Green Turtles in Peninsular Malaysia 40 YEARS OF SEA TURTLE CONSERVATION EFFORTS: WHERE DID WE GO WRONG? Olive Ridley Turtles in Peninsular Malaysia
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1 40 YEARS OF SEA TURTLE CONSERVATION EFFORTS: WHERE DID WE GO WRONG? (Did we go wrong?) Green Turtles in Peninsular Malaysia Lessons learnt and the way forward By Kamaruddin Ibrahim (TUMEC, DoFM) Dionysius S.K. Sharma (WWF-Malaysia) KBI01 Olive Ridley Turtles in Peninsular Malaysia Leatherback Turtles in Peninsular Malaysia C. Limpus KBI01 KBI01 Hawksbill Turtles in Peninsular Malaysia Turtle Sanctuaries and Protected Areas KBI01
2 NESTING NUMBERS OF LEATHERBACK TURTLES IN TERENGGANU SANCTUARY VS. OTHER AREAS: Hatchling Production Other Areas 51.1% Sanctuary 48.9% LB Hatchling Production Program Year Eggs Hatchlings Incubated Released ,090 86, , , , , ,469 33,691 % HATCH Hatchery Monitoring HATCH RATES OF LEATHERBACK TURTLES: , Total 1,045, , YEAR Research LEATHERBACK TAGGING OBJECTIVES: Individual census data Migration Growth Mortality Inter-nesting Turtle exploitation
3 Leatherback Migration Population Monitoring NESTING TRENDS OF LEATHERBACK TURTLES TERENGGANU: NESTING NUMBERS YEAR SATELLITE TELEMETRY MA DAERAH TURTLE SANCTUARY Inter-Nesting Migration of Green Turtles at Ma Daerah Sanctuary, Malaysia. (Ibrahim et al.) NESTING FEMALE INTER-NESTING AREA MELUR IF 2728 / IF 2729 CCL = cm CCW = 92.7 cm Total = 648 eggs () 11.8 km Year Date Laid Locality Clutch Size Aug 98 1 Jun Jun 01 Ma Daserah Ma Daerah Ma Daerah km 13.9 km 24 Jun 01 Ma Daerah 67 7 Jul Jul Jul 01 Ma Daerah Ma Daerah Ma Daerah Scale 1 : 2000,000 Max. Depth = 38 m 10 Aug 01 Cakar Hutan 97
4 Legislation and Enforcement Legislation Federal: Fisheries Act, 1985 Customs (Prohibition of Export/Import) Order 1988 Ban on Pukat Pari 1990 Gazetment of Marine Parks, 1988 Trawl-free zone (5 nm) Legislation State: Turtle Sanctuary (Rantau Abang) 1988 Ban on Consumption of Leatherback Eggs, 1989 (in Terengganu) Fisheries Regulations (Prohibited Area) (Rantau Abang) 1991 Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment) 1987 Public Awareness, Education and Information Regional / International Cooperation TUMEC SEAFDEC
5 Irresponsible Fishing Incidental Captures STRANDINGS OF LEATHERBACK TURTLES TERENGGANU: TEMPORAL STRANDINGS OF LEATHERBACKS TERENGGANU: NUMBERS NUMBERS APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST YEAR MONTH Turtle Harvest Where Magnitude Reference Australasian Kai Island, Indonesia Bali, Indonesia 100,000 turtles/yr (Greens) 100 turtles/yr (Leatherbacks) 19,000 turtles/yr (Greens) Limpus (1955) Suarex (2000) Green Peace (1999)
6 LB Eggs Conserved Vs. Exploited Egg Exploitation Year Egg Eggs % Eggs Eggs % Eggs Production Conserved Conserved Exploited Exploited ,923 14, , ,022 16, , ,210 25, , ,976 30, , ,795 26, , ,592 25, ,796 20, , ,483 17, ,904 18, , ,315 1, , ,177 18, ,928 2, ,411 5, ,177 3, ,385 1, ,914 1, ,586 1, Habitat Loss & Degradation Light Pollution Marine Pollution Beach Pollution Water-waste Discharge Industrial Discharge Agriculture Discharge
7 Tourism? INAPPROPRIATE HATCHERY MANAGEMENT? Photo: hatchery Artificial incubation started in Pen. Malaysia for leatherback turtle 1970s - other turtles Hatchery.. A method in producing hatchlings A conservation tool in Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak Hatchery.. Advantages: cheaper, less manpower, solve poaching issue Disadvantages: ISSUES.. Issue # 1.. Nest examination... to quantify Incubation Success Low Incubation Success
