinareas. Conclusion:Thearteriovenousanastomosestogetherwiththesuperficialvenousretesinthehand, forearmandpartsoftheupperarmandthesimilarstructuresinthelegmaybedescribedasanorgan,the AVA organ.asnosimilarandsynchronoussurfacetemperaturechanges,tothoseoftheproposedorgan, arefoundinotherskinareasofthebody,theava>organshouldberegardedasthemainmomentto momentregulatorofthephysicalheatexchangeovertheskin. Reference: [1]VanggaardL,GiesbrechtG.Analternativeviewofvascularthermoregulationinman.In:HolmérI,GaoC,KuklaneK(eds.).Proceedingsofthe11th InternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics,22>26May,2005,Ystad,Sweden,pp.17>

115 Individual%and%cumulative%benefits%of%making%body%armour%and%chemical%&%biological% protective%gloves,%respirator%and%overboots%from%moisture%vapour%permeable%materials% Christie%Garson 1,%Michael%Dennis 2,%Michael%J%Tipton 1 %and%james%r%house 1* % 1 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,SportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth,UK. 2 Defence ScienceandTechnologyLaboratory,Salisbury,UK.*Correspondingauthor:jim.house@port.ac.uk Introduction:Somechemical&biological(CB)personalprotectiveequipment,suchasgloves,overboots andrespirators,andotherequipmentsuchasbodyarmour(ba)aremadefrommoisturevapour impermeable(mvip)materials,whichincreaseinsulationandimpedeevaporativecooling,thereby increasingthethermalburden.theaimofthisstudywastoquantifythethermalburdenimposedbyeach individualmvipcbprotectiveitemandthatimposedbyba. Methods:Followingafavourableethicalopinion12malesvolunteeredforthisexperiment.Thestudywas afive>condition,repeatedmeasuresdesignwithsteppingatalightintensity(vo mL.kg >1.min >1 ), interspersedwith20>minuterestperiodsinahotanddryenvironment(40.5 Cand20%rh)fora maximumof170minutes,thelasthourofwhichwascontinuouswork.actualbodyarmourwasnotused andinsteadamvipbaliner(bal)(massof170g)wasusedtomimictheimpermeabilityofbabutwithout themass.conditionsvariedinwhichcombinationsofthemvipitems(respirator[r],bal[a],gloves[g] andoverboots[o])wereremoved,withthemassofthatitembeingsubstituted(attheareafromwhich theitemwasremoved),therebysimulatingmakingtheitem100%mvpbutwithoutalteringthemetabolic costimposedbycarryingtheitem.allconditionsincludedwearingachemicalprotectivesuit(s)andwere: Control(SOGAR),SOGA(noR),SOG(noAorR),SO(noG,AorR),andS(Suitonly).Conditionswere comparedagainstadjacentconditions(i.e.sogarvs.soga;sogavs.sog;sogvs.soandsovs.s)to quantifyanyreductiontothermoregulatorystrainwhenremovingr,a,gandoseparately.allstatistical analyseswereconductedonprism6(graphpad).itwashypothesisedthatthermalstrainwouldbe improvedbythisorder:bal>g>r>o,withthebenefitsofrbeingpredominantlyperceptual. Results:RemovingBALresultedinanimprovementtothesweatproduction/evaporationratioby17.3% (p<0.0001)culminatingin9participantscompletingthefinal60minutesofexercisecomparedto4,10and 11participantswhenR,GorOwereremovedrespectively.RemovingBALalsoresultedinanattenuated increaseinrectaltemperature(δt re )fromonehourintotheprotocol,withamaximumattenuationof0.27 C(p<0.0001).Thechangeinmeanbodytemperaturewassignificantlyreducedfromasearlyas40 minuteswhenbalwasremovedwithamaximumreductionof0.31 C(p<0.0001).RemovingBALalso significantlyattenuatedheartrate(hr)throughouttheprotocolbyamaximumof11beats.min >1 (p<0.001) andresultedinareductionof22%(p<0.0001)tothephysiologicalstrainindex(psi).perceptually, removingthebalalsoimprovedmeasuresofthermalsensation(ts)duringexercise(p<0.05)andthermal comfort(tc)duringrest(p<0.05).removinggresultedina7.9%improvementtothesweat production/evaporationratiotherebyreducingthermoregulatorystrainwiththegreatestattenuationto T re of0.37 Cattheendoftheprotocol(p<0.0001).Meanskintemperaturewasattenuatedbyamaximum of0.42 C(p<0.001).RemovingGloweredHRduringrestandimprovedperceptualmeasures:RPE (p<0.0001),ts(p<0.01)andtc(p<0.01).thepsiwasbyimprovedby13.1%duringthefinalworkperiod (p<0.001)whenrwasremoved.perceptually,removingrresultedinimprovedratingsoftsduringthe finalwork(12%;p<0.05)andrestperiods(14%;p<0.01)aswellasimprovedtcinthefinalrestperiod(14 %;p<0.001).removingoresultedintheleastreductiontothermoregulatorystrain. Conclusion:ImprovingthepermeabilityofbodyarmourandtoalesserdegreeCBgloveswouldbeof significantphysiologicalandperceptualbenefittothewarfighter.improvingthepermeabilityofthe respiratorwouldimproveperceptualresponsesmoresothanphysiologicalresponsesandwetherefore acceptourhypothesis.improvingthepermeabilityofthecboverbootsofferslittlethermalorperceptual benefittothewarfighter.theseareorderedasperourhypothesis,whichsubsequentlyweaccept. 115

116 116 Influence(of(thermal(and(mental(stress(on(employees (performance(in(the(automotive( industry) a"research"proposal Fabian%Schroeter*% FacultyofMan>MachineInteraction,DepartmentofPsychologyandErgonomics,TechnicalUniversityof Berlin,Berlin,GER.DepartmentofInternationalSteeringOccupationalSafetyandErgonomics,BMW Introduction:Stressisafactorthatdriveshumanerrors.Carmanufacturesstrivetoenhancetheworking conditionsfortheemployeesintheirproductionplantsergonomicallytoreachtheirzerodefectstrategy. Toimprovetheworkingprocessergonomicallythemanufacturersarefocussedbesidethereductionof musculoskeletaldisordersontheenvironmentalfactors.thegermanfederalinstituteforoccupational SafetyandHealthindicatesinitsstudyforoccupationalstressintheautomotiveindustrythatworkload whichincludesthepressuretoperformintheheatofthesummerperiodaretwoofthemajorstressors (workloadandheat)formentalstrain[1]. Thestressorworkloadistheresultofincreasingcapacityutilizationinthegivencycletime.Planning departmentsstrivetoimplementmoretasksinacyclewithsimultaneousincreasingcomplexity.the requirementsarechangingfromclassicphysicalworktoworkwithgrowingmentalworkload[2]. Heatstressinthesummermonthsresultsfromthecombinationofinsufficientinsulationoftheproduction plant,noairconditioningandradiantheatfromthemachinery.globalwarmingwhichleadstomore frequenthotdaysinthesummeramplifiesthisstressor[3]. Objectives:Theproposedresearchseektofindoutwhetherresultsfromlaboratorystudiesonheat stresseffectsonperformanceandproductivitywilltranslatetoaquantitativeassessmentofperformance decrementsinthefield.thestudiesaimtoinvestigatethecombinationofheatandworkloadas environmentalfactorsandtoquantifytheresultingmentalstrainandtheirinfluenceasaperformance shapingfactorintheautomotiveindustry.animportantaspectwillbewhetherthepressuretoperform withzerodefectsoffsetstheperformancereductionbyheatstress[4]orreinforcestheeffect. Methods:ThisresearchwillbeinitiatedintheassemblylineoftheBMWGroupplantinMunich.Inthis fieldstudyarepresentativesampleof30employeeswillbeequippedwithanin>eardevicethatcan estimatethebodycoretemperature,heartratevariability,pulseandoxygensaturation.thesubjectswill behalf>splitintotwogroups.onegroupwillworkonanassemblystationwithastablework>shiftpattern andtheothergroupwillworkwithunstablework>shiftpatterns.bothgroupswillperform2weeksinthe endofjulywhenusuallyheatstressoccursandthesamegroupswillwearthedevicesagainintheautumn. IntheautumntheweatherinMunichiscomfortable.Aquestionnairecontrollingconfoundingvariables willbeusedinasurvey.thecorrelationofqualitydefectsbasedonhumanerrorswiththestressorswillbe investigated. Outlook:Datacollectionwillstartthissummer;theresultsshallhelptomonetizetheeconomicdamage intheautomotiveindustrycausedbythecombinedstressofworkloadandheat. Acknowledgement:WeacknowledgePeterBröde(IfADo,Dortmund,Germany)forhelpfulcomments. References: [1]GermanFederalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth,WorkingconditionsintheGermanautomotiveindustry2012. [2]P.A.Hancock,Humanoccupationalandperformancelimitsunderstress:thethermalenvironmentasaprototypicalexample,Ergonomics(1998) [3]A.Amengual,V.Homar,R.Romero,H.E.Brooks,C.Ramis,M.Gordaliza,S.Alonso,ProjectionsofheatwaveswithhighimpactonhumanhealthinEurope, GlobalandPlanetaryChange119(2014) [4]K.C.Parsons,HumanThermalEnvironments:TheEffectsofHot,ModerateandColdEnvironmentsonHumanHealth,ComfortandPerformance.London:CRC Press;2014.

117 Hypohydration,per$se$affects'mood'states'and'executive'cognitive'processing:'results'from' a"face5valid&model&for&studying&some&consequences&of& voluntary&dehydration.% Toby%Mündel 1*,%Stephen%Hill 2,%Stephen%Legg 3 % 1 SchoolofSportandExercise, 2 SchoolofPsychology, 3 SchoolofPublicHealth,MasseyUniversity,New Zealand.*Correspondingauthor:t.mundel@massey.ac.nz Introduction:Thereislimitedliteratureontheeffectsofadeficitinbodywateronhumancognitive function,withinconsistentandcontradictoryresults.inhiscriticalreviewofthisarealieberman[1] recommendedthattypicalconfoundingfactorssuchasthemethodtoinducedehydration(exercise,heat stress,diuretics)andotherexperimentalcontrol(sleep,diet,caffeine)shouldbeconsideredcarefullyas littleexistingresearchhasdoneso.fewstudieshaveactuallyassessedwhatoccursnaturally,namelya personsimplynotdrinkingsufficiently.thepurposeofthisstudywastomeasurethecognitiveeffectsof notdrinkingenough ( voluntarydehydration )whenotherconfoundingfactorssuchassleep,dietand caffeinearecontrolled. Methods: Usingarandomized,cross>overdesigninastablelaboratoryenvironment(20 C,600lx),24 males(26±6y)weregivenatleastthreefamiliarisationsessions,followedbytwoexperimentalsessions wheremeasuresofhydration(bodymassandurinespecificgravity),moodstates(poms)andaspectsof cognition(logicalreasoning,workingmemory,executiveprocessing)wereassessedfollowing24>hof similardiet,sleepandcaffeineintakewhereonlyfluidsconsumeddiffered:usualad%libitum(euhydration) vs.completerestriction(hypohydration).datawereassessedusingpairedsamplest>testandarereported asmean±standarddeviation. Results:Sleepduration(8.5±1.1h),caloric(9391±3806kJ),macronutrient(46±11%CHO,22±8% PRO,31±9%FAT)andcaffeineintake(54±28mg)weresimilar(allp%>0.05)whilstwaterintakewas lowerwithhypohydration(285±446ml)comparedtoeuhydration(1436±1311ml).thisledtoa reductioninbodymassof1.2±0.9kgor1.4±1.1%withhypohydration(p%<0.001).similarly,urine specificgravityincreasedfrom1.015±0.010to1.024±0.004(p%<0.001)withhypohydration.formood states,allthederivedfactorsweredetrimentallyaffectedwithhypohydration(allp%<0.01).performance ofworkingmemoryandexecutiveprocessing(bothp%<0.05)wereadverselyaffectedwithhypohydration, butlogicalreasoningwasnot(p%>0.05). Discussion: Inpopulations(e.g.illness/disease,ageing)oroccupations(e.g.aviation,military)where voluntarydehydrationmaybecommonthesefindingsindicatethatevenmildhypohydration(1.4%), typicalofaworkingday,mayhavedetrimentalconsequencesformoodandsomeexecutivecognitive functions. Conclusion: Havingcontrolledseveralconfoundingfactors(exercise,heatstress,diuretics,sleep,diet, caffeine)thatpreviousstudieshavenot,thisstudyindicatesthathypohydrationper%secannegatively affectmoodstates,workingmemoryandexecutiveprocessingperformancebutnotlogicalreasoning. References: [1]LiebermanHR:Hydrationandcognition:acriticalreviewandrecommendationsforfutureresearch.JAmCollNutr2007,26:555S>561S. % % 117

118 Cutaneous%vascular%&%sudomotor%responses%to%heat5stress%in%smokers%&%non5smokers% Nicole%E.%Moyen, % Hannah%A.%Anderson,%Jenna%M.%Burchfield,%Matthew%A.%Tucker,%Melina%A.% Gonzalez,%Forrest%B.%Robinson,%and%Matthew%S.%Ganio*.HumanPerformanceLaboratory, DepartmentofHealth,HumanPerformance,andRecreation,UniversityofArkansas,Fayetteville,AR,USA. *Correspondingauthor:msganio@uark.edu Introduction: Asapproximatelyonebillionpeopleworldwidearechronicsmokers[1]itisimportantto determinesmokers thermoregulatoryresponsestoheat>stress.althoughlocalmaximalvasodilationmay beattenuatedinsmokers[2],skinbloodflowresponsesduringwhole>bodyheatstressareunknown. Moreover,itisunknownifsweatrateisalteredinsmokers;theoreticallythebindingofnicotineto nicotinicacetylcholinereceptors[2]mayinitiateanearlieronsetofsweatingduringwhole>bodyheat stresscomparedtonon>smokers[3]. Thepurposeofthisstudywastocomparecutaneousvascularand sudomotorresponsestowhole>bodypassiveheat>stressbetweensmokersandnon>smokers. Methods:Ninemalechronicsmokers[SMK;10(6)cigarettes/dayfor11.8(9.5)y;26(8)y;177.7(6.6)cm; 80.6±21.1kg]and13malenon>smokers[N>SMK;28(9)y;177.6(6.8)cm;77.2(8.2)kg]werematchedfor age,height,bodymass,andexercisehabits(allp>0.05).subjectswerepassivelyheatedviawater> perfusedsuitsuntilgastrointestinaltemperature(t gi )increased1.5 C.Localsweatrate(LSR)viaventilated capsuleandcutaneousvasomotoractivity(cvc)vialaserdopplerontheforearmwerecontinuously recorded;bloodpressure,heartrate,sweatglandactivation(sga),sweatglandoutput(sgo),t gi,and mean>weightedskintemperature(t sk )weretakenatbaselineandeach0.5 CT gi increase.lsrandcvc onsetsandsensitivitieswerecalculatedwithmeanbodytemperature(t b )=0.9*T gi 0.1*T sk [4]. Results: No differences existed between SMK and N>SMK for T gi, T sk, T b, heart rate, mean arterial pressure,lsr,cvc,andsgawitheach0.5 CT gi increase(allp>0.05).overall,sgotendedtobelowerin SMKthanN>SMK[SMK=5.94(3.49)vs.N>SMK=8.94(3.99)µgõgland >1 õmin >1 ;p=0.08]. Table.Mean(SD)CVCandLSRparametersontheforearmforSMKandN>SMKduringpassiveheatstress CVC% LSR% Measurement% Smokers% Non5smokers% CVConset(ΔT b frombaseline, C) 0.31(0.12) 0.61(0.21)* CVCplateau(%ofmax) 68.4(27.4) 68.4(21.6) CVCsensitivity(Δ%maxper CΔT b ) 82.5(46.2) 58.9(23.3) LSRonset(ΔT b frombaseline, C) 0.35(0.14) 0.52(0.19)* LSRplateau(mgõcm >2 õmin >1 ) 0.79(0.26) 1.00(0.13)* LSRsensitivity(Δmgõcm >2 õmin >1 per CΔT b ) 0.60(0.40) 0.63(0.21) *Significantdifferencebetweengroups(p<0.05). Discussion:Smokers CVCandLSRonsetsoccurredatanearlierT b thannon>smokers,possiblybecause heatstressenhancesnicotinekinetics(i.e.bindingofnicotinetonicotinicacetylcholinereceptors;[2,3]). The lower LSR at plateau during whole>body heating might indicate a thermoregulatory impairment in youngsmokers,andislikelyaresultofdecreasedsweatglandoutputandnotactivation. Conclusion:Comparedtonon>smokers,smokershadanearlieronsetbutsimilarsensitivity(i.e.increase inresponseperincreaseint b )forsweating/cutaneousvasodilation.thesedatasuggestthatoverall,most youngchronicsmokers thermoregulatoryresponsestowhole>bodypassiveheatstressarenotimpaired. References: [1]AlwanA.Globalstatusreportonnoncommunicablediseases2010.WorldHealthOrganization,2011. [2]KilaruS,FrangosSG,ChenAH,GortlerD,DhadwalAK,AraimOandSumpioBE.Nicotine:areviewofitsroleinatherosclerosis.J.Am.Coll.Surg.193:5:538> 546,2001. [3]OgawaT.Localeffectofskintemperatureonthresholdconcentrationofsudorificagents.J.Appl.Physiol.28:18>22,1970. [4]StolwijkJA.Amathematicalmodelofphysiologicaltemperatureregulationinman.NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,

119 Effects'of'forearm'muscle'metaboreceptors'activation&on&sweating&and&cutaneous$ vascular(responses(during(passive(heating(and(cycle(exercising(in(humans% Tatsuro%Amano 1,%Yoshimitsu%Inoue 2,%Takeshi%Nishiyasu 3,%Glen%P.%Kenny 4,%and%Narihiko% Kondo 1 *%% 1 GraduateSchoolofHumanDevelopmentandEnvironment,KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan, 2 Department ofsportsmanagement,osakainternationaluniversity,osaka,japan., 3 InstituteofHealthandSports Science,UniversityofTsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan., 4 SchoolofHumanKinetics,UniversityofOttawa,Ottawa, Canada.*Correspondingauthor:kondo@kobe>u.ac.jp Introduction:Musclemetaboreceptorsareafferentsignalsfromworkingmusclesthatenhancesweating and attenuate cutaneous vasodilation during a passive heat stress in humans [1]. However, it remains unclearifmetaboreceptoractivationduringanexercise>inducedheatstressmayhavecomparableeffects on heat loss responses. This study investigates the influence of forearm muscle metaboreceptors activation on the core temperature onset thresholds and thermosensitivity(slopes) of the sweating and cutaneous vascular responses during a passive (study Ι) and exercise (study ΙΙ) induced heat stresses associatedwiththedifferentmodificationoftheresponsesbetweenheatingconditions[1]. Methods:Study%Ι:Fourteen(8females,6males)youngadultswerepassivelyheatedfor15.5minusinga upperbodywaterperfusedsuit(34 C)andimmersingtheparticipant slegsinhotwater(43 C).During the heating period, the participants performed 1.5 minutes of isometric hand>grip exercise at 40 % of maximum voluntary contraction with or without (Control) post exercise occlusion of the limb with a pressurecufftostimulatemusclemetaboreceptorsfor9minutes.study%ιι:twelve(6foreachsex)young subjectsperformedthesimilarforearmmusclemetaboreceptorsstimulationwhilecyclingfor13.5minutes attheexerciseintensityof40%maximumoxygenconsumptionwhilewearingthewaterperfusedsuit. Results: Study% Ι: Forearm muscle metaboreceptors stimulation significantly lowered Δmean body temperature thresholds for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation on the oppositional arm of hand>grip exerciseduringpassiveheatingcomparedwithcontrol(p<0.05)withoutdifferencesinthermosensitivity of the responses. Study% ΙΙ: Forearm muscle metaboreceptors stimulation did not significantly (P >0.05) affecttheonsetthresholdandthermosensitivityforsweatingandcutaneousvasodilationduringexercise. Discussion:Ourresultssuggestthatforearmmusclemetaboreceptorsactivationcanmodulateheatloss responses during a passive heat stress only. The acceleration of sweating and cutaneous vasodilation through a reduction in the core temperature thresholds of the responses would suggest a central modulation of temperature regulation [2]. It is thought that any of overriding factors associated with dynamicexercisemaybemaskingtheinfluenceofforearmmusclemetaboreceptorsactivation. Conclusion: Forearm muscle metaboreceptors activation lowers core temperature thresholds for heat lossresponsesduringpassiveheatingbutnotduringexercise. References: [1]KondoN,NishiyasuT,InoueY,andKogaS.Non>thermalmodificationofheat>lossresponsesduringexerciseinhumans.EurJApplPhysiol110:447>458, [2]NadelER,MitchellJW,SaltinB,andStolwijkJA.Peripheralmodificationstothecentraldriveforsweating.JApplPhysiol31:828>833,1971. % % 119

120 Internal(and(external(heat(load(with(fire(fighter(protective(clothing:(data(from(the(lab(and( the$field % Simon%Annaheim*,%Fabio%Saiani,%Marc%Grütter,%Piero%Fontana,%Martin%Camenzind,%Rene% Rossi% LaboratoryforProtectionandPhysiology,Empa,St.Gallen,Switzerland.*Correspondingauthor: simon.annaheim@empa.ch. Introduction:Protectiveclothingforfirefightersischaracterizedbyhighthermalinsulationtoreduce externalheatgainthroughdryandwetheat[1],[2].however,theseprotectivepropertieslimitheat dissipationfromthehumanbodyandimpedethermoregulation[3],[4].asaresult,firefighterssuffer fromnon>compensableheatstressduringphysicalactivityespeciallywhenexposedtoaharsh environment[5].however,thereislittledataavailableabouttheeffectofinternalandexternalheatload onwhole>bodythermo>physiologicalresponseswhenwearingprotectiveclothing.thisstudyprovidesdata ofalabtrialincludingphysicalactivityandafieldtestconductedinafirechamber. Methods:Thelabtrial(climaticchamber,n=10participants)includedtwoexposuresto40 Cambient temperatureincludingphysicalactivity(treadmillwith3.3and5mets)of20mindurationwitharecovery phaseof20mindurationat25 Cinbetween.Thefieldtrial(firechamber,n=9participants)consistedof anexposuretoamean(sd)temperatureat1mabovegroundlevelof141(18) Cfor15minwithoutany kindofactivity.asforthelabtrial,twoexposureswereseparatedbyarecoveryphaseof15minduration at25 C.Inbothinvestigations,rectaltemperature(T re ),heartrate(hr)andsweatwaterloss(changein bodymass)weremeasured.meanskintemperature(t sk )wascalculatedaccordingtoeniso9886based ontemperaturemeasuresat8bodysites[6]. Results:Inthelabandfieldtrialsrespectively,similarchangesinrectaltemperaturewereobservedfor thefirst(0.15(0.05) C.10min >1 and0.17(0.11) C.10min >1 )andthesecondexposure(0.28(0.07) C.10min >1 and0.29(0.13) C.10min >1 ).Themaximumvaluesforbothtrialsareshownintable1. Table1.Mean(SD)maximumvaluesobservedduringlabandfieldtests. T re [ C] T sk [ C] HR[bpm] Sweatloss[kg] Climaticchambertrial 38.1(0.3) 37.0(0.2) 139.1(17.3) 0.9(0.2) Firechambertrial 38.6(0.3)** 41.8(1.0)*** 164.6(13.7)** 1.2(0.3)* *P<0.05,**P<0.01.***P<0.001 Discussion:Maximumphysiologicalresponsesduringthefirechambertrialweremorepronouncedasfor theclimaticchambertrial.thisobservationunderlinestheimportanceoffirefighterprotectiveclothingin harshconditions.however,changesinthermo>physiologicalresponseswerefoundtobesimilarforthelab andthefieldtrial. Conclusions:Ourfindingshighlighttheimportanceofthethermo>physiologicalimpactofprotective clothingduringactivity.increasedphysicalactivityitselfcanleadtonon>compensableheatstresswhen wearingprotectiveclothing,eventhoughtheenvironmentalconditionisnotexpectedtoinducesevere heatstress. References: [1]R.Rossietal.,Int.J.Occup.Saf.Ergon.,vol.10,no.3,pp ,2004. [2]A.Moreletal.,Ergonomics,vol.57,no.7,pp.1 12,2014. [3]S.S.Cheungetal.,SportsMed.,vol.29,no.5,pp ,2000. [4]I.Holmér,Ind.Health,vol.44,no.3,pp ,2006. [5]S.S.Cheung,etal.,Scand.J.Med.Sci.Sports,vol.20Suppl3,pp ,2010. [6]ENISO9886,Ergonomics Evaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurements(2004) 120

121 Managing&risk&by&the&weakest&link:&Are&we&training&effectively&in&the&heat?% Andrew%P.%Hunt% 1 *,%Joanne%N.%Caldwell% 2,%Daniel%C.%Billing% 1,%and%Mark%J.%Patterson% 1 % 1 LandDivision,DefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganisation,Melbourne,Australia. 2 CentreforHuman andappliedphysiology,universityofwollongong,wollongong,australia.*correspondingauthor: hunt2@dsto.defence.gov.au Introduction:TheAustralianArmyWorkinginHeatpolicydictateslimitstophysicalworkdurationto minimisetheriskofheatcasualties.however,commanderssuggestthatstrictadherencetothepolicy preventsthemajorityofpersonnelfromengaginginphysicaltrainingtothelimitsthatarephysiologically tolerableintheheat.therefore,thisstudyexaminedtheheatstrainofpersonnelperformingacommon militaryactivity(forcedmarch)inenvironmentalconditionsclosetothepolicylimits.theaimwasto determinetheproportionofpersonnelatriskofbecomingheatcasualties. Methods:Thirty>sevenRoyalAustralianInfantrysoldiersvolunteeredtoparticipateinamarchofupto 10km.Participantsworeastandardcombatuniformandbootswhilecarrying40kgofmilitaryequipment. Theparticipantscommencedthemarchinarestedthermoneutralstate(5:30am)afterhavingingesteda temperaturesensoratleast7hprior.thepaceofthemarchwasguidedbytimingfeedbackat2.5km intervalstomaintainapaceof~5.5km.h >1.Thewet>bulbglobetemperature(WBGT)rosethroughthe range21 26 Coverthecourseofthemarch,averaging23.1(1.8) C,whichspannedthepolicylimit(22 C) forthiscombinationofprotectiveclothingattireandworkintensity.participantsratedtheseverityof environmentalsymptomspertinenttoworkintheheatafterthemarch[1]. Results:Twenty>three(62%)participantscompleted themarchin107(6.4)min(completers).nine(24%) participantsweresymptomaticforheatexhaustionand withdrewfromthemarchafter71.6(10.1)min (Symptomatic).Five(14%)participantswereremoved fromthemarchwhentheirintestinaltemperaturerose above39.0 C(Hyperthermic;Fig1),whichoccurred after58.4(4.5)min.thesymptomaticgroupreported significantlyhighersumofenvironmentalsymptoms severity:28(12);comparedtothecompleters:12(8), P=0.06;andtheHyperthermic:13(10),P= Discussion:Workingintheheat,uptoandabove therecommendedlimitations,revealedthatthe Fig1.Intestinaltemperatureduringthemarchfor policylimitscoincidewithaproportionofpersonnel thecompleters,symptomatic,andhyperthermic. atriskofbecomingheatcasualties.however,the findingsalsoshowthatthemajorityofpersonneldidnotexperienceexcessiveheatstrainthatwould endangerhealthorimpairperformance. Conclusion:ThecurrentAustralianArmyWorkinginHeatPolicyisaneffectiveriskmanagementstrategy tohighlightworkactivitieswhichwillexposeaportionofpersonneltoexcessiveheatstrain.however, furtherresearchisrequiredtobetterinformmilitarycommandersonstrategiestosafelyandeffectively trainallpersonnelfortherigoursofphysicallydemandingworkinhotenvironments. Reference: [1]Sampson,J.B.,J.L.Kobrick,andR.F.Johnson,Measurement%of%subjective%reactions%to%extreme%environments:%The%environmental%symptoms%questionnaire. MilitaryPsychology,1994.6(4):p.215>

122 Individual)differences)in)thermoeffector)function)in)the)heat:)morphological)variations) help%determine%effector%activation Sean%R.%Notley,%%Joonhee%Park,%Kyoko%Tagami,%Norikazu%Ohnishi,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Itispossiblethatmuchoftheinter>individualvariabilityobservedwithinhuman thermoeffectorresponsescanbeexplainedbydifferencesinbodymorphology,specificallytheratio betweensurfaceareaandmass.however,fewhaveexaminedtheserelationshipsacrossasufficiently widerangeofbodysizes,whilecontrollingforthefactorsthatcanindependentlyalterheatdissipation. Thisinvestigationwasaimedatidentifyingtheproportionofthermoeffectorvariabilitythatcouldbe explainedonthebasisofmorphologywithinindividualsofwidelydifferentsurface>area>to>massratios, butofsimilarage,fitnessandadiposity. Methods:Thermoeffectorresponseswereexaminedin36maleswithpronounceddifferenceintheir surfacearea>to>massratio(range: cm 2.kg >1 ).Subjectscompletedtwotrials,bothunder temperate>dryconditions(28 o C;30%relativehumidity).Onseparatedays,participantscompleted20min ofseatedrest,thenperformed45minofsteady>state,semi>recumbentcyclingatamatchedinternalheat productionrate(metabolicheat>externalwork)foreachsubjectequalto~135w.m >2 (trialone)or~200 W.m >2 (trialtwo),followedbya20>minseatedrecovery.deep>bodyandskintemperatures,whole>body sweatrate(changeinbodymass)andlocalsweatsecretion(hand,forearm,upperbackandforehead; ventilatedcapsules)andskinbloodflow(forearmandfinger;plethysmography)weremeasured(final5 minofexercise).multipleregressionanalyseswereperformedtoevaluatetherelationshipbetweenthe changeinmeanbodytemperature( T b )andsurface>area>to>massratioonskinbloodflowandsweating. Anhierarchicalmodelwasemployed,with T b enteredatthefirststep,andwiththesurface>area>to>mass ratioenteredsecond.changesinthecoefficientsofdeterminationbetweenthosemodelswereusedto identifytheproportionofthermoeffectorvariancethatcouldbeexplainedsimplyonthebasisof differencesinbodymorphology. Results:Surface>area>to>massratiowasasignificantpredictorofthelevelofsweatingandskinbloodflow measuredduringtrialone(~135w.m >2 ;P<0.05),accountingfor22%ofthevariationinwhole>bodysweat rate,21>25%inlocal>sweatrates,andbetween27>40%oftheskinbloodflowresponses.duringtrialtwo (~200W.m >2 ),surface>area>to>massratiosharedasignificantrelationshipwithwhole>bodysweatrate (P<0.05),explainingupto65%ofthevariationamongindividuals,butdidnotdemonstrateasignificant relationshipwitheitherlocal>sweatsecretionorskinbloodflow(p>0.05). Discussion:Whilstphenotypic(endurancetraining,heatacclimation)andgenotypicdifferencesmodulate thelevelofsteady>stateskinbloodflowandsweating,asignificant,albeitmodest,amountofthat variationduringlightexercise(trialone)canbeexplainedbyanindividual ssurface>area>to>massratio. However,whentheworkratewasincreased(trialtwo),nowforcingagreaterrelianceuponevaporative cooling,thesurface>area>to>massratiobecameaprincipaldeterminantofwhole>bodysweatrate. Conclusion:Thesedataindicatethatvariationsinthermoeffectorfunctionduringsteady>stateexercise canbeexplainedonthebasisofmorphologicalconfigurationduringmoderatethermalstrain.these observationsleadonetohypothesisethatheat>relatedgenderdifferences,andpreferentialchangesin effectorfunctionduringheatadaptation,mightalsobeexplainedbydifferencesinbodymorphology. % 122

