TURTLE VILLAGE TRUST 2016 ANNUAL REPORT

Transcription

1 TURTLE VILLAGE TRUST 2016 ANNUAL REPORT 1

2 Overview of the Turtle Village Trust TVT was formed in 2006 to support turtle conservation in Trinidad and Tobago. TVT seeks to strike a balance between protecting local sea turtle populations and maximising the ecotourism potential of local communities, so that community members benefit from livelihood opportunities year round. TVT was initially a collaboration between BHP Billiton Trinidad and Tobago, the Forestry Division, and four community groups: Nature Seekers, Fishing Pond Turtle Conservation Group, Grande Riviere Nature Tour Guide Association, and Save Our Sea Turtles (SOS) Tobago. The number of community groups that TVT now involves in sea turtle research and conservation has grown to 19, largely as a result of TVT s funding from the Green Fund. TVT s vision is to place Trinidad and Tobago as the premier turtle tourism destination globally. TVT s mission (as stated on TVT s website) is to foster and strengthen strategic partnerships with turtle conservation groups and the wider coastal communities to protect the natural resources and create superior quality products and services for customers, to achieve sustainable community growth. In 2016 TVT identified the need to revisit and assess TVT s purpose. We as an organisation acknowledged that we had grown rapidly since inception and with a growing number of partners and expanding scope, TVT s vision and mission and, in particular the strategy(ies) for achieving specific objectives, may be too vague. Situational Analysis For Turtle Village Trust 2016 was an extremely challenging but successful years. The overall objective of our programmes in 2016 has been to strengthen conservation through community initiatives throughout Trinidad and Tobago, promote community based environmental protection/ education and to improve the conservation of ecosystems for the enjoyment of all. In keeping with our Strategic Intent our programmes have strengthened the approach by advancing the objectives of the Trust and our partner community groups but most notably the communities themselves have benefited. Over the year the organization has continued to evolve in our service to community through the programs and services we undertake but we also acknowledge that the Turtle Village Trust s programs and services will also need to be adapted and redeveloped in. Since our inception in 2006 Turtle Village Trust has commonly depended on funding from the private sector BHP Billiton and Atlantic LNG; donor agencies, charitable institutions, and government ministries and of late the Green Fund for our own administration and for conducting programs. In considering the outlook for and beyond and the prevailing climate in which these funding source arrangements would need to be negotiated TVT is mindful that there are many challenges facing corporate philanthropy today. The continuing economic downturn coupled with other factors leading to business uncertainty from political variables to economic cutbacks continue to be realities for the governmental 2

3 and corporate sector. As the philanthropic efforts of most corporations are tied to their profit margins and are influenced by government spending trends, the result has been projected to be a somewhat diminished corporate giving across the board. Either way, Turtle Village Trust cannot afford to ignore these changes. Not surprisingly, these business and general economic challenges, along with government cutbacks for many service and programs, will have a severe ripple effect on non-profit infrastructure such as Turtle Village Trust and our partner organizations, which provide important services and programming for communities that would be hit hard. The catch-22 of this situation as it escalates will be a dramatically increased need for philanthropic investment in non-profits of all types, especially in the Ecotourism/ livelihood and community development arena, at a time when resources for grants or other forms of philanthropic support will be scarcer than they have been in many years Turtle Village Trust must be aware of these possibilities and diversify our sources of funding accordingly. Hence, Turtle Village Trust must begin to develop at least some degree of self-sufficiency if we are to have any medium- to long-term plans and aspirations. What have we accomplished? 3

4 ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Mobilising resources to support our aims and our work Achieving the aims of the Turtle Village Trust process will not be possible without the dedication and commitment of our Board Members, community persons, volunteers, our professional team, as well as resources to help support them in their work. A well-functioning Turtle Village Trust depends on proper governance model that reflects the changing needs and demands, quality people at all levels, and a stable, diversified funding base. The Trust is now seen as the umbrella body for turtle conservation in Trinidad and Tobago, a partner of choice in pursuing the development agenda in rural communities and is seen as a strong advocate for policy and legislative changes. Signing of MOAs Since the meeting with the Trinidad CBOs, all the groups were given MOAs with the exception of Toco Foundation, as a result of the ongoing issues. All groups have signed and returned their specific MOAs to TVT and have been collecting data throughout the nesting season in accordance with their MOAs With respect to Tobago, TVT was given official approval by DNRE to engage all the necessary community groups in Tobago, as of April 18 th The groups began surveys that night and have since been collecting data in accordance with their MOAs 2. Turtle Tagging And Data Collection In 2013, seventeen (17) Community-based Organisations (CBOs) were contracted for monitoring, tagging and data collection under the National Monitoring Programme(NMP). Seven CBOs in Tobago and ten CBOs in Trinidad as suggested by the Wildlife Sections of the Department of Natural Resources and the Environment in Tobago and the Forestry Division in Trinidad respectively. The Project engages more than 250 persons to operate on 42 beaches identified by DNRE and Forestry Division. Nightly patrols and morning crawl counts were conducted across these 42 Index and Survey beaches in keeping with the STRAP recommendation for a 3-year comprehensive survey of nesting habitat (STRAP #1 & 4). The tables below shows the assignment of persons from the community engaged for Turtle Season 4

5 Table.1. Assignment of beaches for data collection/monitoring in Trinidad TRINIDAD Community Based Organisation Nesting Site (Index/ Survey beach) Grande Riviere Nature Tour Guide Association Grande Riviere 30 Nature Seekers Orosco Bay Rincon 15 Fishing Pond Turtle Conservation Group Fishing Pond 15 Community Persons engaged in Turtle Season 2015 Sans Souci Wildlife & Tourism Development Organisation St. David Empowerment Development Organisation Big Bay Sans Souci Bay Salybia Patience Bay La Foret Red Sand SAD for Toco Mission 8 Toco Foundation Guayamare, Tompire River Mouth Saline Bay, Balandra Wildlife Watch Environmental Group Manzanilla 9 Blanchisseuse Environment & Community Marianne Bay 23 Organisation Las Cuevas Eco-Friendly Association Las Cuevas 7 Nature Maintainance and Verdant Conservation Group North Manzanilla( 12 Baywatch, Charama Lysae) Pawi Sports, Culture & Eco Club Madamas Grand Tacarib 10 Paria TOTAL 163 5

6 Table.2. Assignment of beaches for data collection/monitoring in Tobago Group Save Our Sea Turtles Tobago Nesting site (Index/ Survey Community Persons engaged in beach) Turtle Season 2015 Back Bay Grafton Turtle Beach Grange 12 Little Rockly Bay North East Sea Turtles Mt. Irvine Cambleton Man O War 10 Dead Bay Hermitage Iguana Speyside Eco-Marine Park Rangers Star Wood Bay Speyside: Tyrrel's, Indian, Lover's, Lucy Vale Roxborough Police Youth Club Roxborough, Argyle, Kendal 8 11 Anse Fromager Ecological and Environmental Protection Organisation Moriah: (Celery, Big Bay, King Peter's) Anse Fromager Arnos Vale 14 Bethel Police Youth Club Buccoo 8 Tobago Wildlife & Environmental Protection Group Bacolet Hope, Lambeau, Petit Trou 29 Pigeon Point TOTAL 92 6

7 2. SEA TURTLE NESTING DATA ONSHORE MONITORING PROGRAMME Nesting Events Leatherbacks are the predominant nesting species in our dataset. Data from other long-term population studies in the Western Atlantic have determined that leatherback clutch frequency is 6-7 nests per season with a 9-10 day interval between clutches. Most return to nest every 2-3 seasons though some females nest over a longer cycle of 6-7 years. Although the number of individual nesting females is a preferred measure of population size, it is not always a directly usable figure since it requires specific and complex marked-recapture models that are not always available for sites since there may be variable and incomplete nest count data. Therefore the main effort of the analysis of population trends for the leatherbacks is the number of nests laid per year. Data collection has been conducted by the Wildlife Section and NGO conservation groups across the North and East Coasts. More consistent data collection on 3 primary nesting beaches; Fishing Pond, Matura and Grande Riviere since 2008 with the establishment of the National Monitoring Programme under the Turtle Village Trust. In keeping with recommendations from the Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan (STRAP) the Programme expansion in 2013 has been used to enhance patrol coverage on 42 selected beaches of Trinidad and Tobago. Nocturnal beach patrols involve tagging of nesting turtles, collection of morphometric information as well as the documentation of mortality sources, assessment of population trends and behavioural patterns, supervision of eco-tourism and education of the public. Patrols operate on average time from 7:00pm and end around 3:00am. Morning counts are conducted in the early dawn period when the shadows made by nests and disturbed sand are more easily viewed. 7

