Review of American species/country combinations subject to long-standing import suspensions

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1 Review of American species/country combinations subject to long-standing import suspensions (Version edited for public release) SRG 55 Prepared for the European Commission Directorate General Environment ENV.E.2. Environmental Agreements and Trade by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre February, 2011

2 UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) Website: ABOUT UNEP-WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK, is the specialist biodiversity information and assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), run cooperatively with WCMC, a UK charity. The Centre's mission is to evaluate and highlight the many values of biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre of decision-making. Through the analysis and synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides authoritative, strategic and timely information for conventions, countries and organisations to use in the development and implementation of their policies and decisions. PREPARED FOR The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium DISCLAIMER The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Copyright: 2011, European Commission The UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically rigorous procedures and services. These include ecosystem assessments, support for the implementation of environmental agreements, global and regional biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and the development of future scenarios. CITATION UNEP-WCMC Review of American species/country combinations subject to long-standing import suspensions. SRG. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. 2

3 Introduction Table of Contents 1. Introduction Species reviews... 5 SPECIES: Callithrix geoffroyi... 5 SPECIES: Amazona autumnalis SPECIES: Ara chloropterus SPECIES: Ara severus SPECIES: Aratinga acuticaudata SPECIES: Cyanoliseus patagonus SPECIES: Deroptyus accipitrinus SPECIES: Triclaria malachitacea SPECIES: Caiman crocodilus SPECIES: Heloderma suspectum SPECIES: Iguana iguana SPECIES: Boa constrictor SPECIES: Eunectes murinus SPECIES: Podocnemis unifilis SPECIES: Chelonoidis denticulata ANNEX I. Full version of large trade tables ANNEX II. Purpose and Source Codes

4 Introduction 1. Introduction Article 4.6(b) import suspensions for some species/country combinations have been in place for a relatively long time. It was agreed that a review of such import suspensions be undertaken in order to determine whether or not they are still appropriate. Species subject to long-standing import suspensions from Madagascar and Indonesia were reviewed at the 49 th and 50 th meetings of the SRG and recommendations to remove 11 and 24 import suspensions respectively, were agreed. An overview of trade in a further 323 species/country combinations subject to EC import suspensions formed in 2001 or earlier (but not subject to trade suspensions formed through CITES processes) was presented at SRG 51, and the SRG agreed to the removal of 184 of these import suspensions, based on the current or anticipated levels of trade. The remaining 139 species/country combinations were suggested for in-depth review by the SRG, to determine whether the listing in the Suspensions Regulations may still be warranted. An SRG 52 document presented in-depth reviews for the African mammal and bird species/country combinations and an SRG 53 document for the African reptile species/country combinations, for which the SRG agreed to the removal of 28 and 8 import suspensions, respectively, from the EC Suspensions Regulations. In-depth reviews for the remaining Asian species/country combinations, originally produced for SRG 54, will be discussed at SRG 55. This report presents in-depth reviews for the American species/country combinations. 4

5 Callithrix geoffroyi 2. Species reviews REVIEW OF AMERICAN SPECIES/COUNTRY COMBINATIONS SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING IMPORT SUSPENSIONS MAMMALIA CEBIDAE SPECIES: Callithrix geoffroyi SYNONYMS: Callithrix jacchus geoffroyi COMMON NAMES: Witbuikpenseelaap (Dutch), Geoffroy's Tufted-ear Marmoset (English), White-fronted Marmoset (English), Ouistiti de Geoffroy (French), Tití de caba blanca (Spanish), Geoffroys silkesapa (Swedish) RANGE STATES: Brazil RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Brazil IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Brazil first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 26/11/2010. TRADE PATTERNS: As the only confirmed range State of the species, Brazil was the only direct exporter of wild-sourced Callithrix geoffroyi Brazil has never published export quotas for the species. According to exporter-reported figures, nearly all global direct exports of C. geoffroyi from all countries consisted of live individuals, 7 per cent of which were wild-sourced, the remainder being captive-bred or captive-born (totalling 65 live, source C and F individuals, of which 22 were imported by the EU-27). All trade from Brazil to the EU was in live, captive-bred individuals (Table 1), consisting of 92 individuals (as reported by Brazil) and four individuals (as reported by the importers). There were no indirect exports to the EU-27 of C. geoffroyi originating in Brazil Direct exports of C. geoffroyi from Brazil to countries other than the EU-27 mainly consisted of live animals (Table 2). The main importer was Thailand. According to exporter-reported figures, 85 per cent of live exports were of captive-bred individuals. There have been no reported exports of wild-sourced C. geoffroyi to countries other than the EU-27 since