8 Issue # 1.. Low Incubation Success Issue # 1.. Low Incubation Success Careful egg handling (no rolling, rotation etc.) Egg handling Sand temperature Egg transportation Use rigid containers Immediate transfer Shade the hatchery 25.0 o C 33.0 o C Hatchery temp. Issue # 1.. Low Incubation Success Nest emergence Flooding.. due to high seawater level Raised hatchery (Melaka) Issue # 2.. Temperature vs. Hatchling Sex Ratio Incorrect Hatchling Sex Ratio MALE 50 : 50 FEMALE 25.0 o C 29.5 o C 33.0 o C
9 Hatchery Incubation Issue # 3.. Photo: hatchery Incorrectly Imprinted Hatchlings Before After (since 1997) Issue # 3.. Incorrectly imprinted Hatchlings Issue # 3.. Incorrectly imprinted Hatchlings Release from the boat Harrisson, T Sarawak Mus. J., 10(19-20): 611 Release straight from the beach Metal-meshed cages Plastic-meshed cages Issue # 3.. In Situ Incubation Incorrectly imprinted Hatchlings Photo: in situ Undisturbed nests 1992: 1 st in situ in P. Redang, Terengganu 1993: 2 turtle beaches (MK + CH, P. Redang) 2002: 3 turtle beaches (2 P. Redang + 1 P. Perhentian) 2003 : 4 in situ beaches Head-started Release Natural Release / in situ
10 Issue # 4.. Unhealthy Hatchlings n = 52 Body size n = # nests n = 23 n = 10 n = 49 Measuring hatchling quality: Body size Scale counts Running performance Swimming performance Hatchlings were similar sizes at all locations Scale counts Running performance n = 8 n = 46 Speed over 1.6m runway n = 25 n = 47 Each run 3 times Two observers In-situ nests had abnormal hatchlings less often, and fewer per nest n = 17 Swimming performance n = 20 n = 5 5 hatchlings/nest 6 hour trials Speed & endurance Ma Daerah Hatchlings from in-situ nests ran faster Video analysis Rec. 3 min/hr Count power stroke rate
11 Issue # 4.. Unhealthy Hatchlings In-situ hatchlings swam faster too Hatchery in situ Issue # 5.. Hatchling Disorientation Issue # 5.. Hatchling Disorientation A simple experiment Hatchlings attracted to light Light nearby hatchery disorientates hatchlings Issue # 5.. Hatchling Disorientation In-situ Hatchling orientation study Hatchery
12 Issue # 5.. Turn off unnecessary lights Reposition lights Shield light sources Replace lights on poles with low profile low-level lamps Hatchling Disorientation Solutions.. Replace fluorescent and high intensity lighting with low pressure sodium vapour lighting Planting of trees Relocate hatchery to more appropriate site Stop hatchery, establish in situ incubation* * P. Perhentian - in 2002 * Geliga - in 2003 Summary HATCHERY Low incubation success Incorrect hatchling sex ratio Incorrectly imprinted hatchlings Unhealthy hatchlings Disoriented hatchlings Half-way technology Definition: A management strategy which treats symptoms rather than causes of an environmental problem Frazer (1992) Focus on all stages in turtle life cycle Demographic model The most efficient way to reverse the decline of a turtle population is through reduction of mortality in the older life stages Crouse et. al., 1987 Crowder et. al., 1994 The Way Forward Integrated management
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