8 The beaches are divided into patrol teams, based on the size of the beach and the number of turtles expected (based on the past records of turtle sighting). When nesting turtles are found, trained patrol members follow standard protocols for tagging the turtles and collecting data on the beach, zone, landmark, date, time, weather, species and activity. All such information is recorded on a standard data sheet. Turtles that successfully excavate a nest chamber and deposit their eggs are measured (length and width of carapace in centimetres), checked for physical damage or distinct markings, their flipper tags read and recorded and passive-integrated transponder (PIT) tags scanned and recorded from each turtle s shoulder or neck area. If flipper or PIT tags are not present, patrollers would fit these to the turtle. Tags allow for the unique identification of individuals and therefore analysis of their individual nesting history and the national population estimation. Patrollers remain with the turtle to confirm the nesting event outcome. The numbers of persons present at the nesting event are also recorded and whether or not the turtle was disturbed by the presence or activities of persons and artificial lighting. Peak nesting is observed in May and June (Fig. 1). The last two weeks in May show the highest nesting activity, a trend observable in the previous 10 years of data. Since this dataset is primarily based on data collected from 4 sites and with Leatherback turtles it may not be the complete reflection of the population trend. The data presented in this report is to satisfy recommendations for coverage of the beaches by data collectors in the nesting season. Recommendations are based on the average numbers of nesting events on each beach, the capacity of the CBO to fulfil the MOA requirements, the quality of the data collection. This data should be viewed with caution however as it is a small subset ( ) of a larger population estimation. The limitations in this report include: 1) Heterogeneous data-collection efforts and various levels of surveyor experience. 2) The survey effort was delayed in 2013 due to initial Project funding and equipment not readily available. Monitoring was also delayed in Tobago in 2014, 2015, 2016 awaiting discussions and endorsement from the Department of Natural Resources and the 8

9 Environment to engage recommended CBO groups. This may have been avoided with a more formalised agreement between TVT and DNRE who maintain jurisdiction over beaches and grant special permits to CBOs for interaction with protected species, sea turtles. 3) Inter-annual variability is large. This may be linked to conditions at the foraging grounds or environmental events which can influence the remigration rate of females. An observed trend might be a reflection of displacement of females to new nesting sites. 4) A fluctuation in the female nests may be related to natural changes to the coastline eg. Longshore drift displacing sand further down the coast, decreased nesting beach area due to Sargassum influence or debris after flooding. 5) Although the information may be useful in evaluating the relative importance of a particular nesting site for sea turtle reproduction due to the slow sexual maturity of sea turtles the data presented in this report alone are not sufficient to evaluate long-term trends in population. 6) Data for should be verified after review of the data entry into the database. Where higher estimates exist in the summarised data or averages these are used as precaution until the source data can be confirmed. On account of these limitations, the data presented must be interpreted cautiously. Hardshell species- Hawksbill, Green, Olive Ridley, Loggerhead, have all been reported in the dataset. Hawksbills represent the second largest nesting population (Fig. 1). There have been no confirmed nesting events by Loggerheads but several crawls and fishermen s sighting reports have been estimated to be Loggerhead sea turtles. 9

10 LEATHERBACK NESTING FIG.1. MEAN ANNUAL NESTING EVENTS BY SPECIES 4000 Leatherback Green Turtle Hawksbill Unknown hardshell Mar Apr May Jun MONTH Jul Aug HARDSHELL NESTING Index beaches Index beaches are those that are historically known to support large numbers of nesting events annually. Data collection has been conducted with consistent methodology and frequency for close to 3 decades by the Wildlife Section and NGO conservation groups across the North and East Coasts, Trinidad and South-west Coast, Tobago. These designated sites are monitored for long-term fluctuations in nesting numbers and hatch success, as described by the STRAP. Characterising a nesting or foraging ground as an 'Index' site implies the consistent and long-term application of standardised population monitoring protocols to ensure the data are suitable for trend analysis. Survey boundaries are established and, ideally, adhered to from year to year, keeping in mind that the precise boundaries of leatherback nesting beaches, in particular, may shift over time. The survey area should attempt to represent a range of threat and protection levels, a variety of turtle life stages, and a range of turtle population densities. The emphasis of this protocol is on establishing index methods for measuring trends in relative abundance at fixed locations; therefore, the sampling strategies at each Index site should ideally be structured in a manner that allows inference to a larger area of interest. (CEP Technical Report No. 49, STRAP, 4.112) The Index sites identified under the project are: Grande Riviere, Matura, Fishing Pond, Grand Tacarib, Manzanilla, San Souci/ Big Bay, Blanchisseuse (Marianne) Bay, Star Wood Bay, Bacolet 10

11 Beach, Turtle Beach, Grafton, Back Bay. Four Index sites were under monitoring prior to the Project inception, Grande Riviere, Matura, Fishing Pond and Turtle Beach. These are considered historical for reporting purposes (Fig. 3). Fig. 2. Nesting events on Index beaches over 4 seasons Nesting beach Grande Riviere Matura * 1491 Fishing Pond * 1613 Tobago (SOS) ** Sans Souci-Big Bay Marianne (Blanchisseuse) Manzanilla * 316 Grand Tacarib *** Star Wood # Hermitage *** # 15 + Dataset for 2016 excludes August at this time *Heavily influenced by Sargassum in the 2015 season **Includes Turtle Beach, Grafton, Back Bay ***Predominantly Hawksbill nesting population (Fig. 4) # No data available to date 11

12 NESTING EVENT ON "NEW" INDEX SITES FIG. 3. NESTING EVENTS ON INDEX BEACHES (LEATHERBACK) Marianne Sans Souci Star Wood Manzanilla Fishing Pond Grande Riviere Matura Turtle Beach NESTING EVENT ON 4 HISTORICAL INDEX SITES O C T - 12 J A N - 13 M A Y - 13 A U G - 13 N O V - 13 M A R - 14 J U N - 14 S E P - 14 D E C - 14 A P R - 15 J U L - 15 O C T - 15 *Several nesting events occurred outside of the official monitoring period: Jan-13 Grande Riviere (1), Matura (1); Sep-13 Fishing Pond (1), Matura (3); Oct-13 Matura (1); Sep-14 Matura (2). While sea turtles exhibit philopatry leatherbacks demonstrate variable levels of nesting site fidelity. The dataset shows tag returns on beaches which they were not originally tagged. Interbeach nesting accounts for 6% of leatherback individuals nesting in It is therefore important to review tag returns from all nesting sites to determine re-nesting intervals and inter-nesting migratory patterns. 12

13 NESTING EVENT ON "NEW" INDEX SITES FIG. 4. NESTING EVENTS ON INDEX BEACHES (HARDSHELL) Grand Tacarib Hermitage O C T - 12 J A N - 13 M A Y - 13 A U G - 13 N O V - 13 M A R - 14 J U N - 14 S E P - 14 D E C - 14 A P R - 15 J U L - 15 O C T - 15 Recommendations Index beaches- Based on the last 4 seasons of tagging and monitoring, sites with low activity (<50 nesting events per season), low productivity (<50% hatch success) or under performance by the monitoring team are recommended for review and the resources to these groups will be adjusted to reflect lower coverage to be able to augment the monitoring effort where needed. Index beaches To facilitate the long-term trend analysis of sea turtle population these sites the monitoring protocol established at these sites should continue in, and as far beyond as possible, as this data provides the most heavily nested areas and are needed for analysing trends in relative abundance. Leatherback nestings at peak period on Fishing Pond, Matura and Manzanilla are subject to be affected again this season by high levels of Sargassum seaweed as in 2011 and The predication of heavy Sargassum influx in 2016 was not realised, allowing near normal, complete monitoring coverage for the season. As far as possible monitoring of these areas and evaluations of nest success during landfall should proceed. The long-term impact of Sargassum to the nesting population is still relatively unknown so data collection is needed on the beaches. 13

14 Speyside Eco-Marine Park Rangers have had difficulty with access to the Star Wood site since it involves walking the trail and the use of a 4x4 vehicle is needed during rainy periods. The sandy beach is largely covered at high tide. Compared with other Leatherback nesting sites, nesting density is quite low (<50 nesting events per season) and may be better suited to coverage during peak period. Based on input at the CBO end-of-season meeting 2016, the recommendation is for an additional 2 persons on Manzanilla to assist with crowd control during peak period and the SOS patrols will not be assigned to a specific beach but allowed to move among their sites as the number of turtles shifts over the season. 14

15 Fig. 5. Recommendation for coverage of Index sites by CBO groups in (Leatherback) CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date Fishing Pond Turtle Conservation Group Fishing Pond Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 8 $250 1 st March August 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 1 $250 1 st March August 31 st Community Coordination 1 $ st March August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 4 $250 1 st September 15 th /30 th September Grande Riviere Grande Riviere Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 8 $250 1 st March August 31 st Community Coordination 1 $ st March August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 4 $250 1 st September 15 th /30 th September Nature Seekers Matura Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 8 $250 1 st March August 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 4 $250 1 st March August 31 st Community Coordination 1 $ st March August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 4 $250 1 st September 15 th /30 th September SOS-Tobago Turtle Beach/ Grafton /Back Bay Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 6 $250 1 st March August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st September 15 th /30 th September 15