123 Metabolic*costs*of*physiological*heat*stress*responses* Q 10 coefficients)relating)oxygen) consumption*to*body*temperature% Bernhard%Kampmann 1 *,%Peter%Bröde 2 % 1 DepartmentofSafetyEngineering,BergischeUniversitätWuppertal,Germany. 2 LeibnizResearchCentre forworkingenvironmentandhumanfactors(ifado),dortmund,germany.*correspondingauthor: kampmann@uni>wuppertal.de Introduction:Q 10 describestheinfluenceoftemperatureonphysiologicalprocessesastheratioofthe rateofaphysiologicalprocessataparticulartemperaturetotherateatatemperature10 Clower[1].In termsofratesofoxygenconsumption(vo 2 )relatedtorectaltemperatures(t re ),thiscanbewrittenas[2]: Q 10 =(VO 2 /VO 2,ref ) 10/(tre>tre,ref) (1a), orequivalently, VO 2 =VO 2,ref.Q (tre>tre,ref)/10 10 (1b) Q 10 variesbetween2and3inbiologicalsystems[2],andq 10 =2isappliedinmodellingtherateof metabolicheatproductioninrelationtobodytemperature[3],[4].thispaperaimstodetermineq 10 for theinfluenceofbodytemperatureonoxygenconsumptionforlightworkinwarmenvironments. Methods:Dataoriginatedfrom216laboratoryexperiments[5]consistingofindividualseriesof14to39 trialsperformedbyelevenacclimatisedsemi>nudeyoungmales(i cl =.1clo)whowalked4km.h >1 onthe levelforatleast3hoursunderdifferentcombinationsofwatervapourpressure(range kPa)and airtemperature(range20 55 C)withairvelocityof0.3m.s >1 andmeanradianttemperatureequaltoair temperature.meanvaluesoft re andvo 2 overthethirdhourofexposureweresubmittedtolinear regressionanalyses,whichwereperformedseparatelyforthe11individualseriesrelatingvo 2 directlyto t re andalsousingthelogarithmisedeq.1b(witht re,ref =36.8 C).Overallregressionparameterswere calculatedbyrandomcoefficientlinearmixedmodelsconsideringthecorrelationwithintheindividual series.q 10 coefficientswereobtainedastheexponentiatedslopesofthefittedlogarithmisedeq.1b. Results:Regressionanalysesshowedastatisticallysignificant(p<0.01)increaseofVO 2 witht re (Fig.1A) withinter>individuallyvaryingslopes,whichresultedinq 10 valuesvaryinglargelybetween1(indicatingno influenceoft re onvo 2 )and10(fig.1b).theoverallq 10 was2.1with95%confidenceinterval(ci) Fig.1.VO 2relatedtot rewithoverallregression(solid,vo 2= (t re>36.8))andindividuallines(dashed)for11participants(a),andq 10with95%CIfor11 individuals(opensymbols)andforthetotalsample(filledsymbol)withreferencelinesindicatingtheneutralvalue(q 10=1,dashed)andQ 10=2(solid)(B). Discussion&Conclusion:TheresultssupportthesettingQ 10 =2[3],[4]understeadystateconditions forlightworkintheheat,however,considerableintra>andinter>individualvariabilitywasobserved. Thus,thedatabaseshouldbeextended,alsotowardsotherworkloadsandpopulations(female,elderly). References: [1]Glossaryoftermsforthermalphysiology.JournalofThermalBiology2003,28:75>106 [2]Chaui>BerlinckJGetal:Temperatureeffectsonenergymetabolism:adynamicsystemanalysis.ProcRSocLondB2002,269:15>19. [3]WernerJ,BuseM:Temperatureprofileswithrespecttoinhomogeneityandgeometryofthehumanbody.JApplPhysiol1988,65:1110>1118. [4]FialaDetal:UTCI>Fialamulti>nodemodelofhumanheattransferandtemperatureregulation.IntJBiometeorol2012,56:429>441. [5]KampmannB:ZurPhysiologiederArbeitinwarmemKlima.ErgebnisseausLaboruntersuchungenundausFeldstudienimSteinkohlenbergbau.Habilitation Thesis.BergischeUniversitätWuppertal;

124 A%real5time%heat%strain%index%using%foot%temperature%and%heart%rate%while%wearing% personal%protective%equipmentin%hot%environments% % JooMYoung%Lee 1 *,%Siyeon%Kim 1,%Joonhee%Park 1,%Yutaka%Tochihara 2 % 1 CollegeofHumanEcology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea. 2 FacultyofDesign,Kyushu University,Fukuoka,Japan.*Correspondingauthor:leex3140@snu.ac.kr Introduction:Overthepastcentury,anumberofindicestoassessheatstressandstraininhot environmentshavebeendeveloped,buttherearefewnon>invasiveindicestoevaluatetheheatstrainof workerswearingpersonalprotectiveequipment.iso7933[1]presentsananalyticalmethodtodetermine heatstressusingcalculationofthepredictedheatstrainbutthecalculationiscomplicatedtoapplyfor real>timemonitoring.moranandcolleagues[2,3]derivedasimpleandusefulindexbasedonrectal temperature(t re )andheartrate(hr)(physiologicalstrainindex,psi)buttheindexislimitedatworkin fieldsbecauseofthedirectmeasurementofrectaltemperature.thepurposeofthisstudywastopresent anon>invasivemethodtomonitorheatstraininreal>timeusingfoottemperature(t foot )andhrofworkers wearingpersonalprotectiveequipmentwithprotectivebootsinhotenvironments. Methods:Threeexperimentaldatasetwereusedinthisstudy.[Series%A]%Eightmalestudents[48.0±16.7 ml.kg >1.min >1 invo 2peak and193±8bpminhr max ]participatedin12experimentalconditions:twoactivities threeclothinglevels twoairtemperatures(25 o Cand32 o Cwith50%RH).Threetypesofexperimental ensembleswereemployed:control(totalclothingmassof590gexceptrunningshoes,62%coveredof BSA,CBSA[4]),Tyvekcondition(787g,98%CBSA),andplasticcoverallcondition(1,245g,98%CBSA,no evaporationexcepttheface).twolevelsofmetabolicactivitieswereassignedat60>minrestandexercise onthetreadmillat6~8km.h >1.%[Series%B]EightmalestudentsdifferenttothoseinSeriesAparticipatedin SeriesB[49.2±6.6ml.kg >1.min >1 invo 2peak and193±7bpminhr max ].Experimentalconditionsconsistedof aneightconditions:fourfirefighter sprotectiveequipmentconditions(threetypesofself>contained breathingapparatus(scba)conditionswereemployedwithnoscbacondition) twoairtemperatures(t a of22 o Cand32 o Cwith50%RH).Participantsconducteda30minexerciseonthetreadmillat6km.h >1.% [Series%C]Twelvemalefirefighters[45.6±7.6ml.kg >1.min >1 invo 2peak and189±7bpminhr max ] participatedintwoexerciseconditions(exerciseonthetreadmillat5.5km.h >1 with/withoutbreak)att a of 32 o Cwith43%RH.T re,eightskintemperaturesincludingt foot,hr,totalsweatrate,subjectiveperceptions wererecordedinallexperiments(96trialsinseriesa64trialsinseriesb24trialsinseriesc=184 trials).wemodifiedthepsi[2]usingt foot andhrfromthefirstdatasetandthesecondandthirddataset weretakentovalidatethenewlymodifiedpsiwithoriginalpsi. Results:T foot of38.0 o Cand38.5 o CweredeterminedasAlarmandDangercriteria,respectively.TheAlarm levelwassetatthepointthatt foot reachedt re duringexercise.thislevelwaslimitedtotheconditionsof wearingfullpersonalprotectiveequipment(98%cbsa)att a of32 o C.TheDangerlevelwasdeterminedat themomentsthatextremesubjectiveperceptions(veryuncomfortable,veryhot,andveryhard)were given.theoriginalpsi[2,3]wasmodifiedusingt foot andhr,andthemodifiedpsishowedasignificant relationshipwiththeoriginalpsi(r=0.756,p<0.05)whileexercisewearingppeatt a of32 o C. Conclusion:ThemodifiedPSIusingnon>invasivevariablesarevalidtopredictheatstrainforworkers wearingfullprotectiveequipmentincludingprotectivebootsinhotenvironments,butcannotbeapplied toworkerswearinglightworkwearinthermalneutralorcoolenvironments.% References: [1]ISO7933(2004)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment>Analyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofheatstressusingcalculationofthepredictedheat strain.internationalorganizationforstandardization [2]MoranDS,ShitzerA,PandolfKB(1998a)Aphysiologicalstrainindextoevaluateheatstress.AmJPhysiol275,R129 R134. [3]MoranDS,MontainSJ,PandolfKB(1998b)Evaluationofdifferentlevelsofhydrationusinganewphysiologicalstrainindex.AmJPhysiol275,R854 R860. [4]LeeJY(2005)AstudyonthebodysurfaceareaofKoreanadults.Ph.Ddissertation,SeoulNationalUniversity,pp191>

125 Exercise(Heat(Tolerance(assessment(following(a(diagnosis(of(Heat(Illness(in(UK(Military( Personnel Dan%Roiz%de%Sa*%Carol%House%% EnvironmentalMedicineandScience,InstituteofNavalMedicine,Gosport,UK.*Correspondingauthor: Introduction:Exertionalheatstrokeandheatillness(HI)continuetoposeasignificantthreattomilitary trainingandoperationsinbothtemperateandhotclimates.in2001,theinstituteofnavalmedicine(inm) establishedaformalprotocolforheattolerancetesting(htt)andin2003itbecameukarmedforces PolicythatpersonnelwhohavebeendiagnosedashavingsufferedfromanepisodeofheatstrokeorHI withasignificantbiochemicaldisturbanceormultipleepisodesofhiarereferredtotheheatillnessclinic (HIC)attheINM.Followingafullmedicalexaminationandassessmentofmaximalaerobicfitness(VO 2max ) patientsareaskedtoexerciseonatreadmillat60%vo 2max at34 Cdrybulb,relativehumidity40%(WBGT of27 C)withclothinglimitationsandloadcarriagetoinitiallyraisethedeepbodytemperatureofthe individual.at30minutesthejacketandweightedrucksackareremovedandat45minutestheremaining t>shirtisalsoremoved.patientscontinuetoexerciseforaminimumof60minutesorupto90minutes durationtodeterminewhetherthermalequilibrium(i.e.aplateauofrectaltemperature)canbeachieved. Patientsachievingthermalbalanceareconsideredtoshownormalthermoregulation(andpassHTT),those whodonotorhaveanothermedicalissueidentifiedareconsideredtobeheatintolerant(fail).thosewho donotpasstheassessmentarereviewedatleastonceaminimumof8weekslater.measurementsof rectaltemperature,skintemperature,heartrateandsweatratemadeduringthehhtareusedto determinewhetheranindividual sheatintolerancerelatestoanabnormallevelofheatproduction (abnormalmuscle)orimpairedheatdissipationmechanisms. Methods:PatientoutcomesoftheHTTreportedforthosewhoattendedin2014werereviewed. Results:In2014,140patientswereassessedintheINMHIC,assessmentoutcomesareshowninTable1. OfthepatientsthatfailedtheirfirstHTT,onewasdiagnosedwithhyperventilationproblems,one recommendedforpsychologicalsupportandtheremainingfiverequiredreassessment.fourpatients failedontwoormoreoccasionsandwererecommendedfurtherinvestigationformalignanthyperthermia (MH)sensitivity. Table1.OutcomeoftheHTTinthe140visitingtheHICin2014 Males Females Total PassedfirstHTT(RecommendedReturnTo MilitaryActivity) PassedsecondHTT(firstHTTwasin2013) FailedfirstHTT(RemainDowngraded) FailedHTTtwice(insufficientaerobicfitness) Failedfirstandpassedretest FailedandrecommendedforMHtesting Conclusion:OnlyasmallnumberoftheHIcasualtiesreferredtotheHICdemonstrateabnormal thermoregulation.althoughthehttappearstodiscriminatebetweenindividualswithnormaland abnormalthermoregulationfurtherworkisrequiredtoconfirmthespecificityandsensitivityofthehtt. % 125

126 Pre5cooling'by'hands'and'feet'water'immersion'reduces'heat'strain'while'wearing' protective)clothing)% Ken%Tokizawa 1 *,%Tatsuo%Oka 1,%Akinori%Yasuda 1,%Tetsuo%Tai 1,%Son%Suyoung 1,%Jun%Wada 2,% Hirofumi%Ida 2 % 1 NationalInstituteofOccupationalSafetyandHealth,Kawasaki,Japan; 2 TokyoElectricPowerCompany, Yokohama,Japan.*Correspondingauthor:tokizawa@h.jniosh.go.jp Introduction:Pre>cooling(i.e.,removalofheatfromthebodyimmediatelypriortoexercise)isapopular strategyforimprovingexerciseperformanceinhotconditions.wholebodyimmersioninwateristhe proceduremostcommonlyusedtopre>coolinsportsactivities.however,thesupplyofalargevolumeof waterandiceinalloccupationalsettingsisnotalwayspossible,orpractical.inthepresentstudy,we examinedtheeffectivenessofhandsandfeetwaterimmersionandcoolingvestaspracticalpre>cooling methodonheatstrainwhilewearingprotectiveclothing. Methods:Ninemalesengagedin60minofwalkingatamoderatespeed(2.5km.h >1 )inahot environment(37 C,50%rh).Beforewalking,theyimmersedhandsandfeetinmildcoldwater(18 C)or temperatewater(28 C)andworeacool>vest(PhaseChangeMaterial:meltingtemperature28 C,1680g, 276kJ,startfrom20 C)for30min.Thewaterwaswipedoffandthevestwastakenoff,thentheywore protectiveclothingandafull>facegasmask. Results:Rectaltemperature(T re )attheendofwalkingwas lowerinthetemperate>andmildcold>watercoolingtrials thaninthecontroltrial(withoutthepre>cooling)(shownin thefigure,p<0.05).mean(sd)t re duringwalkingincreasedby 1.1(0.3 C)inthecontroltrial.Thepre>coolinginthemild cold>waterinhibitedtheincrease(0.8(0.2 C),p<0.05),but thatinthetemperate>coldwaterdidnot(0.9(0.3 C)).In addition,sweatrate,thermalunpleasantness,physicaland psychologicalfatigueswerelowerinthepre>coolingtrialsthan inthecontroltrial(p<0.05).inthemildcold>watercooling trial,thechangesinheartrate,thermalsensation,anddamp sensationwerealsoattenuated(p<0.05). Discussion:Weadditionallyexaminedthattheeffectofwithorwithoutcoolingvestonheatstraininthe mildcold>watercoolingtrial.becausenosignificantdifferencewasobserved,handsandfeetwater immersioncouldbemainlyeffectiveonalleviatingheatstrain.theextremitiesarefrequentlytargetedfor cooling[1],astheyareusuallyeasytoaccessandhighlyvascularized[2].thisstudyisthefirsttoshowthe pre>coolingeffectofhandsandfeetonheatstrain,whereaspreviousstudiesusedthecoolingprocedure duringandafterexercise[1].themitigationeffectsincoolingat28 Cwereclosertothoseincoolingat18 C,whichmaybeduetoalesspowerfulperipheralvasoconstrictorresponse[3]. Conclusion:Handsandfeetwaterimmersioncouldbeanalternativepre>coolingmethodalleviatingheat strain.althoughcolderwaterinducesmorephysiologicalandpsychologicalbenefitsforheatstrain,using tapwater(moderate)canalsoyieldlowerheatstrainforacertainlevel. References: [1]DeGroot,Detal.(2013).Extremitycoolingforheatstressmitigationinmilitaryandoccupationalsettings.JournalofThermalBiology,38(6), [2]Taylor,N.A.S.etal.(2014).Handsandfeet:physiologicalinsulators,radiatorsandevaporators.EuropeanJournalofAppliedPhysiology,114(10), [3]Taylor,N.A.S.etal.(2008).Tocool,butnottoocool:thatisthequestion>>immersioncoolingforhyperthermia.MedicineandScienceinSportsandExercise, 40(11), *Different(p<0.05)betweenthecontrolandmildcold> watercoolingtrials;#different(p<0.05)betweenthe controlandtemperate>watercoolingtrials.

127 Immune&responses&of&urban&firefighters&following&work&in&the&heat& % Anthony%Walker*,%Matthew%Driller,%Christos%Argus,%Ben%Rattray%% UniversityofCanberra,ResearchInstituteforSportandExercise,UniversityofCanberra,Canberra, Australia*Correspondingauthor:Anthony.walker@canberra.edu.au Introduction:Whenfirefightersworkinhotenvironments,immuneresponsescanbeelevatedforupto 90minutes[1>3],possiblyincreasingthelikelihoodofthromboticeventsorillness[4].Australian firefighterscompletemulti>daydeploymentsfollowingnaturaldisasters.however,theextentofimmune changesfollowingextendedintervals,particularlyafteranovernightrest,ispoorlyunderstood.thus,this studyaimedtoassesschangesinimmuneresponsesofurbanfirefightersupto24hoursafteraworkbout intheheat. Methods:Forty>twomaleurbanfirefighterscompletedtwotwentyminutesearchtasksinapurposebuilt heatchamber(mean(sd)100(5 C).BasedonstandardoperatingproceduresforanAustralianfireservice, participantshadatenminutepassiverecoveryoutsidetheheatchamberbetweenworkbouts,wherethey consumed600mlofwater.coretemperatures(t c )andheartrates(hr),alongwithplateletandleukocyte numberswereevaluatedpre>andpost>workandalsofollowingoneandtwenty>fourhoursofrest. Results:IncreasesinT c (1.4(0.5) C,p<0.01)andhighHRs (90.9(7.1) %HR max,p<0.01), wereobserved followingthesecondworkbout. Leukocyteandplateletnumbers weresignificantlyincreased(p<0.01) post>work,withplateletscontinuing toincreaseduringonehourof passiverecovery(31.2(31.3)10 9 L, p<0.01)(figure1).further,platelets remainedelevated24hourslater (15.9(19.6)10^9L,p<0.01). Fig.%1:Leukocyteandplateletnumbersoffirefightersduringsimulatedworkperiodsalongwith1 and24hourspost.*representssigdiff(p<0.05)comparedwithpre>heat,^comparedwithpost>heat and#comparedwithpost1hr. Discussion:Increasesintemperatures,HRandimmuneresponsesofparticipantsdirectlyfollowingwork intheheatreflectpreviousstudies.however,thisstudyisuniqueindemonstratingsignificantlyelevated plateletnumbersaftera24hourperiodofrest.anyresidualelevationsinplateletnumbersafterextended restmaybeincreasingtheriskofthromboticeventswhenfirefightersworkovermultipledaysinadverse environmentalconditions. Conclusion:Theongoingchangestoplateletnumbersinthepresentstudylikelyrepresentasignificant factorinensuringthehealthoffirefightersduringmulti>daydeployments.itislikelythatchangesinwork practicesandrehabilitationprotocolscanminimisechangestoimmuneresponsesduringmulti>dayevents, particularlyinhotregions. References: [1]HostlerD,SuyamaJ,GuyetteFX,MooreC,PryorRR,KhoranaP,...ReisSE.(2014).ARandomizedcontrolledtrialofAspirinandExertionalHeatStress ActivationofPlateletsinFirefightersduringexertioninThermalProtectiveClothing.PrehospitalEmergencyCare,18(3),359>367. [2]SmithDL,PetruzzelloSJ,GoldsteinE,AhmadU,TangellaK,FreundGG&HornGP(2011)Effectoflive>firetrainingdrillsonfirefighters plateletnumberand function.prehospitalemergencycare,15(2),233>239. [3]Wright>BeattyHE,McLellanTM,LaroseJ,SigalRJ,BoulayP&KennyGP.(2014).InflammatoryresponsesofolderFirefighterstointermittentexerciseinthe heat.europeanjournalofappliedphysiology,114(6),1163>1174. [4]TargerG,SeidellJ,TonoliM,MuggeoM,DeSandreG&CigoliniM.(1996).Thewhitebloodcellcount:itsrelationshiptoplasmainsulinandother cardiovascularriskfactorsinhealthymaleindividuals.journalofinternalmedicine.239(5),435>

128 Compartmentalchangesinthebody5fluid&contributions&to&the&plasma&volume&restoration& during'recovery'from'dehydration'following'heat'acclimation. Mark%J.%Patterson,%Jodie%M.%Stocks,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Sincewatermovesfreelyamongfluidcompartments,itwasofinteresttotrackwhole> bodyfluidmovementsduringarestingrecoveryfromextendedexerciseintheheat,butwithout rehydration.thismechanismwasinvestigatedbefore,duringandfollowinganextendedheat>acclimation experiment. Methods:Eightmaleswereheatacclimatedover17days(40 o C,60%relativehumidity)usingthe controlledhyperthermiatechnique(deep>bodytemperatureclampedat38.5 o C).Before(day1),during (day8)andafteracclimation(day22),whole>body,inter>compartmentalfluidmovementsweretracked, firstlyduringprogressivedehydration(heatstresstest:30minseatedrestplus90mincycling[same posture]:40 o C)andthenduringpassiverecovery(30minseatedrest:28 o C),allwithoutfluidreplacement. Changesinwhole>body,intra>andextracellularbody>fluidvolumesduringheat>stresstestsandrecovery werequantifiedusingcombinedradionuclide>anddye>dilutiontechniques.thesedataillustratenotjust compartmentalcontributionstofluidloss,butfluidmovementsduringthetransitionfromexerciseto recovery. Results:Duringexerciseintheheat,plasmavolumereductionsof9.0%(SEM0.9:day1),12.4%(SEM 1.6:day8)and13.6%(SEM1.2:day22)wereobserved,withwhole>bodyfluidlossesondays8and22 significantlyexceedingday1(p<0.05).thiswhole>bodyfluidlosscontinuedduringrecovery,assweating continuedforsometime,withwhole>bodysweatlossesaveraging229(day1),303(day8)and392ml(day 22).However,recoveryoftheplasmavolumecommencedveryquickly,evenwithoutfluidbeing consumed.indeed,duringthe30>minrecovery,plasmavolumeincrementsof1.9%(day1:65ml),3.2% (day8:112ml)and5.4%(day22:180ml),relativetovolumesmeasuredimmediatelyfollowingexercise, wereobserved.thispatternwasconsistentwithanenhancementoftheplasmavolumerestorationas heatacclimationprogressed.priortocommencingheatacclimation,therelativeinterstitialcontribution dominatedfluidlossduringrecovery,withtheintracellularsharebeingabouthalfthatoftheinterstitium. Thus,fluidlossoccurredonlyfromtheintracellularandinterstitialreservoirs,withtheformersustaining theinterstitialvolumeandtherebypermittingapartialintravascularrecovery.themechanismunderlying thisoutcomeappearedtobeasignificantelevationoftheplasmaand,presumablyalso,theinterstitial osmolalitybeyond90minofdehydrationondays8and22.asaconsequence,theintracellularfluid contributiontothisplasmarecoverygraduallybecamemorepronounced.thissustainedtheinterstitial fluidcompartment,andtherebypermittedapartialintravascularrecovery,evenbeforefluidwas consumed.whilsttheintracellularfluidreductionduringexerciserepresented<30%ofthetotalwater lost,duringrecovery,theabsolutefluidlossfromthiscompartmentmorethandoubled. Discussion:Thissnapshotofbody>fluiddynamicsattheendofrecoveryillustrateshowinter> compartmentalfluidmovementsmayhelpdefendagainstpost>exercisehypotension,withtheintracellular fluidreservesbehavingasatemporaryreservoirfromwhichtheplasmafractionisrestoredviathe interstitiumpriortocommencingfluidreplacement.moreover,therecoveryoftheplasmavolume followingprogressivedehydrationwasmorerapidfollowingheatadaptation. 128

129 The$influence$of$short5term%heat%acclimation%with%permissive%dehydration%on%temperate% exercise'performance'in'highly'trained'athletes% Rebecca%Neal*,%%Jo%Corbett,%Heather%Massey,%Michael%J.%Tipton%% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Introduction: Long>term( 10 day) heat acclimation(ha) has been shown to be ergogenic under cool ambientconditions[1].potentialmechanismsunderpinningtheergogeniceffectsoflong>termhainclude increasedmaximaloxygenuptake,possiblymediatedbyplasmavolume(pv)expansionandanincreased maximalcardiacoutput[1], aswellasreducedphysiologicalstrainthroughimprovedthermoregulation [2]. Recently, short>term (5 day) HA with restricted fluid intake (STHADe) has been shown to augment PV expansionandaccelerateharelativetoeuhydratedha[3];performanceimprovementsintheheathave been documented in highly>trained men following this regime [4]. This study examined the ergogenic effectofsthadeonexerciseinatemperateenvironment. Methods:Tenhighly>trainedmalecyclistsandtriathletes(Mean[SD]age24[4]years;height1.76[0.04]m; mass 70.9[7.3] kg; maximal oxygen uptake [V"O 2max ]: 63.3[4.0] ml.kg >1.min >1 ; peak power output [PPO]: 385[40]W;training:10[3]hours.week >1 )underwentasthadeprogrammeconsistingof5>consecutivedays ofexercise(90mins.day >1 )underisothermicheatstrain(targetrectaltemperature[t re ]of38.5>38.9 C)ina hotenvironment(t amb = % 40 C,50%rh).DuringHAsessions,andfor30minutesafter,participantsdidnot receiveanyfluids.euhydratedheatstresstests(hst)werecompletedthedaybeforeandthedayafterthe STHADe(60minscyclingat35%PPO,T amb =40 C,50%rh).Agradedexercisetest(GXT)fordetermination ofbloodlactatethreshold(lt),v"o 2max andppoaswellasa20kmself>pacedtimetrial(tt)(onaseparate day)wereperformedinatemperateenvironment(22 C,50%rh)pre>andpost>STHADe. Results: STHADe significantly reduced rectal ( T re = >0.2[0.2] C) and mean body temperature ( T"b= > 0.2[0.2] C),heartrate( f c =>7[7]b.min >1 )andperceivedexertion,andaugmentedlocalandwholebody sweatrate(allp<0.05)duringthehst;noclearexpansionofplasmavolumewasseen( PV=1.2[8.0]%, P=0.64).ConstantworkloadexerciseinatemperateenvironmentindicatedthatSTHADereducedresting andexercisingmeanskintemperature(t"sk),t re,t"bandf c (allp<0.05)undertheseconditions.performance trials in a temperate environment suggest that PPO ( = 6[7] W) and LT ( = 16[17] W) in the GXT were improved (P<0.05) following STHADe but V"O 2max and TT performance were not significantly affected (P>0.05)althoughtherewasatrendforahighermeanpower(P=0.06). Discussion: These data show typical markers of HA during exercise in the heat and that STHADe is effectiveatreducingthermalandcardiovascularstrainundertemperateconditions.thelackof PVmay beduetohighbaselinebloodvolumesinthishighlytrainedcohort,orhigherdailydehydrationlevelsthan inpreviousstudies[3].althoughtherewasnoeffectonttperformance,otherindicatorsofperformance such as PPO were improved. These ergogenic effects might occur by thermal effects, such as a reduced physiologicalcost ofthermoregulation,ornon>thermaleffects,suchasanimprovedpoweratlt. Conclusion: STHADe induced favourable thermal, thermoregulatory, physiological and cardiovascular responsestoexerciseinhotandtemperateenvironmentsinhighly>trainedathletes.itmaybenecessaryto extendthedurationofhatofullyelucidatetheergogenicbenefitintemperateenvironments. References: [1]Lorenzo,Setal.(2010).Heatacclimationimprovesexerciseperformance.JApplPhysiol.109:1140>1147. [2]Corbett,J.etal.(2014).Adaptationtoheatandexerciseperformanceundercoolerconditions:anewhottopic.SportMed.44(10):1323>31. [3]Garrett,A.T.etal(2014).Short>termheatacclimationiseffectiveandmaybeenhancedratherthanimpairedbydehydration.AmJHumBio.26:311>320. [4]Garrett,A.Tetal.(2012).Effectivenessofshort>termheatacclimationforhighlytrainedathletes.EurJApplPhysiol.112:1827>1837.% 129

130 The$effect$of$heat$acclimation$or$acclimatisation$on$physiological$markers$of$heat$ adaptation:)preliminary)meta5analysis'data% Christopher%J.%Tyler 1 *,%Tom%Reeve 1,%Gary%J.%Hodges 2,%Stephen%S.%Cheung 2 %% 1 DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofRoehampton,London,UK. 2 Environmental ErgonomicsLaboratory,DepartmentofKinesiology,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines,Canada. *Correspondingauthor:chris.tyler@roehampton.ac.uk Introduction:Exerciseintheheatplacesagreaterphysiologicalstrainuponthebodythanexercisingin temperateconditions,soanumberofstrategieshavebeenadoptedtoattenuatethisstrain.heat acclimation(oracclimatisation)(ha)hasregularlybeenreportedtoinducebeneficialcardiovascularand thermoregulatoryadaptations.however,themagnitudesofbenefitreportedrangefromnoneto substantial,andthedifferencesreportedmaybeduetoawiderangeofhaprotocolsbeingused.theaim ofthismeta>analysiswastoquantifythemagnitudeofeffectthathahasonkeyphysiologicalmarkersof adaptation,andtoseewhetherthemagnitudeofeffectisrelatedtothevolumeorintensityofheatstress experienced. Methods:ThePubMeddatabasewassearched(09/01/15)usingthefirst>ordersearchtermsacclimation, acclimatization,acclimatisationandadaptationandsecond>ordersearchtermsheat,exercise, performance,capacityandtraining.usingthefour>stageprocessidentifiedintheprismastatementthe initialnumberofresults(9,369)wasreducedto92.data(n,mean,sd)wereextractedfromthesearticles induplicateortriplicate.asubsetofthedata(n=46manuscripts)ispresentedhere;manuscriptswere includedifrestingcoretemperature(t core ),restingheartrate(hr),restingplasmavolume(pv)and/orcore temperatureatsweatonset(t sweatonset )datawerereported.allhaprotocolsregardlessofduration, frequency,ambientconditionsorexercisemodalitywereused.hedge sg(±95%ci)werecalculatedand Spearman scorrelationanalyseswereperformedbetweentheeffectsizeandtotalhatime(ha time ),and HAtemperature(HA temp ). Results:The46manuscriptsreviewedusedamean(SD)of9(0)[range:4 16]HAsessionsseparatedby 0(0)[0 1.5]days.TotalHA time was868(558)min[150 2,880],andtheHA temp andha humidity were39(5) C[28 50]and36(16)%[14 86],respectively. Table1.TheeffectofHAonrestingT core,restinghr,restingpvandt sweatonset % Articles% Groups% N% Hedges%g%(95%%CI)% Mean%Δ% HA time % HA temp % RestingT core >0.62(>0.77,>0.47) >0.17±0.13 C r=>0.01 NS r=0.02 NS RestingHR >0.60(>0.78,>0.41) >5±4bpm r=>0.20 NS r=>0.13 NS RestingPV (0.36,0.79) 3.5±3.6% r=>0.37 NS r=>0.20 NS T sweatonset >0.88(>1.17,>0.59) >0.24±1.3 C r=>0.83 ** r=>0.29 NS ** =P<0.01; NS =p= % Conclusion:HAisaneffectivewaytoreducerestingT core andhr;increaserestingpv,andlowerthet sweat onset.themagnitudeofeffectappearstobeindependentofha time orha temp foreachofthe4variableswith theexceptionoft sweatonset,whichmaybeinverselyrelatedtoha time ;however,theselatterdataarederived fromonly6investigations. % % % 130

131 Hot5water&immersion&increases&popliteal&artery&shear&stress&in&Peripheral&Arterial$Disease$ Kate%N.%Thomas 1,3 *,%Andre%M.%Van%Rij% 1,%Samuel%J.%E.%Lucas% 2,4,%James%D.%Cotter% 3 %% 1 DepartmentofSurgicalSciences, 2 DepartmentofPhysiology,and 3 SchoolofPhysicalEducation,Sport andexercisesciences,universityofotago,dunedin,newzealand; 4 SchoolofSport,Exerciseand RehabilitationSciences,UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UK.*Correspondingauthor: kate.thomas@otago.ac.nz Introduction:Exerciseimprovesperipheralvascularfunctioninhealthyanddiseasedpopulations;thisis partlyattributedtotheexposureoftheendotheliumtotransient,repetitiveincreasesinbloodflowand antegradeshearstress[1].traditionalexerciseposessignificantbarriersforpatientswithperipheral ArterialDisease(PAD),astheconditionmanifestsasdebilitatingwalking>inducedmusclepain (claudication)causedbyobstructiontobloodflow.padpatientsrepresentalargecohortwhomight thereforebenefitfromanalternativeapproachtoexercise.locallimbheatinginyoung,healthyadultshas beenshowntoinducebloodflowpatternsindicativeofpromotingbeneficialadaptationsinperipheral arteries[2>4].additionally,preliminaryevidenceexistsdemonstratingsaunatherapyimprovessymptoms andclinicalindicesinpad[5].theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheacutevascularand cardiovascularresponsestoheatbylowerlimbhot>waterimmersioninpatientswithpadandinhealthy, elderlycontrols. Methods:EightpatientswithPAD(6male,age69±5y)andninecontrolsfreefromPAD(8male,age71 ±6y)underwenthot>waterimmersion(30minimmersedtothewaistinwaterat42>43 C).Usinghigh> resolutionultrasound,thepoplitealarterydiameterandbloodflowwasassessedbefore,duringthelast3 minand30minafterimmersioninordertocalculatetheshearstressstimulusontheendothelium.blood pressureandheartratewerecontinuouslyassessedusingfingerphotoplethysmography. Results:Antegradepoplitealshearrateincreasedmorethanthree>foldduringwaterimmersioninboth PAD(mean±SD:112±79s >1,p<0.01)andcontrols(74±51s >1,p<0.01).At30minafterimmersion, shearrateremainedelevatedabovebaselinelevels,althoughnotsignificantlysoforpad(pad:25±33s > 1,p=0.09vs.baseline,controls:15±14s >1,p=0.01).RetrogradeshearwasabsentinPADthroughout butsignificantlydecreasedduringimmersionincontrols(>8±5s >1,p<0.01).Systolic(SBP)anddiastolic bloodpressure(dbp)werereduced(p<0.001)duringwaterimmersioninpadandcontrolstoasimilar extent:sbpinpad,>36±21mmhg,controls,>32±13mmhg;dbp,>14±7and>12±8mmhg, respectively(p>0.05forinteractioneffects).sbpremainedlowerthanbaselineinbothgroups30min afterimmersion(p<0.01).heartrateincreasedsimilarlybetweengroups,by19±11beats.min >1 inpad and27±14beats.min >1 incontrols(time:p<0.001;interaction:p=0.16). Discussion:Asingleboutofhot>waterimmersioninducedfavourableshearstresspatternsinthe poplitealarteryofpadpatientsandhealthy,elderlycontrols.thisheatstressalsoinducedamarkedblood pressure>loweringeffect,valuableparticularlyinapadpopulation,whoarecommonlyhypertensiveyet unabletoexploitthepost>exercisehypotensiveeffect. Conclusion:Consideringtheshearstressandbloodpressureeffectsdemonstratedinthisstudy,heat stress,ifrepeated,haspotentialtoresultinbeneficialvascularadaptationsforagroupwithlimitedaccess toexercise;althoughthisremainstobeconfirmed. References: [1]Laughlin,etal.JApplPhysiol, (3):p.588>600. [2]Tinken,T.M.,etal.Hypertension, (2):p.278>85. [3]Carter,H.H.,etal.EurJApplPhysiol,2014. [4]Thomas,K.N.,etal.in15thInternationalConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics.2013.Queenstown,NewZealand. [5]Tei,C.,etal.JAmCollCardiol, (22):p.2169>