6 Callithrix geoffroyi Table 1. Direct exports of Callithrix geoffroyi from Brazil to the EU-27, All trade involved live, captive-bred individuals. Importer Purpose Reported by Total Czech Republic T Importer 2 2 France T Importer Z Importer 2 2 Netherlands T Importer Z Importer Spain P Importer Subtotals Importer Table 2. Direct exports of Callithrix geoffroyi from Brazil to countries other than the EU-27, Term Purpose Source Reported by Total hair S C Importer live B C Importer 8 8 S W Importer 5 5 T C Importer W Importer 5 5 Z C Importer C Importer Subtotals (live) W Importer TAXONOMIC NOTE: Hybrids of C. geoffroyi and C. flaviceps were reported to be found in southern Espírito Santo and south-east Minas Gerais and hybrids of C. penicillata and C. geoffroyi were reported to have been observed in some parts of the Serra da Piedade, along the Rio Piracicaba (Rylands and Mendes, 2008; Rylands et al., 2009). 6

7 Callithrix geoffroyi CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Brazil: Callithrix geoffroyi is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of south-east Brazil, where it occurs in the States of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais (Rylands, 1993; Nowak, 1999; Rylands and Mendes, 2008; Rylands et al., 2009), and was reported to feed mainly on plant exudates, insects and fruit (Passamani and Rylands, 2000b; Oliveira et al., 2003). It was reported to be generally restricted to lowlands below m (Chiarello, 2003; Rylands and Mendes, 2008; Rylands et al., 2009), although it has been recorded at elevations of 1274 m in a small forest fragment in Serra do Cipó National Park, Minas Gerais (Oliveira et al., 2003), and in mixed bands with C. flaviceps at altitudes of 800 m (Mendes, 1997 in: Rylands and Mendes, 2008). Rylands and Mendes (2008) provided the following information on its distribution: Geoffroy s Marmoset occurs in the state of Espírito Santo and the forested eastern and northeastern part of Minas Gerais, north as far as the Rios Jequitinhonha and Araçuaí and south to near the state border of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Ávila-Pires, 1969; Hershkovitz, 1977; Coimbra-Filho, 1984; Rylands et al., 1988). The populations just south of the Rio Jequitinhonha resulted from animals released near its mouth, at Belmonte, around 1975 (Coimbra-Filho, 1986). From there it spread eastward, and today also occurs in gallery forests throughout the region of dry thorn scrub (caatinga) of the middle reaches of the river (Rylands et al., 1988). Callithrix geoffroyi was classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (Rylands and Mendes, 2008) as it is relatively abundant, being present in a number of protected areas, and because the current rate of decline is not sufficient to qualify it for listing in a threatened category. The population trend was categorised as Stable (Rylands and Mendes, 2008), although several sources considered the population to be declining (Rylands, 1993; Oliveira et al., 2003; Rylands and Mendes, 2008). No overall estimate of population size was found, although Chiarello (2003 Table 3) provided population estimates for several forest fragments in Espírito Santo. Table 3. Estimates of Callithrix geoffroyi population size for reserves/fragments in SE Brazil. Source (Chiarello, 2003) Site Area (ha) Estimate of Population size Lower-Montane Espírito Santo SLBS ~440 7 to 10 SLMR ~500 4 to 6 ARBR 3598 present Lowland Espírito Santo Putiri to 9 M CGBR to 33 CVBR to 322 VRDNR to 8971 SBR to 7469 Chiarello (2000) conducted transect surveys in six Atlantic Forest reserves in northern Espírito Santo and found an average population density of ind./km 2 (95% C.I ). The population size of C. geoffroyi within these six reserves was estimated to be individuals (Chiarello and de Melo, 2001). Another transect survey conducted in two areas of Linhares Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo, recorded an estimated population density of ind./km 2 (Price et al., 2002). Price et al. (2002) suggested that their lower estimate of population density compared with Chiarello (2002) may have been due to the more seasonal availability of gum. In studies of C. geoffroyi home range, it was reported that one group of five individuals in a forest fragment in Espírito Santo had a total home range of 23.3 ha (and travelled between 480 and m/day) (Passamani and Rylands, 2000a), and one group in a coastal sand plain forest at Parque 7