16 CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date Blanchisseuse Environment & Community Organisation Marianne, Blanchisseuse Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 4 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 4 $250 1 st August August 31 st Sans Souci Wildlife & Tourism Development Organisation Big Bay/Sans Souci Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 4 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 4 $250 1 st August August 31 st Wildlife Watch Environmenta l Group Manzanilla Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 6 $250 1 st April August 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Speyside Eco- Marine Park Rangers Star Wood Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st May June 30th Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st July August 31 st 16

17 Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st Both NEST and Pawi have experienced challenges in data collection during the seasons due to the remote nature of the sites to be monitored (Pawi- Madamas, Grand Tacarib, Paria; NEST- Charlotteville bays: Hermitage, Pirate s, Lover s, Cambleton, Iguana, Dead Bay, L Anse Fourmi). These sites are most easily and safely reached by boat. The introduction of stipends to assist with fuel/oil and for a data collector to function as the boat captain has allowed these groups to extend the coverage of these sites. Grand Tacarib and Hermitage Index sites cannot be observed in isolation to adjacent Survey beaches. Though some of these sites fall under the threshold set for nesting activity (>50 nesting events per season), collectively nesting numbers of the cluster of beaches in each area is sufficient. In these areas there are no permanent buildings or utilities. This means that the sites do not have artificial lighting or high levels of human disturbance making them ideal nesting sites and great for comparison with populated sites some of which have lighting interference from house and street lighting. These beaches support the highest nesting by Hawksbills. The Hawkbill population assessment data has previously been under-reported but this Project and the inclusion of these remote sites has facilitated the collection of nesting data for these and other hardshell species. These remote sites also provide the advantage of allowing monitoring of turtle behaviour at relatively pristine beaches and additionally acts as a deterrent to poaching activity. The focus in coming seasons is to include later monitoring in September since hardshells typically have an extended nesting season as well as nest evaluations for a better estimate of productivity on these beaches (Fig. 5). Since the hardshell season may extend into end of the year, consideration should be given based on the season s nesting numbers to have morning counts and nest excavations until potentially 30 th November. 17

18 Fig. 5. Recommendation for coverage of Index sites by CBO groups in (Hardshell) CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date North East Sea Turtles Hermitage Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers (Boat) 1 $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st September 15 th /30 th September Pawi Sports, Culture & Eco Club Grand Tacarib Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Supplies to remote sites- Boat fuel, oil /fortnight TBD TBD 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st September 15 th /30 th September 18

19 Survey beaches Where anecdotal evidence exists, the aspect of the beach and proximity of the beach to known nesting sites suggests there may be some nesting activity it is important to get an estimation of the nesting numbers to use in population assessments, record tag returns for migratory analysis and influence area use management. These survey sites generally support lower nesting numbers but also typically have more abundant hardshell nesting activity. Of the survey sites Las Cuevas supports the densest Leatherback nesting. Leatherbacks nest on Paria Bay and in the coves of Moriah and Charlotteville at almost even numbers with hardshell species with species nesting seasons overlapping in May-June and then predominantly hardshell nesting beyond June. Two other beaches in North Manzanilla added to the surveyed beaches in 2015, Lysae and Charama were also included in monitoring for These beaches are coves in the bluff of Manzanilla Point, bounded by Fishing Pond to the North and Manzanilla to the South. Occasional Leatherback nesting activity but predominantly hardshell nesting. The season nesting averages described in Figs. 6, 7, are considerably lower than for Index sites for the equivalent coverage. These sites do provide insight into the overall nesting range of sea turtle species in T&T and give particular insight into the Hawksbill nesting population. For Guayamare, Tompire and Buccoo concerns raised by TVT researchers and members of community groups, as early as 2013 season, regarding the consistency and methodology of coverage and there have been attempts to address these with the CBOs responsible for data collection on these sites through discussion with group executives and additional training. In 2015 there was no communication or data received to date from Toco Foundation pertaining to Guayamare or Tompire. These sites were not surveyed in 2016 due to non-engagement of a CBO. The monitoring effort in 2013 for Minister's Bay (Bacolet) and Hope/Lambeau/Petit Trou was assigned to an amalgam of persons with affiliations to the Civilian Conservation Corps, Tobago. Discord between the group members and management of the group developed over the course of the season and resulted in attempts at intervention by TVT and DNRE but the group opted not to continue past The Tobago Wildlife and Environmental Protection Group assumed 19

20 responsibility for data collection of these sites from TWEP-G also included Kilgwyn/Pigeon Point/Store Bay under their MOA. Fig. 6. a. Nesting events on Survey beaches over 4 seasons (2016 does not include August at this time) Nesting beach Madamas Las Cuevas * Speyside (Tyrell's Bay/ Lucy Vale, Lover's Bay) Paria Beach ** La Foret *** Balandra 46 # n/a King Peter's Bay/ Moriah Big Bay Charlotteville (Dead Bay, Cambleton) ^ Charama *** ^ Lysae *** 14 39^ *Predominantly Leatherback nesting. Patrols were decreased in 2015 to morning counts 3 days per week in off-peak months. ** Unusually high nesting numbers. The data is being reviewed. ***Surveys began in 2015 ^ <40% are confirmed or estimated lays 20

21 Fig. 6. b. Nesting events on Survey beaches over 3 seasons Nesting beach Mission^ 12 *** 4 Patience^ Red Sand^^ Toco- Salybia 12 2 *** Guayamare/Tompire 38^ # n/a Magdalena^^^ Minister's Bay (Bacolet) ^ 16 Hope/Lambeau/Petit Trou^ 61 Kendal/Argyle/Roxborough ^ 5 Charlotteville (Iguana/ Pirate's Bay/ Man-O-War) Arnos Vale/Celery Bay 19 1 Buccoo 1 Belle Garden/Goldsborough/ Goodwood ## Kilgwyn/Pigeon Point/Store Bay 3 16^ ^ Mostly false crawls and abandoned nesting (>50%) ^^Surveys began in 2015 ^^^SOS patrol and respond to calls by Hotel *** Patrols were decreased to morning counts 3 days per week with night coverage in peak period # No data submitted for 2015 season ## No group available for monitoring, no demonstrated nesting activity recorded at occasional site visits 21

22 NESTING EVENT ON SURVEY SITES FIG. 7. NESTING EVENTS ON SURVEY BEACHES (HARDSHELL) Balandra Cambleton Celery Charama Dead Bay Grange Bay Bacolet Buccoo Crompston Beach Guayamare King Peters Bay La Foret Lovers' Bay Lysae Madamas Mission Paria Red Sand Roxborough Speyside Toco (Salybia) Tompire O C T - 12 J A N - 13 M A Y - 13 A U G - 13 N O V - 13 M A R - 14 J U N - 14 S E P - 14 D E C - 14 A P R - 15 J U L - 15 O C T

23 Recommendations- Survey beaches Sites adjacent to and associated with groups that provide coverage on Index beaches (eg. Pawi, NEST) should proceed in as in previous seasons largely because the resources already exist in these groups to continue coverage in transit to the Index beaches (Fig. 8). Grand Tacarib for example is neighboured on the West by Paria and on the East by Madamas therefore Pawi can provide coverage at these sites with only in the inclusion of additional stipends for taggers. The situation is similar for the Charlotteville complex of beaches. Since the hardshell season may extend into end of the year, consideration should be given based on the season s nesting numbers to have morning counts and nest excavations until potentially 30 th November. Since these groups provide coverage across several neighbouring sites, similar to SOS, coverage should be designated to the area rather than individual beaches. In this way, patrols can be rostered by the group according to the nesting trend over the season so that monitoring effort can be assigned where needed as the turtles shift over the course of the season. Fig. 8. Recommendation for coverage of Survey sites by CBO groups in (sites adjacent to Index beaches) CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date North East Sea Turtles Dead Bay, Cambleton Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Iguana/ Pirate's Bay/ Man- O-War Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers (Boat) Already assigned to Hermitage 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Nest Excavators/ Data collectors Already assigned to Hermitage 1 st September 15 th /30 th September 23

24 Pawi Sports, Culture & Eco Club Madamas Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Paria Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Supplies to remote sites- Boat fuel, oil /fortnight Already assigned to Grand Tacarib 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Supplies to remote sitesper patroller per night survey TBD TBD 1 st April 15 th /30 th September Nest Excavators/ Data collectors Already assigned to Grand Tacarib 1 st September 15 th /30 th September Apart from these sites, Las Cuevas warrants coverage particularly over the peak nesting period based on the high nesting numbers. The nesting site at Las Cuevas also supports Green and Hawksbill nesting. The group has retained a very small number of taggers which often causes rostering concerns and occasionally missed shifts. There is a need for the group to demonstrate their ability to grow as an organisation and more fully engage the community. Ideally the group size required to fulfil the needs of the monitoring is persons since there will be replacement taggers available who would not be working 2 consecutive nights. This beach was granted tourism Blue Flag status in This has raised interest by several state and private organisations including the Institute of Marine Affairs who have intentions of assessing the viability of a sea turtle hatchery facility near the river. It is my recommendation then that TVT continues to build the relationship with the CBO group facilitating capacity building and continuing the monitoring effort if the CBO shows willingness. Additional patrol numbers have been requested by the CBO due to safety concerns. The site is a long, isolated beach with known criminal activity so the request is justifiable. Further discussion as to how the group will be able to manage additional resources, based on small group size, is required. 24