132 Restricted%sweat%evaporation%preceding%short%term%heat%acclimation%accelerates%adaption% in%females% % Jessica%Mee*,%Sophie%Peters,%Jo%Doust,%Neil%Maxwell% EnvironmentalExtremesLab,CentreforSportandExerciseScienceandMedicine,UniversityofBrighton, Eastbourne,UK*correspondingauthor:J.Mee@brighton.ac.uk Introduction:Shorttermheatacclimation(STHA)isapreferredregimeforathletes,sinceitiseasierto adopt when sustaining quality training and tapering performance in the weeks prior to competition. FemaleshavebeenreportedtoestablishanenhancesudomotorfunctionfollowingSTHA;however,they requirelongtermhatoestablishcardiovascularandthermoregulatoryadaptation[1].thecurrentstudy, assessedtheeffectivenessoffivedaysofcontrolledhyperthermiaha,combinedwitharestrictedsweat evaporationexposure,toelicitthermoregulatory,cardiovascularandsudomotoradaptation. Method: Nine females performed two running heat tolerance tests (RHTT) [2], separated by five controlledhyperthermia(tr~38.5 C)HAsessions.For20minutesbeforeHA,participantswereexposedto atemperateenvironment(ha)orahotenvironment(50 C,30%RH),whilstwearinga100%Vinylsauna suit (HA sauna ). Conditions were performed in a balanced randomised order and separated by ~7 weeks. Testing was completed during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle or the pill free phase of oral contraception use; confirmed by plasma concentrations of 17β>estradiol and progesterone. A two>way repeatedmeasuresanovawasperformedtoidentifydifferenceinthephysiologicalcharacteristicsduring the RHTT, between the HA and HA sauna conditions. When a main effect or interaction effect was found, resultswerefollowedupusingbonferronicorrectedposthoccomparisons. Results: In the HA sauna condition, resting rectal temperature (Tr rest ) (>0.28(0.15) C), resting heart rate (HR rest ) (>9(4)beats.min >1 ),peakrectaltemperature(tr peak )(>0.42(0.22) C),peakheartrate(HR peak )(>12(7) beats.min >1 )peakskintemperature(tskin peak )(>0.89(0.86) C),sweationconcentration(>16(10)mmol.L >1 ) andsweat>onsettr(>0.26(0.15) C)reduced,sweatrate(SR)(565(197)g.hr >1 )andforearmsr(sr forearm ) (0.15(0.14)mg.cm 2 /min)(p% 0.05)increased.IntheHAcondition,HR peak (>4(5)beats.min >1 )andsweation concentration(>8(4)mmol.l >1 )reduced;andsrincreased(462(399)g.hr >1 )(p% 0.05);whilenodifferences wereobservedintr rest,tr peak,hr rest,tskin peak,sr forearm andsweat>onsettr.plasmavolumeexpansionwas greaterfollowingtheha sauna condition(9.3(7.6)%vs.1.3(5.0)%;p% 0.05). Discussion:HA sauna waseffectiveinattenuatingthermoregulatoryandcardiovascularstrain;thiswasnot achievedfollowingthehaalone.exercisewasmatchedformetabolicheatproductionthus;thereduced thermoregulatorystrainwaspotentiallyduetoanincreasedevaporativeheatloss,resultinginareduction in heat storage as a result of altered afferent neural activity from the peripheral or central thermo> receptors. The reduced cardiovascular strain following HA sauna can be explained by the plasma volume expansion,suggestinganincreasedbloodvolume,thuspreservingstrokevolumeandreducingheartrate atagivenworkload. Conclusions: This study suggests females should consider including a period of restricted sweat evaporation prior to HA sessions to promote an accelerated thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and sudomotoradaptation. References: [1]Mee,J.A.,Gibson,O.R.,Doust,J.,Maxwell,N.S.,(2015b).Acomparisonofmalesandfemales temporalpatterningtoshort>andlong>termheatacclimation. ScandinavianJournalofMedicineandScienceinSports25, [2]Mee,J.A.,Doust,J.,Maxwell,N.S.,(2015a).Repeatabilityofarunningheattolerancetest.JournalofThermalBiology49>50, % 132

133 Muscle'activity'during'simulated'work'in'the'cold% Julie%Renberg 1 *,%Per%Øyvind%Stranna%Tvetene 2,%Øystein%Nordrum%Wiggen 1,%Karin%Roeleveld 2,%% Mireille%Van%Beekvelt 2,%Hilde%Færevik 1 %% 1 Department of Health Research, SINTEF Technology and Society, Trondheim, Norway. 2 Department of Neuroscience,FacultyofMedicine,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Trondheim,Norway *Correspondingauthor:julie.renberg@sintef.no Introduction: The abundance of natural resources in the Barents region is encouraging growth and developmentinthefarnorth,exposingmoreworkerstooutsideworkinthecold(averagetemperature andwindvelocityatrognsundetinfinnmarklastwinterwere>2.6 Cand9.8m.s >1,withextremevaluesof >15.3 Cand27.5m.s >1 ).Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofrealisticcoldexposureon muscleactivity,whilewearingthecold>weatherprotectiveclothingusedintheminingindustry. Methods:15malevolunteersperformedsimulatedworkattwoambienttemperatures(T a ):>15 Cand 5 C.Theexperimentalprotocolconsistedoffivetestperiodsandfourworkperiodswithatotalexposure time of two hours. The five 10>minute test periods started with a dynamic wrist flexion(dwf) exercise, followed by maximal voluntary contraction of the wrist flexor, elbow flexor and shoulder abductor. The fourworkperiodsconsistedofmanualworkaboveheadlevel(5min),manualworkathipheight(5min) andaliftingexercise(5min).emgwasusedtomeasuremuscleactivity,andnear>infraredspectroscopy (NIRS) measured local muscle metabolism. Heart rate (HR), skin and rectal temperatures (T re ) were measuredcontinuously.theprotectiveclothingwornwasidenticalunderbothenvironmentalconditions. Results: During the two hours of exposure at >15 C comparedto5 C,meanskintemperatureandfingerskin temperature fell by 2.7 C and 10>15 C, respectively. Forearm skin temperature was stable at around 32.5 C and30.9 Cin5 Cand>15 C,respectively.Nodifferences in either T re or HR between the T a were observed. There wasasignificantinteractioneffectbetweent a andtimeat the experiment in EMG activity (fig 1). Deoxygenation during DWF was significantly more pronounced at 5 C than>15 C,butnointeractioneffectwasfoundbetween T a andtime. Discussion: Even though there was not a large difference in skin temperature at >15 and 5 C, it may have been sufficient to affect muscle function. At 5 C, there was a gradual reduction in EMG activity, comparedtoastabledevelopmentat>15 C.Thisdifferencecouldberelatedtotemperature>dependent co>activationofmusclepairs[1].morepronouncedcoolingwouldprobablyhavehadamoredetrimental effectonmuscleperformance. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that realistic cold exposure reduces skin temperatures, particularlyintheextremities,whilewearingprotectiveclothingusedintheminingindustry.exposureto >15 C led to increased local muscle activation during manual work at hip height. While the current protective clothing provides sufficient thermal protection with regard to maintaining core temperature, the extremities are liable to become cold. It is therefore, important to focus on cold protection in the extremitiesinordertomaintainminers comfortandperformance. References: [1]Oksa,J.,etal.,CoolingMinduced%changes%in%muscular%performance%and%EMG%activity%of%agonist%and%antagonist%muscles.Aviation,space,andenvironmental medicine, (1):p.26> Amplitude (% of max activation) # Work period 5 C -15 C Fig1.Meanamplitude(%ofmaxactivation)inrightflexor digitorumsuperficialis:manualworkhipheightforwork period1,2,3,and4.#significantinteractioneffectbetweent a andtime.dataispresentedasmean(sd)(n=13).

134 % Mild%cooling%of%the%feet%does%not%aid%night5time%vigilance% % Ryan%Sixtus 1,%Barbara%C.%Galland 2,%James%D.%Cotter 1 *% 1 2 SchoolofPhysicalEducation,SportandExerciseSciences,and DunedinSchoolofMedicine,Universityof Otago,Dunedin,NewZealand. * Correspondingauthor:jim.cotter@otago.ac.nz Introduction:Vigilanceisrelatedtocoretemperature(T C )andskintemperature(t sk ).Biologicalday reflectsahight C,alertnessandmodestT sk ;nightreflects%vice%versa% [1,2].Atrest,T C isregulatedlargelyvia controllingbloodflowinextremities(andthust sk );vasodilationstronglypredictsreducedvigilance [3] and fastersleeponset [4].Innarcolepsy,highdaytimeextremitytemperaturesandasmallerdistal>to>proximal gradient(dpg)indicateshighersleeppropensity [5].Coolextremitieshavebeenlinkedobservationallyto delayedsleeponsetintheelderly,andexperimentallyshowntoreducesleeppropensityinnarcolepsy [6]. Therefore,theaimofthisstudywastotestthehypothesisthatcoolingthefeetwouldmaintainvigilance duringextendedwakefulnessinhealthyadults. % Methods:Arandomisedcross>overexperimentwascompletedusingninehealthyyoungadult participantswithnormalsleeppatterns.afterprovidinginformedconsent,andadaytimefamiliarisation, theyundertookthree3>hlaboratorysessionsinwhichwater>perfusedbootieswereusedtoprovidemild cooling,moderatecoolingornocooling(control).sessionswereinadimly>litroom,beginningat2230. Each30minconsistedofquietrestinterspersedwitha10>minpsychomotorvigilancetask(PVT),7>min KarolinskaDrowsinessTest(KDT),andratingsofsleepiness,perceivedbodytemperatureandthermal discomfort.eegspectralpowers(theta,alphaandbeta)weredeterminedwithinthepvtandkdt. AnalyseswerebyrepeatedmeasuresANOVA(α=0.05)withpost>hoccontrastswithBonferronicorrection. % Results:FoottemperaturesinControlandMildandModeratecoolingaveraged34.5(0.5),30.8(0.2)and 26.4(0.1) o C(allP<0.01).Yet,theupper>limbDPGremainedstable(at~0.3 o C)regardlessofcondition (P=0.57).ThedeclineinT C (~0.35 o C)wasalsounaffectedbycondition(P=0.84),aswasvigilance (interactionforresponsespeed:p=0.45).asmallandtransientreductioninsleepinesswasevidentwith cooling(p=0.046);otherwisesleepinessandvigilancedeterioratedinconjunctionwiththefallint C ineach condition(r>0.80).participantsfeltcoolerthroughoutbothcoolingtrials,butthermalcomfortwas unaffected(p=0.43),aswerealmostalleegparametersduringthekdt.alldependentmeasureswere affectedbytime. % Discussion:Severallinesofevidenceimplicatearolefordistaltemperatureindecliningvigilanceinthe evening [3>6].Theextentoffootcoolingusedinthecurrentstudywasnotsufficienttoalternatural homeostaticthermal>andsleep>progressions,exceptforatransientandminorriseinwakefulness.more substantivecoolingoftheextremitiesmightberequiredtoimpactvigilance;byaffectingtheregulated night>timereductionint C orcausingadistractingaffectfromt sk itself(whichwouldaidwakefulnessbut mayimpaircognition). Conclusion:Inhealthy,youngadults,T C andvigilancedeclineregardlessofmildormoderatecoolingof thefeet,andanyeffectonsleepinessissmallandtransient. References: [1]Karasek,MandWinczyk,K(2006).Melatonininhumans.JPhysiolPharmacol,57:19>39. [2]Lack,L,etal(2008).Therelationshipbetweeninsomniaandbodytemperatures.SleepMedRev,12:%307>17. [3]Raymann,RandVanSomeren,E(2007).Timeontaskimpairmentofpsychomotorvigilanceisaffectedbymildskinwarmingandchangeswithagingand insomnia.sleep,30:96>103. [4]Krauchi,K,etal.(1999).Warmfeetpromotetherapidonsetofsleep.Nature,401(6748):36>37. [5]Fronczek,R,etal.(2006).Alteredskintemperatureregulationinnarcolepsyrelatedtosleeppropensity.Sleep,29:1444>1449. [6]Fronczek,R,etal.(2008).Manipulationofcorebodyandskintemperatureimprovesvigilanceandmaintenanceofwakefulnessinnarcolepsy.Sleep,31:233>

135 Do%overweight%and%obese%individuals%demonstrate%impaired%thermoregulatory%adaptation% to%six%weeks%of%studio%cycling%training:%a%pilot%study% Steve%%H.%Faulkner *,%Kieran%Menon,%Thomas%M.%Hood,%Jamie%K.%Pugh % and%myra%a.%nimmo SchoolofSport,ExerciseandHealthSciences,LoughboroughUniversity,Loughborough,UK.Corresponding author:s.faulkner2@lboro.ac.uk Introduction:Highintensityintervaltraining(HIIT)iseffectiveatimprovinghealthmarkersingroupsat riskofcardiovascularandmetabolicdisease.studiocyclingmayofferaplatformforhiitinthecommunity, howeverlittleisknowabouthowincreasedadiposityinfluencesthermalcontrolduringhiitandtheeffect thismayhaveonoverweightpatientswhoarenewtoexercise.thepurposeofthispilotstudywasto investigatethethermaladaptationinresponsetostudiobasedgrouphiitinsedentaryoverweightadults. Methods:Eight,overweight,physicallyinactive(86.1(10.6)kg;VO "# 27.1(4.7)mL.kg.min >1 ;BSA 1.97(0.16)m 2 ;31.8(2.4)%bodyfat;<1.5hr.wk >1 ofphysicalactivity)otherwisehealthyvolunteers completedsix30minutefamiliarisationsessionsfollowedby6weeksofsupervisedstudiocycling3times perweek.allsessionswerecompletedinaventilatedbutnon>temperaturecontrolledgroupfitnessstudio. Thermalmeasureswerecompletedinweeks1,3and6forallparticipants.Participantswereweighedin minimalclothingbeforeandafterexercise,whichwascorrectedforfluidintaketodeterminesweatloss. Duringthesession,wirelessthermistorswereattachedtotheskinforthecalculationofmeanskin temperature(t sk )andheartratewasrecordedforintensityassessment.alldatapresentedasmean(sd). Results:Meanambienttemperatureacrossallweekswas19.6±1.7 C.Themeanandpeakexercise intensityequatedto83(4)%and9(4)%ofhr max respectivelywithnodifferencesbetweenweeks.bodyfat wasreducedby13%followingtraining(pre:31.8(2.4)%;post27.5(4.5)%(p<0.05),butnochangeforbmi, bodysurfaceareaorbodysurfacearea:mass.therewasasignificanteffectoftime(p<0.0001)andan interaction(timexweek,p<0.0001)ont sk.t sk waslowerforweek3comparedtoweek1from25minutes onwards(p<0.05)andcomparedtoweek6from15minutesonwards.t sk washigherinweek6compared toweek1from30minutes(p<0.05).therewasasignificanteffectoftime(p<0.0001)andaninteraction (timexweek,p<0.0001)on T sk. T sk waslowerforweek3comparedtobothweek1andweek6from15 minutesonwards(p<0.05). T sk remainedhigherinweek6comparedtoweek1from35minutes(p<0.05). T sk wasmoderatelycorrelatedtosweatlosscorrectedforbodysurfacearea(r=.51,p<0.05). Therewasa trendtowardsacorrelationbetweent sk andbodyfatpercentage(r=>.40,p=0.120).sweatlosscorrected forbsatendedtoincreasefromweek1to6(260.9(0.15)ml.m 2 vs321.1(93.5)ml.m 2 ;p=0.183)andwas correlatedtomeantsk(r=.36,p<0.01)andbodycomposition(r=>.55,p<0.05). Discussion:Thepresentdatasuggestthattheremaybesomeimpairmentofthermoregulatory adaptationinresponsetoregularindoorcycletraininginoverweightandobeseindividuals.thedeclinein T sk inweek3comparedtoweek1priortoanelevationint sk inweek6suggeststhatthethermal adaptationresponseevidentinhealthyleanindividualsmaybehinderedinoverweight.itislikelythatthis responseisinsomewayduetoelevatedadiposetissueintheseindividuals.increasedadipositywillimpair conductiveheatexchangefromcoretoskinduringexerciseandisfurthercompoundedbythelowspecific heatoffatcomparedtoskeletalmuscle.thiswillthereforelimitchangesint sk andheatlossduringinitial trainingboutsuntilbodyfatisreduced,exposingtheseindividualstoapotentiallyhigherriskofheat illness. Conclusion:Careshouldbetakenwhenoverweightorobeseindividualsbeginexercisetraining,asitis possiblethattheymayexperiencegreaterthermoregulatorystrainintheinitialphasesoftrainingbefore heatacclimationbeginstooccur.furtherworkshouldconsidertheeffectthatincreasingexercise prescriptiontooverweightandobesepopulationshasontheriskofheatrelatedcomplications. 135

136 Cutaneous)thermosensitivitydifferencesamongtheface,handorthighappearnotto exist&for&skin&blood&flow&during&normothermic&states.% Catriona%A.%Burdon,%Kyoko%Tagami,%Joonhee%Park,%Joanne%N.%Caldwell,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Variationsinthevolumeofthesensorycortex(homunculus)assignedtodifferentskin regionsmayleadonetopostulatethatthermalstimulationofsomebodysegments(e.g.face,hand)may evokemorepowerfulautonomicresponses.thatis,theremayexistamosaicofcutaneous thermosensitivity.tostudythermosensitivity,thermalfeedbackfromsitesotherthanthetreatedsite needstobeminimised.thisisachievedviawhole>bodyclampingofdeep>bodyandskintemperatures. Previously,greatersensitivityofthefacewasobservedforsudomotorcontrolinmildlyhyperthermic individuals[1],sotheaimofthisinvestigationwastoexplorepossiblesensitivityvariationsinthecontrol ofskinbloodflowduringisolatedstimulationofthreesites,butafteranormothermicclamphadbeen established. Methods:Ninesubjects(5males,4females)participatedintwotrialswithlimb>segmentbloodflow measuredatthehandandforearm,butinseparatetrials(rightside;water>displacement plethysmography).deep>body(aural)andskintemperatureswereclampedatnormothermiclevelsusinga whole>body,water>perfusionsuit.thethreetreatedskinsites(face,lefthand,leftthigh)werethen stimulatedusingindividualwater>perfusionpatchesofthesamesurfacearea,tobothelevateandreduce localskintemperature~5 Cfrombaselinetemperatures. Results:Meanbodytemperature(36.7 C,SD0.2)forthetwotrialswasnotdifferent(P>0.05),verifying successfulclamping.localheating(4.9 C,SD1.1)increased,whilecooling(>5.2 C,SD1.2)depressedboth handandforearmbloodflows(p<0.05forallcomparisons).therewerenodifferencesinthesizeofthese responsestoeitherthermaltreatment,regardlessoftheskinsitestimulated.furthermore,whilsthand andforearmbloodflowswerenotidentical,theirresponseswereofequivalentmagnitude(p>0.05). Therefore,thesechangeswerecombined,withtheresultingdatacontainedinTable1. Table1:Changeinhandandforearmbloodflowduringthermalstimulationoftheface,handandthigh. Handandforearmbloodflowchanges(mL.100mLtissue >1.min >1 ) Treatedsite Heating Cooling Face 2.73(SD1.65) >1.54(SD1.49) Hand 3.40(SD2.98) >1.59(SD1.00) Thigh 1.93(SD1.81) >2.17(SD2.02) Discussion:Asexpected,thermalstimulationproducedsignificanteffectorresponses.However,as opposedtopreviousobservations,thisdidnotdifferamongsiteswhensubjectswerenormothermic.itis thereforeconcludedthatlocaldifferencesincutaneousthermosensitivityappearnottoexistwithrespect toskinbloodflowmodulationinthisthermalstate,atleastforthosesitesinvestigated.inan accompanyingcommunication,thisquestionisaddressedagain,butnowwithsubjectsinamildly hyperthermicstate. Reference: [1]Cotter,J.D.,andTaylor,N.A.S.(2005).Distributionofcutaneoussudomotorandalliesthesialthermosensitivityinmildlyheat>stressedhumans:anopen>loop approach.journalofphysiology.565:335>345. % % 136

137 The$impact$of$thermal$pre5conditioning(on(cutaneous(vasomotor(and(shivering(thresholds% Joanne%N.%Caldwell,%Åsa%Nykvist,%Nicholas%Powers,%Sean%R.%Notley,%Daniel%S.%Lee,%Gregory%E.% Peoples,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Themeanbodytemperatureofresting,normothermichumansfallswithinthezonethat separatesthetemperaturethresholdsforshiveringandsweating;thevasomotorzone.whilstthese thresholdsareoftendefinedbytheircorrespondingdeep>bodyormeanbodytemperatures,itiswell knownthatthesearenotsettemperaturesorpoints.nevertheless,ourknowledgeconcerningthefactors thatdetermineormodifythesethresholdsisimprecise.therefore,theaimofthisexperimentwasto investigatetheeffectsofadeliberatemodificationofthepre>exposuremeanbodytemperatureonthe subsequentvasomotorandshiveringthresholdtemperatures.meanbodytemperaturewasfirstdisplaced upwards,thenslowlydrivenintheoppositedirection,permittingtheseparatedeterminationofthese thermoeffectorthresholds. Methods:Eightmalesparticipatedintwotrials,eachconsistedofapre>experimental,whole>bodywater immersionfollowedbypassivecooling(experimentalphase).trialsdifferedinthepre>experimentalwater temperature(45min),withsubjectseithermaintainedinanormothermic(control:34 o C)oraheatedstate (39 o C).Followingpre>treatmentandthermalclamping,subjectswerepassivelycooled(water>perfusion garment)until10minbeyondtheonsetofovertshivering.deep>bodyandskintemperatureswere recordedcontinuously,withskinbloodflows(finger,forearm,calf;venous>occlusionplethysmography) andshivering(whole>bodyoxygenconsumption)recordedduringtheexperimentalphase. Results:Priortocooling,meanbodytemperaturesaveraged35.12 o C(±0.2;control)and36.74 o C(±0.3; P<0.05).Therateofpassivecooling(meanbodytemperature)wasnotdifferentbetweentrials:2.16 o C.h >1 (±0.31;control)and2.15 o C.h >1 (±0.21;P>0.05).Inthecontroltrial,eachvasoconstrictorthresholdoccurred atasignificantlyhighermeanbodytemperaturethanshivering.thiswasalsoevidentfollowingpre> heating,butnowwitheachthresholdbeingsignificantlyelevatedrelativetothecontroltrial.furthermore, theshiveringthresholddisplacementandthechangeinthepre>exposuremeanbodytemperaturewereof anequivalentmagnitude(p>0.05). Discussion:Giventhelevelofexperimentalcontrol,thesethresholdchangescannotbeassociatedwith between>trialdifferencesincoolingrate.instead,theseobservationsareconsistentwiththepossibility thatthermoeffectorthresholdsmaybeasdependentuponthechangeinmeanbodytemperatureasthey areuponitsabsolutevalue.indeed,inapreviouscommunicationtothissociety[1],itwasdemonstrated thatthesudomotorthresholdwassimilarlylinkedwiththesizeofthechangeinmeanbodytemperature inducedpriortocommencingtheexperiment. Reference: [1]Caldwell,J.N.,Nykvist,Å.,Powers,N.,Notley,S.R.,Lee,D.S.,Peoples,G.E.,andTaylor,N.A.S.(2011).Aninvestigationofforearmvasomotorandsudomotor thresholdsduringpassiveheating,followingwhole>bodycooling.in:kounalakis,s.n.,andkoskolou,m.(editors).proceedingsofthefourteenthinternational ConferenceonEnvironmentalErgonomics.Nafplio,Greece.July10th>15th,2011.Pp.132>135. % % 137

138 The%effect%of%acclimation%to%the%heat%on%the%resting%sweat%response % Simon%K.%Delves 1 *,%John%S.%Kelly 2,%Matthew%Gledhill 2,%Rebecca%Warke 2,%Joanne%L.%Fallowfield 1 % 1 EnvironmentalMedicine&Science,InstituteofNavalMedicineGosport,UK. 2 DepartmentofAdventure Education,UniversityofChichester,Chichester,UK.*Correspondingauthor:NAVYINM>EMSAP3@mod.uk Introduction:Livingandworkinginhotdryenvironmentsincreasesthethermalloadonthebodywith adverseconsequencesrangingfromimpairedphysicalandmentalperformancetoseriousheatillness 1. Acclimatisationcanreducetheimpactoftheseconsequences,butriskstoperformanceandhealthcan neverbecompletelyeliminated.acclimatisationtoahotenvironmentresultsinanearlieronsetof sweating 2,3,anincreasedsweatrateforanabsolutecoretemperature 3,andareducedsweatelectrolyte concentration 3,Evaluationofthesweatingresponseistraditionallyachievedthroughanexercise>based standardisedheattolerancetestundertakenincontrolledenvironmentalconditions.thecollectionofa sweatsamplerequiresareliableandvalidmethodthatavoidscontaminationofthesampleduring collection.however,analysisofsweatsamplescanbetimeconsuming,involvinglaboratory>basedanalysis techniques,andnotconducivetofielduse.thisstudyevaluatedthesensitivityofarestingsweat collectionapproachforassessingheatacclimationstatusinyoungadults. Methods:Eightmalevolunteersundertooka6>daylaboratory>basedheatacclimationprotocol(wet>bulb globetemperatureindex27.5(0.5) o C).AstandardisedHeatToleranceTest(HTT)wasperformedtheday priortotheacclimationperiod(htt 1 ),andrepeatedthedayaftertheacclimationperiod(htt 2 ).During eachhtt,heartrate(hr),rectaltemperature(tr)andskintemperature(ts),weremeasuredat5min intervals.arestingsweatsamplewasstimulatedbypilocarpineiontophoresisandcollectedbythe ELITech,WescorMacroductrestingsweatcollectionsystempriortoeachHTT.Fortheacclimation exercise,eachvolunteerwasinstrumentedwithapolarheartratemonitorandarectalthermistor.the acclimationprotocolmaintainedaconstantthermalstrainmodelof90minofintermittentexerciseand rest,wheretrwaselevatedto38.8 o C(byundertakingsteppingexerciseataworkrateequivalentto 50%VO 2 max).onattaining38.8 o C,thevolunteerresteduntilTrhaddecreasedto38.5 o C,afterwhich steppingexercisewasrecommenced.differencesinvariablesbetweenhtt 1 andhtt 2 wereassessedusing pairedstudentt>tests.timeseriesdatawereanalysedwitharepeatedmeasuresanalysisofvariance (ANOVA)withposthocBonferronicorrectedt>testswhereappropriate. Results:Physiologicalacclimationafterthe6>dayacclimationperiodwasevidentinallvolunteers.Heart rate,trandtsresponseswerelowerduringhtt 2 comparedwithhtt 1 (P<0.05),andtotalexercisetime increasedbetweenday>1andday>4,andbetweenday>5andday>6(p<0.05).restingsweatsodium chlorideconcentrationdecreased(58[14]vs.46[16]mmol.l >1 )betweenhtt 1 andhtt 2 (P<0.05). Discussion:Theabilitytoidentifyacclimatisationstatusisdesirablewhenpreparingforphysicalworkin theheat.thepresentstudywasanexploratorystudytoevaluatearestingsweatcollectionapproachto assessheatacclimationstatus.findingsfromthisstudyindicatethattherestingsweatcollectionapproach maybeagoodindicatorofacclimationstatus,wherechangesinsweatsodiumchlorideconcentration wereidentifiedbetweenpreandpostacclimation. Conclusion:Thechangeinrestingsweatconcentrationwasconsistentwithacclimation.Further developmentisrequiredforthismethodtobeusedasanindicatorofheatacclimationstatus. References: [1]JointServicePublication539(2014)ClimaticInjuriesintheArmedForces:PreventionandTreatment. [2]Fox,R.H.,Goldsmith,R.,Kidd,D.J.,&Lewis,H.E.(1963).Acclimatisationtoheatinmanbycontrolledelevationofbodytemperature.JournalofPhysiology, >547 [3]Nadel,E.R.,Pandolf,K.B.,Roberts,M.F.andStolwijk,A.J.(1974)Mechanismsofthermalacclimationtoexerciseandheat.JournalofAppliedPhysiology.37: 515>

139 The$effect$of$local$repeated$passive$heating$and$handgrip$exercise$on$reflex$cutaneous$ vascularand$sudomotor$responses$to$whole5body%heat%stress%% David%A.%Low*,%Thomas%G.%Bailey,%Danielle%Turner,%N.%Timothy%Cable,%Helen%Jones%% ResearchInstituteforSportandExerciseSciences,FacultyofScience,LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity, Introduction:Enhancementsinlocalcutaneousmicrovascularfunctionaredependentuponelevationsin bothskinbloodflowandtemperaturewithrepeatedepisodesofshearstressakeymechanism[1],[2].the mechanismscausechronicsudomotoradaptationsarenotentirelyclearhowever.acutealterationsin localcutaneousbloodflowandtemperatureindependentlymodifylocalsweatrate[3],possiblyvia variationsinshearstressaffectingendothelialnitricoxiderelease,suggestingthatchangesinskinblood flowand/ortemperaturemaymodulatesudomotoradaptations.itisalsounclearastotheeffectsof localisedthermal/hemodynamicinterventionsonneuralcutaneousvascularandsudomotorresponses. Theaimofthisstudywastothereforecomparetheeffectsofrepeatedlocalforearmpassiveheating(that increasesskintemperatureandskinbloodflow)andlocalhandgripexercise(thatincreasesskinbloodflow only)onsudomotorresponsestowhole>bodyheatstress. Methods:Fourteenhealthyyoungmales[age21(3)y]underwent8weeksoflocalpassiveheatingon1 arm(submersionofthearmuptoelbowin40 Cwater)andintermittenthandgripexercise(33%MVC;30 contractionspermin)trainingwiththeother(treatmentarmswererandomised)for3sessionsperweek for30minuteseachinthermoneutralconditions.whole>bodypassiveheatstressinawater>perfusedsuit (~48 C)wasemployedtoobtainmeanbodytemperaturethresholdsandsensitivitiesforbilateralforearm sweatrateandcutaneousvascularconductance(cvc)priortoandfollowingtheinterventions. Results:Followingbothinterventionsmeanbodytemperaturethresholdsforbothforearmssweatrate [Heating;36.94(0.28)vs.36.88(0.18) C,Exercise;36.95(0.29)vs.36.85(0.18) C,allP>0.05]andcutaneous vasodilation[heating;36.94(0.25)vs.36.85(0.14) C,Exercise;36.94(0.27)vs.36.85(0.14) C,allP>0.05]did notchange.similarly,bothforearmssweating[heating;0.24(0.22)vs.0.20(0.16)ml.cm 2.min. C >1,Exercise; 0.18(0.09)vs.0.22(0.14)mL.cm 2.min. C >1,allP<0.05]andskinbloodflowsensitivities[Heating;5.86(3.28) vs.4.11(1.21)cvcunits. C >1,Exercise;5.53(3.37)vs.4.80(1.27)CVCunits. C >1,allP<0.05]werealso unchangedfollowingbothinterventions. Discussion:Interventions,suchasheatacclimationorexercisetraining,improvethermalsweatingviaa combinationofincreasedcapacityandsensitivityofsweatglandsandchangesincentralthermoregulatory responses.nevertheless,theactualsignal(s)forsweatingadaptationsisunclear.earlyresearchindicated thatrepeatedforearmheatingorelectricalstimulationdidnotaffectforearmsweatrateduringwhole> bodypassiveheating,similartothepresentstudy[3].sweatingwouldnothaveoccurredonthehandgrip forearmandsweatingontheheatedforearmmayhavebeenblunted/impairedbywaterimmersioninthe currentstudy.previouslyobservedenhancementsinmicrovascularfunctionwithlocalpassiveheating,in contrasttothepresentfindings,wereevidentduringlocal,e.g.,non>neural,heating[1]. Conclusion:Theseresultssuggestthat1)anyeffectsoflocalinterventionsaimedatthecutaneous vasculaturedonotresultinchangesintheneuralcutaneousvascularandsudomotorresponsestowhole> bodypassiveheating,and,2)acombinationofrepeatedelevationsininternaltemperatureandsweating arerequiredforsudomotoradaptations. References: [1]Green,D.Jetal(2010)JPhysiol,558,1571>1577. [2]Carter,H.Hetal(2014)MedSciSportsExerc,46,2113>2121. [3]Wingo,J.E.etal(2010)JApplPhysiol,109,1301>1306. [4]ChenWYandElizondoRS.(1974)JApplPhysiol,37,