8 Callithrix geoffroyi Estadual Paulo Cesar Vinha, Espírito Santo, had a total home range of 17.5 ha over a seven month period (Rocha and Passamani, 2009). The main threat to C. geoffroyi was reported to be the widespread destruction and fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest (Rylands, 1993; Passamani and Rylands, 2000b; Rylands and Mendes, 2008). Rylands et al. (2009) noted that marmosets were relatively resistant to habitat fragmentation due to their small size and ecological flexibility, although he cautioned that they are still vulnerable to habitat loss, particularly in the Atlantic Forest. C. geoffroyi was reported to be less threatened than other marmoset species because of the size and preservation of its geographic range (Rylands et al., 2009). C. geoffroyi was reported to be occasionally hunted for pets (Rylands and Mendes, 2008), and Oliveira et al. (2003) listed hunting and capture for pets as one reason for the species decline over large parts of its range. However, Chiarello (2003) noted that small-bodied primates like marmosets were rarely taken by hunters in the Atlantic Forest. Preston-Mafham and Preston-Mafham (1999) reported that C. geoffroyi bred easily in captivity, and were commonly used in biological and medical research laboratories. C. geoffroyi was reported to occur in the following protected areas: Serra do Cipo National Park and Fazenda Córrego de Areia Reserve, Minas Gerais; Córrego Grande Biological Reserve, Córrego do Veado Biological Reserve, Sooretama Biological Reserve, Comboios Biological Reserve, Duas Bocas State Reserve, Linhares Forest Reserve, Goitacazes Forest Reserve, Santa Lucia Biological Station and Fazenda São Joaquim Reserve in Espírito Santo; and Porto Seguro Forest Reserve, Pau Brasil Experimental Station and Gregório Bondar Experimental Station in Bahia (Rylands and Mendes, 2008). The species occurrence in Monte Pascoal National Park, Espírito Santo, was reported to be in some doubt (Rylands and Mendes, 2008). Commercial, sport, and recreational hunting were reported to be prohibited in all Brazilian territory (except for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where the hunting law permits non-commercial hunting of certain species) (Clayton, 2003). The Brazilian Environmental Crimes Law of February 12, 1998 implements penalties against actions that may damage the environment, including penalties of six months to one year for killing, pursuing, hunting, catching or using specimens of wild animals without proper permission, license or authorization of the competent authority. In addition, penalties are increased by one half if the crime is committed against rare or endangered species, in the period in which hunting is prohibited, at night, by abusing the license, within a conservation area or by using methods capable of mass destruction (House of Representatives, 1998; Clayton, 2003). The Atlantic Forest has recently become protected from deforestation through the Atlantic Forest Law of 2006 (President of Brazil, 2006; Yun, 2007), and the Atlantic Forest Decree of 2008 (Portal Brasil, 2010), and in 2010, the Ministry of the Environment was also reported to have published a Best Practices Manual for the Atlantic Forest (Portal Brasil, 2010). REFERENCES: Ávila-Pires, F. D Taxonomia e zoogeografia do gênero Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Primates, Callitrichidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 29 (1): 46. Chiarello, A. G Density and population size of mammals in remnants of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Conservation Biology, 14 (6): Chiarello, A. G Primates of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: the influence of forest fragmentation on survival, in Marsh, L. K., (ed.), Primates in fragments: ecology and conservation. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. Chiarello, A. G. and de Melo, F. R Primate population densities and sizes in Atlantic forest remnants of northern Espirito Santo, Brazil. International Journal of Primatology, 22 (3): Clayton, L. A Overview of Brazil's legal structure for animal issues URL: Accessed: 12 January

9 Callithrix geoffroyi Coimbra-Filho, A. F Situação atual dos calitriquídeos que ocorrem no Brasil (Callitrichidae- Primates), in de Mello, M. T., (ed.), A Primatologia no Brasil. Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, Brasília, Brazil, Coimbra-Filho, A. F Sagüi-de-cara-branca Callithrix geoffroyi (Humboldt, 1812). FBCN/Inf., Rio de Janeiro. Coimbra-Filho, A. F Sistemática, distribuiçáo geográfica e situaçáo atual dos símios brasileiros (Platyrrhini-Primates). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 50: Hershkovitz, P Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), with an introduction to Primates. University of Chicago Press, USA. House of Representatives, Government of Brazil Act No establishing sanctions against environmental illegal activities, sanctioned 12th February 1998 URL: Accessed: 20 January Mendes, S Hybridization in free-ranging Callithrix flaviceps and the taxonomy of the Atlantic forest marmosets. Neotropical Primates, 5 (1): 6-8. Nowak, R. M Walkers primates of the world. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Oliveira, L. d. C., Câmara, E. M. V. C., Hirsch, A., Paschoal, A. M. O., Alvarenga, R. M., and Belarmino, M. G Callithrix geoffroyi (Primates: Callitrichidae) and Alouatta caraya (Primates: Atelidae) in the Serra do Cipo National Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotropical Primates, 11 (2): Passamani, M. and Rylands, A. 2000a. Home range of a Geoffroy's marmoset group, Callithrix geoffroyi (primates, Callitrichidae) in south-eastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60 (2): Passamani, M. and Rylands, A. B. 2000b. Feeding behavior of Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) in an Atlantic forest fragment of south-eastern Brazil. Primates, 41 (1): Portal Brasil Brazilian government releases data on Atlantic Forest deforestation URL: Accessed: 12 January President of Brazil Dispõe sobre a utilização e proteção da vegetação nativa do Bioma Mata Atlântica,dá outras providências. LEI Nº , DE 22 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2006 [in Portuguese] URL: Accessed: 12 January Preston-Mafham, R. and Preston-Mafham, K Primates of the world. Blandford, London. Price, E. C., Piedade, H. M., and Wormell, D Population densities of primates in a Brazilian Atlantic forest. Folia primatologica, 73 (1): Rocha, M. F. and Passamani, M Use of space by a group of Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) in southeastern Brazil. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitao Nova Serie, 26: Rylands, A. B Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour and ecology. Oxford University Press. Rylands, A. B., Coimbra-Filho, A. F., and Mittermeier, R. A The systematics and distributions of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella and Mico) and Callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates), in Ford, S. M., Porter, L. M., & Davis, L. C., (eds.), The smallest anthropoids: the Marmoset/Callimico radiation. Springer, New York Rylands, A. B. and Mendes, S. L Callithrix geoffroyi. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version URL: Accessed: Rylands, A. B., Spironelo, W. R., Tornisielo, V. L., Lemos de Sá, R. M., Kierulff, M. C. M., and Santos, I. B Primates of the Rio Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Primate Conservation, 9: Yun, L Atlantic forest protected at last URL: Accessed: 12 January