25 Fig. 9a. Recommendation for coverage of Survey sites by CBO groups in (Leatherback) CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date Las Cuevas Eco-friendly Association Las Cuevas Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 4 $250 1 st April August 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st September September 15 th /30 th Other Survey beaches which warrant coverage based on numbers of nesting are Speyside beaches, Moriah beaches and the newly introduced North Manzanilla beaches and La Foret. These sites should have at least full coverage during peak months with consistent but less frequent monitoring in off-peak periods. Since the hardshell season may extend into end of the year, consideration should be given based on the season s nesting numbers to have morning counts and nest excavations until potentially 30 th November. Balandra may also be included in this list if the CBO group, Balandra Village Council which currently is overseen by Toco Foundation address the management concerns which resulted in shortcomings during the 2015 season. 25

26 Fig. 9.b Recommendation for coverage of Survey sites by CBO groups in (Hawksbill) CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date Speyside Eco- Marine Park Rangers Speyside (Tyrell s, Lucy Vale, Lover s Bay) Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st Anse Fromager Ecological & Environmenta l Protection Organisation King Peter's Bay/ Moriah Big Bay Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 4 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st Nature Maintaince Verdant Conservation Group North Manzanilla (Lysae, Charama) Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 4 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st 26

27 CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date St David Empowermen t and Development al Organisation La Foret Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st Balandra Village Council? /Toco Foundation? Balandra Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st April July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st March March 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st August August 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st All other Survey sites which have demonstrated only limited nesting activity should receive few monitoring resources until nesting numbers increase. While CBOs in these areas, notably SDEDO, AFEEPO, TWEPG and RPYC demonstrate great commitment and organisational capacity to fulfil the monitoring, the nesting observed provides valuable though limited inclusions to total abundance estimates. Resources assigned to these sites would be better served elsewhere. These sites should follow the monitoring protocol established for the National Census. 27

28 For the peak period the National Census, introduced in 2014, can be undertaken. Emphasis can be placed on survey sites that have demonstrated very low levels of nesting in the last 3 seasons as well as remote sites including Mayaro, Guayaguayare, the Chaguaramas peninsula and islands. The National Census 2014 gave us an idea of the full range of the Leatherback nesting and also the seasonality of the hardshell (Hawksbill and Green). This mid-season survey at remote/low density nesting sites allows for a sub-sampling, to enhance the total abundance estimates, that maximises the probability of encountering nesting females (SWOT Scientific Advisory Board 2011). The census will be a complete count of females for a 6 week (or longer) period to give the mean number of females nesting per night. Doing the survey at peak season increases the probability of encountering females nesting and therefore improves the abundance estimates and shortens the time for trend detection. The Census was not conducted in 2016 therefore the Census should repeat the same methodology, peak season minimum 2 weeks full night coverage (but preferably 8 weeks), focusing on Mayaro and Guayaguayare for peak leatherback nesting in May and on the North- West peninsula for hardshell species in July. Isolated low density sites along the south and west coast should also be assessed (a crawl count is sufficient) for nesting due to shifts in nesting grounds as a result of sand transportation. Apart from the peak season coverage these sites will also need to be evaluated for nesting periodically in the off-peak period at a suggested minimum of 1/15 days in the early part of the season (eg. from 1 st March to 1 st April for leatherback) and 3/7 days in the weeks surrounding the peak period (Fig. 9c). Data collection method will continue based on IUCN-SSC Material Turtle Specialist Group and Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for Trinidad & Tobago recommendations: Datasheet for night monitoring and tagging are the Nesting Event Data Sheet of the NSTCP. Morning surveys will use a Census Data Sheet. GPS coordinates will be recorded for all nests and estimated nests. Where confirmed nests are laid an estimate of the clutch size and a Triangulation will be conducted to assist in nest exhumation studies for hatching estimation. 28

29 Fig. 9c. Recommendation for coverage of low-level Survey sites by CBO groups in (Hawksbill) CBO group Location Resource To be Provided Number Payment Start date End Date As relevant to the site/ individual taggers with TVT research team As relevant (listed in Fig. 6. b.) Patrols/ Data Collectors Taggers 2 $250 1 st June July 31 st Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 1/ 1 day per fortnight $250 1 st March April 30th Morning count/ Data Collectors Taggers 2/ 3 days per week $250 1 st April May 31 st Nest Excavators/ Data collectors 2 $250 1 st August August 31 st Since the hardshell season may extend into end of the year, consideration should be given based on the season s nesting numbers to have morning counts and nest excavations until potentially 30 th November. 29

30 3. Remote Beach Surveys Remote Northern Beaches Overnight monitoring surveys were conducted on the three remote Index beaches and nesting counts on smaller nearby beaches. It was the most extensive survey of nesting activity in this area. The three Index beaches are located along the northern coastline between Blanchisseuse and Matelot. These sites- Madamas, Grand Tacarib and Paria- are considered remote as they can only be accessed by hiking the North Coast Trail or travelling by boat. Also there are no permanent buildings or utilities. This means that the sites do not have artificial lighting or high levels of human disturbance making them ideal nesting sites and great for comparison with populated sites some of which have lighting interference from house and street lighting. Tents are used for accommodation on remote beaches where surveys are conducted over several consecutive nights to limit the number of trips needed from the nearest villages (Matelot or Blanchisseuse). There was inconsistent coverage of the three beaches assigned to the group as a result of their boat being unavailable due to the need for repairs. There will be an emphasis on achieving at least 28 days of monitoring during the peak months of the season. The data collected during this monitoring activity demonstrated that there were 10 turtles per night nesting on these beaches and interestingly the number of hardshell turtles nesting accounted for half the recorded nests. All observed nesting and hatchling hardshell species were hawksbill turtles. These sites were not previously considered to support hawksbill nesting in such high densities. Also notable from these surveys was that hawksbill nests were successful as evidenced by the emergence of hatchlings. 30

31 North West Coast survey A survey of the Chaguaramas Peninsula and adjacent islands was conducted annually since Five beaches were identified as current nesting habitats for Hawksbill turtles. Sadly litter, mainly plastic bottles, crowds the beaches in this area and results in turtles abandoning nesting and making the reading of the number of turtles using the beach difficult. Most of the litter appears to be from offshore sources likely drifting in along the currents from Port-of- Spain, though visitors to the area were also seen leaving refuse on their departure. Five beaches in the Chaguaramas Peninsula and adjacent islands were identified as current nesting habitats for Hawksbill turtles. Tortue Bay on Huevos Island was the only beach with a house and year-round inhabitants making it the least polluted beach and the only site with artificial lighting at night. This beach had the highest nesting density, 36 turtles per km. There was also hatchling emergence on Tortue Bay. There are three nesting beaches on Chacachacare Island all of which show evidence of heavy nesting early in the season. Bande du Sud, the beach bordering the old salt ponds, is the most heavily-polluted area. There was also fresh tar in the foreshore. Despite the deplorable condition of the beach it appears to be a successful nesting site as there was 1 daytime nesting event and a nest emergence of 45 hatchlings. Following reports from members of the Blanchisseuse group regarding stranded turtles observed by fishermen in their community who had been in the Chaguaramas area last week and frequented the Salt Pond for camping, TVT initiated investigations into these stranding events. The information reported was of 5 carcasses recovered from the Pond and more 10 turtles seen in the Salt Pond, Bande du Sud, Chacachacare Island. There is no evidence of poaching activity in the area but hatchlings are being predated by ants and seabirds. Adult Hawksbill turtles become trapped and drown in the salt pond. There were 12 carapaces in varied stages of decomposition around the perimeter of the pond. It appears that turtles become disoriented and entered the pond after nesting. Entanglement in mangrove roots, overheating and starvation are the most probable causes of death for these individuals. 31