140 Effectiveness*of*short5term%heat%acclimation%on%intermittent%exercise%in%thermoneutral% and$hot$environments% Fiona%Nation,%Matt%Birkett,%Damien%GleadallMSiddall,%Rachel%Burke,%Christopher%Towlson,% James%Bray,%Grant%Abt,%Andrew%Garrett* DepartmentofSport,HealthandExerciseScience,ExerciseHealthandHumanPerformanceResearch Introduction:Itiswell>establishedthatrepetitionofheatstressexposurehasbeenshowntofacilitate adaptationstotheheatbuttheseprotocolshavetendedtobeofafixedworkintensity,continuous exercise,long>terminduration(>7days)andusehydration.secondly,thereislimitedinformationonthe potentialuseofheatacclimationasatrainingmethodforhumanperformanceinthermoneutralconditions [1].Therefore,theaimsofthisstudyweretoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofshort>termheatacclimation (STHA)for5days,usingthecontrolled>hyperthermiatechniquewithdehydration,onintermittentexercise inthermoneutralandhotenvironments. Methods:Ten,healthy,active,moderately>trainedmales(Mean(SD);Age25.6(8.9)yrs;Height180.7 (5.6)cm;BodyMass83.2(10.8)kg; V O2 max 45.3(6.5)mL.kg >1.min >1 andrestingcardiacoutput6.3(1.8) L.min >1 ),participatedinasthaprogramme.thisconsistedof90minutesdehydrationheatacclimation(no fluidintake)for5consecutivedays(39.5 o C;60%rh),usingthecontrolled>hyperthermiatechnique(~rectal temperature[t re ]38.5 o C)[2].ThepreandposttestingExerciseStressTest(EST)consistedof45minutesof intermittentexercise(ninephasesof5minutes).includingresting,walking,moderateandhighintensity running)onamotorised,h/pcosmostreadmill;andnine6second(s)maximalsprintsonawattbike,asa repeated,maximalsprintperformancetest.theestwasfollowedbyarunning,incrementaltestto exhaustion.thisestintermittentprotocolwasadaptedfromexerciseintensitiesofprofessionalfootball players[3].theestwasrepeatedincontrolledconditions(c;11 o C45%rh);preandpostSTHAin thermoneutral(tn;11 o C45%rh)andhotenvironments(H;35 o C45%rh).Dataanalysiswasbypairedt> testandreportedasthemeandifferenceswith95%confidenceintervals(95%ci).% Results:PostSTHA,intheHtrialat45>mintherewasadecreaseinT re by>0.2 o C(95%CI:>0.40to0.00 o C; p=0.03),cardiacfrequency(>3:>5to>1b.min >1 ;p=0.01)andrpe(>2:>3to>1units;p=0.01).meanaverage power(mavp)increasedinsprints7(111:25to197w;p=0.01)and9(240:9and489w;p=0.04).the increaseinsprint8(87:>8to182w;p=0.06)andtimetoexhaustion(208:>24to439s;p=0.06)wereclose tosignificance.inthetntrial,increasedmavpforsprint9(67:2to131w;p=0.04)andtimetoexhaustion (43:1to85s;p=0.04)werereported.TherewaslimitedchangeintheCconditionsacrossallninesprints (p>0.05)andfortimetoexhaustion(>31:>72to11s;p=0.12). Discussion:Short>termheatacclimation(5days)withdehydration,usingthecontrolled>hyperthermia technique,iseffectiveforphysiologicaladaptationsduringintermittentexerciseinahotenvironment. Furthermore,ithasresultedinanincreaseinintermittentandenduranceexerciseperformanceinhotand thermoneutralconditions. Conclusion:Short>termheatacclimationiseffectiveforintermittentexerciseintheheat.Itmaybea usefultrainingmethodforhumanperformanceinthermoneutralconditions. References: [1]Corbett,J.,Neal,R.A.,Lunt,H.C.&Tipton,M.J.(2014).Heatacclimationandexerciseperformanceundercoolerconditions:anewhottopic.SportsMedicine, 44,1323>1331. [2]Garrett,A.T.,Goosens,N.G.,Rehrer,N.J.,Patterson,M.J.,Harrison,J.,Sammut,I.&Cotter,J.D.(2014).Short>termheatacclimationiseffectiveandisnot impairedbydehydrationduringacclimation.americanjournalhumanbiology,26: [3]Drust,B.,Atkinson,G.&Reilly,T.(2007).Futureperspectivesintheevaluationofthephysiologicaldemandsofsoccer.SportsMedicine,37(9),783>

141 Physiological%and%metabolic%responses%to%prolonged%hypoxia%and%extreme%cold:% Preliminary%data%from%the%White%Mars%Antarctica%winter%expedition% % Katie%A%O Brien 1 *,%Ross%Pollock 1,%%Mike%Stroud 2,%Alex%Kumar 3,%Robert%J%Lambert 4 %,%David%A% Green 1,%Lindsay%M%Edwards 1,%Stephen%Harridge 1% 1 CentreofHumanandAerospacePhysiologicalSciences,King scollegelondon,london,uk.% 2 NIHR BiomedicalResearchCentreforNutrition,Southampton,UK. 3 UniversityHospitalsofLeicester,UK& UniversityofFribourg,Switzerland 4 Dept.ofTraumaandOrthopaedicSurgery,RoyalInfirmaryof Edinburgh,UK.*Correspondingauthor:katie.o brien@kcl.ac.uk Introduction:TheAntarcticwinterisamongstthemostextremeenvironmentsonearth.Human adaptationtothisenvironment,whereseverecoldiscoupledwithmoderatealtitudes,ispoorly understood.inthisstudy,anumberofphysiologicalandmetabolicmeasurementsweremadeonasmall groupoftrekkersbeforeandafteranattemptedwintercrossingofantarctica(whitemarsexpedition). Methods:5malesubjectsaged28>54yrswereassessedpriortoandfollowinga24weekstayin Antarctica,including14weeksabove2,500m.Measurementsincludedassessmentofbodyfatandbone mineraldensity(dxa),cardiorespiratoryresponsestoanincrementalexercisetest,lungandcardiovascular functionaswellasmetabolomicanalysisofserumusing 1 H>NMRspectroscopy. Results:Significantchangeswerefoundinthefollowingparameterspretopostexpedition,identified usingapairedstudentttest(mean(sd),p<0.05).therewasanincreasein%leantissue(794vs.813%), adecreasein%fattissue(21(4)vs.19(3)%)andbodyfatmass(16(5)vs.14(4)kg),althoughwholebody weightdidnotchange.bothspinebonemineraldensity(1.2(0.05)vs.1.13(0.04)g.cm 2 )andfev 1 :FVC (68(10)vs.62(8))weredecreased.VO 2max didnotsignificantlychangefromthepre>expedition 42mL.kg.min,howeveranincreasewasobservedpretopostexpeditionintherespiratoryexchangeratio (RER)ateachstage(10%)oftheVO 2max test(fig1a).metabolomicsanalysisofserumsamplesrevealed changesintwopeakswithinprincipalcomponent2:glucoseandafattyacidch 2 resonance(fig1bandc). B A C 1.4 A B B C C D D % E 0.8 E % 0.6 % P e rc e n ta g e o f V O 2 m ax % Fig.1.A,Mean(SD)RERrecordedforeachpercentileofVO 2max test,changesinthepeakintegralsofglucose(b)and thefattyacidch 2 resonance(c)preandpostexpedition. Discussion:Theseresultsaresuggestiveofanumberofphysiologicalchangesresultingfromprolonged exposuretotheantarcticwinter.inparticular,weobservedachangeinmetabolicsignatureinvolving changestobothglucoseandfattyacidhomeostasiswithashifttowardsincreasedrelianceon carbohydratemetabolismduringexercise. Conclusion:Thisstudyhashighlightedareasofinterestforfutureinvestigationsintothephysiological responsestothisuniqueenvironment. R E R P o s t P re P e a k in te g ra l P re P o s t A P e a k in te g ra l P re P o s t 141

142 The$effectof#heat#acclimation#or#acclimatisation#on#exercise#performance#and#capacity#in# the$heat:$preliminary$meta5analysis'data% Tom%Reeve 1 *,%Gary%J.%Hodges 2,%Stephen%S.%Cheung 2,%Christopher%J.%Tyler 1 % 1 DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofRoehampton,London,UK. 2 Environmental ErgonomicsLaboratory,DepartmentofKinesiology,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines,Canada. *Correspondingauthor:T.Reeve@roehampton.ac.uk Introduction:Exerciseperformanceandcapacityareimpairedinhotandhumidcomparedtotemperate conditions[1],[3]andsoresearchers,coachesandathletesareinterestedinstrategiestoattenuatethis impairment.heatacclimation(oracclimatisation)(ha)isoneapproachthatmayreducethethermalstrain ofexercisinginhotconditionsandbenefitexerciseperformance[1],[2].thismeta>analysisquantifiedthe magnitudeofeffectthathahasonexerciseperformanceandcapacityintheheat,andtestedwhetherthe magnitudeofeffectisrelatedtothevolumeorintensityofheatstressexperienced. Methods:ThePubMeddatabasewassearched(09/01/15)usingthefirst>ordersearchtermsacclimation, acclimatization,acclimatisationandadaptationandsecond>ordersearchtermsheat,exercise, performance,capacityandtraining.usingthefour>stageprocessidentifiedintheprismastatementthe initialnumberofresults(9,369)wasreducedto93.data(n,mean,sd)wereextractedfromthesearticles induplicateortriplicate.asubsetofthedata(n=29manuscripts)arepresentedhere;manuscriptswere includedifexerciseperformance(timetocompleteafixedamountofwork:e.g.,timetrial)and/or capacity(openendedtests:e.g.,maximalaerobicpower,timetoexhaustionatafixedworkload),were measuredandreported.allhaprotocolsregardlessofduration,frequency,ambientconditionsorexercise modalitywereused.hedge sg(±95%ci)werecalculatedandcorrelationanalyseswereperformed betweentheeffectsizeandtotalhatime(ha time ),andhatemperature(ha temp ). Results:The29manuscriptsreviewedusedamean(±SD)of9.8±4.0(range:4 24)HAsessions separatedby0.2±0.4(0 2)days.TotalHA time was1055±746min(190 3,120),andtheHA temp and HA humidity were39.9±5.9 C(30 49)and34±17%rh(14 87),respectively. Table1.TheeffectofHAonexerciseperformanceandcapacity(n=7walking,n=8running,n=13cycling,n=1 rowing) % Manuscripts% Groups% N% Hedges%g%(±%95%%CI)% Mean% %% HA time % HA temp % Capacity (0.40,0.81) 21% r=0.22 NS %% r%=0.11 NS Performance (0.37,0.79) 5.3% r=0.67 ** r=0.06 NS ** =P<0.01; NS =P= Conclusion:HAisaneffectivewaytoimprovebothexercisecapacityandperformanceintheheat.The magnitudeoftheeffectappearstobeindependentofeitherha time orha temp forcapacity,and independentofha temp forperformance.however,themagnitudeofbenefitonexerciseperformancemay bedependentuponha time. References: [1]Guy,J.H.,Deakin,G.B.,Edwards,A.M.,Miller,C.M&Pyne,D.B(2015)AdaptationtoHotEnvironmentalConditions:anExplorationofthePerformance Basis,ProceduresandFutureDirectionstoOptimiseOpportunitiesforEliteAthletes.SportsMed.45:303>311 [2]Chalmers,S.,Esterman,A.,Eston,R.,Bowering,K.J&Norton,K(2014)Short>TermHeatAcclimationTrainingImprovesPhysicalPerformance:Asystematic Review,andExplorationofPhysiologicalAdaptationsandApplicationforTeamSports.SportsMed.44:971>988. [3]Maughan,R.J.,Shirreffs,S.M.,Ozgunen,K.T.,Kurdak,S.S.,Ersoz,G.,Binnet,M.S&Dvorak,J(2010)Living,TrainingandPlayingintheHeat:Challengesto thefootballplayerandstrategiesforcopingwithenvironmentextremes.scand.j.med.sci.sport.20(suppl.3):117>124 % 142

143 Effects'of'ice5slurry&and&carbohydrate&on&exercise&in&the&heat % Jo%Corbett*,%%Jade%E%Kirke,%Thomas%Eckett,%Martin%J%Barwood,%James%R%House%% ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Portsmouth,UK.*Correspondingauthor:jo.corbett@port.ac.uk Introduction:Thereisconsiderableinterestinreducingtheergolyticeffectofheat.Oneapproachisto reducebody>heatcontentthroughingestingice>slurry(is),whichprovidesasubstantiallygreaterheatsink benefitthancoolliquidsbecauseoftheenthalpyoffusionabsorbedinthephasechangefromicetowater [1].ManystudiesusingIShaveemployedaformulationcontainingcarbohydrate[2],whichisitself ergogenicduringprolongedexerciseintheheat[3].althoughtheseparateeffectsofisandcarbohydrate onperformanceintheheatareestablished,itisunclearifthereisaninteractionwhenco>ingested.for example,exogenouscarbohydrateoxidationisimpairedwithhyperthermia[4],whereasisreducesheat stress.thisstudyexaminedtheseparateandcombinedeffectsofisandcarbohydrateonperformance, thermoregulation,substrateutilisationandthermalperceptionduringprolongedcyclingexerciseinthe heat. Methods:Usingabalanced,repeated>measuresdesign,eightphysicallyactivemales(mean(SD)age22(2) years; height 1.77(0.03) m; mass 70.29(9.23) kg; cycling peak power output (PPO) 312(51) W; VO 2max 3.31(0.59)L.min >1 )consumed7.5g.kg >1 bodymassofeither:low>sugarsquashliquid(li[~7 C]);low>sugar squashis(is[~0 C]);6%carbohydratesquash(LIC[~7 C]);6%carbohydrateIS(ISC[~0 C]).Thereafter, participantscycledfor75minutesat40%ppoinahotenvironment(30 C,50%rh)whilstconsuming1.25 g.kg >1 bodymassofthebeverageevery10minutes,beforeundertakinga10kmtime>trial(tt).effectsof thedrinkconditionondependentvariableswereassessedbyrepeatedmeasuresanovawithpostmhoct> testsandsignificancesetatp<0.05. Results:TTswerefasterinLIC(18.74(1.24)min)andISC(18.64(1.08)min)thanIS(19.47(1.49)min),with a trend for LIC and ISC to be faster than LI(19.78(2.18) min). Upon commencing fixed intensity exercise rectaltemperature(t re )waslowerwithisdrinks(~0.3 C),butthisdifferencewaslargelyabolishedbefore thett;skintemperaturewasunaffectedbybeverage.fatoxidationtendedtobelowerwithlicandisc (P=0.06)relativetoISattheendofthefixedintensityexerciseandthermalcomfortandsensationwere improvedwithisbeverages,althoughrpewasunaffected. Discussion: Carbohydrate beverages were ergogenic following prolonged exercise in the heat and this effectwasapparentwithcoldliquidandisbeverages,indicatingthattheisdidnotmeaningfullyimpairthe benefitsofexogenouscarbohydratesupplementation.isbeveragesreducedrestingt re intheheat,butthis effect did not persist following prolonged exercise, even with continued consumption. However IS drinks didprovide some favourable perceptual benefits in terms of improved thermal comfort and sensation, althoughthesedidnotinfluenceperformance. Conclusion:AnISbeveragecontainingcarbohydrateisanappropriatechoiceforindividualsengagingin prolongedexerciseintheheat,intermsofcombiningperceptualandperformancebenefits. References: [1]SiegelR,LaursenPB.KeepingYourCool.SportsMed.2012;42:89>98. [2] Siegel R, Maté J, Brearley MB. et al. Ice slurry ingestion increases core temperature capacity and running time in the heat. Med Science Sports Exerc. 2010;42:17>725. [3]DavisJM,LambDR,PateRR,etal.Carbohydrate>electrolytedrinks:effectsonendurancecyclingintheheat.AmJClinNutr.1988;48:1023>1030. [4] Jentjens RL, Wagenmakers AJ, Jeukendrup AE. Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise.japplphysiol.2002;92:1562>

144 The%effect%of%precooling%on%short%term%performance% % Panagiotis% Gkrilias 1,2 *,% Athanasios% Zavvos 1,% Niki% Manolaki 1,% Nikolaos% Geladas 1,% Maria% Koskolou 1,%Spyros%Athanasopoulos 1% 1 DepartmentofSportsMedicineandBiologyofExercise,FacultyofPhysicalEducationandSportScience, UniversityofAthens,Greece. 2 TechnologicalEducationalInstitute(TEI)ofWesternGreece,Departmentof PhysicalTherapy,AigioAchaias,Greece.*Correspondingauthor:gkriliasphysio@gmail.com Introduction:Thebenefitsofprecoolinghavebeenwidelystudiedandaremainlyattributedtoasmaller riseofbodycoretemperature(tc)andimprovedcardiovascularresponsesinprolongedexercise[1],[2]. Regarding the performance of short>term high>intensity exercise, after precooling, the results are conflicting [3]. The purpose of this study was to examine whether short>term performance could be affectedbywholebodyimmersion(atchestlevelwitharmsandhandsoutofthewater)for30minutesat 16 o Cto18 o C. Methods:Ontwooccasions,10malevolunteers{age:23.2(2)yr,height:178,1(7.1)cm,bodymass:77.6 (6.4) kg, body fat: 12 (2.7) %, VO 2max : 44.3 (4.9) ml.kg >1.min >1 } performed an intermittent exercise bout (Cisp),consistingoffiverepeated5>secsprintsonamechanicalcycleergometer[4]and,subsequently,a short high>intensity shuttle>run test(6x5 meters) either or without precooling(cool Vs Con) in random andcounterbalancedorder.thecispwasperformedinanenvironmentalchamber(temperature:31 o Cto 33 o C,rh40%to50%)while,fortechnicalreasonstheshuttle>runtestwasperformedinthermoneutral environment(19 o Cto22 o C).Performancewasevaluatedasthepeakpoweroutputpersprint(Pmax)and thetotaltimetocompletetheshuttle>runtest.inspecificpartsoftheprotocolrectaltemperature(t re ), the temperature of the finger (Tfin) and forearm (Tfarm), heart rate (Hr), thermal sensation (Ts) and perceivedfatigue(borgscale)wererecorded. Results:Areduction(p 0.001)inPmax{Pmax1 st sprint(0>2min):cool:806.7(63.1)wattvscon:860.9 (78.7) Watt, Pmax 5 th sprint (8>10 min): Cool: (74.7) Vs Con: (70.4) Watt} and a tendency (p=0.06) for longer time to complete the shuttle>run test were observed in Cool {10.43 (0.66) sec} comparedtocon{10.18(0.41)sec}condition.thet re duringthecisptestincoolcondition{tre0>2min Cool:37,10(0.72) o C,Tre8>10minCool:37,35(0.77) o C},waslower(p 0.05),comparedwithConvalues {Tre0>2minCon:37.54(0.25) o C,Tre8>10minCon:37.84(0.18) o C}.Thevasoconstrictionindex(Tfarm> Tfin)[5], was higher(p 0.001) throughout the duration of the exercise protocol in Cool than in the Con condition{index0>2min:cool:5.56(0.76) o CVsCon:0.66(2.15) o C,Index8>10min:Cool:3.94(2.09) o CVs Con:>0.63(1.63) o C}. Discussion: After precooling with whole body immersion a reduction in short term performance was observedwhichwasprobablyduetoneuromuscularsystemdysfunctioncausedbycoolness. Conclusion: This type of information, about the short term performance reduction after precooling, observed in our study, should be taken into consideration by the technical and medical staff of athletic teams,insportswhichdemandexplosivenessandsomaticcontactrightafterprecooling. References: [1]MarinoFE.Methods,advantages,andlimitationsofbodycoolingforexerciseperformance.BrJSportsMed,36:89>94,2002. [2]QuodM,MartinD,andLaursenP.Coolingathletesbeforecompetitionintheheat.SportsMed36(8):671>682,2006. [3]BleakleyCM,CostelloJT,andGlasgowPD.Shouldathletesreturntosportafterapplyingice?Asystematicreviewoftheeffectoflocalcoolingonfunctional performance.sportsmedicine,42(1):69>87,2012. [4]CastleP,MacdonaldL,PhilpA,etal.Precoolinglegmusclesimprovesintermittentsprintexerciseperformanceinhot,humidconditions.JApplPhysiol100: 1377>1384,2006. [5]RubinsteinHEandSesslerDI.Skinsurfacetemperaturegradientscorrelatewithfingertipbloodflowinhumans.Anesthesia73:541>545,

145 The$contribution$of$sensory$nerves$to$cutaneous$vasodilatation$of$the$forearm$and$leg$to$ local%skin%warming% Matthew%M.%Mallette 1,%Gary%J.%Hodges 1,%Andrew%T.%Del%Pozzi 2,%Gregory%W.%McGarr 1,%Stephen% S.%Cheung 1* % 1 EnvironmentalErgonomicsLaboratory,DepartmentofKinesiology,BrockUniversity,St.Catharines, Canada; 2 DepartmentsofPediatricsandPhysiology,NewYorkMedicalCollege,Hawthrone,NY,USA. *Correspondingauthor:scheung@brocku.ca Introduction:Theinitialcutaneousvasodilatoryresponsetolocalskinheatingisgreaterintheforearm thanintheleg(1).whiletheinitialvasodilatationoftheforearminresponsetolocalheatingisprimarily dependentonsensorynerves(2),theirroleinthelegisunknown.wecomparedthecontributionof sensorynervesinregulatingthecutaneousvasodilatoryresponseoftheforearmandlegtolocalheating usingalocalanaesthetic(emla)cream. Methods:Insevenparticipants,twoskinsiteswereselectedonboththedorsalforearmand anterolateralcalf;onesiteoneachregionreceivedemla,whiletheotherremainedanuntreatedcontrol. Allsitesweremaintainedat33 Candthenlocallyheatedto42 Catarateof1 Cõ20s >1 withintegrated laser>dopplerlocalheatingprobes.finally,localheatingto44 Cwasperformedfor20mintoelicit maximalskinbloodflow.dataarepresentedascutaneousvascularconductance(cvc),calculatedaslaser> Dopplerfluxdividedbymeanarterialpressurefromauscultation,andexpressedasapercentageof maximalcvc. Results:At33 CforearmCVCwas8(3)%maxattheuntreatedsiteand5(2)%maxattheEMLAtreated site(p=0.052).attheleg,cvcwas11(3)%maxattheuntreatedsiteand7(6)%maxattheemlatreated site(p=0.298).therewerenostatisticaldifferencesfortheuntreated(p=0.131)ortheemlatreated (p=0.202)skinsitesbetweentheforearmandleg.cvcduringtheinitialvasodilatationtolocalheatingwas smallerintheleg(47(9)%max)comparedtotheforearm(62(7)%max,p=0.012).emlareducedtheinitial vasodilatationatboththeleg(27(13)%max,p=0.02)andforearm(33(14)%max,p<0.001).thetimesto onsetofvasodilatation,initialvasodilatorypeak,andtheplateauphasewerelongerinthelegcomparedto theforearm(allp<0.05),andemlaincreasedthesetimesinbothregions(bothp<0.05).cvcduringthe plateauphasetosustainedlocalskinheatingwashigherinthelegcomparedtotheforearmatboththe untreated(93(6)vs.85(4)%max,p=0.33)andemlatreated(94(5)vs.86(6)%max,p=0.001)sites;emladid notaffecttheplateauphasecvconeitherlimb(bothp>0.05). Discussion: SensorynerveblockadewithEMLAcreamsignificantlydecreasedtheinitialvasodilatory responsetolocalskinheatinginboththeforearmandleg.therewerealsomarkeddifferencesinthe temporalresponsestolocalskinheatingbetweentheforearmandleg,withtheonsetofvasodilatation, initialvasodilatorypeak,andestablishmentoftheplateauslowertooccurintheskinofthelegcompared totheforearm.interestingly,theselimbdifferencesintheinitialpeakandtemporalresponseswere abolishedunderconditionsofsensorynerveblockade. Conclusion:Thesedataindicatethatthedifferencesintheinitialvasodilatoryresponsetolocalskin heatingbetweentheforearmandlegwereduetosensorynerveinvolvement,asdifferenceswere abolishedunderconditionsofsensorynerveblockade. References: [1]DelPozziAT,CarterSJ,CollinsAB,andHodgesGJ.Theregionaldifferencesinthecontributionofnitricoxidesynthasetoskinbloodflowatforearmand lowerlegsitesinresponsetolocalskinwarming.microvascres90:106>111,2013. [2]MinsonCT,BerryLT,andJoynerMJ.Nitricoxideandneurallymediatedregulationofskinbloodflowduringlocalheating.JApplPhysiol91:1619>1626,

146 The$Effect$of"Ice"Ingestion"during"Endurance"Exercise% Gaizka%Mejuto 1 *,%Stephanie%Gilbert,%Sam%Chalmers,%Roger%Eston,%David%Bentley% HumanPerformanceLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandPhysicalEducation,UniversityoftheBasque Country,Vitoria>Gasteiz,Spain.*Correspondingauthor:gaizka.mejuto@ehu.es Introduction: When exercising in a hot and humid environment, athletes encounter thermoregulatory strainleadingtodecreasedcentralneurologicaldriveandreducedskeletalmuscleactivation[1].reducing initialcoretemperaturepriortoexerciseincreasesthecapacitytostoremetabolicandenvironmentalheat [2]. It has been also found that ice slurry ingestion is an effective precooling strategy reducing rectal temperature(tre)[5].thepurposeofthisstudywastocomparetheeffectsoficeslurryingestionbefore exerciseintheheatwithcombinedprecooling(withiceslurry)andingestionoficeslurryduringexercise onenduranceperformanceinhotconditions. Methods: Eight well>trained, male cyclists (age=33.7(9.2) yrs, VO 2 max= 58.3(5.9) participated in the study.participantswereallocatedanorderoftrialsinarandomisedcrossoverdesign.trialswere(1)no cooling before or during exercise (thermomneutral, TN), (2) precooling and no cooling during exercise (precooling%only,po),or(3)precoolingandcoolingduringexercise(precooling%and%cooling%during,pcd). The experimental trials took place in hot environmental conditions (32 ⁰C, 50% relative humidity) in an environmentalchamber.intheseconditionsparticipantsexercisedonacycleergometerat70%vo 2 max (SS)for45mins,followedbya10kmtimetrial(TT),usingself>selectedcadenceandintensity.Theeffects of the different cooling strategies on each physiological variable were assessed using a two way ANOVA (trialxtime).for all comparisons, significance was set at p=0.05. Results: There were no significant differences in performance between the conditions in the 10km TT performance (TN: 14.90(0.99), PO: 15.2(1.14), PCD: 15.30(1.15) mins, p=0.72) but Tre was significantly lowerinpoandpcdthantnduringsscycling(p<0.05)andinthett(p<0.05)(figure1). Discussion:Thesefindingscontrastrecentstudieswhichreporticeslurryingestiontoimproveendurance performanceintheheat[4].acommonvariationinthesestudiesfromthepresentstudyisthedurationof theexerciseprotocol.however,inthepresentstudy,ingestedice>slurryisaneffectivewayinreducingtre asotherstudieshavepreviouslyreported[3]. Conclusion:Theingestionoficeslurrymaybeapracticalandeffectivewayofcoolingthebodybefore andduringexercise.thismaybebeneficialinreducingoccurrencesofheatstress.additionally,thisstudy showedthatthecoolingmeasuresmayonlybebeneficialtoperformanceinlongerdurationexercisewhen anathleteisunderhighlevelsofheatstress. References: [1]NoakesTD(2000).Physiologicalmodelstounderstandexercisefatigueandtheadaptationsthatpredictorenhanceathleticperformance.Scandinavian JournalofMedicineandScienceinSports10,123>145. [2]RossM,AbbissC,LaursenP,MartinD&BurkeL(2013).PrecoolingMethodsandTheirEffectsonAthleticPerformance:ASystematicReviewandPractical Applications.SportsMed43,207>225. [3]BurdonCA,HoonMW,JohnsonNA,ChapmanPG&O ConnorHT(2013).Theeffectoficeslushyingestionandmouthwashonthermoregulationand enduranceperformanceintheheat.intjsportsmed23(5),458>469. [4]IhsanM,LandersG,BrearleyM,&PeelingP(2010).BeneficialEffectsofIceIngestionasaPrecoolingStrategyon40>kmCyclingTime>TrialPerformance. InternationalJournalofSportsPhysiologyandPerformance5,140>151. [5]SiegelR,MatJ,WatsonG,NosakaK&LaursenPB(2012).Pre>coolingwithiceslurryingestionleadstosimilarruntimestoexhaustionintheheatascold waterimmersion.journalofsportssciences30(2),155>

147 The%effects%of%ice%vest%pre5cooling%on%skin%blood%flow%at%rest%and%during%exercise%in%the% heat% Mike%Price 1 *,%%Matthew%Maley 2 % 1 DepartmentofAppliedScienceandHealth,CoventryUniversity,Coventry,CV15FB,UK 2 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, Portsmouth,UK.*Correspondingauthor:mike.price@coventry.ac.uk Introduction:Icevestpre>coolinghasbeenshowtolowerrectaltemperatureduringintermittent exerciseinhotconditionsbutonlyafter40minofexercise[1].theauthorssuggestedthattheicevestmay haveinitiatedastronglocalcutaneousvasoconstrictorresponsereducingskinbloodflow[2]andthusthe coolingpotential,untilincreasesinbodytemperatureandskinbloodflowoccurredlaterinexercise. Therefore,thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminewhethericevestpre>coolingreducesskinblood flowduringintermittentexerciseintheheatcomparedtoanocoolingcontrol. Methods:Eightmaleparticipantsvolunteeredtotakepartinthestudy.Followingpreliminarytestsfor peakoxygenuptakeandpeakpoweroutputonacycleergometerparticipantsundertookeithericevest pre>coolingincoolconditions(mean(sd)airtemperature19.7(0.4) C)for20min(PRE;usingArcticHeat coolingvests)oranocoolingcontrol(con)priorto5minseatedrestintheheatand45minof intermittentcyclingintheheat(mean(sd)airtemperature35.4(0.4) C,26.3(4.1)%RH).Participants undertooktwofurthertrialsinvolvingnoexercisetodeterminethereliabilityofthecoolingprocedure. Rectal(T re )andaural(t au )temperature,meanskintemperature(t ms ;[3]),skinbloodflow(SkBF;Laser Doppleratthebicep,chest,backandthigh)andratingsofperceivedthermalstrain(RPTS)wererecorded throughoutthetrial.datawereanalysedusingtwo>wayanalysisofvariancewithrepeatedmeasureson bothfactors(trial time)usingspssv17.0. Results:BackskintemperaturewascoolerfollowingPRE(20.3(5.0) C)thanforCON(30.3(1.6) C; P<0.05)butdemonstratedgreaterintraandinter individualvariationduringpre(~5.0 )whencompared tocon(~1.6 C).T au andt re increasedbysimilaramountsduringexerciseforbothpreandcon(t au ~1.2 C,T re ~0.6 C;P>0.05).However,T au wascoolerfrom5to25minofexerciseduringpre(p<0.05)whereas T re wascooleronlyat45minofexerciseduringpre.t ms andrpts weresignificantlylowerduringthepre> coolingperiod(27.1(2.6) C;2.6(0.8) C)comparedtoCON(30.9(1.0) C;3.6(0.8) C,respectively; P<0.05)butdidnotdifferduringexerciseintheheat.RPTSvalueswereconsistentbetweenandwithin participants.althoughnotrial timeinteractionswereobservedforskbfsitesamaineffectfortrialfor thebacksiteindicatedadecreaseinskbfduringthepre>coolingperiod(>40(26)%)whencomparedto CON(9(45)%;P<0.05). Discussion:Icevestpre>coolingresultedindecreasedT au andt re,butatdifferenttimepoints,during intermittentcycleexerciseintheheat.backskintemperatureresponsestocoolingwerevariedandlikely explainedbytheclosenessoffitofcommerciallyavailableicevestswithsubsequenteffectsonlocalskin bloodflow. Conclusion:ThedelayinreducingT re followingicevestpre>coolingmaybearesultofdeepbody temperaturemeasurementsiteratherthanchangesinlocalskinbloodflowperse. References: [1]Price,M.J.,Boyd,C.Goosey>Tolfrey,V.L. (2009).Thephysiologicaleffectsofpre>andmid>eventcoolingduringintermittentrunningintheheatinelitefemale soccerplayers.appliedphysiology,nutritionandmetabolism,34(5),942>949. [2]Petrofsky,J.S.,Al>Malty,A.M,,Prowse,M.,2008.Relationshipbetweenmultiplestimuliandskinbloodflow.Med.Sci.Monit.2008Aug;14(8):CR399>405. [3]Ramanathan,N.L.A.,1964.Anewweightingsystemformeansurfacetemperatureofthehumanbody.J.Appl.Physiol.19:531>