10 Amazona autumnalis REVIEW OF AMERICAN SPECIES/COUNTRY COMBINATIONS SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING IMPORT SUSPENSIONS AVES PSITTACIDAE SPECIES: Amazona autumnalis SYNONYMS: Psittacus autumnalis COMMON NAMES: Geelwangamazone (Dutch), Red-lored Amazon (English), Redlored Parrot (English), Amazone à joues jaunes (French), Amazone diadème (French), Amazona frentirroja (Spanish), Cotorra cucha (Spanish), Loro frente roja (Spanish), Loro frentirrojo (Spanish), Diademamazon (Swedish), Gulkindad amazon (Swedish), Salvins amazon (Swedish) RANGE STATES: Belize (br), Brazil (br), Colombia (br), Costa Rica (br), Ecuador (br), Guatemala (br), Honduras (br), Mexico (br), Nicaragua (br), Panama (br), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (br) RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Ecuador IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Brazil first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 24/09/2000. Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Ecuador first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 26/11/2010. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Guatemala first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 19/09/1999. Previous positive opinion for wild specimens from Nicaragua formed on 05/09/2002 and removed on 13/12/2004. TRADE PATTERNS: According to exporter-reported figures, Honduras and Nicaragua were the main global direct exporters of wild-sourced and unspecified soured Amazona autumnalis, The majority of global direct exports consisted of live individuals of various sources (totalling 7285 live individuals, 70 per cent of which were imported by the EU-27, according to exporter-reported figures). Ecuador has never published CITES annual export quotas for the species. 10

11 Amazona autumnalis Direct exports of A. autumnalis from Ecuador to the EU consisted entirely of live individuals of unspecified source, with no trade reported since 1988 (Table 1). The only indirect export to the EU-27, of A. autumnalis originating in Ecuador was the export from the United States of America to the United Kingdom for breeding (purpose B) of four live birds of unspecified source in Direct exports of A. autumnalis from Ecuador to countries other than the EU-27 consisted entirely of live individuals of unknown or unspecified source; this trade was only reported by the importers (Table 2). In addition, seven confiscated/seized A. autumnalis were reported by the United States of America. Table 1. Direct exports of Amazona autumnalis from Ecuador to the EU-27, All trade involved live individuals of unspecified source. Importer Purpose Reported by Total France T Importer Germany P Importer 1 1 T Importer United Kingdom - Importer 2 2 Table 2. Direct exports of Amazona autumnalis from Ecuador to countries other than the EU-27, All trade involved live individuals. Importer Purpose Source Reported by Total Japan T - Importer United States of America T U Importer Importer I Importer TAXONOMIC NOTE: Some authors recognize four subspecies, with Amazona a. autumnalis in Mexico to Honduras (including the Bay Islands); A. a. salvini in Honduras/Nicaragua to southwest Colombia and northwest Venezuela; A. a. lilacina from Western Ecuador north of the Gulf of Guayaquil and possibly in Nariño in southwest Columbia; and A. a. diadema in the Amazon basin (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Snyder et al. (2000) noted that the species may be misidentified as Amazona viridigenalis. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Amazona autumnalis was reported to occur from southern Mexico into the northern part of South America, with a disjunct population in the Amazon basin in Brazil (Juniper and Parr, 1998). The species was reported to range over km 2 (BirdLife International, 2010) and it was reported to occur at an altitudinal range of m asl (Juniper and Parr, 1998), but mostly below 800 m asl (Forshaw, 2010), where it was reported to mainly occur in a wide range of wooded and open habitats, such as rainforest, tropical deciduous forests, Pinus woodlands, and also mangroves, wooded 11