32 4. Nest Relocation and Hatchery Programme Hatch success was reportedly low on Index sites Grande Riviere and Sans Souci. This was attributed to nest losses from erosion and overcrowding. Leatherback populations were now decimating hardshell nests on this high density nesting site. The purpose of the proposed study is to pilot a head-starting project on Grande Riviere beach with the aim of establishing and managing an artificial nesting habitat, identifying the suitability of such methods to the success of the nests and hatchlings produced and increasing the chances of survival of the hatchlings produced and subsequently increasing the likelihood of recruitment to foraging assemblages and subsequently adult breeding populations. Funding was used to establish: In situ relocation site and an artificial hatchery in the backshore of Grande Riviere beach. Nightly monitoring of the beach for vulnerable hardshell nests and vulnerable nests were relocated to a confined area. Building of wooden boxes for the hatchery phase of the project and the subsequent placing of the relocated nests in these boxes. Rearing of turtles in tank culture practices for a year before their release. Resources were used for equipment acquisition, to develop patrol coverage and enhance public education of the conservation efforts taking place on the beaches of Trinidad and Tobago. Resources were used for equipment acquisition, to allow regular surveys to be conducted and to enhance public awareness of our foraging turtles and the threats that face them. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1. To determine emergence success of natural and artificial hardshell sea turtle nests and assess the effect of artificial incubation on hatchling condition. 2. To determine emergence success of natural and artificial hardshell sea turtle nests and assess the effect of artificial incubation on hatchling condition. 3. To evaluate hatchling quality of turtles reared in tanks from morphometric measurements and behaviour. 4. To measure hatchling locomotor performance in terms of crawl speed and self-righting ability. 5. To determine initial swim fate of released hatchlings. 6. To develop the capacity of the community organizations to continue the conservation of sea turtles 7. Public Awareness - Promoting Community Tourism as a tool for conservation of natural ecosystems and species by using the spectacular ecological behaviour of the nesting Leatherback turtles as the principle focus for this activity. 32

33 - Safeguarding the nesting habitat of marine turtles and other natural resources from negative human activities through awareness activities. 8. Develop Beach Management Plans: - Work with the stakeholders (members of the local community, members of turtle conservation groups, hoteliers, utilities in some cases anyone who uses the beach or has any impact on the beach or its nesting turtles) to produce site-specific plans for Grande Riviere, that will direct the use of the resource, identify responsibilities of stakeholders, highlight research priorities and make recommendations to mitigate threats Sea turtle Nest Relocation and Hatchery Programme Introduction A prompt and productive start to the season, showed average nesting numbers of hardshells on the Grande Riviere beach. Early hatchling emergence was also recorded early in the season. This year sargassum levels on the beach was minimal and has no impact on nesting and hatching during the season. Erosion, particularly on the East Coast and from increased riverine output at the beginning of the rainy season has had a significant impact on nesting since we have observed nest loss, flooding of the beach. Two research initiatives continue in Grande Riviere with hardshell sea turtles. The hatchery phase now completed for the 2014 season, the focus for , has been on the grow-out phase of the Sea Turtle Nest Relocation and Hatchery Programme. The purpose of the Sea Turtle Nest Relocation and Hatchery Programme study is to pilot a grow out project on Grande Riviere beach with the aim of establishing and managing an artificial nesting habitat, identifying the suitability of such methods to the success of the nests and hatchlings produced and increasing the chances of survival of the hatchlings produced and subsequently increasing the likelihood of recruitment to foraging assemblages and subsequently adult breeding populations. Nightly monitoring of the beach for vulnerable hardshell nests was carried out. These vulnerable nests were relocated to a confined area. Members of the GRNTGA built wooden boxes for the hatchery phase of the project. The boxes are 1m3 and filled with screened, shifted top sand from the backshore beach at Grande Riviere. The nest boxes were periodically watered to maintain moisture and humidity and allowed to settle for up to a month before nests were relocated for incubation. 33

34 10Hawksbill nests and 1 Green nest have been relocated to hatchery boxes and 10 Hawksbill nests and 1 Green nest left in the natural environment for incubation as a comparative study of nest success for hardshells. The nest dimensions were recorded and the relocated nests were dug to closely replicate the natural nest from which the eggs were removed. Average nest depth was 50cm and average depth from the surface of the sand to the first egg was 28cm. Plate 1. Positioning od boxes and Sand Filling Figure 1. Mean annual nesting event by species Figure 1 shows the nesting events for the various species during the year. There is a overlap with peak nesting of the hardshell with the leatherback which leads to the ultimate distruction of the hardshell nests and the need for this programme. In the month of September 2016, the natural and relocated nests in the hatchery began to emerge. The hatching success of each of the nests was also determined through nest excavations. The hatchlings were collected and a randomly selected sample of hatchlings from each of the nests was inspected for deformities or abnormalities and fitness tests were performed to determine the relative health of the hatchlings and for comparative purposes. For each site a subsample of dead hatchlings was sent for histological analysis of gonad tissue for sex determination. Naturally failed eggs and shells with fungal colonies were sent for laboratory analysis. 34

35 Plate 2:. After incubation, the nest is exhumed and the contents are evaluated The majority of the hatchlings were released from shore during early evening hours after performance tests were carried out. A proportion of hatchlings were transferred to holding tanks for growout in the system. The turtles were placed into their rearing tanks and are monitored daily to observe behaviour along with relative ability in feeding, diving and swimming. Plate 3. Fitness test being performed on a Hawksbill hatchling obtained from the hatchery 35

36 Rear out Programme Plate 4. The Tank in the Sea Turtle Nest Relocation and Hatchery Programme System Research Methodology 15% of surviving hatchlings were randomly selected for captive rearing. These turtles were then placed into their rearing tanks and monitored daily to observe behaviour along with relative ability in feeding, diving and swimming. They were measured and weighed weekly to monitor growth and calculate the amount of food, given each day (2-5% of body weight). Visual observations were employed to monitor the health and behaviour and the categories of feeding, diving and mobility, scored daily out of the ten (10). Accompanying notes were made on any health issues or interesting observations. Environmental variables; the sea water temperature, salinity, DO and ph were monitored twice daily and manipulated to be kept constant throughout the period of rearing. The standards for these parameters having been taken from the mean prevailing conditions of the coastal waters of Grande Riviere. Plate 5. Young juvenile Green in tank system 36

37 Assessment Year 2 is currently underway with several boxes filled with incubating nests due for emergence from the end of July Dr. Ayanna Carla Phillips, Coordinator of the Aquaculture/Aquatic Animal Health Unit of the School of Veterinary Medicine, UWI visited the hatchery facility and checked the health status of the young turtles. Dr. Phillips noted the animals were growing and in good overall health. She was able to advise on improvements to the water quality of the system and address small injuries caused by curiosity and competition between the animals Coming out of the group s interest, Year 2 developed an educational and eco-tourism component, spreading awareness of the hardshell species, population threats and conservation issues. Year 3 is carded to focus on the further development of the year 2 objectives as well as focusing on the sustainability aspect of the project. In several trials the juvenile turtles have demonstrated favour for live, locally-caught feed (seaweeds, shrimp) which demonstrates that their instinctual attraction to natural food sources is retained despite being in captive settings. To make the system more self-sufficient and less reliant on external food a new component is added to the Programme for us to generate food through an aquaponics system. In this system, the waste from the turtles and the Nitrogen from the water will be filtered and pumped into grow beds where we will be planting seaweeds and grasses which would utilise the Ammonia and allow for this water to be pumped into the grow tanks where we will be culturing crayfish as another feed source. The excess clean water will then be pumped back into the turtle tanks. The crayfish and the seaweeds that are cultured in this system will be excellent food sources for the juvenile turtles. Data Analysis (Sea turtle Nest Relocation and Hatchery Programme) The data presented should be viewed with caution however as it is a small subset ( ) of a larger population estimation. The limitations include: 1. Heterogeneous data-collection efforts and various levels of surveyor experience. 2. Inter-annual variability is large. This may be linked to conditions at the foraging grounds or environmental events which can influence the remigration rate of females. An observed trend might reflect displacement of females to new nesting sites. 4) A fluctuation in the female nests may be 37

38 related to natural changes to the coastline e.g. Longshore drift displacing sand further down the coast, or debris after flooding. 3. Although the information may be useful in evaluating the relative importance of a particular nesting site for sea turtle reproduction due to the slow sexual maturity of sea turtles the data presented in this report alone are not sufficient to evaluate long-term trends in population. 4. Data for must be verified after review of the data entry into the database. Where higher estimates exist in the summarised data or averages these are used as precaution until the source data can be confirmed. 5. Due to personnel constraints, there was not a timely scheduled entry of the data in to the database, resulting in a back log of data to be entered. 6. Project designed as a community experiment focused on giving the members of the GRNTGA, experience with the rearing of hardshells in tanks. Scientific rigor not observed with the collection of data. Data for the 2016 nesting season is currently being entered into the database. A comprehensive analysis will be undertaken when this is completed. However, from preliminary analysis of the dataset show that the current husbandry practices have proven successful in the hatching of eggs in the hatchery and rearing of hatchlings and juveniles in the tank system. Turtle ID Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Number Table 1. Showing Growth of juvenile sea turtles over a 4 month period. Though the data shown a subset of the data collected, an R2 value of 0.56, as shown in Figs 2 and 3 coupled with the exponential growth of the animals and a 100% survival rate are indicative that the model and methods used for the husbandry of the juvenile sea turtles are beneficial to their growth, and should be proliferated into the future. 38