148 Effects'of'cold'air'inhalation'on'body$temperature,$respiratory$and$cerebrovascular$ responses'during'exercise'in'the'heat% Bun%Tsuji 1,%2,%3,%Yorinobu%Chinda 2,%Yasushi%Honda 2,%Naoto%Fujii 2,%Narihiko%Kondo 3 %and%takeshi% Nishiyasu 2 *%% 1 ResearchFellowofJapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience, 2 InstituteofHealthandSportSciences, UniversityofTsukuba,Japan, 3 FacultyofHumanDevelopment,KobeUniversity,Japan,*Corresponding author:nisiyasu@taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp Introduction:Hyperthermiaduringexerciseleadstoincreasesinventilationindependentlyofmetabolic factors,resultinginhypocapniaandcerebralhypoperfusion[1],whichisoneofthemechanismsbehind impairedexerciseperformanceintheheat.tosuppresshyperthermia,coldwaterimmersionandingestion ofcolddrinksarecommonlyused,buttheeffectofcoldairinhalationonphysiologicalresponsesduring hyperthermiaisnotwellunderstood.thisstudyexaminedtheeffectsofcoldairinhalationonbody temperature,respiratoryandcerebrovascularresponsesduringexerciseintheheat. Method:Twelvemalesubjects[age24±4years,height174±4cm,weight70±4kg,peakoxygenuptake (VO 2peak )48.5±6.5mL.kg >1.min >1 ]performedacycleexerciseat50%ofvo 2peak intheheat(38 Cambient temperatureand50%relativehumidity)untiltheiresophagealtemperature(t es )reached39 Corthey couldnolongercontinuetheexercise.throughouttheexerciseontwoseparateoccasions,subjects inhaledroomair(i.e.,38 C;Hot>airtrial)orcoldair(10 C;Cold>airtrial).T es,minuteventilation, respiratorygases,sweatrate(ventilatedcapsulemethod)andskinbloodflow(laser>doppler)onthechest, middlecerebralarterybloodvelocity(transcranialdopplerultrasound)andarterialbloodpressurewere measuredcontinuously. Results:ExercisedurationwashigherintheCold>thanHot>airtrial(57.1±13.7vs.45.8±6.7min,P%<0.01). T es waslowerinthecold>thanhot>airafter35minofexercise(p%<0.01).cutaneousvascularconductance (skinbloodflow/meanarterialpressure)andvo 2 didnotdifferbetweentrials(p%=0.57and0.22, respectively),butsweatratewaslowerinthecold>airtrial(p%=0.032).minuteventilationwaslower(p%= 0.011)andestimatedPaCO 2 washigher(p%=0.015)inthecold>thanhot>airtrial.ventilatorysensitivityto risingt es (slopeofthet es >ventilationrelation)wassimilarbetweenhot>andcold>airtrials(10.3±7.7vs. 10.7±9.2L.min >1. C >1,P%=0.71).Cerebralvascularconductance(middlecerebralarteryblood velocity/meanarterialpressure)washigherinthecold>airtrial(p%=0.049). Discussion:Consistentwithapreviousstudyinwhichcoldairinhalationduringhyperthermicexercise decreasedcoretemperaturemainlyduetoincreasesinrespiratoryheatexchange(2),wefoundlowert es inthecold>airtrial.wealsofoundthatcoldairinhalationinducedthelowerventilationbutsimilar ventilatorysensitivitytorisingt es comparedtohot>air.thesesuggestthatthelowerventilationduring coldairinhalationwassolelyduetodecreasesint es.inaddition,itwasreportedthatreductionincerebral bloodflowvelocityduringexerciseintheheatislargelyaccountedforbythehyperventilation>induced decreaseinpaco 2 (3).Thus,theincreasesincerebralvascularconductanceintheCold>airtrialwaslikely attributabletocoldairinhalation>inducedsuppressionsofhyperventilationandhypocapnia. Conclusion:Presentresultsindicatethatduringprolongedexerciseintheheat,coldairinhalation mitigateschangesincoretemperature,ventilationandcerebralbloodflow. References: [1]TsujiB,etal(2015).Voluntarysuppressionofhyperthermia>inducedhyperventilationmitigatesthereductionincerebralbloodflowvelocityduringexercise intheheat.amjphysiolregulintegrcompphysiol308,r669>679. [2]GeladasN,BanisterEW(1988).Effectofcoldairinhalationoncoretemperatureinexercisingsubjectsunderheatstress.JApplPhysiol64,2381>2387. [3]HayashiK,etal(2011).EffectofCO₂ontheventilatorysensitivitytorisingbodytemperatureduringexercise.JApplPhysiol110,1334>

149 Sleep%quality%and%air%conditioner%use% Kazuyo%Tsuzuki*,%Naomi%Morito%,%Hajime%Nishimiya% NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology,Tsukuba,Japan.*Correspondingauthor: Introduction:Airflowisaneffectivewaytoincreaseheatloss anongoingprocessduringsleepand wakefulnessindailylife.inapreviousstudy,alleviationofheatbyincreasedisothermalairflowreduced wakefulness,skintemperature,rectaltemperature,andsweatingduringsleepat32 Cwith80%relative humidity[1].inthisstudy,experimentswereconductedtodeterminetheeffectonsleepofvaryingairflow velocityfromairconditioners,using10healthyyoungmen(age23.0/>3.6years;height170.9/>3.6cm; mass62.2/>6.8kg)assubjects. Methods:Thedesiredenvironmentalconditionswereattainedbyusinganormalairconditionerfastened tothewallinoneroomandanewceilingairconditionerinanotherroom.theceiling>mountedair conditionerdispersedairflowfroma2>piececeilingpanel(1, mm)coveredwitha3>dimensional knitfabric.electroencephalography,electrooculography,heartrate,skintemperature,andrectal temperatureofthesubjectswerecontinuouslymeasuredduringtheexperiments.aquestionnairefor thermalsensationandcomfort(bipolar7pointscale),sleepiness,andsleepquality[2]wasusedbefore andaftersleep. Results:Themeanairtemperature,relativehumidity,andairvelocityintheroomswiththewall> mountedairconditionerwere26.4 C,58%,and0.14m.s >1,respectively,and26.4 C,53%,and0.04m.s >1, respectively,withtheceiling>mountedairconditioner.themaximumairvelocityabovethebedinthe roomsandthefrequencyofairflowfromthewall>mountedairconditionerwere1.1m.s >1 and28timesper night,respectively,and0.3m.s >1 and11timespernight,respectively,withtheceiling>mountedair conditioner.thecomfortsensation(1.5vs.2:comfortable)andthetotaldurationofeachsleepstage,as determinedbythesleepefficiencyindex(92.1%vs.92.6%),didnotdiffersignificantlywiththetwoair conditioners.however,thesubjectsfeltastrongerdraftandslightlycolderduetofastervelocityand higherfrequencyofairflow.theskintemperatureontheforeheadanduncoveredarmandhand decreasedduetohigherairflow.wefoundthatsubjectssleepingunderhigherairflowhadanincreased numberofwakings,increasedheartrates,andgreaterbodymovement.thesubjectwasassumedtomove toavoidairflowfromtheairconditioner.todeterminewhichsleepstagewasmostaffectedbyairflowwe comparedthoseparameters.morenumberwakingevents(0.23vs0.05,p<0.01)duetoairflowwere observedinlight(stages12)sleepcomparedtoslow>wave(stages34)sleep(sws),butincreasein heartrate(0.32vs0.23,p=0.24)andbodymovement(0.61vs0.51,p=0.48)weresimilarbetweenlight sleepandsws. Discussion:Apreviousstudyreportedthatcoolingduetotemperaturedecreaseismoredisruptiveto Rapideyemovement(REM)sleepthanSWS(lightsleepwasnotexamined)[3].Ourresultsuggeststhat lightsleepisespeciallysusceptibletobeingdisruptedthanswsbycoolairflow.moreover,decreasesin skintemperatureandmarkedincreasesinheartrateduetobodymovementswereobservedinbothlight sleepandsws. Conclusion:Theseresultsindicatethatcoolairflowfromanairconditionershouldnotbedirectedat sleepingsubjects. References: [1]TsuzukiK.,Okamoto>MizunoK.,MizunoK.,IwakiT.(2007): Effectsofairflowonbodytemperaturesandsleepstagesinawarmhumidclimate.International JournalofBiometeorology,52( ), 261>270. [2]Oguri,M.,Shirakawa,S.,&Azumi,K.(1985):Constructionofstandardratingscaletoestimatesleepprofile.ClinicalPsychiatry,27,791>799. [3]Candas,V.,Libert,J.P.,Muzet,A.(1982):HeatingandcoolingstimulationsduringSWSandREMsleepinman.J.therm.Biol.,7(3):155>

150 Performing%in%the%heat:%a%new%practical%midcooling%method % Athanasios% Zavvos 1*,% Panagiotis% Gkrilias 1,2,% Niki% Manolaki 1,% Evgenia% Cherouveim 1,% Maria% Koskolou 1,%Nikolaos%Geladas 1 % 1 DepartmentofSportsMedicineandBiologyofExercise,FacultyofPhysicalEducation,andSportScience, UniversityofAthens,Greece. 2 TechnologicalEducationalInstitute(TEI)ofWesternGreece,Departmentof PhysicalTherapy,AigioAchaias,Greece.*Correspondingauthor:zavvosathanasios@gmail.com % Introduction: Pre>cooling aims to decrease body core temperature prior to [1] and decelerate its rise duringexercisepreventingexcessivehyperthermia[2].exercisetimetoexhaustioninahotenvironmentis inversely related to the initial body temperature and directly affected by the rate of heat storage [3]. Despite the fact that all ball games involve intermittent activity with at least one long brake among periods,themajorityofexistingpre>coolingmethodsareappliedbeforeeventinitiationanduseaggressive techniques (cold>water immersion, ice cubes, ice vests). This practice is cumbersome and may initially inducehypothermia,ensuingthermogenesisanddiscomfort.thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigate theeffectofanew,practicalmethodforcoolingthebodyduringthebreak(mid>cooling)ofaprolonged, high>intensityintermittentexerciseintheheat. Methods: Eight healthy subjects (22 (1.7) yrs) performed, in 31 C, two experimental conditions: mid> cooling(mid)and(con),a46>minintermittentexerciseprotocolconsistingofmultiple2>minbouts(5sec sprinting on a cycle ergometer against a resistance equal to 7.5% of the subject s body weight, 105 sec energeticrehabilitationat35%vo 2max,10secofpassiverecovery)[4].A15minbreakinathermo>neutral environment (26 (0.58) o C, 50% (0.5) % rh) followed, with subjects remaining idle; in Mid, they were coveredwithabathrobe(body)andatowel(feet)bothgarmentspreviouslysoakedintowaterof17(0.12) o C.Uponcompletionofthe15minbreak,anotherintermittentexerciseprotocol,similartothefirst,was performeduntilrectaltemperature(tre)approached39 o C. Results: Nodifferenceswereobservedbetweenconditionsintheinitial46minofexercise.Τherateof rectal temperature drop (ΔTre) during the break was higher in Mid (>0.15 (0.02) o C) than in Con (>0.05 (0.02) o C) (p=0.03), whereas the rate of change in skin temperature (ΔTskin) and heart rate (HR) were similar in the two conditions. Upon completion of the second exercise period, the rise of Tre was less profound(p=0.05)andhrtendedtobelower(p=0.12)inmid(0.42(0.07) o C;139(1.57)beats.min >1 )than incon(0.61(0.11) o C;153(1.20)beats.min >1 ),whereasδtskindidnotdifferbetweencondition. Discussion:Implementationofa Mid (wetbathrobe),coolingmaneuverduringthebreakbetweentwo intermittentexerciseperiodselicitedathreetimesgreatertrefall.thiseffectwascarriedontothesecond exerciseperiodwheretherateoftrerisewaslower,thuspreventingexcessivehyperthermia[5]. Conclusion:Theseresultssuggestaneffectiveandpracticalmid>competitioncoolingmaneuver. References: [1] Nielsen B, Hales JRS, Strange S et al. Human circulatory and thermoregulatory adaption with heatacclimationandexercise ina hot, dryenvironment.j Physiol460;467>485,1993. [2]QuodM,MartinD,andLaursenP.Coolingathletesbeforecompetitionintheheat.SportsMed36(8):671>682,2006. [3]Gonzalez AlonsoJ,TellerC,andAndersenS,etal.InfluenceofbodytemperatureonthedevelopmentoffatigueduringprolongedexerciseintheheatJAppl Physiol86(3):1032>1039,1999. [4]CastleP,MacdonaldL,PhilpA,etal.Precoolinglegmuscleimprovesintermittentsprintexerciseperformanceinhot,humidconditions.JApplPhysiol100: 1377>1384,2006. [5]Barwood,M.J.,Davey,S.,House,J.R.&Tipton,M.J.(2009)Post>exercisecoolingtechniquesinhot,humidconditions.EuropeanJournalofApplied Physiology107(4):385>

151 Prolonged%Anxiety%on%Habituation%of%the%Cold%Shock%Response Heather%C.%Massey 1 *,%Jo%Corbett 1,%Christopher%Wagstaff 1, % Michael%J.%Tipton 1 %&%Martin% Barwood 1,2 % 1 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSportandExerciseScience,UniversityofPortsmouth, UK. 2 DepartmentofSport,ExerciseandRehabilitation,NorthumbriaUniversity,UK.*Corresponding author:heather.massey@port.ac.uk Introduction:Variationinthecoldshockresponse(CSR)canbeexplainedbyphysiologicalfactors[1], habituation[2];andpossibly psychological influences.acuteanxietyoncold>waterimmersion(cwi) increasesthemagnitudeofthecsrinunhabituatedvolunteersandeliminatesthereductioninthe responseseenafterhabituation[3].recentlyitwasdemonstratedthathabituationofthecsrincludesa significantperceptualcomponent[4].whenthethreatofcwiscenariowasreduced,anxietyassociated withbeingimmersedwasalsoreduced.incontrast,prolongedanxietyduringrepeatcwismayprevent habituation.therefore,itwashypothesizedthatprolongedanxietyreducestheextentofcsrhabituation. Methods:Sixteenvolunteers(femalesn=4,malen=12)gavetheirconsenttoparticipateinthisethically approvedstudy.volunteerscompletedseven,7mincwis(watertemperature,15 o C)onconsecutivedays. ECG,ventilatoryandanxietyresponsesweremeasured.CWI1wasacontrolimmersion(CON1),priorto the2 nd to5 th CWI,volunteersperformedthreeminmentalmathstestsandweretoldincorrectanswers wouldextendtheirimmersiontime.theywerealsotoldthewaterwouldbeadegreecolderoneach immersion;itremainedunchanged.oneofthefinaltwoimmersions(con2)wasarepeatofcon1,and theotherwasthefinalmathstestwiththesameconditionsasimmersionfive(maths).uponcompletion, allvolunteerswerefullydebriefedandgavetheirconsenttoreleasethedataretrospectively.twoway repeatedmeasuresanovaanalysiswereperformedusingthedata. Results:TherewerenodifferencesbetweenCON1,2orMATHSintheheartrate,ventilatoryoranxiety responsestocwi(table1).incontrast,thereweremaineffectsoftime,withallvariablesincreasingfrom baselineduringthefirstminuteofcwiandthenreducing. Table1.Mean(standarddeviation)heartrate,inspiredvolumeandanxietyvariablesduringcoldwaterimmersions(CWI). Anxiety20=extremelyanxious,0=notanxious,*=differentfromBaseline(P<0.05) HeartRate(beats.min >1 ) InspiredVolume(L.min >1 ) Anxiety CON1 CON2 MATHS CON1 CON2 MATHS CON1 CON2 MATHS Baseline 84(14) 81(13) 80(13) 15.9(7.8) 15.7(6.1) 13.5(6.6) 5(5) 4(4) 6(5) CWImin1 98(18)* 92(15)* 95(15)* 47.8(28.9)* 43.1(17.1)* 43.1(20.4)* 8(6)* 6(5)* 9(6)* CWImin2 89(16) 82(12) 88(17) 37.9(22.0) 31.6(16.3) 34.1(18.8) CWImin3 85(15) 80(13) 84(15) 32.4(20.7) 24.7(11.8) 27.0(13.8) 6(4) 5(5) 6(5) CWImin7 84(16) 74(12) 76(13) 25.2(21.1) 17.9(6.7) 22.7(11.7) 4(4) 4(4) 5(5) Discussion:Thepresentdatasuggestthehabituationofthephysiologicalresponsescommonlyseenwith repeatedcwicanbeinhibitedbychronicanxietythroughoutcwi;thehypothesisisaccepted.this confirmsandprogressestheworkofbarwoodet%al(2014),indicatingthatmaintenanceofanxietyduring repeatedcwisinhibitshabituation. References: [1]Tipton,M.,&Golden,F.(1987).Aviation,Space,andEnvironmentalMedicine,58(12),1192>1196. [2]Tipton,M.J.,Eglin,C.M.,&Golden,F.S.C.(1998).JPhysiol,512(2),621>628. [3]Barwood,M.J.,Corbett,J.,Green,R.,Smith,T.,Tomlin,P.,Weir>Blankenstein,L.,&Tipton,M.J.(2013).EuroJApplPhysiol,113(3),681>689. [4]Barwood,M.J.,Corbett,J.,&Wagstaff,C.R.(2014).Aviation,Space,andEnvironmentalMedicine,85(2),167>

152 Modelling)of)human)cooling)in)cold)water:)effect)of)immersion)level Irena%Yermakova 1 *,%Anastasiia%Nikolaienko 1,%Yuliia%Solopchuk 1,%Michael%Regan 2% 1 InternationalScientific>TrainingCentreforInformationTechnologiesandSystems,NationalAcademyof Sciences,Kiev,Ukraine. 2 NationalUniversityforPhysicalActivityandSport,Kiev,Ukraine. *Correspondingauthor:irena.yermakova@gmail.com Introduction:Coldwaterimmersionisaseverechallengeforhumans.Mathematicalmodellingofhuman thermoregulatoryresponsesisanalternativeapproachtostudycoolinginwater.preliminarymodelling predictioncanbeausefultoolforpreventivestepsthatwillhelptodecreaseoreventoavoidhealth hazard[1].thepurposeofthisstudywastomodelcorecoolingratesincoldwaterforsomeimmersion levelsinhuman. Methods:Thecomplexityofmulti>compartmentalmodelsfor humanthermoregulationisrealisedasinformationtechnology(it) inborlandcbuilder2010[2].itisasuitabletoolthatallowsuser toinputindividualdata,waterandairparameters,immersionlevel andphysicalexercise.outputdatarepresentthedynamicsofall localtemperatures,musclesandskinbloodflows,shivering,water convection,heatinternalflows,heatlosses,etc.threelevelsofthe humanimmersionincoldwaterweresimulated:#1:wholebody immersion;#2:headoutofwater;#3:head,armsandhandsoutof water.waterandairtemperatureswere10 C. Results:Modelling(Fig.1)showedthatbraintemperature droppedto35 Cduringallcasesofhumanimmersion.Buttime characteristicsweresignificantlydifferent.duringwholebody immersionbraintemperaturedecreasedto35 Cin25min,during headoutimmersionin49min,forhead,armsandhandsoutofwaterin74min.heatlossesbywater convectiontothismomentwere759w(#1),638w(#2)and465w(#3).modellingshowedthatinternal organstemperatureachievescriticalvalue(35 C)later.Forfullimmersionitwas53min,forheadoutof water65minandforhead,armsandhandsout120min.thesedatacorrelatewithactualmeasurements ofesophagealtemperatureinhumans[3]. Discussion:Modellingshowedthatevaluationofthesafetimeofhumanimmersionincoldwater dependsonwhatpartofbodyisimmersed.headoutofwaterhasprincipaleffectoncorecoolingrate[4]. Modellingshowedthatthe safetime increasedtwo>foldduringhead>outimmersion.removingthearms andhandsfromthewaterdecreasedcorecoolingbutnotinproportionoftheirsurfacearea;headsurface is8%whilearmsandhandsare19%ofthebodysurface. Conclusion:Modellingpredictionshowedthatthermoregulatorysystemishighsensitivetothe immersionlevelofhumanincoldwater.surfaceoutofwaterincreasessafetimeofimmersion.buthead submersionhaspriorityeffectoncorecooling.theresults,whenvalidatedinallranges,canbeusedfor planningofrescueoperationsanddevelopmentofprotectiveclothing. References: [1]XuX.,TikuisisP.Thermoregulatorymodelingforcoldstress.ComprehensivePhysiology Vol.4(3). P [2]YermakovaI.Informationplatformformulticompartmentalmodelsofhumantemperatureregulation.CyberneticsandComputerEngineering Vol P [3]TikuisisP.,GiesbrechtG.G.Predictionofshiveringheatproductionfromcoreandmeanskintemperatures.Europeanjournalofappliedphysiologyand occupationalphysiology Vol.79(3). P.221>229. [4]PretoriusT.,LixL.,GiesbrechtG.G.Shiveringheatproductionandbodyfatprotectthecorefromcoolingduringbodyimmersion,butnotduringhead submersion:astructuralequationmodel.computersinbiologyandmedicine Vol.41(3). P

153 Quantitative)evaluation)of)personal)protective)ensembles)relative)to)heat)strain% Xiaojiang%Xu*,%%Julio%Gonzalez% USArmyResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalMedicineBiophysics/BiomedicalModelingDivision,Natick, Introduction:Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)exacerbatesheatstrainexperiencedbyusers through:(a)increasesinthermal(r t )andevaporative(r et )resistances;and(b)increasesinmetabolicrate (M)duringphysicalactivitydriveninlargepartbyensembleweight.Thisstudyaimedtoquantifythe effectsofpper t &R et andensembleweightonheatstrainduringwalking. Methods:Stepwisethermalmanikin(TM)testingandmodelingwereusedtoanalyseathree>layerPPE ensemble(weight37.4kg).layers:uniform(a);bodyarmourandcombatload(b);chemicalprotective clothing(c).theppewastestedonatmtomeasurer t &R et,startingwithlayeraandthenaddingan additionallayerineachstep.mduringwalkingat1.22m.s >1,adjusted(M adj )forthelayerweight,were300, 404and428WforconfigurationswithA,ABandABC,respectively.Ahumanthermoregulatorymodel wasusedtopredictendurancetime(et,min)foreachconfigurationatafixedm(m fix )of300wandatits M adj.etwasdefinedastimeneededforthecoretemperaturetoriseto39 C. Results:TheleftfigureindicatesthefractionalcontributionofeachlayertoR t &R et ofthewholesystem (ABC).TherightfigureisthepredictedET,showinginfluencesofBorBCincomparisonwithA.The differencebetweenaandab>m fix indicatesetreductionduetor t &R et withaddedb,andthedifference betweenab>m fix andab>m adj indicatesetreductionduetotheweightofb.thuscomparedwithetfor Aof146min,theR t &R et ofbreduceetby31minwhiletheaddedweightreducesetby40minfurther. Similarly,theincreasedR t &R et ofbcreduceetby59min,whiletheaddedweightreducesetby28min. Contribution of layers to R t, R et of whole PPE (%) C B A Boundary Predicted ET (min) R t & R et effect A AB-M fix AB-M adj ABC-M fix weight effect ABC-M adj R t 0.39 m 2 CW -1 R et m 2 kpaw C, RH75% Discussion:Thisstudy(a)revealsthefractionalcontributionsofPPEresistancesbylayer,(b) demonstratestheeffectsofppeweightonetandquantifiesetreductionduetoincreasesinmassociated withppeweights,and(c)isolatethecontributionsoftwodifferentppeproperties,r t &R et andensemble weight,topredictedheatstrain.impactsofeachppelayeronetcanbequantifiedbythisapproach. Conclusion:Thisstudyprovidesanewsystematicapproachtounderstandingmoretheaetiologyofheat strain,andtodesigningppetomaximiseuserprotectionwhileminimizingheatstrain. Acknowledgment:TheviewsexpressedinthisabstractarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotreflecttheofficialpolicyoftheDepartmentofArmy,Departmentof Defense,ortheU.S.Government.% % 153 0

154 Evaluation%of%body5mapping%shirts%design%for%activities%in%warm%environments% LiMYen%Lin 1 *,%Simon%Annaheim 2,%Psikuta%Agnieszka 2,%Faming%Wang 2,%LiMChu%Wang 1,%Robert% Jou 3,%ShengMfu%Chiu 1,%René%Rossi 2 %% 1 DepartmentofTestingandCertification,TaiwanTextileResearchInstitute,NewTaipeiCity,Taiwan 2 SwissFederalLaboratoriesforMaterialsScienceandTechnology,EMPA,St.Gallen,Switzerland 3 DepartmentofBusinessandPlanning,TaiwanTextileResearchInstitute,NewTaipeiCity,Taiwan *Correspondingauthor:lylin.0881@ttri.org.tw Introduction:Theaimofthisstudyistoexplorethefundamentalknowledgeofdesignhighperformance bodymappingt>shirts(bmt)forwarmenvironments.severalfactorswerediscussedincludingphysical propertiesoffabrics,fitnessofthet>shirtsandcomparingbody>mappingversustraditionalnon>body mappingt>shirts. Methods:Fivetextilematerials,includingmodifiedhydrophilicnylon(No1),moisturemanagement fabric(no2),porousstructuremeshfabric(no3),highlywickingknittedfabric(no4),singlejerseywith coolingprinting(no5)wereselectedforthisstudyandalsoacommercialbody>mappingshirtwaschosenas thecontrolsample.thephysicalpropertiesofthefiveselectedfabricsweredetermined,i.e.,thermal insulation,evaporativeresistance,thicknessandmoisturemanagementproperties.theheatandmass transportandthermo>physiologicalimpactofthesampleswereassessedbyusingasweatingtorsoanda thermalhumansimulator(ths).thethermalparameterswerepredictedduringatwo>hourexposurein20 Cand28 Cat6METs.TwoofthestudiedfabricswerechosentodesignBMTbylocatingtodifferent clothingparts.theeffectofclothingfitonthelocalheatexchangeofbmtwasexaminedaswell.thebmt weresewnmade>to>measureintwodifferentdesigns,tightfitandregularfit.thethermalandevaporative propertiesofbmtwereevaluatedbyusingthemanikin.twophaseswereapplied,dryheatlosswas obtainedfromthefirstphaseandasweatamountof110g.h >1 wasappliedtoobtainwetheatlossduring thesecondphase,whereheatingpowerintheindividualzoneswasrecordedtomaintainsurface temperatureofmanikinat34 C. Results:Theinitialcoolingrate(IC)ofthefiveselectedfabricswereintherangeof5 C.h >1 13 C.h >1,and thesustainedcooling(sc)wereintherangeof0.5 C.h >1 1.3 C.h >1.Dryandwetheatlossfromthetrunk ofmanikinfortightfittingshirtdesignswereboth15%higherthantheregularones. Discussion:Fabricsample>No3showedanincreasedIC,whileSCwasbetterforfabricsample>No1.Dry heatlossfromthetrunkofmanikinrevealedanobviousdifference(p<0.001)betweenregularandtight fittingshirtdesigns.theeffectoffittingwasconfirmedincaseofwetheatlossaswell.highestwetand evaporativeheatlossandthereforebestoverallcoolingwasfoundforthebodymappingshirtwithfabric sample>no1intheuppertrunk(chestandshoulders)andfabricsample>no3inthelowertrunk(abdomen andlowerback). Conclusion:Fabricsample>No1showedthebestperformanceinchestandshoulderswithhighcontact areaandlowairgapthickness.intheabdomensection,amoreairpermeablefabric(sample>no3) providedbettercoolingeffects.asprobablymoreairistrappedinthissection,thehigherairpermeability contributedtomoreairexchangeand,thus,removalofheat.ofparticularinterestistheupperarm section.themeasurementsrevealedthebesteffectsforatightfittingshirtincombinationwithahighair permeablefabric(sample>no3).wesuggestwearingatightfittingshirtduringphysicalactivityinhot andhumidconditions. References: [1]HavenithG,etal.(2008)Maleandfemaleupperbodysweatdistributionduringrunningmeasuredwithtechnicalabsorbents.EurJApplPhysiol104: [2]PsikutaA,etal.(2012)Quantitativeevaluationofairgapthicknessandcontactareabetweenbodyandgarment.TextResJ82:

155 Occupational,,environmental,and,individual,factors,affecting,the,selection,of,winter, clothing)by)open5pit$miners$in$barents$region$ A"questionnaire"and"field"study"% Kirsi%Jussila*,%Sirkka%Rissanen,%Satu%Mänttäri,%Juha%Oksa,%Hannu%Rintamäki%and%MineHealth% project%members% Introduction:Workinginopen>pitminesintheBarentsregionrequiresprotectionagainstcold, occasionallyextremetemperaturesandhighwindspeed.employersarerequiredtoprovideoutercold protectiveclothingforworkersinoutdoortasks.somecompaniesalsoofferinnerormiddleclothinglayers forvoluntaryuse.however,workersusetheirownselectionofwintergarmentsunderneaththeouter clothing.thisstudyaimedtoevaluatetheselectioncriteriaofwinterclothingofopen>pitminersandits thermalprotectionatwork. Methods:Aquestionnairestudy(n=1104)evaluatingopen>pitminers coldexperiencesandtheuseof clothingindifferentambientconditionswasperformedinthreedifferentopen>pitminesinnorthern Finland,SwedenandRussiaamongworkerswithdutiesconsistingmainlyofoutdoorwork.Basicthermal insulation(i cl )ofthereportedclothingensembleswasestimatedbyusingthestandardiso9920(2007). Moreover,afieldstudywascarriedoutinthetwoopen>pitminesinNorthernFinlandandSwedentobe abletodetermineusers experiencesandthermalinsulationoftheclothing(n=14)bymeasuringambient (T a )andskintemperatures(t sk ),anddryheatlossfromtheskinduringatypicalworkshift. Results:ThequestionnairestudyshowedthattheI cl ofthewinterclothingwasonanaverage1.2clo (0.186m²K.W >1 )and1.5clo(0.233m²k.w >1 )inmildwetcold(t a >5to5 C)anddrycold(>20to>10 C) conditions,respectively.theclothingwasselectedbasedoncoldexposuretime,workload,environmental conditionsandindividualsensitivitytocold(p<0.05).ifwindandexternalmoisturewereexperiencedasa problem,higherclothinginsulationwasreported.similarly,ifthermalsensationwasperceivedcoldonthe wholebody,fingersortoes,higheri cl oftheclothingwasselectedinthebothtemperatureranges. Whereas,lowerI cl oftheclothingwasreported,ifworkersweresweatingoftenatwork.inaddition,thei cl washigherthanaverageonpersonswhoreportedcoldrelatedsymptomsorpainsinthecoldweather.in thefieldexperimentthemeasuredmeani cl wasonanaverage1.2clo(0.186m²k.w >1 )and1.3clo(0.202 m²k.w >1 )inmild(>5to>3 C)andcold(>12to>8 C)conditions,respectively.Inaddition,thethermal insulationoftheclothingwasgreatlylowerinthelegsthaninthetorso. Discussion:Thethermalsensation cool maybeexperiencedunpleasant,butitisnotconsideredto causeharmfulcoolingorfrostbites.ifworkerhas cold thermalsensationtheriskofharmfulcooling shouldbeconsidered.thequestionnairestudyrevealedthatthe cold thermalsensationsincreasedwhen ambienttemperaturewaslowerthan>10 C.Similarly,workersworewarmerclothingwhichwassufficient formoderateorheavierphysicalactivityaccordingtorequiredclothinginsulationindex(ireq,eniso 11079).Thefieldexperimentshowedthatthermalinsulationoftheclothingwasnotsufficientlyadjusted andsweatingmoisturecondensedintoclothingduringheavyactivity.heatlosswasthehighestfromlegs duetolowerthermalinsulationthanonupperbody. Conclusion:Theopen>pitminers selectedtheirwinterclothingbasedonoccupational,environmental andindividualfactors.thequestionnairebasedevaluationofbasicthermalinsulationofthewinter clothingprovidedsimilarresultsasmeasuredvaluesduringworkingoutdoorsinopen>pitmines.the resultsareusedfordevelopmentoftheminers coldprotectiveclothingaswellasimprovementofthe occupationalhealthandsafetyinthearcticmining. Thisstudy( % 155

156 A"Novel"Personal"Cooling"System"(PCS)"Incorporated"with"Phase"Change"Materials"(PCMs)" and$ventilation$fans% Yehu%Lu1,%Fanru%Wei1,%Dandan%Lai1,%Wen%Shi1,%Faming%Wang1*,%Chuansi%Gao2% 1 Laboratory for Clothing Physiology and Ergonomics (LCPE), the National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; 2Department of Design Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.*Correspondingauthor:dr.famingwang@gmail.com Introduction:Heatstresshasbeenconsideredasacommonrisktoimpairworkperformance,whichmay leadtoheatillnesses,workincidents,orevenfatality.overthepastfewdecades,varioustypesofpersonal coolingsystems(pcss)havebeendevelopedtomitigateheatstrain,e.g.,coolingvestswithicepacksor phasechangematerial(pcm)packsorfrozengelstrips,garmentswithliquidcoolingsystemsandgarments withforcedairventilation.inthisstudy,anovelpersonalcoolingsystem(pcs)incorporatedwithboth PCMsandventilationfanswasdevelopedanditscoolingefficiencywasevaluatedonasweatingmanikin. Methods:AnovelhybridportablePCSincorporatedwithPCMsandventilationfanswasdeveloped, whichconsistedofalongsleevejacketandapairoflongpants.fourfanswereembeddedatthelower backandthelateralpelvisregionsofthepcs.twenty>fourpcmpackswerealsoincorporatedintothepcs. SixPCMpackswerelocatedatthechestregion,8packsatthebackregion,4packsattheupperarm regionsand6packsatthefrontthighregions.themeltingtemperatureofthepcmsis21 Candthelatent heatoffusionis144j.g>1.thetotalmassofpcmpacksis2064g.apolyestert>shirtandbriefswereworn underthepcs.anewtontype34>zonesweatingthermalmanikinwasused.aconstantsurface temperatureof34.0 CwasusedtoevaluatethecoolingeffectofPCSintheso>calledisothermalcondition (Tmanikin%=%Ta%=%Tr).Thesweatingratewassetat1200mL.hr>1.m>2.Fourtestscenarioswerechosen:fansoff withnopcms(fan>off,i.e.,control),fansonwithnopcms(fan>on),fansoffwithfullysolidifiedpcms (PCMFan>off),andfansonwithfullysolidifiedPCMs(PCMFan>on).Twohotenvironmentswereselected: hothumid(hh)andhotdry(hd).therelativehumidity(rh)ofthehhandhdconditionswas75%and 28%,respectively,andthemean(SD)airvelocitywas0.4(0.1)m.s>1. ResultsandDiscussion:Fig1showsthetotalheatlossunderdifferentscenariosinHHandHD condition,respectively.inbothconditions,theheatlossoffan>onwashigherthanthatoffan>off.the PCMsledtoahighermanikinheatlossattheinitialtestingstageanditgraduallydecreasestoasteady state.therewasnosignificantheatlossdifferencebetweenpcmfan>onandfan>onwhenthepcmswere fullymelted.similarly,noheatlossdifferencewasfoundbetweenpcmfan>offandfan>off.the PCMFan>onandFan>onexhibitedahigherheatlossthanPCMFan>off.ThePCMsprovidedabout90~110 minand20~30mincoolingdurationinhhandhdconditions,respectively. Fig.1.HeatlossesunderfourscenariosinHH(a)andHD(b)condition Conclusion:TheresultsdemonstratedthattheportablePCSdevelopedcouldbeabletoprovideeffective heatremovalfromasweatingmanikinintwohotenvironments,withfancoolingbeingmuchmore effectivewithalowerrh.thepcmsappliedinthepcsprovideeffectivecoolingattheinitialstage;asthe manikinskinsurfacegraduallygetswet,ventilationfansstarttoprovideevaporativecooling. 156

157 157 Physiologicalinvestigationofheatablefabrics% Edith%Classen*,%Ferry%Siegl% HohensteinInstitutfürTextilinnovationgGmbH,Boennigheim,Germany.TITVGreiz,Greiz,Germany Introduction:Onthemarkettherearevariousheatablefabricswithamobileenergysourceanda heatingpowerofapproximately10watts.examplesforheatablefabricsaremultilayeroutdoorfabrics (pantsandjackets),onelayerfabrics(jackets,vests),underwear(shirtsandpaints),gloves,socksandshoes andaccessorieslikeakidneybelt.uptonowheatabletextilefabricsareinthefocusofresearchactivities buthavenotbeenalargemarket.thereasonsforthisareseveral:technicalproblemsduringthelifetime, unfavourablesystemdesign,usagerestrictioncausedbylowlifeofstoragebatteryorproblemsbycleaning andwashing.thegermanresearchproject17708bghastheaimtoinvestigatetheclothingphysiological aspectsofheatablefabricsandthecomfortofsuchfabrics. Methods:Thethermophysiologicalcomfortofvariousheatablefabrics(differentunderwear,outdoor jacketsandtrousers)canbedeterminedbyinvestigationofdifferentthermophysiologicalparameterswith thehohensteinskinmodel(asweatingguarded>hotplate)andwiththethermalmanikin Charlie ofwhole clothingensembles.additionalwearertrialsinaclimaticchamberwithcontrolledenvironmental conditionsaremadetocorrelatetheobjectivedataofthehohensteinskinmodelandthemanikin Charlie withtherealwearersituation. Results:TheinvestigationwiththethermalmanikinCharlieofdifferentclothingsystemsshowsthe influenceofheatingeffectdependingonthepositionoftheheatingelementsintheclothing.thedifferent switchingpossibilitiesoftheheatingsystemshowalsodifferenteffectsontheheatingeffect.thecommon thermophysiologicalpropertiese.g.thebreathabilityandthethermalinsulationcanbeinfluencedbythe heatingsystemandtheintegrationoftheheatingsystemintheclothes.istheheatingunitperformedas heatpadthematerialoftheheadpadinfluencesthethermophysiologicalpropertiesandoftenthe breathabilityislowandtheadditionaltextileslayersleadtoahigherthermalinsulation.inunderwear wheretheheatablezonesareknitted,theinfluencestothethermophysiologicalpropertiesarelowerthan inheatpads. Discussion:Theeffectoftheheatablefabricsisdependingonthepositionofthebody(e.g.back,front, armsand/orarms)andtheinvestigatedfabric.thedifferencesbetweendifferentfabricsarehighbecause varioustechnologiesareused(heatpads(inmostcasesremovable),knittedheatedorwovenheated zones).thecomparisonoftheresultsofthemanikintestsandthewearertrialsareunderanalysis.first resultsshowthattheeffectsoftheheatablefabricsmeasuredbythethermalmanikinarecomparablewith theobjectiveandsubjectivedataofthewearertrialsandthejudgementoftheheatablefunctioncanbe madebythemanikintests. Conclusion:Theresultsoftheresearchprojectshowthatthephysiologicalcomfortofheatabletextiles dependsontheusedheatingtechniqueandthedimensionoftheheatingsystem.theinvestigationwith clothingphysiologicalmeasurementdevicesandwithwearertrialsshowthattheheatabletextilesshow oftenalowcomfortandsothepotentialoftheoptimizationofheatableproductsishighandsome modificationcanbeeasilyintegratedintheproductionprocess.theresultsofthegermanresearchproject (IG17708BG)giveabetterunderstandingandmoreinformationaboutheatablefabrics.Theresultscan helptheproducertooptimizeproductsandtoproduceproductswithalonglifetimeandhigh performance. Reference: [1]EdithClassen,FerrySiegl,ReportoftheIGF>Project BeheizbareTextilien,Bönnigheim,inpress(July2015).