12 Amazona autumnalis swamps, gallery forests, cultivated areas and plantations (Juniper and Parr, 1998). It was also reported to be able to exist in partially deforested areas (Ridgely, 1981). A. autumnalis was categorised as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2009), because its very large range and population size did not meet the thresholds for Vulnerable, and whilst the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion. The global population was estimated to be to mature individuals (BirdLife International, 2010). Juniper and Parr (1998) considered A. autumnalis to be generally common and the most numerous parrot species in parts of its range, for example in parts of Central America and Forshaw (2010) considered the species locally common. The species has also been considered periodically common near Manaus in Brazil (Sick, 1993). The population was reported to have declined in parts of its range, e.g. in Mexico and Ecuador, with declines considered drastic in Honduras (Juniper and Parr, 1998). The population trend was considered to be unset (BirdLife International, 2010). A. autumnalis was reported to form pairs or small flocks, but was found in larger numbers when feeding or roosting (Juniper and Parr, 1998). It was reported to nest in crevices of trees and in palm scrub, with the clutch size ranging from two to four eggs. Breeding was reported to take place between January and May, depending on location (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Berg and Angel (2006) reported that the species had a potentially low reproductive rate. Harvest was considered to be the main threat to the species and the population was suspected to be in decline, due to both habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation (BirdLife International, 2010). The species was considered common in captivity in some areas (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Ecuador: The species [subspecies A. a. lilacina] was reported to occur from the northern border of the country along the western part of Ecuador to the gulf of Guayaquil (Juniper and Parr, 1998). A. a. lilacina was reported to be endemic to western Ecuador (Berg and Angel, 2006). Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that the species was also found in scrubby dry forests in the southern part of the country, and in taller, more humid forests, as reported by Ridgely (1981). Berg and Angel (2006) observed breeding of the species in dry tropical forest dominated by Ceiba trichistandra trees. The species was reported to be very rare west of the Andes in Ecuador and Colombia, with the race A. a. liliacina estimated at birds (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) considered the species to be rare to fairly common, but being outnumbered by Amazona farinosa in most of Ecuador. Berg and Angel (2006) studied a population in southern Ecuador, which was estimated at 214 individuals and reported that their findings showed that as much as half of the estimated total population of A. a. lilacina uses one, vulnerable roost. Pilgrim (2000) reported that approximately two-thirds of the birds will not produce offspring in any year in most wild populations of A. a. lilacina. Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) reported that the species had declined substantially as a result of deforestation and persecution and considered the species to be of Vulnerable status in Ecuador. Pilgrim (2000) considered A. a. lilacina to be the most threatened mainland amazon. Poaching at the above roost was reported to persist (R. R. Angel, pers. obs. in: Berg and Angel, 2006) and trapping for trade and habitat loss were reported to have led to declines in Ecuador (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Forest clearance was reported to have caused general disturbance and to have facilitated the hunting, trapping and theft of chicks from the nest (Pilgrim, 2000). A. autumnalis was listed as a threatened species in Acuerdo No. 143 of 19 November 2002; Acuerdo No. 143 prohibits the hunting and collection of threatened mammal and bird species (Luque de Jaramillo, 2002). 12

13 Amazona autumnalis REFERENCES: Berg, K. S. and Angel, R. R Seasonal roosts of Red-lored Amazons in Ecuador provide information about population size and structure. Journal of Field Ornithology, 77 (2): BirdLife International Amazona autumnalis. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version URL: Accessed: 5 December BirdLife International Species factsheet: Amazona autumnalis URL: Accessed: 5 December Forshaw, J. M Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London. Juniper, T. and Parr, M Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Kunz, B. and Abs, M Investigations about ecology and number of the Lilacine Amazon (Amazona autumnalis lilacina) in S W-Ecuador. Diplomarbeit Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany. Luque de Jaramillo Acuerdo No. 143 Normas para el control de la cacería, vedas y licencias de cacería de especies de fauna silvestre. Ojasti, J Wildlife utilization in Latin America - Current situation and prospects for sustainable management. FAO, Rome. Pilgrim, M Development of the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Ecuadorian or Lilacine amazon at Chester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 37: Ridgely, R. S The current distribution and status of mainland and neotropical parrots. In Parquier, R. F., (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. Smithsonian Press, Ridgely, R. S. and Greenfield, P. J The Birds of Ecuador: Status, Distribution and Taxonomy. Christopher Helm, London. Sick, H Birds in Brazil: A Natural History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Snyder, N., McGowan, P., Gilardi, J., and Grajal, A Parrots. Status survey and conservation action plan IUCN. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 13

14 Ara chloropterus REVIEW OF AMERICAN SPECIES/COUNTRY COMBINATIONS SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING IMPORT SUSPENSIONS AVES PSITTACIDAE SPECIES: Ara chloropterus SYNONYMS: Ara chloroptera COMMON NAMES: Groenvleugelara (Dutch), Green-winged Macaw (English), Red-and-green Macaw (English), Ara chloroptère (French), Guacamayo aliverde (Spanish), Guacamayo rojo (Spanish), Grönvingad ara (Swedish) RANGE STATES: Argentina (ex, br), Bolivia (br), Brazil (br), Colombia (br), Ecuador (br), French Guiana (br), Guyana (br), Panama (br), Paraguay (br), Peru (br), Suriname (br), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (br) RANGE STATES UNDER REVIEW: Argentina, Panama IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Argentina and Panama first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 26/11/2010. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Peru first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 19/09/1999. Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Suriname formed on 22/07/1997. TRADE PATTERNS: Guyana and Suriname were the main global direct exporters of wild-sourced Ara chloropterus The majority of global direct exports of A. chloropterus consisted of live, wild-sourced individuals (totalling 9442 birds, of which 3800 were imported by the EU-27, according to exporterreported figures). Neither Argentina nor Panama have ever published CITES annual export quotas for the species. Argentina: The only direct exports of A. chloropterus from Argentina to the EU-27 consisted of five individuals imported in 2001 and two imported in 2004, all of which were live, captive-bred individuals imported by Spain for commercial purposes, with the same quantities reported by both Argentina and Spain. There were no indirect exports to the EU-27 of A. chloropterus originating in Argentina reported