39 Figure 2. Preliminary growth chart for juveniles in the tank system Figure 3. Growth Rate of Hawksbill Sea Turtles in Tank 1. Conclusion and Justification Through the various components of this project, the researchers at Turtle Village Trust (TVT) and the partner CBO, the Grande Riviere Nature and Tour Guide Association (GRNTGA) have gained an enormous wealth of knowledge. This knowledge has led to over-arching success in turtle husbandry, monitoring of these animals in their natural habitat through kayak surveys and scientifically guided conservation practices as seen in the deployment of the satellite tags. On the completion of the upgrades to the hatchery and tank systems, these components can move into the phase of self-sustainability and handed over from the researchers at TVT to the GRNTGA for management. 39

40 5. Offshore Monitoring and Satellite Telemetry Programme WHERE DO SEA TURTLES GO WHEN THEY ABANDON THE BEACH? This Offshore Programme seeks to study movements and habitat use of hardshell turtles on the North and East coasts of Trinidad and around the island of Tobago. Whereas the ecology and movements of nesting adults are well-studied at other sites in the North Atlantic, in Trinidad and Tobago there is a gap. There is a paucity of knowledge of the ecology of green, loggerhead and hawksbill turtles in Trinidad and Tobago with only few records annually on nesting beaches and little to no information on their activity away from the nesting grounds identified. Additionally, relatively little is known about the habitat use and movements of juveniles. The focus of research in 2016 will be on nesting females, with research in into the underrepresented majority of juvenile animals. Funding was used to establish: One week each month surveys of eleven sites across the North and East coasts of Trinidad (Grande Riviere, Manantal Bay, Homard Bay, Gran Tacarib, Sand Bay, Jungle Bay, Chacachacare (Bande de Sud), Monos, Huevos, Manzanilla, Fishing pond) and three sites (Bon Accord Lagoon, Petit Trou lagoon, Mt. Irvine Bay) in the south-western peninsula of Tobago. Purchase of satellite tags, attachment materials and the payment of associated user charges for tracking of the satellite tags. Resources were used for equipment acquisition, to develop patrol coverage and enhance public education of the conservation efforts taking place on the beaches of Trinidad and Tobago. Resources were used for equipment acquisition, to allow regular surveys to be conducted and to enhance public awareness of our foraging turtles and the threats that face them. Project Objectives 1. To determine the habitat, use and the proportional area used by hardshell turtle species and to determine whether turtles displayed resident behaviour. 2. To measure seasonal variations in turtle movements including a home range estimation and site fidelity of foraging areas. 3. To obtain information on the spatial biology of juveniles in the study area. 4. To describe patterns of overlap among core areas of activity and home ranges of satellite tracked individuals. 40

41 Research Methodology These surveys were conducted over the course of one year to collect baseline data and to consolidate research methods. The total area studied was preliminarily surveyed by boat and subsequently divided into discrete study sites based on size and forage composition. Kayaks were used to traversed the transect lines at each site, record the locations of turtles and make observations of behaviour. Assessment of the sites involved depth and area measurements and the implementation of transect lines. Sampling was carried out on a regular basis, with intensive sampling carried out across all sites for 1 week every month during a 10-month period. During these surveys, the technique of tangle netting was used with the aid of a Turtle Entanglement Net (TEN). This net was left out for a soak time of 4 hours and was checked at 30min intervals, or less if something was appeared entangled. Investigations of capture methodology of these animals are ongoing. Capture will allow for tagging and morphological measuring and identification of individuals. At this time, distinguishing attributes such as injuries, scute patterns and barnacles or other attachments are used for recognition in the field. This aspect of the Project is vulnerable to environmental conditions as such the survey schedule must adapt to the sea conditions and weather as the safety of personnel on the Project is paramount. Since there may be days of lost work, when unsafe conditions exist, surveyors have expressed dissatisfaction that their expected remuneration is not met. 41

42 Preliminary Analysis of Data and Key Findings Data for this project is in the process of being entered into the database. As such the findings from the offshore monitoring project are at the inconclusive. Preliminary analysis of the data within the Grande Riviere river basin has shown a higher number of Green sea turtles than Hawksbills. However, from the nesting data more hawksbills are shown nesting on our beaches. This suggests that these greens sea turtles are utilizing our coastal habitats for foraging and mating, while nesting in other areas of the insular Caribbean. Plate 7. Hardshell Sea Turtle Sightings in the Grande Riviere Basin. Data entry is expected to be completed in mid-january, with a comprehensive write up following soon after. Satellite Telemetry Satellite transmitter attachment methods were trialled in October 2015 and again in June 2016 using a 2-part epoxy bond. The trials replicate methodologies of similar telemetry studies with hardshell species and the emphasis is on securing the equipment safely to the animals carapace with minimum damage or injury. Epoxy trials were conducted June 13th, The session was a refresher and training as there are new persons engaged on the Project. The focus of the session was to test the epoxy s bonding quality and the procedure for fixing a satellite tag to a carapace. The only variable from previous trials (in October 2015) was the use of neoprene as a footprint in the bonding application. The neoprene has been demonstrated in similar studies to provide an insulating layer and minimise heat transfer of the epoxy as well as allow for scute growth under the tag. This reduces the likelihood of carapace distortions from irregular growth during the time the tag was in place. 42

43 Dummy satellites were constructed from 1.5 x 1.5 x 5-inch pine unsealed. A thin layer of epoxy coat was used to limit heat conduction to the carapace and increase cure time. Plate 7 and 8. Satellite tag bonding trails. Satellite Tag Deployment On July 25th, the first hard-shell sea turtle satellite tag was launched out of Hermitage Bay, Charlotteville, Tobago. Dubbed Chermie, an amalgamation of Charlotteville and Hermitage, this turtle represented the start of an intensive four month long tagging drive and a yearlong research initiative. At the launch of this first tag a short video documentary was done by Atlantic utilizing personnel from the Lonsdale Media Company. To date thirteen tags have been deployed. Eight of these tags (151586, , , , , , , ) are distributed within the wider Caribbean region ranging from Guadeloupe in the north, Guyana in the south and off the western coast of Venezuela, and have an expected battery life of 9 months. Six tags (151575, , , , , ) came online at their initial deployment and are currently offline and not transmitting data. Three tags have been sent back to the manufacturer, Sirtrack, for testing. As aforementioned, these tags have an average battery life of nine months. As such the first tag deployed in April is anticipated to stop transmission of data in April,. Currently data for all transmitting tags is being downloaded and stored on file. This data is also currently being used in the development of an interactive map that would aid in the tracking and monitoring of the tagged animals. Environmental parameters will be used to develop a detailed map of each study site and to demonstrate where conservation focus should be made. The Table below shows the status and location of deployed satellite tags. Date Satellite Tag ID# Location deployment of Present Location Satellite Status Tag Species 43

44 25/07/ Hermitage Isla Bequia transmitting Hawksbill 28/07/ Grand Riviere North-West Coast of St. Vincent transmitting Hawksbill 08/08/ Rincon Beach Off grid msg data Hawksbill 09/08/ Rincon Beach North-East Coast Guyana of transmitting Hawksbill 15/08/ Lambeau Off grid msg data Hawksbill 16/08/ Bande du Sud (Chacachacare) Off grid stopped transmitting Hawksbill 17/08/ Minister Bay Guadalupe transmitting Hawksbill 17/08/ Tortue Bay (Huevos) Off grid stopped transmitting Hawksbill 05/09/ Grande Tacarib Grande Tacarib transmitting Hawksbill 06/06/ Grande Tacarib Matelot transmitting Hawksbill 07/09/ Madamas Off grid msg data Green Table Showing status and location of deployed satellite tags. 44

45 On August 11 th, 2016, Sirtrack was apprised of the ongoing technically difficulties with tag # Since then four (4) additional tags deployed have experienced some sort of technical malfunction. Tag in particular was functioning normally days before its launch but subsequently came offline after being deployed on a turtle. On September 15 th, 2016, it was suggested by Sirtrack that tag along with the other tags may have succumbed to the following: The tags have been retrieved and turned off. The animal didn t survive. The tag dropped off the animal. Complete tag failure. Platform ID No. Msg Date Loc. date Longitude Latitude Frequency BATTERY VOLTAGE /12/16 14:06:07 2/25/16 16:39: /30/16 19:19:07 2/18/16 18:16: /26/16 10:29:17 2/18/16 18:16: /19/16 6:09:06 8/19/16 6:09: /17/16 1:36:10 8/17/16 1:35: Table 2. Showing data taken from a direct download from the Argos Website. Sirtrack s response time to s on average is ten days and this has led to a breakdown in communication and a timely remedy to the problem. Three tags have been sent to Sirtrack on 15 November to attempt to rectify the issue of the malfunctioning tags. Additionally, another provider for satellite tags be sourced for the continuation of the Geotagging Project. October 12 th, 2016 saw the main launch of the Turtle Village Trust, satellite tagging initiative at Grande Riviere, in the Grande Riviere Bay. Three juvenile sea turtles (2 greens, 1 hawksbill) were tagged on the 11 th prior to their release on the 12 th. Attachment of Satellite tags to juvenile sea turtles. 45