158 A"Thermo5physiologicalDescriptionofa50 th Percentile)Western)Female% Mark%Hepokoski 1 *,%Scott%Gibbs 1,%Allen%Curran 1,%David%Nelson 2 % 1 ThermoAnalytics,Calumet,MI,USA. 2 UniversityofSouthAlabama,Mobile,AL,USA.*Corresponding author:mark.hepokoski@thermoanalytics.com Introduction:Thermophysiologicalmodelsareusedtopredictthermalsensation,thermalcomfortand humaneffectivenessforawiderangeofenvironmentalconditions.typically,suchmodelsarebasedonthe anatomyandphysiologicalresponsesofanadultmale.theobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopanadult femalemodelandtestitagainstexperimentalresultsfromtheliterature. Methods:A20>segment,50 th percentilewesternfemalemodelwasdevelopedforusewithanexisting humanthermoregulationmodel[1].acompletesetofsystemparameters,includingpassive(height, weight,surfacearea,basalmetabolismandcardiacoutput)andactive(sweating,shivering,vasomotor responses)values,werederivedfrommodernanthropometricandthermophysiologicdataintheopen literature.sweating,shivering,andvasomotionwerescaledfrommalevaluestobetterreflectfemale thermoregulatoryfunction.thefemalemodelwastestedbycomparingitsresults(coretemperature, wholebodysweatrate,skinbloodflow)topublishedexperimentalresultsobtainedduringexerciseinmale andfemalecohortgroups[2]. Results:Predictedandmeasuredevaporativeheatlossesandratesofskinbloodflowduringexerciseat 50%VO 2,max areshowninfigures1and2.maleresponsesareprovidedforcomparisonpurposes.therise inrectaltemperatureforthefemaleduringtheexposurewasδt re,simulation =1.32 o C(ΔT re,experiment =1.22 o C). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%% Fig.1.Evaporativeheatlossduringexerciseat50%VO 2,max. Fig.2.Skinbloodflowresponsesduringexerciseat50%VO 2,max. Discussion:Themodelpredictionsaregenerallyconsistentwithexperiment.Anapparentlagintheonset ofthermoregulatoryresponsewasobservedinthemodel.thiscanlikelybeattributedtothemodel slack ofacapabilitytoconsiderphysicalfitness.despitethislimitation,thefemalemodelaccuratelypredictsthe lowerrateofevaporativeheatlosscomparedtothemale.skinbloodflowpredictionsareingood agreementwiththemalemodelandmatchthetrendsintheexperiment(whichdeemeddifferencesin observedcutaneousvascularconductance(cvc)betweenfemalesandmalestobenegligible[2]). Conclusion:Afemalethermophysiologymodeldevelopedfromanthropometricdataismorecapableof simulatingthermoregulatoryresponse(coretemperature,sweatrateandskinbloodflow)inexercising women,comparedwithanexistingmodelbasedonastandardadultmale.neithermodelincorporates effectsofphysicalfitness,whichmayaffectthermoregulatoryfunction[3].currenteffortsareaimedat refiningthemodelstoreflecttheinfluencesoffitnessandageonthermoregulationineithergender. References: [1]FialaD.etal.J.Appl.Physiol87:1957>1972,1999 [2]Gagnon,DandKenny,G.P.J.Physiol589:6205>6217,2011.% [3]Ichinose>Kuwahara,T.,Yetal.ExperimentalPhysiology95.10,1026>032,2010. % % 158

159 An#eye#on#hydration:#efficacy'of'intraocular'pressure'to'measure'body'water'deficit% Ian%Stewart 1 *,%%Joseph%Costello 1,2,%Brittany%Dias 1 %% 1 SchoolofExerciseandNutritionSciencesandInstituteofHealthandBiomedicalInnovation,Queensland UniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,Australia. 2 ExtremeEnvironmentsLaboratory,DepartmentofSport andexercisescience,universityofportsmouth,portsmouth,uk.*correspondingauthor: i.stewart@qut.edu.au Introduction:Currentbest>practicehydrationassessmentincludetechniquesinvolvingisotopedilution toestimatetotalbodywater;osmolalityofblood,saliva,orurine;specificgravityorcolourofurine;and changesinbodymass.thesetechniquesareeitherprohibitivelyexpensive,invasive,requireclinical laboratoryequipment,relyonanon>dehydratedbaselinecriterion,oronbodyfluidsthatare compromisedinadehydratedindividual.inthisstudywereportonthecapabilityofintraocularpressure (thepressurewithintheeye;iop),toassessdehydration.iopcanbemeasuredquicklyandaccurately usingahandhelddevice(tonometer),thereforeofferingportability,andsterility,andcanbeusedby anyonefollowingminimaltraining[1]. Methods:Twelvehealthymales(mean(SD):age24(2.3)yr,height178(6.1)cm,weight75(6.6)kg, VO 2max 56(4.4)mL.kg >1.min >1,sumofeightskinfolds75(29)mm)completedtwotrialseachcomprising150 minutesoftreadmillwalking(5km, h >1 and1%grade),inahotanddryenvironment(40 Cand20% relativehumidity).onetrialwasundertakenwithfluid(water)replacementtominimisebodymass changes(euh)andonewithoutfluidtomaximisedehydration(deh).theorderofthetrialswas randomizedandthetrialdayswereseparatedbyaminimumofsevendays.atbaselineandat30minute intervalsparticipantswereremovedfromthehotandhumidenvironmentintoatemperateair> conditionedlaboratorytohaveiop,nudebodymassandserumosmolalityassessed. Results: Baseline% 30% 60% 90% 120% 150% IOP%(mmHg)% EUH 14.4(4.1) 15.5(3.9) 14.7(3.9) 14.1(4.0) 14.5(3.5) 14.2(4.0) DEH 15.6(3.5) 14.2(3.5)* 14.8(4.1) 13.3(3.3) 13.2(3.6)* 13.0(3.0) IOP%delta%(mmHg)% EUH 1.0(1.7) 0.3(2.7) >0.3(1.7) 0.0(1.7) >0.3(2.4) DEH >1.5(1.8)* >0.8(1.2) >2.4(1.7)* >2.5(1.6)* >2.7(1.9)* Body%Mass%delta%(%)% EUH 0.0(0.1) >0.1(0.1) >0.1(0.1) >0.1(0.2) >0.2(0.2) DEH >0.5(0.1)* >1.0(0.1)* >1.5(0.1)* >2.0(0.2)* >2.5(0.2)* Serum%Osmolality%(mOsmol.kg 51 ) EUH 291(4.9) 291(3.7) 291(3.6) 291(3.0) 292(3.6) 292(3.4) DEH 292(3.4) 293(3.0)* 294(2.7)* 297(4.0)* 298 (4.5)* 299(4.9)* EUH,euhydratedtrial;DEH,dehydratedtrial.*SignificantlydifferenttoEUHatsametimepoint,p<0.05. Discussion:IOPwasprogressivelyreducedduringaperiodofexercisecausingdehydration,butremained relativelystableifhydrationwasmaintained.thelargewithinandbetweenindividualvariationiniop meantthatanabsoluteiopvaluecouldnotbeidentifiedtoprovideacriterioncut>offtorepresenta dehydratedcondition.howeverutilisingachangefromaeuhydratedbaseline,deltaiopwassignificantly differentbetweentheconditionsatincreasinglevelsofbodymasslossandserumosmolality. Conclusion:TheevidencesuggeststhatIOPisinfluencedbyhydrationstatus,likelyduetotheeffectofa riseinbloodosmolalityontherateofformationofaqueoushumour. Reference: [1]Hunt,A.,B.Feigl,I.Stewart.(2012)."Theintraocularpressureresponsetodehydration:apilotstudy."EurJApplPhysiol112(5):1963>

160 Improving*the*accuracy*of*infrared*measurements*of*skin*temperature% Allen%Curran 1 *,%%Mark%Klein 1,%Mark % Hepokoski 1,%Corey%Packard 1 % 1 ThermoAnalytics,Inc.,Calumet,MI,USA.*Correspondingauthor:Allen.Curran@ThermoAnalytics.com Introduction:Inprinciple,infrared(IR)imageryofexposedskinandclothingcanprovideavaluable sourceofdataforthermo>physiologicalstudies.inpractice,anddespitethefallinthecostofircameras, infraredimageryisnotuniversallycollectedduringhumansubjecttesting.onereasonforthismaybethe relativelypooraccuracyofircameras(typically±2 C).Therepeatabilityofthemeasurementstakenwitha particularircamera(bothspatiallyandtemporally)ismuchbetterthanitsaccuracy,i.e.,closetothe camera ssensitivity.anircamera ssensitivity(andrepeatability)istypicallyontheorderofhundredthsof adegreecelsius.consequently,areferencewithknowntemperatureandemissivityplacedinthecamera s field>of>viewwhentakingmeasurementscanprovidetwopotentialbenefits:first,measurementerrorcan bereducedbyusingacalibrationprocedure.second,irimagerytakenbydifferentircamerasduring differenttestepisodescanbedirectlycompared. Methods:TwoIRcameras(aFLIRE60andaFLIRONE)wereusedtocollectIRimageryduringasimple humansubjecttest.anirthermometer(omegaosxl450)wasalsousedtomakespottemperature measurements.calibrationcurves(thatmapinstrumentreadingstoreferencetemperatures)were createdfortheircamerasandthethermometerusingahot/coldblackbodycalibrationsource(omega BB701).Thetestsubjectswereaskedtositoutsidewithoutjacketsfor10minuteswheretheambient temperaturewas4 C.Thesubjectsweresubsequentlybroughtindoorswheretheambienttemperature wasapproximately20 C.ForeheadskintemperaturemeasurementsweremadeusingtheIRcamerasand theirthermometer.thehot/coldblackbodyandasecondheated>onlyblackbody(omegabb702)were placedinthefield>of>viewofthecamerastoprovidereferencetemperaturesthatcouldbeusedtocorrect themeasuredforeheadtemperaturethroughinterpolation.calibrationprocedureswereevaluatedby examiningthebias[1]betweenthemeasurementsmadeofthesameforeheadskintemperature. Results:Measuredforeheadtemperaturesforasingleindividualareshownbelow,beforeandafter correctionusingthecalibrationcurveandthein>sceneblackbodies. Discussion:Thecalibrationproceduredidnotappeartopositivelyimpactmeasurementsmadewiththe FLIRONE.CalibrationdidimprovethebiasbetweenmeasurementsmadewiththeFLIRE60andtheOmega OSXL450from1.0 C(uncorrected)to0.58 C(correctedwiththecalibrationcurve)to0.48 C(corrected withthein>sceneblackbodies). Conclusion:Bothcalibrationproceduresimprovedtheagreementbetweenmeasurementsmadewith theflire60andtheomegaosxl450.placingblackbodiesinthecamera sfieldofviewhastheadvantage ofensuringthatthecalibrationinformationisalwaysavailableandcurrent.theflirone,whichisalow> costircameramarketedtoconsumers,doesnotappearsuitableforcollectingabsolutetemperaturedata evenwhenacalibrationprocedureisemployed. Reference: [1]Psikuta,Agnesetal.,"ValidationoftheFialamulti>nodethermophysiologicalmodelforUTCIapplication,"InternationalJournalofBiometeorology,May 2012,Volume56,Issue3,pp443>

161 The%development%of%an%objective%method%for%evaluating%transient%sleeping%environments % Olga%Troynikov*,%Nazia%Nawaz,%Christopher%Watson%% Human Ecology and Clothing Science Research Group, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne,Australia.*Correspondingauthor:olga.troynikov@rmit.edu.au Introduction: Poor sleep is the key sleep attribute that affects the overall recuperative quality of the sleepstate[1].acommonapproachinhumansleeptestingistousesubjectsinanenvironmentalchamber [2,3,4].Oneofthesignificantlimitationsofthistestingisitssubjectivityandthesmallnumberofsubjects [5].Theuseofthermalmanikinstomeasurethermalandvapourresistanceisastandardmethodadopted for assessment of sleeping bags and has also been used to measure these attributes of a range of bedding systems, aswellasdifferentsleepwear[6]. Methods:Acompactedtransientexperimentalprotocoltotalling3hours20minuteswasestablishedin order to determine the possible impact of the different bedding systems and mattresses on sleeping beddingmicroclimates,usinga20zonesweatingthermalmanikin,newton.adynamicexperimentalcycle ofdifferentheatingandsweatingphaseswasusedtosimulatethesleepinghumanmetabolicandsweating activityconditionsthroughdifferentsleepphases.themanikinwasplacedontheexperimentalmattress, eitherlatexorinnerspring,intheexperimentalbeddingsystemsinacontrolledenvironmentalchamber. Temperatureandhumidityinthenexttoskinmicroenvironmentweredynamicallymeasuredatdifferent sites of the manikin s body by using temperature and humidity sensor arrays. The environmental temperaturewassetat17 C,andarelativehumidityrhwassetat50%.Allindividualelementsofthe sleeping systems were conditioned prior to each experiment in the climatic chamber at the relevant test conditionsof17 Candrhof50%for12hours. Results: The study found that the latex mattress ensemble exhibits a higher overall bedding micro environmental temperature than the inner spring mattress ensemble with all other variables being constant.thisresultedinupto3 Chighermicroenvironmentaltemperatureforallbeddingsystemsby theendoftheexperiment.furthermore,themicroenvironmentaltemperaturedifferencesbetweenthe frontandthebackzonesofthemanikinforthelatexmattressreach2.5 C.Thelatexmattressensemble also exhibits higher overall microclimate humidity levels in comparison to the inner spring mattress ensemble,withallothervariablesbeingconstant,withhumiditylevelsforthebackzonesbeingdoublefor thelatexensembleincomparisontotheinnerspringensembleandreaching50%rh.inparticular,the humiditylevelsforthemicroclimateatthebackzonesofthemanikinaresignificantlyhigherforthelatex systemincomparisontotheinnerspringmattresssystem.bothindependentsamplet>testofexperimental data and Paired Samples Statistical analyses of data produced p>values less than This allowed the conclusion that there is a significant difference between micro environments produced by the experimentalbeddingsystemsandmattressensembles. Conclusion: The developed objective method and exploratory initial experimental results of this study suggest that it is possible to objectively identify bedding systems which provide moderate micro environmentaltemperaturefluctuationsandsteadyhumidityprofilesduringthesleepcycle. References: [1]Paterson,LouiseM."TheScienceofSleep:Whatisit,whatmakesithappen,andwhydowedoit?"inSleep:Multi>professionalPerspectives.Eds.Alex Westcombe,andAndrewGreen.JessicaKingsleyPublishers,2012 [2]Okamoto>Mizuno,Kazue,andKohMizuno."Effectsofthermalenvironmentonsleepandcircadianrhythm."JPhysiolAnthropol31.1(2012):14 [3]Lee,Hyunja,andSejinPark."Quantitativeeffectsofmattresstypes(comfortablevs.uncomfortable)onsleepqualitythroughpolysomnographyandskin temperature."internationaljournalofindustrialergonomics36.11(2006):943>949. [4]Leung,Chris,andHuaGe."Sleepthermalcomfortandtheenergysavingpotentialduetoreducedindooroperativetemperatureduringsleep."Buildingand Environment59(2013):91>98. [5]Henane,R.,etal."Variationsinevaporationandbodytemperaturesduringsleepinman."JournalofAppliedPhysiology42.1(1977):50>55 [6]Lin,Zhongping,andShimingDeng."Astudyonthethermalcomfortinsleepingenvironmentsinthesubtropics Measuringthetotalinsulationvaluesforthe beddingsystemscommonlyusedinthesubtropics."buildingandenvironment43.5(2008):905>

162 Combined)Thermal)Manikin)and)Thermal)Model)Predictions)of)Working)Times)in)Fully) Encapsulated,Impermeable(Suits.% Emiel%A.%DenHartog 1 *,%A.%Shawn%Deaton 1 % 1 ThermalProtectionandComfortCenter(TPACC),CollegeofTextiles,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity, Raleigh,NC,USA.*Correspondingauthor:eadenhar@ncsu.edu Introduction:Thisprojectaimedtodevelopguidelinesforsafeworkingtimesinfullyencapsulated impermeablesuitsandincorporatethesedataintoanexistingchemicalcompaniondecisionsupport System(CCDSS)thatisusedbyFirstrespondersintheUSandabroad.TheCCDSSprovidesguidelineson manyoperationalaspectsofresponsetoahazardousmaterials(hazmat).thisstudyaddressestheuseofa thermos>physiologicalmodel,combinedwithasweatingthermalmanikin,tosimulatethedataand comparedthattotheexperimentaldata. Methods:Using17localmalefirefightersinanagerangeof25to50,sixcommerciallyavailablesuits wereused,incombinationwiththeself>containedbreathingapparatus(scba).threeclimateswere evaluatedinexperimentslastingmaximally60minutes:moderate(20 CWBGT),warm(30 CWBGT)and hot(37 CWBGT)atamoderateworkload(229W.m >2 ).Additionally,2workloads(low,164W.m >2 andhigh, 283W.m >2 )wereevaluatedinthemoderateclimate.measurementsincludedgastro>intestinal(gi) temperature4localskintemperatures(iso9886),bodymassloss,heartrateandcomfortscores.intotal 163testswereperformedwith45differentsubjects.Inadditionthesuitswereevaluatedonastandard SweatingThermalManikintowhichThermoanalytics RadThermmodelwaslinkedtosimulatethethermo> physiologicalresponsetothemanikin sheatloss.themodeloutputsarethepredictedcoretemperature, skintemperatureandsweatrateovertime;andthemodelalsohasthepossibilitytoshowdifferences betweensimulatedhypothalamusandrectaltemperatures. Results:Theresultsshowawiderangeofworkingtimes,decreasingwithtemperaturefromamedianof 50minutes(90%range30 60minutes)inthemoderateclimatetoamedianof28minutes(90%range18 34minutes)inthehotclimate.Similarlythehigherworkloadreducedworkingtimetoamedianof32 minutes(90%range18 46minutes),inthemoderateclimatewhereasthemedianworktimewasthefull 60minutes(13outof16completed60minutes)inthelowworkload.TheManikin,combinedwiththe Thermoanalyticsphysiologicalmodelshowedverysimilarpredictioncurvesforthecoretemperature,but thehypothalamuspredictedamorerapidincreaseofthebodytemperature,mostlybelow10%ofthe rangeofthehumansubjectresponses,whereasthesimulatedrectaltemperaturelaggedthemeasuredgi pilltemperatures,mostlyabove90%oftherangeofthehumansubjectresponses. DiscussionandConclusion:Thetemperaturemeasuredbythepillmostcloselyreflectsarectal temperaturewhichhasshowntobelaggingcomparedtocentraltemperature.inthelatestversionthe ThermoanalyticsmodelintendstopredictbothHypothalamus,reflectingcentraltemperatureandrectal temperature.thedatapresentedheresuggestedthattheactualmeasureddatahadafasterresponsethan therectaltemperaturesimulation.asinsufficientdatawasavailableontheexactcalculationofthe thermalinertiaandthelocalheatandmasstransferthroughthebloodflow,itwasinconclusiveifthe modelwasunder>predictingthethermalresponseortheactualpilltemperatureexhibitedatruemiddle valuebetweenrectalandhypothalamustemperature.forpredictionofsafeworkingtimes,basedon estimatedclimateandworkloads,thethermophysiologicalmodellinkedtothethermalmanikinmaybe veryhelpful,butfurtherimprovementstothetimelagsasmeasuredrectalandbythetemperaturepill maybeneeded. This%project%was%funded%by%the%US%Department%of%Defense,%executed%in%collaboration%with%the%Netherlands%Organization%for%Applied%Scientific%Research%(TNO). 162

163 The$influence$of$body$morphology$on$changes$in$core$temperature$during$exercise$in$an$ uncompensable,environment% Nicholas%Ravanelli 1,%Matthew%Cramer 1,%Pascal%Imbeault 1,%Ollie%Jay 1,2 %*% 1 SchoolofHumanKinetics,UniversityofOttawa,Canada. 2 ThermalErgonomicsLaboratory,Facultyof HealthSciences,UniversityofSydney,Australia.*Correspondingauthor:Ollie.jay@sydney.edu.au Introduction:Evidencedemonstratesthatforunbiasedcomparisonsofchangesincoretemperature ( T core )betweengroupsunmatchedforbodymorphology,exerciseshouldbeperformedusingafixedheat production(h prod )perunitmassinphysiologicallycompensableenvironments[1].inuncompensable conditions,ithasbeensuggestedthatafixedexternalworkloadistheprimarydeterminantof T core [2], howeverinadditiontonotaccountingfordifferencesinh prod relativetomass,suchanapproachexcludes theinfluenceofdifferencesthesurfacearea>to>massratioontheabsolutemaximumrateofevaporative heatloss(e max ).Weexaminedthebestmethodforperformingunbiasedcomparisonsof T core between groupsunmatchedforbodymorphologyduringexerciseinanuncompensableenvironment. Methods:Sixsmall(mean(SD)SM:64.4(7.2)kg,1.78(0.10)m 2,276(21)cm 2.kg >1 )andfourlarge(lg: 94.2(7.2)kg,2.19(0.09)m 2,233(8)cm 2.kg >1 )participantswererecruited.e max foreachparticipantwasfirst assessed[3].participantsthencompletedthreetrials,duringwhichtheycycledfor75minat35 C,70% RH,atatarget(i)absoluteworkloadof100W,(ii)H prod of6w.kg >1,or(iii)H prod of3w.kg >1 abovee max. Results:E max at35 C,70%RHwassimilarbetweenSMandLGinW.m >2 (167[27]vs.146[9]W.m >2 ),but lowerinlginw/kg(3.4(0.2)vs.4.6(0.1)w.kg >1 )byvirtueofadifferenceinsurfacearea>to>massratio.a systematicallygreaterδt re wasobservedinthesmgroupatanexternalworkloadof100w(p=0.036;fig. 1A);andintheLGgroupatanH prod of6w.kg >1 (P<0.001;Fig.1B).ThissystematicdifferenceinΔT re betweensmandlggroupswasabolishedatafixedh prod of3w.kg >1 abovee max (P=0.999;Fig.1C). Fig.1.Thechangeinrectaltemperature(T re )duringexerciseatafixed:externalworkloadof100w(a),h prod of6w.kg >1 (B), andh prod of3w.kg >1 abovee max (C).SMsmall;LG%large.*Significantlydifferentbetweengroupswithincondition(P<0.05) Discussion:Theoretically,ΔT re inanuncompensableenvironmentshouldbedeterminedbytherateof heatstorageperunitmass,whichispresentlyexpressedasthedifferencebetweenh prod ande max inw.kg > 1.Atafixedabsoluteworkloadof100W,ΔT re andh prod >E max inw.kg >1 weregreaterinsm.atafixedh prod of 6W.kg >1,ΔT re andh prod >E max inw.kg >1 asgreaterinlgduetoasmallersurfacearea>to>massratio.when H prod >E max inw.kg >1 wasfixedbetweensmandlg,δt re wasthesamedespiteadifferenth prod inw.kg >1. Conclusion:Preliminaryresultssuggestthatoverafixedexercisedurationinanuncompensable environment,unbiasedcomparisonsofδt re betweengroups/individualsofdifferentbodysize(massand BSA)maybebestattainedusinganexerciseintensityatafixedH prod >E max inw.kg >1. References: [1]CramerMN&JayO(2014).JApplPhysiol.116:1123>1132 [2]Mora>Rodriguez(2012).ExercSportSciRev.40(2):79>87. ]3]KenneyWL&ZemanMJ(2002).JApplPhysiol.92:2256>

164 Can$ perceptual$ indices$ estimate$ physiological$ strain$ when$ wearing$ personal$ protective$ clothing)in)the)heat?% David%Borg*,%Ian%Stewart,%Joseph%Costello% Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Introduction: Explosive ordnance disposal(eod) often requires technicians to wear multiple protective garments in challenging environmental conditions. The accumulative effect of increased metabolic cost coupled with decreased heat dissipation associated with these garments predisposes technicians to high levelsofphysiologicalstrain.ithasbeenproposed[1]thataperceptualstrainindex(pesi)usingsubjective ratingsofthermalsensationandperceivedexertionassurrogatemeasuresofcorebodytemperatureand heart rate, may provide an accurate estimation of physiological strain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess if the PeSI could estmate the physiological strain index (PSI) across a range [2] of metabolic workloadsandenvironmentswhilewearingheavyeodandchemicalprotectiveclothing. Methods: Eleven healthy males wore an EOD and chemical protective ensemble while walking on a treadmillat2.5,4or5.5km.h >1 at1%gradeinenvironmentalconditionsequivalenttowetbulbglobe temperaturesof21 C,30 Cor37 C.Trialswereceasedatamaximumof60minoruntiltheattainment of termination criteria. A Pearson s correlation coefficient, mixed linear model, absolute agreement and receiveroperatingcharacteristic(roc)curveswereusedtodeterminetherelationshipbetweenthepesi andpsi. Results: A significant moderate relationship (Fig 1) betweenthepesiandthepsiwasobserved[r =0.77; p < 0.001; mean (SD) difference = 0.8 (1.1) a.u. (modified 95% limits of agreement >1.3 to 3.0)]. The ROC curves indicated that the PeSI had a good predictive power when used with two, single> threshold cut>offs to differentiate between low and high levels of physiological strain (area under curve: PSIthreecut>off=0.936andsevencut>off=0.841). Discussion: This is the first study to examine the abilityofapesitoestimatephysiologicalstrainacross arangeofworkloadsandenvironmentswhilewearing heavy protective clothing. The primary findings to Fig. 1. Regression of the PSI and the PeSI for all emerge from this research are: (1) a statistically participants across all trials and time points. Solid significant moderate relationship exists between the line represents the trend line; each participant is PeSI and PSI; and (2) the PeSI correctly or represented by a unique symbol; the dashed line conservatively (over) estimated physiological strain representsthelineofidentity. 94.7%ofthetime. Conclusion:ThesefindingssupporttheuseofthePeSIformonitoringphysiologicalstrainwhilstwalking and wearing EOD and chemical protective clothing. However, future research is needed to confirm the validityofthepesiforactiveeodtechniciansoperatinginthefield. References: [1]TikuisisP,McLellanTM,SelkirkG(2002)Perceptualversusphysiologicalheatstrainduringexercise>heatstress.MedicineandScienceinSportsandExercise 34:1454>1461. [2]MoranD,ShitzerA,PandolfK(1998)Aphysiologicalstrainindextoevaluateheatstress.AmericanJournalofPhysiology275:R129>R

165 HaematologicaladaptationstoHighIntensityIntervalTraining(HIIT)intemperateandhot environments* Ashley%P%Akerman 1,2 *,%Samuel%JE%Lucas% 2,3,%Chris%J%Baldi% 3,%Rajesh%Katare% 2,%James%D%Cotter% 1 %% 1 SchoolofPhysicalEducation,SportandExerciseSciences, 2 DepartmentofPhysiology,and 3 Schoolof Medicine,UniversityofOtago,Otago,NewZealand; 3 SchoolofSport,Exercise,andRehabilitationSciences, UniversityofBirmingham,UnitedKingdom.*Correspondingauthor:ashley.akerman@otago.ac.nz Introduction:Bloodvolumeisonedeterminantofcardiorespiratorypowerandcapacity,andisbelieved toplayaroleinhealthanddisease.bloodvolume,anditscomponents plasmavolume(pv)andredcell volume(rcv) increasemodestlyinresponsetoeitherendurancetrainingorhighintensityinterval Training(HIIT) [1].Plasmavolume increasesmorerapidlythanredcellmass [2] withexercisetraining,and increasestogreaterextentwiththeadditionofenvironmentalheatstress.itremainsunclearwhetherpv remainselevatedoverseveralweeksofprogressively>incrementingexerciseintheheat,andalsowhether RCVisalsoexpandedmorebyexerciseintheheatthanbyexercisealone.Theaimofthisstudywasto investigatethehaematologicalresponsestoprogressivehiitundertakenwithandwithoutadditionalheat stress. Methods:Inarandomisedcrossoverdesign,10sedentaryparticipants(5female;33±9y;189.4±9.1 cm;82.5±15.0kg;38±5ml.kg >1.min >1 )completedtwo8>wktrainingregimesofhiit(5d.wk >1 4x4min aerobiccycleergometryprogressingto90>95%hr MAX, supplementedwithwhole>bodyresistanceband exercises,for30>60minpersession),separatedby8>wkwashout.oneregimewasintemperate (EXTEMP;23±2 C,36±5%RH)andoneinhot(EXHEAT;40±0 C,61±2%RH)conditions.Bloodvolume, PVandRCVweremeasuredatbaseline,4wkand8wk,usingcarbonmonoxiderebreathingafter15>min seatedrest.datawereanalysedusinglinearmixedmethodmodelling. Results:PreliminaryanalysisindicatesthatdespitenosignificanttimeorinteractioneffectsforBVorany ofitscomponents,bvwashigheronaveragefortheheatexthantempexregime(74.0±3.5vs.71.5± 2.6mL.kg >1,respectively;P=0.047).RCVfollowedthesamepattern(higherinHEATEXvs.TEMPEXby1.1 ±0.8mL.kg >1 ;95%CI: mL.kg >1 ;P=0.009).InabsenceofatimeeffectonRCV,haematocritwasused todeterminepvchange.plasmavolumewasexpanded(p=0.014)onlyslightlyat4weeks(by2.5±2.1%in HEATEX;CI: %;andby1.4%±2.33inTEMPEX;CI:> %),tosimilarextentbetween regimes(heat TEMP:1.0%;CI:> %).Thisexpansionremainedatacomparablelevelat8wk. DiscussionandConclusion:HIITconferredonlysmallincreasesinplasmavolumewhenmeasuredat4 and8>wk,andnomeasuredincreaseinrcv.hiitperformedinhotconditionsprovidednomeasurable additionalincreaseinpvorrcvoverhiitperformedintemperateconditions.variabilityinco>derived haematologicalmeasureswashigh(cv:10.7±1.9%)andlikelycontributedtothelackofsignificant effects.however,itshouldalsobenotedthatthevolumeofhiitwashigh(5d/wkat90>95%hrmax),and therelativeexerciseintensity(%hr MAX )wasmatchedbetweenregimes,whichmayhaveminimisedheat> inducedeffectsper%se. References: [1]Warburton,D.E.,etal.,Bloodvolumeexpansionandcardiorespiratoryfunction:effectsoftrainingmodality.MedSciSportsExerc, (6):p.991>1000. [2]Convertino,V.A.,Bloodvolume:itsadaptationtoendurancetraining.MedSciSportsExerc, (12):p.1338>