15 Ara chloropterus Direct exports of A. chloropterus from Argentina to countries other than the EU-27, mainly consisted of live, captive-bred individuals (Table 1). In addition, three live individuals and three scientific specimens to the United States of America were reported as seized/confiscated items. Panama: The only direct exports of A. chloropterus from Panama to the EU-27 consisted of 60 feathers of unknown source exported to Germany for personal purposes in This export was reported by Panama only. There were no indirect exports to the EU-27 of A. chloropterus originating in Panama reported All direct exports of A. chloropterus from Panama to countries other than the EU-27, involved live individuals (Table 2), the main importing country being the United States of America. There has been no reported trade since Table 1. Direct exports of Ara chloropterus from Argentina to countries other than the EU-27, Term Purpose Source Reported by Total feathers T W Importer 9 9 live T C Importer C Importer I Importer Importer specimens S I Importer 3 3 W Importer 1 1 Table 2. Direct exports of Ara chloropterus from Panama to countries other than the EU-27, All trade involved live individuals. Purpose Source Reported by Total P W Importer Importer T U Importer 1 1 W Importer C Importer 1 1 O Importer 1 1 W Importer Importer

16 Ara chloropterus TAXONOMIC NOTE: Ridgely (1981) noted that this species may be misidentified as Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) and may be traded under this name. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Ara chloropterus was reported to occur from eastern Panama to the Rio Atrato region, in northwestern Colombia and northern to central South America, east of the Andes, from eastern Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas, south to Paraná and Mato Grosso, Brazil, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia to Paraguay and northern Argentina in Formosa (Forshaw, 2010). The species was reported to range over km 2 (Parker et al., 1996) and was reported to occur at altitudes ranging from 0 m to 1400 m asl. It was reported to mainly occur in terra firme rainforest in the northern part of its range, while in the southern and eastern part of its range it was reported from drier areas, such as floodplain forest, upland forest and dry woodland (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Haugaasen and Peres (2008) reported that the highest density of this species was found in várzea forests. A. chloropterus was categorised as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2009), because it has an extremely large range, the population size was not believed to approach the threshold for Vulnerable under the population size criterion, and Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion. While the population size was reported not to have been quantified (BirdLife International, 2010), Lambert et al. (1993) had estimated the global population at less than birds and declining. Parker et al. (1996) described the species as fairly common, however Juniper and Parr (1998) considered the species to be generally uncommon, following a population decline due to capture for trade and habitat loss, but widespread in the Amazon basin. They also reported that the species was mostly absent near population centres and the population was declining or had already disappeared from the peripheries of the species range, again due to habitat loss, trade and hunting (Juniper and Parr, 1998). The species was considered to be more thinly dispersed and generally less numerous than other large macaws (Forshaw, 2010), apart from some spectacular aggregations observed at earth-banks, where the birds consume minerals (Forshaw, 1989). A. chloropterus was reported to be generally found in pairs, but also small flocks of several pairs (Juniper and Parr, 1998) and was often found associated with other large macaw species, such as A. macao and A. ararauna (Forshaw, 1989). The species was reported to require crevices in large trees of rockfaces for nesting (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Breeding was reported to take place from November to April (Juniper and Parr, 1998). The clutch size was reported to comprise of two to three eggs (Juniper and Parr, 1998) and nest success was reported to be per cent, producing per cent fledglings per breeding pair (Renton and Brightsmith, 2009). Renton and Brightsmith (2009) further found that A. chloropterus showed a preference for nest sites in Dipteryx trees (slow growing hardwood trees, which may live for over 1000 years (Chambers et al., 1998)). Both ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation were considered to be the main threats to the species (BirdLife International, 2010) and Ridgely (1981) considered the species to be particularly susceptible to disturbance. Although the species was reported to be widespread in captivity (Juniper and Parr, 1998), breeding was considered to be a rather recent occurrence (Abramson et al., 1995). Argentina: Juniper and Parr (1998) noted that the last reliable records of the species occurrence in Argentina were reported to date back to 1917 and considered the species to have since vanished from the country. The Argentinean Management Authority (Argentina, 1993) reported in 1987 that the species was considered extinct in the country. While WICE (undated) confirmed that the species was present in Argentina, the abundance was reported as not determined. Chebez et al. (2011) noted that the species had recently been sighted to the north of Misiones and that it should therefore be classified as Critically Endangered in Argentina. It had also previously been classified as Critically Endangered in the country by Chebez (2008) and López Lanús et al. (2008). 16