46 On the 12 th, the launch proceeded without a hitch and all three turtles were successfully launched from the bay. Following the launch, tags (Spirit) & (Trini-T) have been transmitting with Spirit currently located just off the North-Coast of Venezuela and Trini-T north-east of the Grande Riviere Bay. Tag (Quaddie) last transmission date was the 16/10/2016, just outside of Blanchisseuse. N Satellite Imagery showing locations of Spirit, Quaddie and Trini-T Satellite platforms were affixed to a turtle on Bande du Sud on the 19 th November. This turtle was a 14kg sub-adult Green sea turtle caught in the 100 turtle entanglement net soaked for 45 minutes in the bay. On the morning of the 18 th and 19 th November, an entanglement net was deployed by 3 surveyors using kayaks. The exercise provided significant insight into net deployment and retrieval techniques. The method of 3 kayaks operating in tandem reduced the number of knots, ensnarement by surveyors in the net during deployment and retrieval. On the 18 th November, at La Tinta Bay, during the soak time of 1 hour no turtles were entangled or observed. The net was again deployed on 19 th November at Bande du Sud, after 45 minutes a Green sea turtle was entangled. This turtle was brought ashore and subsequently satellite tagged. The turtle was safely secured for tagging on the shore and the turtle released from the shore. The tag is successfully transmitting; 22 positions were received by 10am 22 nd November

47 The mapping of transmitions received from the platforms deployed at Chacachacare on 19 th November 2016 Currently eleven of the fifteen tags launched are transmitting data and are distributed around the wider Caribbean region. On the 15 th November, three tags were sent to Sirtrack for testing and analysis. N Map showing the distribution of tags around the wider Caribbean region. 47

48 Conclusion and Justification November 2015, saw the launch of the Offshore Monitoring Programme. Though all the data collected over the 2016 period is yet to be analysed, for the Offshore monitoring aspect of the project, preliminary trends show, continued year-round monitoring within sample sites would yield invaluable scientific data and insight. Consequently during January,, the various components of the Offshore monitoring programme would be revisited and tweaked and a supplementary research plan initiated. This would provide a holistic approach to monitoring and evaluating the habitats if these critically endangered animals aid in bolstering the data that has been collected during the 2016 period. The Satellite Tagging Initiative has opened various avenues into sea turtle research and conservation. Coupled with work in other components of the programme continuation of this research would be critically useful in achieving success in the sea turtle research and conservation. With the continued support of Atlantic LNG, we at the Turtle Village Trust are confident that our efforts in sea turtle research and conservation would go a long way in the protection of these species. This would not only serve to inform management plans within Trinidad and Tobago, but would feed into decisions and strategies implemented within the insular Caribbean. 48

49 6. Treating the Injured Over the course of the year sea turtles were found injured. The Trust ensured as best as possible that they were treated and then released. 49

50 Wildlife Watch Environmental Group assisted a Green Turtle disoriented by street lighting to safely return to sea Events in Research Nesting Olive Ridley The rare Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) was spotted during the 2013 season. A confirmed olive ridley nesting was recorded on Grande Riviere beach. The turtle emerged in late May and again in early June. The Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) during nesting at Grande Riviere. This is only the second nesting recorded at this site, the other being almost two decades earlier in 50

51 1995. The olive ridley is the least commonly observed nesting sea turtle in Trinidad & Tobago with only 25 nestings recorded since 1981 and the last nesting sighted in The Olive Ridley encountering a Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). 51

52 7. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING Sea Turtle Biology and Tagger Training The purpose of the training was to certify CBO participants in the art of data collection and public awareness aligned with the objectives of the NSTCP. The 2015 training consisted of numerous sessions involving theory and practical skills presented in a one day or two half-day workshops. Sessions included a theory component covering the following: Session 1: Turtle Village Trust and the NSTCP. What is conservation? The need for conservation Session 2: History & Turtle Conservation in T&T Session 3: Endangered status & Need Session 4: Biology and behaviours including Life history & Identification Session 5: Data collection Session 6: Personal and collective responsibility to our environment & Work ethic Session 7: Health and Safety of turtles and people All participants are evaluated by the trainers to determine their skill on the beach during the practical part of the tagger training. Trainees who acquire the skills entitle them to participate in the NSTCP in their community For 2016, community groups were deemed to be more than suitably trained in all aspects of sea turtle biology and tagging, as they have been trained in these disciplines for the past three turtle seasons. As such, they were allowed to train any new members that came on board the NSTCP. If any further guidance was required, CBOs were able to request a training session from the 52

53 Community Liaison. In 2016 a training booklet was developed to support this training. The printing of the booklet is expected in. Nest excavation exercise The 2016 Nest Emergence Evaluation Workshop was held in July 2016 with 48 participants from 11 CBOs at Grande Riviere Beach. The workshop addressed the theory and practice of assessing nest success by evaluating hatchling production on the beach. The workshop included demonstrations about locating nests from coordinates and triangulation markers, nest excavation and nest content evaluation. Kayak Safety Training (Trinidad) The Offshore Programme seeks to study movements and habitat use of hardshell turtles in the nearshore coast of Trinidad and Tobago. Whereas the ecology and movements of nesting adults are well-studied at other sites in the North Atlantic, and can be recovered under the present research of the nesting component of the NSTCP, relatively little is known about the habitat use and movements of juveniles. The focus of the current research will be on this under-represented majority of juvenile animals. A kayak safety workshop to introduce safety considerations and to build familiarity with operating kayaks for sampling was conducted in Grande Riviere. Three workshops were conducted in Grande Riviere involving trainees from Blanchisseuse, Grande Riviere, Sans Souci and Toco respectfully. At this time there are 20 TVT persons who have been introduced to the kayak training sessions. 53

54 members practise paddle function and hand position and Capsizing and recovery techniques Grande Riviere community persons honing their skills in the river Kayak Survey Training (Tobago) The Survey Training was successfully conducted on the 6&7th July 2016 and was incident free. Inclusive of TVT staff, there were 17 persons present on the 6th and 15 on the 7th. Originally there were to be 25 participants in total, inclusive of TVTs staff, but the members for NEST were not present. The community groups represented at this training included SOS, Participants were informed of the purpose of the project/training and the type of data they were expected to collect, emphasis was placed on safety of not only them but of their partners and others that would be participating in the project. The skills training included; equipment care, communication, paddling techniques, safety, rescue, kayak techniques, swimming, data collection, and spotting sea turtles. The participants in the training were evaluated to determine their suitability for the project as their paddling strength, ability to return into the kayak when it has flipped and their general comfort on the water were evaluated. 54

55 Basic Seaman Class IV Training This course was undertaken by ten (10) persons, with representatives from Grande Riviere Nature Tour Guide Association, Blanchisseuse Environment Community Organisation, St. David Empowerment and Developmental Organisation, Sans Souci Wildlife and Tourism Development Organisation, PAWI Sports, Culture and Eco Club and TVT. Topics such as; Elementary First Aid, Personal Survival Techniques, Security Awareness, Seamanship and Personal Safety and Social Responsibility and Fire Fighting and Fire Prevention were covered. Additional training will take place in. 55

56 Database Development After serious constraints with data entry and access to the database, particularly in 2015 where setbacks were created due to domain transfers for the online format of the database and the need for validation of previous seasons data, the database was successfully transferred in 2016 and is fully functional. As of April 2016 four (4) data compilers were hired after a round of interviews. This has allowed for the back log of data input to be cleared, for the timely input of the data collected over the 2016 season and sets the pace for the analysis of all the data collected under the project. This will provide an in depth look into the nesting sea turtle population of Trinidad and Tobago and background for all management decisions. University Partnership Three universities have approached TVT to partner with them individually for various community service/ research programs: Indiana University, Purdue University Indianapolis and University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT) The University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT) collaborated with TVT to conduct two three (3) day experiential learning sessions for their Marne Science students. The first was held on the 12th to 14th June with students of the undergraduate class and the second on the 25th to 27th June catered for both undergraduate 2nd year students and postgraduate students Seventeen undergraduate Biology and Environmental Studies students spent 4 nights at Matura and 2 nights at Grande Riviere participating in research and conservation projects as part of their Environmental Field Studies course. Students spent time learning aspects of sea turtle biology and the role of conservation in protecting these endangered animals. Over two nights students assisted in research and conservation projects including tagging and census counts at Grande Riviere beach. Participation in daytime activities included, daytime hatchling emergences and nest excavations, work with the Headstart Programme and offshore sampling in kayaks. Climate Change Capacity Building Programme Turtle Village Trust is one of five civil society groups that has been chosen to participate in a climate change capacity building programme, which seeks to empower civil society partners for climate change resilience in Trinidad & Tobago, entitled Capacity Development for improved management of Multilateral Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits. The launch of the project was hosted by BHP Billiton Trinidad and Tobago on Tuesday 27 October, TVT along with the four other participants; the Caribbean Youth Environment Network Trinidad and Tobago Chapter, Fondes Amandes Community Reforestation Project, the 56