166 Sweat&and&heat&production&related&to&air&humidity&during&exercise&and&inactive&recovery& a"laboratory"study% Erik%U.%Høye 1,2,%%Mariann%Sandsund 1 *%,%Randi%Eidsmo%Reinertsen 1% 1 SINTEFTechnologyandSociety,DepartmentofHealthResearch,Trondheim,Norway. 2 Norwegian UniversityofScienceandTechnology,DepartmentofBiology,Trondheim,Norway.*Correspondingauthor: Mariann.Sandsund@sintef.no Introduction:Certainoccupationalgroupsareexposedtounfavourableworkconditions,suchas exposuretowarmandhumidenvironmentsandalternationsbetweenhighandlowworkintensity.such conditionsaffectthermoregulatoryresponsesaswellasthermalsensationandcomfort.exerciseandwork capacityatmoderateintensityinawarmenvironmentareprogressivelyimpairedasrelativehumidity(rh) increases[1].however,theinfluenceofrelativehumidityonregionalsweatrate(rsr)duringhigh> intensityworkfollowedbyarecoveryperiodhasnotbeenstudied.thisstudyexaminestherelationship betweenrhandrsrduringinactiverecoveryafteraperiodofhighworkintensity. Methods:WemeasuredRSRin10healthymalesubjectsagedbetween20and30bymeansofabsorbent pads,intwotrialsperformedatsintef sworkphysiologylaboratory.thetrialsconsistedofrunningfor20 minat68(4)%vo 2max followedby30minofinactiverecoveryat19and85%rhat30 Cand0(0.2)m.s >1 air velocity.nudebodymass,rectal(t re )andlocalskin(t s )(6sites)temperatures(YSI400(0.15) C),heartrate (HR)(PolarS810 TM ElectroOY),oxygenconsumption(OxyconPro,CardinalHealth)andRSRonthecentral mid>backandposterior>forearm(airlaid,meditas)weremeasured.themethodofmeasuringrsrby meansofabsorbentpadswasmodifiedfromsmithandhavenith[2].startingwiththelastfiveminutesof running,theabsorbentpadswerechangedeveryfivemin.aftertheinactiverecoveryphase,nudebody masswasmeasuredagaininordertoestimategrosssweatloss(gsl). Results:GSLwashigherat85%rh(796(414)g.h >1 )thanat19%rh(489(140)g.h >1 )(p<0.05).rsronthe backwas1105(95%ci,691to1765)g.m >2.h >1 duringthefirstfiveminofrecoveryat85%rh.at19%rh, RSRwas675(417to1093)g.m >2.h >1 forthesametimeinterval,whichwassignificantlylower(p<0.05).rsr onthebackfellto395(227to686)and165(113to240)g.m >2.h >1 at85%and19%rhduringthelastfive minofrecovery(p<0.05).thecorrespondingrsronthearmwas459(573to367)and225(171to296)g.m > 2.h >1 at85%rh,and216(155to300)and16(6to48)g.m >2.h >1 at19%rh(p<0.05).rsrshowedweakto strongcorrelationswitht s duringrecovery,butnotduringexercise.t re continuedtoincreaseforsevenand threeminutespost>exerciseat85%and19%rh.hrwas11b.min >1 higherafterexerciseandduringthe firsttwentyminofrecoveryat85%comparedto19%rh(p<0.05). Discussion:ThedifferencesinRSRwereinaccordancewiththeresultsofSmithandHavenith[2].Our findingsindicateaprolongedsweatresponseat85%rhcomparedto19%rh.thiscorrespondstothe continuedincreaseint re,t s andahigherhrpost>exerciseat85%rh,indicatingahigherthermalload. Conclusion:ThermalloadmeasuredbyRSR,HR,T re andt s washigherduringpost>exerciseinactive recoveryat85%rhcomparedto19%rhat30 C.Thisstudyemphasizestheimportanceofincludingthe effectofrhinassessmentsofworkinhotenvironments. References: [1]R.J.Maughan,H.OtaniandP.Watson(2012)«Influenceofrelativehumidityonprolongedexercisecapacityinawarmenvironment»,Eur.J.Appl.Physiol. 112: [2]C.J.SmithandG.Havenith(2010)«Bodymappingofsweatingpatternsinmaleathletesinmildexercise>inducedhyperthermia»,Eur.J.Appl.Physiol.111: TheprojectisbeingfundedbytheResearchCouncilofNorway.Projectperiod:June2013>

167 Relationship%between%performance,%air%ventilation%efficiency%and%muscle%oxygenation%in% Firefighters% % Philippe%Gendron,%Eduardo%Freiberger,%Louis%Laurencelle,%François%Trudeau,%Claude%Lajoie* % Laboratoiredephysiologiedel'exercice,Départementdessciencesdel'activitéphysique,Universitédu QuébecàTrois>Rivières,Trois>Rivières,Canada.*Correspondingauthor:claude.lajoie@uqtr.ca Introduction:Firefightingisahazardoustaskassociatedwithaheavyworkloadwheretaskdurationmay belimitedbyaircylindercapacity.increasedfitnessmayleadtobetterairventilationefficiencyandtask durationatagivenheavyworkintensity. Methods:Thirteenmalefirefighters(age:28.4±5.1years;height:175.5±4.5cm;mass:84.4±9.0kg; VO 2 peak:47.8±5.1mlo 2.min >1.kg >1 )completedthefollowingtestson3differentdayswhilewearing firefightingprotectiveclothing(fpc),self>containedbreathingapparatus(scba)andaircylinder:1>the gradedwalkingtest(gwt)formeasuringdifferentphysiologicalparameterswhileconnectedtoa metabolicsystem(gasexchanges);2>the10metstreadmilltest(t10)designedtomeasurethetimeto ventilateairfromthecylinderat10mets,theintensityneededtocompletethefirefittestwork simulationdescribedbydeakinetal.(1)within8min(2);3>thesimulatedworkcircuit(swc)tomeasure thetimeneededtoperformatestmimickingdifferentfirefightingtaskswhilewearingfpcandbreathing withthescba.participantsperformedtheswcasquicklyaspossiblewhilerespectingregulationsofthe testprotocol.moreover,skeletalmuscleoxygenation(deoxyhemoglobin,hhb)wasmeasuredduringall threetests. Results:FirefighterswhoperformedtheSWCinashortertimehadloweraircylinderventilationvalueson thet10(r=>0.495,p<0.05),betterpeakoxygenconsumption(r=>0.924,p<0.001)duringthegwtand performedlongeruntilexhaustiononthegwt(r=>0.789,p<0.001).participantswhocompletedtheswc morerapidlyandreachedahighervo 2 peakalsohadlowerv E andv E /VO 2 valuesduringsubmaximal workloadonthegwt.moreover,theyhadgreaterskeletalmuscledeoxygenationduringtheswc(hhb,r =>0.593,P<0.05). Discussion:Greateraerobicfitnesswasassociatedwithgreaterairventilationefficiencyoffaster firefightersontheswc.accordingtoholmérandgavhed(3),cardiovascularstrainislowerinindividuals withhighermaximalaerobiccapacityforagivensubmaximalintensity.moreover,correlationbetween SWCcompletiontimeandHHbsuggeststhatbetteraerobicfitnessenhancesdeoxygenationinthevastus% lateralismuscleduringexercisewheretheaerobicprocessofenergyproductionissolicited(4). Conclusion:TheseresultsdemonstratethatthefastestparticipantsontheSWChadbetterairventilation efficiencythatcouldprolonginterventionsindifficultsituationsrequiringaircylinderuse.moreover,the fastestparticipantshadagreaterskeletalmuscledeoxygenationduringtheswc. References: [1]DeakinJM,PelotRP,SmithJM,StevensonJM,WolfeLA,LeeSW,vonHeimburgE,RasmussenAK&MedboJI(1996).Developmentofabonafidephysical maintenancestandardforcfanddndfirefighters.queen suniversity,kingston,ontario,canada. [2]DregerRW&PetersenSR(2007).OxygencostoftheCF>DNDfirefittestinmalesandfemales.AppliedPhysiology,Nutrition,andMetabolism32(3),454>462. [3]HolmérI&GavhedD(2007).Classificationofmetabolicandrespiratorydemandsinfirefightingactivitywithextremeworkloads.AppliedErgonomics38(1), 45>52. [4]BaeSY,HamaokaTK,KatsumuraT,ShigaT,OhnoH&HagaS(2000).Comparisonofmuscleoxygenconsumptionmeasuredbynearinfraredcontinuouswave spectroscopyduringsupramaximalandintermittentpedallingexercise.internationaljournalofsportsmedicine21(3),168>

168 Effect&of&Tyrosine&Ingestion&on&Cognitive&Function&and&Load&Carriage&Performance&in&the& heat% Nicole%Coull,%Josh%Foster,%Bryna%Chrismas,%Lee%Taylor*% Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity (SSPA), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK. Introduction:Prolongedexercise>heat>stressimpairsbothexerciseperformanceandcognitivefunction. Militarybasedoperationsareoftenperformedinhotenvironmentalconditionsandthusperformanceand safety may be compromised which could be potentially life threatening. Ingestion of tyrosine (TYR), a catecholamineprecursorhasbeenshowntoimproveexerciseperformance[1]andcognitivefunction[2] inhotenvironments,butnostudyhasassessedtheeffectsoftyrinasimulatedmilitarysettingintheheat simultaneously assessing steady sate exercise performance, time>trial performance and alterations in variousfacetsofcognitivefunction.therefore,theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectof150 mg.kgtyronsteadystateexercise,cognitivefunctionandtime>trialperformanceintheheat. Methods: Eight recreationally active, healthy males [age 23(1) y, height 176.4(5.9) cm, body mass 79(11.5)kg]visitedthelaboratoryonfouroccasions(twofamiliarisationandtwoexperimentalconditions). Inadouble>blind,counter>balanced,crossoverdesignparticipantsingestedaplacebo[PLA(250mLsugar free squash)] or tyrosine [TYR (same as PLA plus 150 mg.kg TYR powder)] 1 h pre>exercise. Participants completeda60minwalkat6.5km.h >1,followedbya2.4kmtime>trialcarryinga25kgbackpackin40 C and 30 % rh. Aspects of cognitive function were assessed using the PsychE software package, including number vigilance (identification of a duplicate number), dual>task (tracking and stimuli response) and simplereactiontime(stimuliresponse>thinkingandmovementtime)at5time>points;pre>ingestion,pre> exercise,30minintoexercise,post60minexerciseandposttime>trial.measuresofheartrate(hr),rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TSS) and rectal (T re ) and skin temperature (T sk ) were recordedthroughouttheexerciseandrestperiod. Results: A significant increase from pre>exercise to post 60 min exercise (p% < 0.01) was observed for vigilance and dual>task FALSE scores, and for reaction time in both conditions. However, no significant differencewasobservedbetweentyrandplaconditionsinanyofthecognitivetestsmeasured(p%>0.05). Furthermore,nosignificantdifferencewasobservedintime>trialcompletiontime(F 1,14 =547.9,p%=0.74) betweentyr[19.78(3.44)min]andpla[20.29(3.55)min].nosignificantdifferenceswereobservedinany ofthephysiological(hr),perceptual(rpe,tss)ortemperaturemeasuresbetweenconditions(p%>0.05). Discussion: During TYR and PLA conditions, vigilance, dual task and reaction time cognitive processes declined pre to post exercise. This is surprising since increasing the provision of TYR (a catecholamine precursor), through oral ingestion is suggested to maintain catecholamine synthesis and thus alleviate stress>relateddecrementsinperformance;asshownelsewhereduringsoccerspecificexercise[2]. Conclusion: Ingestion of 150 mg.kg TYR did not influence cognitive function or any outcome variable associated with steady state exercise or time>trial performance after load carriage (25 kg) in a hot environment(40 C). References: [1]Tumilty,L.,Davison,G.,Beckmann,M.&Thatcher,R.(2011).Oraltyrosinesupplementationimprovesexercisecapacityintheheat.EurJApplPhysiol,111: 2941>2950.doi: /s00421>011>1921>4. [2]Coull,N.A.,Watkins,S.L.,Aldous,J.W.,Warren,L.K.,Chrismas,B.C.,Dascombe,B.,Mauger,A.R.,Abt,G.&Taylor,L.(2015).Effectoftyrosineingestionon cognitiveandphysicalperformanceutilisinganintermittentsoccerperformancetest(ispt)inawarmenvironment.eurjapplphysiol,2:373>386. doi: /s00421>014>3022>7. 168

169 Does%Hyperthermia%Increase%Skeletal%Muscle%Damage%from%Eccentric%Exercise?%% % John%W.%Castellani*,%Edward%J.%Zambraski,%Michael%N.%Sawka,%and%Maria%L.%Urso% UnitedStatesArmyResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalMedicine,Natick,MA,USA.*Corresponding Author:john.w.castellani.civ@mail.mil Introduction:Rhabdomyolysisisoftenassociatedwithnovelphysicalexerciseandexertionalheatillness inwarmtemperatures.itispossiblethataccentuatedhyperthermiamightpartiallyberesponsiblefor theseobservations,butdirectevidenceislacking.previousresearchhasnotmanipulatedskeletalmuscle temperatureandevaluateditsimpactonmuscledamageinducedbyastandardizedeccentricexercise (ECCEX)challenge.Itwashypothesizedthatlocalmuscleheating(HEAT)appliedjustbeforeECCEXwill causegreaterskeletalmusclefunctionallossanddamagecomparedtoeccexperformedwithoutmuscle heating(con). Methods:Eightvolunteers(age,22.5±4.1yr;height,169.5±10.8cm;bodymass,76.2±12.6kg),serving astheirowncontrol,completedtwoelbowflexoreccextrials;inonetrialthebicepswereheated>40 C andintheothertrialtherewasnoheating(muscletemperature~36 C).EachECCEXtrialconsistedoftwo boutsof24maximaleccentriccontractionsoftheelbowflexormusclesinonearm.heatwasappliedwith shortwavediathermy(100w)for15minutesimmediatelybeforethefirsteccexboutandfor2minutesin betweeneachbout.individualswerefollowedfor10daysaftereacheccexsession.therewasa6>week washoutperiodandthevolunteerthencompletedthe2 nd ECCEXtrialintheotherarm.Functionaldata (maximalvoluntaryisometriccontraction(mvc),soreness,bicepcircumference,rangeofmotion(rom) arepresentedasmean±sdatthe48>hpost>eccexperiodandbloodindicesofmuscledamageand adaptation(creatinekinase(ck),myoglobin,heatshockproteins(hsp),interleukins)at72>h. Results:TheMVCdecreasedby41±17%and46±20%intheCONandHEATtrials,respectively,48hpost> exercise.soreness(100>pointvisualscale)increased41±26and43±29pointsintheconandheattrials, respectively.bicepcircumferenceincreasedby4%inbothtrials,andtherelaxedromintheelbowflexor decreasedby30%intheconandheattrials.serumckpeaked72>hfollowingeccex(con:6289± 10407;HEAT:5486±6229IU/L,increaseof3,700%)asdidserummyoglobin(CON:362±483;HEAT:355± 373ug/L,increaseof1,200%).NostatisticallysignificantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenCONand HEATforanyfunctionalormuscledamagemarkermeasurement.Furthermore,therewerenodifferences betweentreatmentsforhsp27and70,aswellasinterleukins1band10. Conclusion:Theresultssuggestthatelevatingskeletalmuscletemperaturebeforeeccentricexercise doesnotalterfunctional,subjective,andbloodindicesofmuscledamage.inaddition,theelevatedmuscle temperaturedidnotalterthehspandinterleukinresponsefollowingeccentriccontractions.thesedata suggestthatacuteheatexposuredoesnotincreasetheriskofheat>relatedrhabdomyolysis. % 169

170 Sleep%quantity%and%quality%during%heat5based&training&and&the&effects&of&cold5water immersion(recovery.% Geoffrey%M%Minet% 1,2 *,%%Rachel%Gale 3,%Georgia%Wingfield 3,%Frank%E%Marino 3,%Tracy%L% Washington 2,4 %,%Melissa%Skein 3 % 1 SchoolofExerciseandNutritionSciences,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,Australia. 2 InstituteofHealthandBiomedicalInnovation,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,Australia. 3 SchoolofHumanMovementStudies,CharlesSturtUniversity,Bathurst,Australia. 4 CivilEngineeringand BuiltEnvironmentSchool,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,Australia.*Corresponding author:geoffrey.minett@qut.edu.au Introduction:Heat>basedtraining(HT)isbecomingincreasinglypopularasameansofinducing acclimationbeforeathleticcompetitioninhotconditionsand/ortoaugmentthetrainingimpulsebeyond thatachievedinthermo>neutralconditions.importantly,currentunderstandingoftheeffectsofhton regenerativeprocessessuchassleepandtheinteractionswithcommonrecoveryinterventionsremain unknown.thisstudyaimedtoexaminesleepcharacteristicsduringfiveconsecutivedaysoftraininginthe heatwiththeinclusionofcold>waterimmersion(cwi)comparedtobaselinesleeppatterns. Methods:Thirtyrecreationally>trainedmalescompletedHTin32±1 Cand60%rhforfiveconsecutive days.conditionsincluded:1)90mincyclingat40%poweratvo 2max (P max )(90CONT;n=10);90mincycling at40%p max witha20mincwi(14±1 C;90CWI;n=10);and30mincyclingalternatingbetween40and 70%P max every3min,withnorecoveryintervention(30hit;n=10).sleepqualityandquantitywas assessedduringhtandfournightsof baseline sleep(base).actigraphyprovidedmeasuresoftimeinand outofbed,sleeplatency,efficiency,totaltimeinbedandtotaltimeasleep,wakeaftersleeponset, numberofawakenings,andwakeningduration.subjectiveratingsofsleepwerealsorecordedusinga1>5 Likertscale.Repeatedmeasuresanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)wascompletedtodetermineeffectoftime andconditiononsleepqualityandquantity.cohen sdeffectsizeswerealsoappliedtodetermine magnitudeandtrendsinthedata. Results:Sleeplatency,efficiency,totaltimeinbedandnumberofawakeningswerenotsignificantly differentbetweenbaseandht(p>0.05).however,totaltimeasleepwassignificantlyreduced(p=0.01; d=1.46)andthedurationperiodsofwakefulnessaftersleeponsetwassignificantlygreaterduringht comparedwithbase(p=0.001;d=1.14).comparisonbetweentraininggroupsshowedlatencywas significantlyhigherforthe30hitgroupcomparedto90cont(p=0.02;d=1.33).nevertheless,therewere nodifferencesbetweentraininggroupsforsleepefficiency,totaltimeinbedorasleep,wakeaftersleep onset,numberofawakeningsorawakeduration(p>0.05).further,cold>waterimmersionrecoveryhadno significanteffectonsleepcharacteristics(p>0.05). Discussion:Sleepplaysanimportantroleinathleticrecoveryandhaspreviouslybeendemonstratedto beinfluencedbybothexercisetrainingandthermalstrain.presentdatahighlighttheeffectofhton reducedsleepquality,specificallyreducingtotaltimeasleepduetolongerdurationawakeduring awakeningsaftersleeponset.importantly,althoughcoldwaterrecoveryacceleratestheremovalof thermalload,thisinterventiondidnotbluntthenegativeeffectsofhtonsleepcharacteristics. Conclusion:Traininginhotconditionsmayreducebothsleepquantityandqualityandshouldbetaken intoconsiderationwhenadministeringthistraininginterventioninthefield. 170

171 Physical)parameters)of)fabrics)which)contribute)in)wetness)sensation)throughout)a)high5 intensity'exercise'in'a'warm'environment.% Florence%Agapé% ThermalcomfortLaboratory,DepartmentofResearchandDevelopment,DECATHLON,France. Introduction:Watertransmissibilityanddiffusionrateofwaterofafabricaremainparametersthatare oftenusedtobethemosteffectivetodescribethecapacityofafabrictomanagemoistureinorderto limitwetnesssensation.butaretheythemostrelevantparameterstopredictwetnesssensation throughouttheexercise?thepurposeofthisstudywastoassessthephysicalpropertiesoffabricsand physiologicalresponsesthatpredictwetnesssensationthroughoutahigh>intensityexerciseinawarm environment. Methods:Twentyonehealthymenperformeda40minutesrunonatreadmillat12km.h >1 inawarm environment(25 Cand50%rh).Tenshort>sleevedt>shirtswithdifferentcharacteristics(thickness, weight,airpermeabilityandmoisturemanagement)weretested.skintemperaturewasmonitoredon sevensitesofthesubjects(chest,lowertorso,thigh,calf,upperarm,upperback,lowerback)usingi> buttonthermochrons(dallassemi>conductor).whole>bodysweatlossandremainingamountofwaterin theshirtsweremeasuredwithanelectronicscale.subjectswereaskedtoratetheirwetnesssensation usinga9pointsscale(from0 dry to8 extremelywet )andtodeterminewhetherthesesensationswere acceptableornoteveryfiveminutes. Results:Wetnesssensationincreasedwithtime(R²=0.98)andstartstobeunacceptablebyparticipantat 15minutes(96%ofacceptability).It satthistimethatcorrelationbetweenwetnesssensationand propertiesoffabricbecomestronger,particularly,at20minutes,wetnesssensationhadthestrongest correlationwithpropertiesoffabric.indeed,wetnesssensationwascorrelated,significantly,with thickness(mm,r²=0.85),waterretention(g.m > ²,R²=0.70),dryingtime(min,R²=0.70)anddiffusionrateof water(mm/s,r²=0.57).at40minutes,wetnesssensationwasstillcorrelatedwiththicknessanddrying time. Conclusion:Throughoutahigh>intensityexerciseinawarmenvironment,thickness,retentionanddrying time are the parameters having the strongest correlation with wetness sensation. They are the only parameters which remain correlated to wetness sensation throughout the activity. These correlations becomestrongerbetween15and20minutesoftheexercise,thenweakentowardtheend.asretention anddryingtimearestronglycorrelatedtothickness(r²=0.90),wecansaythattheparameterwhichis mainlycorrelatedtowetnesssensationisthickness. Discussion:Thisstudyshowsthattheparametersusuallydescribedtoassessthemoisturemanagement capacityoftextileandpredictingwetnesssensation,arenottheparameterthemostefficienttopredict wetnesssensation.indeed,whensteadystateisreached,watertransmissibilitycannolongerhavean impactonwatertransfer.it sparametersboundtotheexchangeareaofthetextilesuchasthediffusion rateofwaterthenthoseboundtotheretentionandthedryingperformanceofthetextile. % % % 171

172 Effect%of%rising%body%temperature%on%respiratory%chemosensitivity%to%CO 2 % Keiji%Hayashi 1 *,%Takeshi%Ogawa 2,%Koji%Sugiyama 3 % 1 JuniorCollege,UniversityofShizuoka,Shizuoka,JAPAN. 2 OsakaKyoikuUniversity,Osaka,JAPAN. 3 FacultyofEducation,ShizuokaUniversity,Shizuoka,JAPAN.*Correspondingauthor:khayashi@u> shizuoka>ken.ac.jp Introduction:Ariseinbodytemperature(T b )isknowntocauseminuteventilation(ve)toincrease. However,themechanismoftheventilatoryresponsetorisingT b isstillunclear.inthecontextofthe relationshipbetweenveandt b,itisknownthatrespiratorychemosensitivityisinfluencedbyt b,andthata riseint b ofmorethan0.7 Cenhancesrespiratorychemosensitivity[1].Itisnotknown,however,whether increasesint b lessthan0.7 Calsoinfluencerespiratorychemosensitivity.Theaimofthisstudywasto clarifytheeffectofmildhyperthermia(0.3 Cand0.7 C)onrespiratorychemosensitivity. Methods:Eightpersons(fivemalesandthreefemales,mean(SD)age25(10)years,height171.5(8.9) cm,weight66.9(8.7)kg)participatedinthestudy.allwerelowlandersandhadnotbeenexposedto altitudeabove1,000mwithinthe6monthspriorthestudy.wemeasuredsublingualtemperature(t sl )as anindexoft b,andmeasuredrespiratorychemosensitivitytoco 2 usingarebreathingmethod[2].the subjectsworeamaskconnectedtoaclosedone>waycircuitwitharubberbagcontainingthetestgas(7% CO 2,43%O 2,50%N 2 ).RebreathingwasterminatedwhentheinspiredCO 2 fractionreached9.2%.this testwasperformedbeforeheating(δt sl =0 C)andduringheating(ΔT sl =0.3 Cand0.7 C).Measurements weremadetwicewitha15>minintervalbetweentestsatδt sl =0 C,0.3 Cand0.7 C.Duringthe experimentsubjectsworeawater>perfusedsuit.theinitialwatertemperaturewas35 Candwas increasedto45 C. Results:Beforeheatingmean(SD)T sl was36.15(0.22) C(ΔT sl =0 C)androseto36.47(0.21) CatΔT sl = 0.3 Candthento36.87(0.21) CatΔT sl =0.7 Cduringheating.WhilesubjectsbreathedtheCO 2 >rich mixture,vewas1.49(0.68)l.min >1.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0 C),1.52(0.75)L.min >1.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0.3 C)and1.75± 0.98L.min >1.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0.7 C).Thetidalvolumewas44.7(12.4)mL.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0 C),55.4(24.9) ml.mmhg >1 (ΔT sl =0.3 C)and61.9(19.5)mL.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0.7 C)(P<0.06).Therespiratoryfrequency was0.47(0.38)breaths.min >1.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0 C),0.40(0.42)breaths.min >1.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0.3 C)and0.37 (0.41)breaths.min >1.mmHg >1 (ΔT sl =0.7 C). Discussion:TheseresultssuggestthatincreasesinT sl lessthan0.7 Cdonotinfluencerespiratory chemosensitivitytoco 2,thoughtherespiratorypatterndidtendtochange.Theventilatoryresponseto risingt b hasathresholdaround38 C(esophagealtemperature)intherestingstate[3].Moreover,we suggestthatincreasingtheinspiredco 2 fractiondidnotreducethatthresholdtothetemperatures reachedinthepresentstudy(t sl around37 C). Conclusion:Ourfindingssuggestthatrespiratorychemosensitivityisnotaffectedbymildhyperthermia (~0.7 Criseinbodytemperature).ItispossiblethatthereisaT b thresholdforchangesinrespiratory chemosensitivitythatisgreaterthanaround37 C. References: [1]NatalinoMR,ZwillichCW,WeilJV.Effectsofhyperthermiaonhypoxicventilatoryresponseinnormalman.JLabClinMed1977,89:564>572. [2]ReadDJA.Clinicalmethodforassessingtheventilatoryresponsetocarbondioxide.AustralasAnnMed1967,16: [3]FujiiN,HondaY,HayashiK,SoyaH,KondoN,NishiyasuT.Comparisonofhyperthermichyperpneaelicitedduringrestandsubmaximal,moderate>intensity exercise.japplphysiol2008,104:998>

173 Hyperthermiaexaggerates(exercise5induced'aggregation'of'blood'platelets% JungMHyun%Kim*,%Tianzhou%Wu,%Raymond%Roberge,%Aitor%Coca% NationalPersonalProtectiveTechnologyLaboratory,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth, Introduction:Acuteexposuretoexertionalexercise/heavyphysicalworkoftentriggerscardiovascular eventsinwhichexercise>inducedplateletaggregation,bloodcoagulation,anddisruptioninfibrinolysismay adverselyaffectatherothromboticdisease.elevatedbodytemperature,commonlyaccompaniedwith prolongedexercise,wassuggestedasanauxiliaryfactorforexercise>inducedplateletaggregation[1]. Recentstudiesalsoshowedplatelethyperaggregationfollowingfirefightingactivitiescombiningheavy physicalworkandheatstress[2],[3].however,theinfluenceofhyperthermiaseparatedfromphysical exerciseimpactonplateletaggregationisunclear. Methods:Twelvehealthymen;age22.8(1.3)yearsandVO 2max 56.8(6.2)ml.kg >1.min >1,underwentthree experimentaltrials:exercisehyperthermia(exht),passivehyperthermia(paht),andcontrolexercise (CONT).Subjectsperformedatreadmillexerciseat60%VO 2max intheheat(35 C,50%RH)untiltheir rectaltemperature(t re )increased1.5 Cabovetherestingbaseline(ExHT)orperformedacontrolexercise atthesameintensityanddurationaccordingtoexhtinacoolercondition(23 C,50%RH)(CONT).In PaHT,subjectswerepassivelyheatedusingawatergarment(45 C)intheheat(45 C,50%RH)untilT re increased1.5 Cabovebaseline.Plateletaggregationwasassessedfromantecubitalvenousblood collectedduringbaseline(base),end>trial(end),andagainfollowing1hourofpassiverecovery(rec)(23 C,50%RH),usingaplateletfunctionanalyserprovidingaclosuretime(CT:second)throughanin>vitro simulationofplateletadhesion,activation,andaggregation.decreasedctisanindicativeofincreased plateletaggregation.dependentvariableswereanalysedusingatwo>wayrepeatedmeasuresanova. Results:Underthestudyconditions,T re (F=13.2,p<0.001)andskintemperature(F=97.3,p<0.001) increasedsignificantlyinexhtandpahtcomparedtocont,whereasheartratewassignificantlyhigherin ExHTandCONTcomparedtoPaHT(F=40.0,p<0.001).CTinexposuretoCollagen/ADPshowedadecreasing trendovertimeinexhtandpahtandsignificantlydifferedfromcontatrec(f=7.6,p=0.008).ctin exposuretocollagen/epinephrineshowedasimilarresponsetocollagen/adp,butdidnotsignificantly differamongconditions(f=3.5,p=0.075),thoughctinexhtsignificantlydecreasedatendcomparedtoct incont(p=0.046). Discussion:Moderateexerciseintheheat(ExHT)significantlyelevatedplateletaggregationasindicated bydecreasedctwhereasctwasnotalteredinnon>hyperthermiaexercisecondition(cont).pahtshowed anoveralldecreasingtrendofcttowardendandrec,butitsimpactonplateletaggregationwasnot significantinresponsetoc/epiinthisstudy. Conclusion:Itwasconcludedthathyperthermiaexaggeratesexercise>inducedplateletaggregationasan auxiliaryfactor,buttheeffectofhyperthermiaaloneonplateletaggregationinyoung,healthysubjectsis minimal.furtherresearchiswarrantedtoinvestigateaphysiologicalmechanismresponsiblefor hyperthermiainduced>platelethyperreactivity. References: [1]El>Sayed,MS.Ali,N.El>SayedAli,Z.Aggregationandactivationofbloodplateletsinexerciseandtraining.SportsMed2005,35(1):11>22. [2]Smith,DLetal.Effectoflive>firetrainingdrillsonfirefighters plateletnumberandfunction.prehospemergcare2011,15(2):233>9. [3]Hostler,Detal.Arandomizedcontrolledtrialofaspirinandexertionalheatstressactivationofplateletsinfirefightersduringexertioninthermalprotective clothing.prehospemergcare2014,18(3):359>67. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions of this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute for OccupationalSafetyandHealth. 173