17 Ara chloropterus The species was not listed as a species protected from hunting and trade in the country (SADS, 2007). Panama: The species was reported to only occur in remote parts of eastern Panama, e.g. upper Bayano Valley (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Ridgely and Gwynne Jr. (1989) reported that the species was found in remote humid forested areas in Darién, eastern San Blas, and probably eastern Panama province (somewhat uncertain reports from the Upper Bayano River Valley). Records from the area west of the Caribbean slope of the former Canal Zone were thought to have involved escapees (Juniper and Parr, 1998). In the 1960s, the species had been considered fairly common in the eastern San Blas province and the same was reported from east Darién in the late 1980s (Ridgely, 1976 in: Forshaw, 1989). The species was reported to be locally distributed (Juniper and Parr, 1998) and generally uncommon in Panama (Ridgely, 1976 in: Forshaw, 1989). Ridgely (1981) considered the species to be decidedly uncommon and restricted to the most remote areas in the east of Panama. Forshaw (2010) reported that the species occurred in Darién Biosphere Reserve in eastern Panama. The species was classified as Endangered nationally in Panama (ANAM, 2008). Resolution No. DIR of 23 July 2003 banned the hunting, selling and trade of threatened species, including A. chloropterus (DNRNR, 2003). REFERENCES: Abramson, J., Speer, B. L., and Thomsen, J. B The Large Macaws, their Care, Breeding and Conservation. Raintree Publications. ANAM Resolución No. AG por la cual se reglamenta lo relative a las especies de fauna y flora amenazadas y en peligro de extinction, y se dictan otras disposiciones. Gaceta Oficial Digital Autoridad Naccional del Ambiente, República de Panamá. Argentina Review of Significant Trade, AC 9, BirdLife International Ara chloropterus. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version URL: Accessed: BirdLife International Species factsheet: Ara chloropterus URL: Accessed: Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., and Schimel, J. P Ancient trees in Amazonia. Nature, 391 (135): 136. Chebez, J.C Los que se van. Fauna argentina amenazada. Albatros: Buenos Aires. Chebez, J.C., Gasparri, B., Hansen Cier, M., Nigro, N.A. & Rodríguez, L Estado de conservación de los tetrápodos de la Argentina. In_ Porini, G. & Ramadori (eds.) Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en Argentina. Conservación de especies amenazadas. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara: Buenos Aires. DNRNR Resolución DIR Animales silvestres en peligro de extinction. Gaceta Oficial No Dirección Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, Panama. Forshaw, J. M Parrots of the world. 3rd edn. Blandford Press, London. Forshaw, J. M Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London. Haugaasen, T. and Peres, C. A Population abundance and biomass of largebodied birds in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. Bird Conservation International, 18: Juniper, T. and Parr, M Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Lambert, F., Wirth, R., Seal, U. S., Thomsen, J. B., and Ellis-Joseph, S Parrots: an action plan for their conservation Cambride, UK, BirdLife International and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource. López Lanús, B., Grilli, P., Coconier, E., Di Giacomo, A. & Banchs, R Categorización de la saves de la Argentina según su estado de conservación. Informe de Aves Argentinas/AOP y Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable. Bs. AS, Argentina. Parker, T. A., Stotz, D. F., and Fitzpatrick, J. W Ecological and distributional databases, in Stotz, D. F. et al., (eds.), Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago, Chicago Renton, K. and Brightsmith, D. J Cavity use and reproductive success of nesting macaws in lowland forest of southeast Peru. Journal of Field Ornithology, 80 (1):

18 Ara chloropterus Ridgely, R. S A Guide to the Birds of Panama. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Ridgely, R. S The current distribution and status of mainland and neotropical parrots., in Parquier, R. F., (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. ICBP Technical Publication No. 1. Smithsonian Press, Ridgely, R. S. and Gwynne Jr A guide to the birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. second edn. Princeton University Press. SADS Resolución 513/2007 Conservación de la fauna. Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentatble. WICE undated. World Institute for Conservation & Environment. Birds of Argentina, Checklist of the Birds of Argentina URL: Accessed:

19 Ara severus REVIEW OF AMERICAN SPECIES/COUNTRY COMBINATIONS SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING IMPORT SUSPENSIONS AVES PSITTACIDAE SPECIES: Ara severus SYNONYMS: Ara severa, Psittacus severus COMMON NAMES: Dwergara (Dutch), Chestnut-fronted Macaw (English), Severe Macaw (English), Ara sévère (French), Ara vert (French), Guacamayo severo (Spanish), Brunpannad ara (Swedish) RANGE STATES: Bolivia (br), Brazil (br), Colombia (br), Ecuador (br), French Guiana (br), Guyana (br), Panama (br), Peru (br), Suriname (br), United States of America (int, br), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (br) RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Guyana IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Ecuador and Panama first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 19/09/1999. Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Guyana first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 26/11/2010. Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Suriname formed on 22/07/1997. TRADE PATTERNS: Suriname was the main global direct exporter of wild-sourced Ara severus The majority of global direct exports of A. severus from all countries consisted of live individuals of various sources (totalling 1842 individuals, of which 459 were imported by the EU-27, according to exporterreported figures). Of the 942 wild-sourced individuals exported globally, 402 were imported by the EU-27. Guyana has never published CITES annual export quotas for the species. The only direct exports of A. severus from Guyana to the EU consisted of eight live individuals of unspecified source and purpose exported to Denmark in This trade was not reported by Denmark. There were no reported indirect exports of A. severus originating in Guyana to the EU Direct exports of A. severus from Guyana to countries other than the EU consisted of live individuals of unspecified source traded for commercial purposes, of which seven were imported by 19