57 Environmental Research Institute of Charlotteville and Environment Tobago were each presented with Bamboo plants as tokens. TVT s Climate Change Adaptation Project is a based on communicating climate change s impact on sea turtles. Banners, brochures and posters were developed for use in mall displays and other educational programmes. The initial output of the Project was reviewed by Conservation International and CANARI and edits are currently underway. The Project was completed at the end of the year. Representatives from the five beneficiary CSOs, Conservation International and CANARI 57

58 8. Public Awareness WE LIKE SHOWING, SHARING AND LEARNING WITH THE COMMUNITY. ONE OF THE KEYS TO CONSERVATION The Atlantic Biodiversity Display In commemoration of World Environment Day 2016, Atlantic LNG hosted the Biodiversity Display on 6th to 8th June 2016 at the South West Regional Indoor Sports Arena, Point Fortin. Schools participated in the educational and interactive displays from 9am to 3pm daily and then members of the public viewed the exhibition from 3 to 6pm. Turtle Village Trust actively engaged three thousand and sixty two (3062) students from thirty-four (34) schools in 20 minute education sessions with an age-appropriate lecture on sea turtle biology, a question and answer session and interactive activities including colouring and puzzle pages from the Sea Turtle Activity Booklet, Understanding Sea Turtles. The display also included a live rehabilitated Hawksbill sea turtle in a tank from The El Socorro Centre for Wildlife Conservation. Atlantic Biodiversity Display. 58

59 Fishing Pond Cleanup 2016 The Fishing Pond Beach Clean Up 2016 was hosted by the Fishing Pond Turtle Conservation Group ( FPTCG) on Sunday 6th March, 2016 with approximately 150 volunteers. 59

60 International Coastal Cleanup 2016 The theme of the 2015 International Coastal Cleanup of Saturday 19th September 2015 was Turn the tide on trash. For the 3rd consecutive year TVT directed the efforts at Chacachacare Island. 60

61 Macqueripe Under the Waves 2016 The Trinidad and Tobago Eco Divers (TTEDC) invited TVT to participate as a partner in the Macqueripe Under the Waves event on Sunday June 26th, The event was hosted at the Macqueripe beach facility between the hours of 8 am to 4pm. The event was a public awareness drive which aimed to; Raise awareness about the biodiversity and value of Macqueripe Bay; Educate the public on natural and human threats facing marine habitats and species and Promote environmentally sound practices among key resource users Trinidad and Tobago Mall Visits

62 Tobago Wildlife Exhibition 62

63 Bio Blitz 2016 TVT presented a display in the Bio Blitz 2016, for three days on 4-6th November The Bio Blitz in its 5th year surveyed the biodiversity of Port-of-Spain and surroundings. The Bio Blitz is "an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt to record all the living species within a designated area" which is conducted annually in various locations around T&T hosted by the UWI Zoology Museum and the Field Naturalist Club. Bio Blitz flyer For the first time, the biological survey was accompanied by an education fair where TVT and several environmental and green groups to showcased their activities to the public. TVT s exhibit highlighted some recent materials produced about the impact of climate change on sea turtles on Friday. The exhibition focused on current research including the satellite telemetry on Saturday and Sunday. Brochures and flyers were distributed and books and other materials were on display. The game Tic-Tac-Turtle created to teach the impacts of climate change and encourage the reuse of commonly littered bottle caps, was well-liked by all ages. Colouring pages with a Leatherback sea turtle from ESPjr engaged many of the attendees and the resulting artwork was used to decorate the booth. Participants welcomed the token string backpacks sponsored by Atlantic LNG. 63

64 Engaged in a Tic-Tac-Turtle battle On Friday, school groups were the main participants. Over Saturday and Sunday about 300 persons were estimated to have visited the booth. Two volunteers from Las Cuevas community group assisted in the display on Friday and Saturday and a UWI student volunteer joined in on Sunday. Visitors enjoying our display booth 64

65 Interactive activities interested all ages Promoting the importance of sea turtle conservation is an essential part of TVT s role to the citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, as such an annual event like the Bio Blitz will be an important awareness tool. Eco Blend 2016 On Friday 11th November, 2016 Nature Seekers hosted a one day Interactive Environmental Exhibition called Eco Blend at the Matura Savannah. This exhibition was an opportunity to educate the public on environmental issues and how these impact our natural resources. The event was used to launch Nature Seekers revised branding and logo at formal proceedings to start the day. Several public, private and non-governmental organizations were engaged to exhibit including Turtle Village Trust. TVT s exhibit highlighted the sea turtle conservation initiatives in coastal communities including the newly-launched satellite telemetry research. Brochures and flyers were distributed and books and other materials were on display. The game Tic-Tac-Turtle created to teach the impacts of climate change and encourage the reuse of commonly littered bottle caps, was well-liked by all ages. Since the crowd were mostly primary school aged, colouring pages with a Leatherback sea turtle from ESPjr were the preferred attraction and the resulting artwork was used to decorate the booth. Participants welcomed the token waterproof phone cases sponsored by Atlantic LNG. 65

66 About 150 persons were estimated to have visited the booth. Visitors enjoying our display booth at Eco Blend Promoting the importance of sea turtle conservation is an essential part of TVT s role to the citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, as such an annual event like the Eco Blend will be an important awareness tool. 66

67 How to Save Sea Turtles Brochure 9. Material Development This brochure was reprinted in 2016 to better reflect all the sponsors of the National Sea Turtle Conservation Project. The brochure highlights the importance of sea turtles and common threats affecting them and how persons can reduce the impacts, how to go turtle watching in Trinidad and Tobago and the do s and don ts of turtle watching This brochure has proved to be vital in providing information to the general public and our CBOs often request it from us as it is the main informational tool that they use for visitors to their communities and nesting sites Educational Activity Book Understanding Sea Turtles The activity book; Understanding Sea Turtles, was developed and printed by Turtle Village Trust as a tool to educate school children about sea turtles and how best they can help conserve them. Four thousand, four hundred and thirty-three (4,433) books were printed. Thus far, fifty (50) primary schools have received two (2) books each. These schools included all primary schools in the North Eastern School District and eight schools in the Caroni School District. Two books were also distributed to the Valencia Visitor Centre for presentation purposes when school tours visit and one was distributed to the La Horquetta ECCE Centre. The book is also used as an educational tool at displays. Children are presented with copies of activities from the book, allowing them to do various colouring and problem solving activities based around sea turtles. 67

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69 Educational Booklet Understanding the Burning Issue of Climate Change The booklet; Understanding the Burning Issue of Climate Change printed by Turtle Village Trust as a tool to educate children about what climate change is and how it will affect society and the environment and what they can do to help reduce the effects. Climate Change Adaptation Project TVT s Climate Change Adaptation Project is a based on communicating climate change s impact on sea turtles. Banners, brochures and posters were developed for use in mall displays and other educational programmes. The initial output of the Project was reviewed by Conservation International and CANARI and edits are currently underway. The Project will be completed by the end of the year. 69

70 A CC educational brochure Sustainability/Replicability- how the project results will contribute to your stated project goal beyond the life of the project Firstly, TVT s new Climate Change Communication Plan will guide our future work and educational outreach on climate change to ensure the development of suitable materials to effectively communicate our message to our target audience. TVT is also now better equipped technically to communicate and teach our CBO partners how to communicate our message about climate change and its impacts on sea turtles and coastal livelihoods. Turtle Village Trust s involvement throughout the year in the various public outreach activities, which included displays, school visits and CBO capacity building exercises, will be streamlined and enhanced. The materials developed will be used for these activities in the future to better educate the public. TVT s educational outreach on climate change and its impacts on sea turtles will also provide background for future planned activities that we have with our CBOs e.g. beach profiling surveys and beach management plans. Beach profiling surveys will allow the CBOs to properly document the changes in their beaches, relate it to the physical changes they see and will help them determine the difference between natural cycles and permanent changes that can be attributed to climate change. Beach management plans will help compile all information about the beach. This will include: stakeholders, uses, issues, strategy for management, agreed management policies and who is responsible for ensuring the implementation of these strategies and policies. Climate change will need to be factored into the development of these plans as it is expected to have an impact on all beaches in one way or another. A beach management plan will help identify these impacts and determine how they should be dealt with, thereby ensuring that the beaches and their communities are able to adapt and be more resilient to the effects of climate change. 70