174 Postural)influences)on)sweating:)exploring)the)effects)of)gravity)and)pressure.% Norikazu%Ohnishi,%Sean%R.%Notley,%Joonhee%Park,%Kyoko%Tagami,%Catriona%A.%Burdon,% Elizabeth%A.%Taylor,%Nigel%A.S.%Taylor*% CentreforHumanandAppliedPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofWollongong,Wollongong, Introduction:Thedistributionofthermalsweatingisneitheruniformnordoesitcommence simultaneouslyatallsites.onereasonforthisvariabilitymaybeassociatedwithgravitationalinfluences. Thatis,localisedandposture>dependentcompressionoftissuescontainingpressure>sensitivereceptorsis believedtoinhibitsweatingfromthecompressedandipsilateralsites,whilstenhancingsecretionfrom contralateralsurfaces[1].toevaluatethepossibilitythatlocalsweatratesmightbeinfluencedbygravity, itisnecessarytotestsubjectswithandwithoutgravitationalloading.thiscanbeachievedbyusingwater immersiontosimulatezerogravity,andthisexperimentalmodelwasusedforthispilotinvestigation. Methods:Eightmales(blindfolded)werefirstexposedtoasupine,restingairexposure(control:28 o C, 60%relativehumidity)wearingaslowlyheated,water>perfusionsuit(40 o,45 o,50 o C),andthentoa supinewaterimmersion(38 o C).Localsweatratesweremeasuredusingventilatedcapsules(3.16cm 2 ; capacitancehygrometry)positionedattwoventralsurfaces(forehead,lowerchest)andonthedorsal surfacesofthepronatedhandandfoot.sweatingwastrackeduntilsteadystateswereapproximated acrossallsites. Results:Duetothenatureofthesethermalstimuli,similar,butnotidentical,auditorycanaltemperatures wereevoked,withimmersionproducingsignificantlygreaterthermalloading:36.6 o versus36.9 o C.To adjustforthisthermalbias,datawereanalysedatsimilarauditorycanaltemperatures(36.6 o [control]and 36.7 o C,respectively),althoughmatchingwasimperfect,resultinginsweatingbeingevaluatedonlyduring transientsteadystates.whengravitationalcompressionofthedorsalbodysurfaceswasminimised,72% ofthewithin>subjectandwithin>sitecomparisonsrevealedlower,temperature>dependentsweatrates, eventhoughthematchedcoretemperatureswerehigherduringimmersion.thiswasevidentatthe forehead,chestandhandinsixofeightsubjects.thus,whenexpressedassudomotorratiosforeach individual(control/immersion)andthenaveragedacrosssubjects,sweatingfromthenon>compressed surfaceswas>2.5>fold(forehead),>9.4>fold(chest),>6.0>fold(hand)and>6.4>fold(foot)higherduringthe controltrial.however,theabsolutesweatratedifferenceswerenotsignificant(p>0.05). Discussion:Whilsttheseobservationswerequalitativelyconsistentwithaneural,hemihidroticeffect[1], itispossiblethisexperimentwasunderpowered,andlackedsufficientcontrolforitsmorecomplete expression.furthermore,sinceweusedpartialimmersionandnottotalsubmersion,thensomegravity> inducedcompressionremained.therefore,whilstitistemptingtospeculatethattheseobservationswere duetotheinfluenceofabuoyancy>associatedreductioninskinpressure,whichattenuatedhemihidrosis,it isprobablethatmultiplemechanismsareinvolvedinthemodulationofsweatingactivityduringpostural andgravitationalvariations. Reference: [1]Takagi,K.,andSakurai,T.(1950).Asweatreflexduetopressureonthebodysurface.JapaneseJournalofPhysiology.1:22>

175 Influence(of(passive(hyperthermia(and(diurnal(variation(on(exercise(performance(and( cognitive)function)in)the)heat% Hidenori%Otani 1 *,%Mitsuharu%Kaya 2,%Akira%Tamaki 2,%Heita%Goto 3,%Junzo%Tsujita 4 % 1HimejiDokkyoUniversity,Himeji,JAPAN;2HyogoUniversityofHealth,Kobe,JAPAN;3KyushuKyoritsu University,Kitakyushu,JAPAN;4HyogoCollegeofMedicine,Nishinomiya,JAPAN.*Correspondingauthor: hotani@himeji>du.ac.jp Introduction:Bothaerobicandanaerobicexerciseperformanceshaveadiurnalvariation.Ascommonly reportedinpreviousstudies,circadianrhythminexerciseperformanceislowinthemorningandpeaksin theevening.ithasbeendemonstratedthathyperthermiabeforeexerciseattenuatessubsequentexercise performanceintheheat.however,combinedeffectsofpassivehyperthermiaandthetime>of>dayonboth aerobicandanaerobicexercisecapacityandcognitivefunctionintheheathavenotbeenevaluated. Therefore,theaimofthisstudywastoexaminetheeffectsofpassivehyperthermiaandcircadianrhythm onaerobicandanaerobicexerciseperformancesandcognitivefunctionafterexerciseintheheat. Methods:Eightmalevolunteerscompletedfourtrialswhichinvolvedanaerobicandaerobiccycling performancetestsinaclimaticchamber(30 C,50%rh)attwodifferenttimes>of>day:08:00(morning)and 17:00(evening)h.Theanaerobicperformancetestconsistedofa10secmaximalsprintat5kpto determinethemaximalanaerobicpower.theaerobicperformancetestconsistedofcyclingat60% maximumoxygenuptakeuntilexhaustiontodetermineexercisetimetoexhaustion.participantscycled aftera30minseatedrestinthemorning(ar)andevening(pr),anda30minwaterimmersionat40 Cto theupperchestinthemorning(ah)andevening(ph)toinducehyperthermiaatcoretemperatureof about38 C.Experimentaltrialswerecompletedinarandomisedorder.Rectaltemperature(Tre),skin temperature(chest,upperarm,thighandcalf),heartrate,skinbloodflowandbloodpressurewere recorded.thecognitivefunctiontestafterexhaustioninvolvedthecompletionoftwocomputer>based testswhichincludedthestroopandsternburgtests.dataarepresentedasmean(sd).datacollectedonce atrialwereanalysedusingaone>wayrepeatedmeasuresanova.datacollectedovertimewereanalysed usingatwo>way(trial>by>time)repeatedmeasuresanova.pair>wisedifferencesbetweenthetrialswere evaluatedusingone>wayanovaswithabonferroniadjustmentappliedformultiplecomparisons. Results:TreatthestartofexercisewashigherinAHandPHthaninARandPR(AR36.8[0.4] C;AH 37.9[0.2] C;PR37.3[0.3] C;PH38.0[0.2] C;p<0.0001).Maximalanaerobicpowerwasnotdifferent betweenthetrials(ar11.5[1.7]w.kg >1 ;AH12.5[1.9]W.kg >1 ;PR11.7[1.4]W.kg >1 ;PH12.0[1.9]W.kg >1 ;p= 0.24).ExercisetimetoexhaustionwasreducedinAH(15[8]min)andPH(24[9]min)comparedtoAR (39[16]min;p<0.05),andinAHcomparedtoPR(43[24]min;p<0.05).Atthepointofexhaustion,Tre, meanskintemperature,heartrateandcutaneousvascularconductancewerenotdifferentbetweenthe trials.bothcognitivefunctiontestswerenotdifferentbetweenthetrials.however,inthesternbergtest, responsetimeinthethreeletterstestwaslongeranderrorsinthefiveletterstestwaslargerduringthe hyperthermiatrials(ahandph)thanintheseatedresttrials(arandpr)(p<0.05). Discussion:Inthisstudy,passivehyperthermiabeforeexercisesignificantlyattenuatedaerobicexercise capacityonlyinthemorning.thisresultmayindicatethathighcoretemperatureatthestartofexercise haveadeteriorateeffectonaerobicexerciseperformanceintheheatinthemorning.inaddition,passive hyperthermiabeforeexercisesignificantlyimpairedtheresultsofthesternbergtest,implyingthat hyperthermiaattenuatescognitivefunction. Conclusion:Thisstudydemonstratesthatpassivehyperthermiabeforeexerciseelicitssignificant reductionsinaerobicexerciseperformanceintheheatinthemorning,butnotintheevening. Hyperthermiaandcircadianrhythm,however,donotinfluenceanaerobicexerciseperformanceinthe heat.moreover,hyperthermiaimpairscognitivefunction,anddiurnalvariationdoesnotcausesucheffect.% 175

176 Numerical*evaluation*of*a*radiant*panel*system*for*heating*a*high5ceiling'room% % António%M.%Raimundo 1,%A.%Virgílio%M.%Oliveira 2 *,%Adélio%R.%Gaspar 1,%Divo%A.%Quintela 1 % 1 ADAI>LAETA,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofCoimbra,Coimbra,Portugal. 2 CoimbraInstituteofEngineering,PolytechnicInstituteofCoimbra,DepartmentofMechanical Engineering,Coimbra,Portugal;*Correspondingauthor:avfmo@isec.pt Introduction:Itiscommontoassessthelevelofwastedenergyduetotheinappropriateselectionof HVACsystems(Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning)thatareregularlyusedtocontroltemperaturein man>madeenvironments.thepresentworkinvestigatestheuseofradiantpanelsasalternativemethod forcontrollingthethermalenvironmentandaimstocontributetothecharacterizationoftheperformance ofthesedevices.itisatechnologythathasalreadyprovenitseffectivenessintermsofcooling,however, stilllittleexploredforheating,particularlyinspaceswithhighceilings. Methods:Anumericalmethodologywasusedforevaluatingtheconvectiveandradiativeheatexchanges betweenthehumanbodyandtheenvironmentandsurroundingsurfaces.3d>cfdsoftwarewasused (ComputationalFluidDynamics),enhancedwitharadiationmodule,bothdevelopedbytheauthors.The radiationmoduleaccountsfortheradiativeheattransferbetweentheactivesurfaces,includingthose relatedtotheoccupants.thismodulecomprisestwocalculatingstages:apre>processorandaninnerblock inthecfdcode.thepre>processorcalculatestheheatexchangeofactivelyradiatingareasofeach participatingsurfaceandthegebhartabsorptionfactors,wheretheshadingeffectsweretakeninto accountandforeachiterationofthecfdcode,theinnerblockcheckstheradiativeheatexchanges betweenallthesurfaces. Results:Foraselectedroomwithahigh>ceiling( m),undercoldclimaticconditions,the CFDsoftwarewasusedtoobtaintheflowstructure,temperaturefield,thethermalcomfortinthehuman occupiedzoneandtheenergyconsumptionbythehvacsystem.threedifferentroom>conditioning strategieswereanalysed:(i)withoutaheatingsystem(toserveasreference);(ii)radiatingheatingpanels occupying30%oftheceilingarea;and(iii)atraditionalsystembasedonthesupplyofheatedair. Discussion:Forthesituationwithoutaheatingsystem,theglobalhumanbodysensibleheatlosseswere W,67.31Wbyconvectionand85.54Wbyradiation,forwhichPMV%=>1.01(ISO7730,2005)[1], correspondingtoasubjectivefeelingofmoderatecold.withtheradiatingpanelsat90 C,theglobal humanbodysensibleheatlosseswere93.92w,71.14wbyconvectionand22.78wbyradiation,for whichpmv%=>0.04,correspondingtoafeelingofthermalcomfort.underthisconditionthepanels energy streamisabout45.5wperm 2 ofroomfloor.toachieveasimilarpmvvaluewiththetraditionalsystem basedonthesupplyofheatedairabout6timesthisamountofenergyisneeded.inaddition,theair velocitypromotedbyastandardhvacsystemisveryhigh,promotinglocalthermaldiscomfortbydraught. Conclusion:Theresultsdemonstratethesuitabilityofsystemsbasedonradiantpanelsforheatingspaces withhighceilingsbecausetheypromoteasignificantdecreaseoftheradiationlossesbythehumanbody, whichispositiveintermsofthermalcomfort.whencomparedwithatraditionalheatingsystembasedon fancoilunits,theradiatingpanelssystemismoreeffectiveintermsofthermalcomfortandenergy efficiency. Reference: [1]ISO7730,2005.Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment>AnalyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofthermalcomfortusingcalculationofthePMVand PPDindicesandlocalthermalcomfortcriteria,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,Genève. % % % 176

177 The$effect$of$increased$ambient$temperature$on$thermoregulatory$responses$in$spinal$ cord%injured%people%% Tamae%Yoda 1,2 *,%Katy%E.%Griggs 2,%Christof%A.%Leicht 2,%Victoria%L.%GooseyMTolfrey 2 %% 1 DepartmentofInternationalLiberalArts,DokkyoUniversity,Soka,Japan, 2 PeterHarrisonCentrefor DisabilitySport,LoughboroughUniversity,Loughborough,UK.*Correspondingauthor: yoda72@dokkyo.ac.jp Introduction:Individualswithaspinalcordinjury(SCI)haveimpairedautonomicthermoregulation, causingalossofvasomotorcontrolandsweatingbelowtheleveloflesionduetothedisruptionofthe sympatheticnervoussystem.theirchangeinbodycoretemperaturecanthereforebemorepronounced thaninable>bodiedindividualswhentheyfacethermalchallenges,suchasexperiencedintheheat,coldor duringexercise.consequently,forindividualswithasciitisimportanttobeabletocontrolbody temperaturewithbehaviouralthermoregulationwhichisinfluencedbythermalcomfortandsensation. Theaimofthepresentstudywastoevaluatetheeffectofincreasedambienttemperatureon thermoregulatoryresponsesandperceptualresponsesofthermalsensationandcomfortinindividuals withasci. Methods:EightparticipantswithaSCI(4tetraplegiaand4paraplegia)and8able>bodied(AB) participantsvolunteeredforthisstudy.participantsrestedinachairinanenvironmentalchamberforthe durationoftheexperiment.ambienttemperatureinthechamberwaskeptat27.5 Cfor20minutesand wasthengraduallyincreasedto40 Cduring50minutes,increasingby2.5 Cevery10minutes. Gastrointestinaltemperaturewasmeasuredbyatelemetrypill(T gi ).Skintemperatureattensitesandskin bloodflow(skbf)weremeasuredthroughouttheexperiment.thermalsensationandthermalcomfort werereportedbyparticipantsevery5minutesusingvisualanaloguescales. Results:T gi baselinevaluesweresimilarbetweensciandab(mean(sd)37.0(0.5) Cand37.1(0.2) Cfor SCIandAB,respectively,p>0.05).Attheendoftheexperiment,therewasnochangeinT gi frombaseline ineithergroup(37.2(0.3) Cand37.1(0.3) CforSCIandAB,respectively,p>0.05).Theforehead temperatureinbothgroupswaselevatedsimilarlyastheambienttemperatureincreased(p>0.05).thigh andcalftemperatureswerelowerinscithaninabthroughouttheexperiment(p<0.05).meanskin temperatureatbaselinewaslowerinscithaninab(32.9(0.4) Cvs33.7(0.5) C,p<0.05).Meanskin temperatureremainedlowerinscithanabasambienttemperatureincreased(p<0.05).changeinskbfat theforeheadduringheatexposurewassimilarbetweenthegroups(p>0.05),whilstskbfatthethighwas higherinab(p<0.05).thermalsensationandcomfortweresimilarinbothgroupsfrombaselinetotheend oftheheatexposure(p>0.05).thermalcomfortscoresdecreasedto uncomfortable inbothgroupswith increasingambienttemperature. Discussion:T gi insciremainedunchanged,howeverthemeasuredskintemperaturesitesshowedgreater variationinscithaninab.thismaybeexplainedbythelackofautonomicthermoregulationbelowthe leveloflesion.importantly,sciparticipantscouldsensethechangeofambienttemperatureequallywell asabparticipants.possibly,theremainingsensatearea,thatdependsontheleveloflesion,provides sufficientsensoryfeedbackforthermalsensation.ithasbeenreportedthatthefacehasapreferential thermosensitivitytotemperaturesensation[1],thereforeintactsensationofthefaceinscimayplayan importantroletoinducethermoregulatorybehaviour. Conclusion:ThesedatasuggestthatindividualswithaSCIareabletosensethechangeinambient temperature,whichshouldallowthemtocontrolbodytemperaturebehaviourally.furtherresearchis neededtoexplainhowthelevelofthelesionaffectsthesesensations. Reference: [1]Cotter&Taylor,J.Physiol.565:335>345,2005.% % 177

178 The%cardiovascular%reserve%index%(CVRI)% %a%surrogate%index%in%predicting%heat%tolerance% % Yoram%Epstein*,%Savyon%Mazgaoker,%Danit%Atias,%Ran%Yanovich,%Uri%Gabbay,%Yuval%Heled%% HellerInstituteofMedicalResearch,ShebaMedicalCenter,TelHashomer,Israel.SacklerFacultyof Medicine,TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel.DepartmentofEpidemiology,BeilinsonMedicalCentre, PetahTiqva,Israel.%*Correspondingauthor:Yoram.Epstein@sheba.health.gov.il Introduction:CardiovascularReserveIndex(CVRI)wasdevelopedasadiagnosticmethodforestimating quantitativelycardiovascularperformancereserve[1].ithasbeenalsobeensuggestedinpreviousstudies asapredictorofcardiovascularrelatedmorbidities(e.g.shockorheartfailure).weaimedtoinvestigate thecvriabilitytodistinguishbetweenheattolerant(ht)andheatintolerant(hi)individualsduring exertionalheatstress. Methods:Amodifiedversionoftheindexwasusedinthepresentstudyasfollows: CVRI=100õ(MAP>CVP)õ(HR 2 >BSA) Where:MAP=meanarterialbloodpressure(mmHg),HR=heartrate(bpm),CVP=centralvenouspressure (estimatedas10%ofmap)(mmhg),bsa=bodysurfacearea(m 2 ).Double>blindevaluationofmomentary CVRIof15subjects(5HI,10HT)attimepoints0,60and120minduringastandardheattolerancetest (HTT),whichconsistsofamoderateexciseontreadmill(5kmõh >1,2%slop)inaclimaticchamber(40ºC,40 %rh)hasbeenperformed. Results:ReductioninCVRIduringexertionalheatstress wasobservedincomparisontorestingconditionsina comfortableclimate(fig).asignificantlylowercvriwas foundforthehivis>à>visthehtsubjects(p<0.0004). Discussion:Exercise>heatstresschallengesthe cardiovascularsystem,whichisdepictedbylowercvri values.itfollowsthattheefficiencyofthesubject's thermoregulatorymechanismcanbecharacterizedbythe cardiovascularreserve.thus,cvriallowshtandhi individualstobedistinguished. Conclusion:TheresultssuggestthatCVRI,assessedfrom non>invasivemeasurements,canbeusedasasurrogateindexinhttfordeterminingtolerancetoheat evenatanearlystageofthetest. Reference: [1]GabbayU,andBobrovskyB>Z.Methodandsystemforestimatingmomentarycardiovascularperformancereserve.U.S.PatentNo.20,150,005, % % 178

179 Implementationoftheequivalenttemperaturemeasurementsystemasapartofthe vehicle'heating,'ventilation'and'air5conditioning(unit% Jan%Fišer*,%Aleš%Povalač,%Tomáš%Urbanec,%Jan%Pokorný,%Miloš%Fojtlín%% DepartmentofThermodynamicsandEnvironmentalEngineering,EnergyInstitute,Facultyofmechanical Introduction: Thermal comfort evaluation based on the Comfort zone diagram is relatively new and promising method [1] developed by Håkan O. Nilsson [2]. The method was developed mainly for non uniformindoorenvironments[3]suchasvehiclecabins[4].meanthermalvote(mtv)iscorrelatedwith equivalent temperature, which is typically measured by a thermal manikin with clothing or by a sensor with heated surface. This fact is the advantage of this method because prediction of thermal comfort is based on a measurable physical phenomenon which is called dry heat loss. The essence of this method inspired us to develop a measurement system that will be based on miniaturised and cost effective equivalenttemperaturesensors.suchsensorscouldbeeasilyintegratedintothesurroundingsofseated humanandcouldprovidedataaboutlocalthermalcomfortasfeedbackinformationforhvaccontrolunit. Our project, which started last year, is called Innovative control for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioningsystems,iHVAC. Methods: The functional scheme of the proposed sensing system that measures equivalent temperature and links the data from the sensors to thermal comfort is shown in figure 1. It contains the following parts: the net of T eq sensors, the main hardware units for sensor net controlling and data processing, the data interfaces connected to the HVAC control unit and the data visualization unit. The sensors havetobecalibratedfirsttoobtainacalibration function that describes the relation between a surface temperature of the sensor and the corresponding equivalent temperature. Another reason for the calibration is the fact that the typical control mode of the sensor is constant heat flux thus the surface temperature of the sensor is a result of surrounding environmental parameters and the Teq cannot be calculated withoutcalibrationfunction/curve. 179 Dataprocessingunit SensornetHWunit Teqsensor Teqsensor Teqsensor HVACcontrolUnit Thermalcomfort datavisualization Fig1 Themainpartsofthemeasurementsystembased onequivalenttemperaturesensors Conclusion: The ihvac project is now in a phase of hardware and software demonstrator system development.infollowingtwoyearsaphaseofintegration,calibrationandvalidationwithtestsubjectsis planned.themainaimoftheprojectistodemonstratethattherelativelysimplemeasurementsystemcan supplyrelevant data about local thermal comfort. If the validation is successful then the system will provide useful feedback for the HVAC control unit. We expect more accurate control inputs of the HVAC systemregardingtheindividualpassengerneeds,aswellasresultinginlowerenergydemands. TheresearchissupportedbytheprojectInnovativeControlofHVACasthePartofDriverAssistanceSystem,TA References: [1]Schellen,Letal.BuildingandEnvironment,59(2013),pp.10 20,ISSN0360>1323 [2]Nilsson,HO.models,NationalInstituteforWorkingLife,ISBN91>7045>703>4,Stockholm,(2004),202p. [3]Cheng,Yetal.BuildingandEnvironment,47(2012),pp.13 22,ISSN0360>1323 [4]LiuWetal.BuildingandEnvironment,47(2012),pp.5 12,ISSN0360>1323book1

180 Repeated'determination'of'convective'and'radiative'heat'transfer'coefficients'using'32' zones&thermal&manikin.% Miloš%Fojtlín*,%%Jan%Fišer,%Miroslav%Jícha%% DepartmentofThermodynamicsandEnvironmentalEngineering,EnergyInstitute,Facultyofmechanical Introduction:AverageEuropeancitizensspend80%to90%oftheirworkdaytimeindoors,inbuildings orvehicles[1].owingtothisfact,buildingdesignintermsofthermalcomfort,airquality,andlowenergy demands is important. In addition, many independent studies provide evidence of improper thermal environmentandthenegativeinfluenceofthisonthehumanbody,e.g.[2],[3].however,suchsituations can be tackled, in the future, using modern computational methods. To do so there is a need for anatomically detailed heat transfer coefficients that quantify heat flux from a human body. A lot of research has been done in order to investigate heat transfer coefficients in various body postures, wind speedsandwinddirections,e.g.[4],[5],[6],[7].ontheotherhand,therehasnotbeenanyemphasisgiven to measurement reproducibility. A thermal manikin was involved to determine convective and radiative heattransfercoefficientsinasittingandstandingposturerepeatedly. Methods:Presentedstudyinvolvesthestate>of>the>artthermalmanikin(Newton).Themanikinimitates humanmetabolicheatproduction,measurescombineddryheatfluxfromitssurfaceandalsoitssurface temperature.toseparateconvectiveandradiativeheatfluxportionalowemissivitycoatingwasapplied tothesurfaceofthemanikin.next,themanikinwasplacedintoacalibrationboxthatwasbuiltinsidea climaticchambertoachieveuniformenvironment(t amb =t rad =24 C±0.2 C,w=0.05m.s >1 ).Manikin s constanttemperaturecontrolmodewassetto34 C,asitisareasonableapproximationofarealhuman skintemperatureinneutralthermalconditions.themeasurementtimescheduleconsistedofaperiodof themanikinpreheating(1.5to3h)anddatalogging(1h).eachcasewasrepeatedthreetimes. Results:Resultsoftheresearcharepresentedviaaveragevaluesofconvectiveandradiativeheattransfer coefficientsinacompleteoverviewof32zones.dataofsittingandstandingpositionswith95%confidence errorbarsareavailable.thelowestvaluesofconvectiveheattransfercoefficients(h c )arefoundonthe chest(3.3w.m >2.K >1 ).Thehighesth c wereindicatedonthelimbs(feet6.6w.m >2.K >1 ).Generally,h c valuesof the sitting manikin were slightly higher than those of the standing. Opposite logic applies in the case of radiativeheattransfercoefficients(h r )wherethe(h r )maximumisontheback(5.5w.m >2.K >1 ).Duetothe manikin shair,thelowesth r valuewasdeterminedatthemanikin shead(3w.m >2.K >1 ). Discussion&Conclusion: Theresultsarecomparedwithresultsoftwoindependentauthors[4],[5], [6]. Normally, differences among the authors in the mean coefficient values vary up to 1 W.m >2.K >1 per segment.extremesarefoundonthehead,feet,seat,andback,wheredifferentconditionsandgeometry applyduetothedifferentmanikinsinvolved.thetrendsoftheresultsaremostlycomplying.inaddition, thanks to the confidence bars we are also able to indicate systematic errors in measurements (lower limbs).tosumup,wehaveprovenreproducibilityofthemethodused,yetinalimitedscale. TheresearchwassupportedbytheprojectLO1202NETMECENTREPLUSwiththefinancialsupportfromtheMinistryofEducation,YouthandSportsofthe CzechRepublicunderthe"NationalSustainabilityProgrammeI".TheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethesupportfromtheprojectNo.FSI>S>14>2355oftheBUT. References: [1]OFFICEFOROFFICIALPUBLICATIONSOFTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIES.HowEuropeansspendtheirtime.Luxemburg:EuropeanCommunities, s.isbn92>894>7235>9. [2]CHENAilu,victorW.>C.Chang.HumanhealthandthermalcomfortofOfficeworkersinSingapore.Volume58,December2012,Pages [3]PARSON,K.C.HumanThermalEnvironments.Taylor&Francis,2003. [4]DeDEAR,R.J.,etal.Convectiveandradiativeheattransfercoefficientsforindividualhumanbodysegments.In:IntJBiometeorol40: ,ISB 97 [5]Quintela,D.,etal.,2004.Analysisofsensibleheatexchangesfromathermalmanikin.Eur.J.Appl.Physiol.92,663>668. [6]OliveiraA.V.M,etal,In:JournalofWindEnergyInd.Aerodynamics.132(2014),pp.66>76. [7]KurazumiY,et.al.Radiativeandconvectiveheattransfercoefficientsofthehumanbodyinnaturalconvection.ElsevierLtd.:BuildingandEnvironment43 (2008);2142>

181 The$colder$is$warmer?$A$pre5study&for&wear&trials&of&a&reference&clothing&ensemble&for&EN& 342$and$EN$14058$for$thermal$manikin$calibration% Kalev%Kuklane*,%Muhammad%Salman%Butt,%Amitava%Halder,%Chuansi%Gao% DivisionofErgonomicsandAerosolTechnology,DepartmentofDesignSciences,FacultyofEngineering, Introduction:TwosetsofcalibrationensemblesforthermalmanikinsareavailableatpresentforEN342 (and14058).these2setsarenotfullyenoughas:a)statistically,2pointsgiveanidealregressionlinethat doesnotneedtobecorrectforextendedrange;b)theydocoveraninsulationrangeofonlyen14058and thelowerendofen342 theinsulationrangeofverycoldandextremelycoldexposures(below>5 C), thatisthemainconcernofen342,isnotcovered.theaimsofthepre>testwereto:a)settlethe preliminarytestconditions;b)testtheequipmentinextremecold(downto>40 C);c)suggestametabolic ratefortesting. Methods:EnsembleCofSubzeroproject(coldstoreensemble,SZC,[1])wasselectedfortesting.Three subjectsparticipatedinthepre>testsforweartrials.theywerewalkingonatreadmillat3.5km/h.inpart1 S1waswalkingat20 C(withandwithoutwinterclothes)for30minutes,andat>2and>36 C,aswellas S2at>38 C(withSZC)for90minutes.InPart2S3waswalkingfor20>30minutesat10(withandwithout winterclothes),>10,>20and>34 C(withSZC).Bendingstiffness(Pierce stest)ofthesectionsofclothing outerlayerwasmeasuredasafunctionofambienttemperature(usedinpart2).differentinstrumentsand methodswereusedtoanalysemetabolicheatproductionfromoxygenconsumption(vo 2 ):inpart1 MetamaxIandMetamaxIIandinPart2MetamaxIandDouglasbagmethod.Otherrecordedparameters werebodyweightloss,heartrate,thermal(rangefrom4to>4)andpainsensation(rangefrom0to3). Results:Part1:Participantswereabletowalkinextremecoldfor1.5hours.Toesstartedfeelingcold after45min,painwasreportedataround50>55min,anddiscomfortgrewwithtimetotheendofthe exposure.estimatedmetabolicrate(m)accordingtogivoniandgoldman[2]was140w/m 2.EstimatedM fromiso8996forwalkingwithoutloadonlevelandevensurface(meanof3and4km/h)was153w/m 2. MofS1andS3withoutwinterclotheswasaround160W/m 2,MforthemwithSZCunderwarmandcold conditionsabout180w/m 2,andbelow>30 Cforallabout200W/m 2.BasedonPart2itwasruledoutthat thetreadmillspeedcouldbeaffectedbycoldbycountingbeltrotations.theeffectofcoldonmeasured instrumentvalueswasruledout,too,bycomparingtheresultsofdifferentequipmentthatmeasuredvo 2. Discussion:Themetabolicrateseemedtoincreaseathighersteprate(resultsfrom1subjectonly). Wouldhigherstepratestrengthenclothingstiffnesseffect?Itmaybepossiblethatthegarmentgetsstiffer incoldandthusincreasesmotionresistance.previousresearchsuggeststhatclothingstiffnessmayaffect metabolicrateby10%inadditiontotheprotectiveclothingowneffect(uptoabout20%,[3]). Conclusion:Theextremecoldmayaffecttheinstrumentsandmeasurementaccuracy.However,these canbeavoidedbywarmingthesamplinglines,removingiceifneededorusingthedouglasbags.cadence (step/min)mayaffecttheresults.ifcomparingthesubjectsandthemanikinthenthesubjectsshouldbe requestedtowalkatthesamefrequency(45doublesteps/min).coldaffectsclothingstiffness.most probablytheeffectismaterialdependent.althoughtheplannedstudywasnotperformed,thesepre>study resultsdodefinetestparameters,andwouldprovidepossibilitytoruncomparativetestswithshortnotice. References: [1]AnttonenH.,etal2004.Thermalmanikinmeasurements>exactornot?InternationalJournalofOccupationalSafetyandErgonomics10(3):291>300. [2]GivoniB,GoldmanRF.Predictingmetabolicenergycost.JournalofAppliedPhysiology,1971,30(3):429>433. [3]DormanL,HavenithG.Theeffectsofprotectiveclothingonenergyconsumptionduringdifferentactivities.EuropeanJournalofAppliedPhysiology,2009, 105(3),463>

182 Low$temperatures$and$wind;$challenges,$applicability)and)limitations)from)an)industrial) perspective.% Øystein%Nordrum%Wiggen 1 *,%Arild%Øvrum 2,%Arne%Haugan 2,%Hilde%Færevik 1% 1 SINTEFTechnologyandSociety,DepartmentofHealthResearch,Trondheim,Norway. 2 StatoilASA. *Correspondingauthor:oystein.wiggen@sintef.no Introduction:Theeffectoflowtemperatureandwindonthecoolingofexposedskinhasbeenafieldof interestsincethefirststudybysipleandpasselin1945[1].thisresultedinthewindchillindex(wci), whichexpressedtherateofheatlossofacylinderperunitsurfacemass.thewciremainedunchangedfor manyyears,andisstillregardedasanestablishedandwell>definedframeworkforassessingcoldstress. However,inrecentyears,theWindChillEquivalentTemperature(WCT)hassupplantedtheWCI.WCTisa calculatedairtemperaturebasedondry>bulbtemperatureandwindspeed.inthelastnumberofyears, theseequationshaveundergoneseveralrevisions,inanattempttodevelopatoolthatiseasyto understandanduse,andisscientificallyvalid.theriseinindustrialactivityinthehighnorthhasbrought newchallengesandaneedforbetterwinterisationstandardsininstallationsandvesselsdesignedto operateinextremelycoldclimates.reducingtheneedforwinterisationwithoutcompromisingthehealth andsafetyoftheworkerswillreducebothbuildingcostsandtheweightofoffshoreinstallations.theaim ofthisstudywastocomparethewind>chillrecommendationsiniso11079andnorsoks>002,working Environment. Methods:TheexistingISO11079[2]andNORSOKS>002[3],WorkingEnvironmentwerecompared,anda narrativereviewoftherelevantscientificbackgroundofthedifferentwindchillindicesandequivalent temperatureswereperformed. Results:TheNORSOKS>002,WorkingEnvironmentreferstoISO11079,butpresentsWCIcontrarytoISO 11079thatpresentsWCT.Thecriticalthresholdvaluesarethereforedifferentbetweenthetwostandards. Discussion:TheWCTisfirstandforemostatoolforensuringthehealthandsafetyofpersonnelwho workincoldandwindyenvironments.forthesafeandefficientdesignandoperationofinstallationsin suchenvironments,acommonunderstandingofhowtoapplythewctisessential.inthedesignofboth on>andoffshoreinstallations,theolderwciisstillusedtodefinethethresholdvaluesappliedtocold workingconditions.engineersprefertheuseofwci(w/m >2 )intheircalculations;however,duetothe differencesintheweightingofwindandtemperaturebetweenwciandwct,itisnotpossibletouseboth measures.thewciexaggeratestheeffectofwindcomparedtowct.alowairtemperatureisneededfor theskintofreeze,whileatwo>foldincreaseintemperaturedoublestheheatflowrate,whereasdoubling windspeedonlyincreasestheheatflowrateby50%[4].wciresultsinamoreconservativeapproach beingtakentocoldworkingconditionsandpotentiallytounnecessarilystringentrequirementsfor winterisation. Conclusions:TheWCTchartincurrentuseisemployedasauniformcoldstressstandard,perhapsfora broaderaudiencethanwasinitiallyintended.challengesstillremainregardingtheuseofwctinthewhole processfromdesigntoworkplacemonitoring. References: [1]Siple,P.A.andC.F.PAssel,Measurementofdryatmosphericcoolinginsubfreezingtemperatures.ProcAmPhilSoc, :p.177>199. [2]Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment.Determinationandinterpretationofcoldstresswhenusingrequieredclothinginsulation(IREQ)andlocalcooling effects.,iniso :internationalorganizationforstandardization. [3]WorkingEnvironment,inNORSOKS> [4]Danielsson,U.,Windchillandtheriskoftissuefreezing.JApplPhysiol(1985), (6):p.2666>

183 EnvironmentalErgonomicsXVI Editors:JamesRHouse&MichaelJTipton InternationalSocietyforEnvironmentalErgonomics ISBN (printed) ISBN (online)