20 Ara severus Switzerland in 1983 and ten were imported by Trinidad and Tobago in These exports were not reported by Guyana. TAXONOMIC NOTE Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that the birds in the western part of the range had been distinguished under the subspecies castaneifrons, but they considered the degree of variation and overlap [ ] too great to be convincing. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Ara severus was reported to occur in the tropical zone of eastern Panama, on the Pacific slope of the Andes south to southern Ecuador as well as in the northern lowlands of Colombia, extending down to the Andean foothills in Colombia (Juniper and Parr, 1998). East of the Andes the species was reported to occur in the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, from where it ranged east through the western and southern Amazon basin, through the tropical zone of Venezuela reaching the Guiana s and Amapá in Brazil (Juniper and Parr, 1998). The range of this species was estimated to be km 2 (BirdLife International, 2010) and it was reported to occur at an altitudinal range of m asl (Juniper and Parr, 1998). The species was reported to occur in forest, including forest edge, humid lowland forest with clearings, varzeá, swamp forest with dead trees, partly cleared and secondary forest, palm groves and gallery forest, but also savannah with pastures (Juniper and Parr, 1998). A. severus was categorised as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2009), because it has an extremely large range, a stable population, and because The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion. Whilst the global population size has not been quantified, the species was described as fairly common by Stotz et al. (1996). Juniper and Parr (1998) considered the species to be fairly common to common over much of its range. Local declines were reported to have been caused by severe habitat loss, however moderate deforestation was considered to have led to increases in numbers (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) reported that the species sometimes appeared to be most common in partially deforested areas. The population was suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats (BirdLife International, 2010). A. severus was reported to roost communally, its breeding season was reported to range from September to May, depending on location and the clutch size was reported to be two to three eggs (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that A. severus was held in captivity but considered the demand for the species not great. Sick (1993) reported that the species was seldom seen in captivity in Brazil. The species was reported to have been found in illegal trade in Bolivia (Herrera and Hennessey, 2007). Guyana: Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that the species had not been reported from Guyana since the early 19 th century. However, Braun et al. (2000) reported that A. severus was scarce and only occasionally encountered in small numbers even in prime habitat and season. The species was considered to be patchily distributed and absent from large areas of apparently suitable habitat (Braun et al., 2000). Robbins et al. (2007) found a single record of A. severus during bird surveys in the upper Essequibo river and Acary mountains (southern Guyana) during It is not clear whether the species occurs in any protected areas in Guyana, or whether it has any protection under national legislation. Niles (1981) reported that Psittacines were not protected by legislation and the species was not listed in the Wild Birds Protection Act (Guyana, 1998). Guyana adopted the Species Protection Regulations in September 1999 (GINA, 2011), although it was not possible to acquire a copy. 20

21 Ara severus REFERENCES: BirdLife International Ara severus. In: IUCN IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version URL: Accessed: BirdLife International Species factsheet: Araseverus URL: Accessed: 12 December Braun, M. J., Finch, D. W., Robbins, M. B., and Schmidt, B. K A field checklist of the birds of Guyana. Washington, D. C., Smithonian Institution. GINA Government Information Agency. Species Protection Regulations URL: Accessed: 12 December Global Species Global Species URL: Accessed: 8 December Guyana Laws of Guyana. Wild Bird Protection, Chapter 71:07. Wild Birds Protection Act, September Herrera, M. and Hennessey, B Quantifying the illegal parrot trade in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, with emphasis on threatened species. Bird Conservation International, 17: Juniper, T. and Parr, M Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Niles, J. J The status of Psittacine birds in Guyana, in Pasquier, R. F., (ed.), Conservation of New World Parrots. Smithsonian Institution Press. Ridgely, R. S. and Greenfield, P. J The Birds of Ecuador: Status, Distribution and Taxonomy. Christopher Helm, London. Robbins, M.B., Braun, M.J., Milensky, C.M., Schmidt, B.K., Prince, W., Rice, N.H., Finch, D.W. & O Shea, B.J Avifauna of the upper Essequibo river and Acary mountains, southern Guyana. Ornitologia Neotropical 18: Sick, H Birds in Brazil: A Natural History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Stotz, D. F., Fitzpatrick, J. W., Parker, T. A., and Moskovits, D. K Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press. 21