05/09/2011. Million Period of years* Holocene 0.01 Pleistocene 1.8. Hyaenids. Procyonids. Mustelids. Canids. Ursids. Felids. Allurids.

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1 Centre Of Applied Pet Ethology DipCABT ADVANCED DIPLOMA STAGE 1 Module 1 September WELCOME!! Evolution Cannoidea Feloidea Million Period of years* Holocene 0.01 Pleistocene 1.8 Pliocene 5.5 Racoon Bear Panda Dog Weasel Genet Hyaena Cat Procyonids Ursids Allurids Canids Mustelids Viverrids Hyaenids Felids Miocene Oligocene Pinnipeds Fissipeds Cenozoic Ecocene 49 Paleocene 65 *From present Ceodonts 1

2 12000 years ago? ? 2

3 The wolf is a highly evolved, social, specialised, very sensitive hunter. So how could dogs develop from wolves? GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour 3

4 GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour The 5Fs Survival System Flight Freeze Faint Fiddle About (negotiate/appease/flirt) Fight 4

5 When flight mechanisms become flooded SOME DEFINITIONS Tame: not wild or shy (HA) Tameable: Individual capable of being tamed - all mammals - time frame? (HA). Not genetic (ie domesticated) without subsequent selection Domesticate: To tame an animal (species) to live with humans (HA: alter characteristics of genes in all individuals irreversibly) A tamed Wolf is still a Wolf. It s pups will be wolves and still pre-adapted to life in a wild environment. A domesticated Wolf is not a Wolf, it is a dog. It s pups will be dogs and still pre-adapted to life in a human affected environment. It will not survive in a wild environment because its behaviour, shape and from have altered. Its genes are the same what is different? 5

6 ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: catch > tame (learn) > adoptable > socialisable = trainable > select > genetically domesticated NATURAL SELECTION: pre-adapt to human disturbance (HAO) > naturally tamer > auto-trainable > adoptable > artificially select for behaviour GROWTH OF THE WOLF PUP days 20 days 21 days 35 days 8-10 weeks weeks 1 year 22 months Eyes open Hearing begins First emergence from den Weaning Pups abandon den and live in Temporary rendez-vous sites Pups leave rendez-vous sites and Begin to travel with the pack Epiphyseal cartilage closes Sexual maturity 6

7 DVD: Seminar: Ecology & Behaviour of Mexican Dump Dogs, Day seminar: April 2010 Prof Ray Coppinger 7

8 GENE ACTION GENE ACTION + Onset PUSH - Rate Offset Ontogenetic Time 8

9 Wolf Dog Onset Hazard-Avoidance Behaviour 19 days 49 days Birth ~ Ontogeny Death Onset of fear (hazard-avoidance) motor patterns in wolf and dog. The onset of fear motor patterns occurs at about nineteen days in wolves. If wolves haven t been introduced to people by then, it is doubtful they can ever be tamed. Dogs on the other hand, don t have the onset of fear until the sixth to eighth week. It is much easier to make a pet out of a dog. 9

10 Fear experience capability turns on at different times in different breeds and among individuals within a breed Before the onset of fear responses, animals do not show fear to novel shapes and sounds After the onset of fear perception, novel shapes and sounds prompt adult 5F survival focussed behaviours. Coppinger, R. and Coppinger, L. Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, and Evolution. The University of Chicago Press Pp

11 Onset time of Hazard-Avoidance Behaviour Wolf Av dog GSD Lab 19 days 49 days 35 days 72 days WOLF ADAPTABIILITY Socialisation: Short Peaks at 3 weeks Ends at 6 weeks) DOG Long Peaks at 7 weeks +/- Ends at 14 weeks Behaviourally rigid Environmentally very sensitive, socially quite restricted Behaviourally flexible Environmentally and socially adaptable 11

12 GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour PREDATORY SEQUENCE DETECT (sight/sound/scent/feel) ORIENTATE EYE - STALK - CHASE - POUNCE GRAB BITE - DISSECT/KILL BITE - EAT 12

13 GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour INFANT Special Tongue and Facial muscles Programmed to give Distress calls DEN STAGE CRITICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE WOLF CAN PROBABLY BEST BE DESCRIBED AS: DEN STAGE RENDEZVOUS SITE FOLLOW PACK JOIN PACK IN AN ARRESTED STATE OF DEVELOPMENT, IT IS EASY TO SEE HOW WELL THE HOME ENVIRONMENT AND THE OCCASIONAL WALK MANAGES TO SATISFY THE NEEDS OF THEIR DISTANT COUSIN, THE DOMESTIC DOG. ADOLESCENTS ST. BERNARD KOMONDOR MAREMMA GT. PYRENEES RENDEZVOUS AND FOLLOW STAGE OBJECT PLAYERS HOUNDS RETRIEVERS POODLES HEADERS AND STALKERS COLLIES JUVENILE METAMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT A mixture of both alarm and distress HEELERS HUSKIES CORGIES THE ONTOGENY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC DOG PACK STAGE WILD TYPE COYOTES JACKALS WOLF ADULT Special (EYE STALK CHASE BITE) Programmed to give alarm calls and respond to distress calls 13

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16 PREDATORY SEQUENCE DETECT (sight/sound/scent/feel) ORIENTATE EYE - STALK - CHASE - POUNCE - (nip) DON T GRAB BITE or DISSECT/KILL BITE - DON T EAT!! 16

17 GENE ACTION + Onset PUSH - Rate Offset Ontogenetic Time 17

18 ONSET Foraging (Predator) Behaviour Border Collie Guardian critical period 0 1 Ontogeny (years) Onset of predatory motor patterns: border collies and livestock-guarding dogs. Border collies have an early onset of predatory motor patterns that they incorporate into their social play. Predatory behaviours of livestock guardians onset after the social window has closed. Their play behaviour is not as rich in behavioural elements as that of border collies. COMPARISON OF HUNTING BEHAVIOURS BETWEEN ADULT AND JUVENILE CANIDAE WOLF EYE STALK CHASE BITE/KILL Programmed sequence of the adult hunter/predator HERDING DOG EYE STALK CHASE INHIBITED BITE/BARK/CIRCL Advanced juvenile behaviour which can be interrupted at any time, but will always return to stage one. INVESTIGATE PLAY PAW LEAP BARK GUARDING DOG CARE-SOLICIT CHASE BITE WRESTLE Displacement behaviour if interrupted (Play behaviour at early development stage) SUBMISSION PLAY BOW PLAY APPROACH 18

19 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE DOG 19

20 Retriever Dogs Detect - Orient - EYE - stalk - CHASE - GRAB BITE - (kill bite) Breed Typical Motor Patterns The Tyrosine Trail Synthesis into key neurotransmitters and hormones 20

21 Metabolic Pathways Dopamine Tyrosine Dopa Melanin (Amino Acid) Norepinephrin Adrenaline The nasty version! GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour 21

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23 MAREMMA newborn pup (abandoned by dam, attached to placenta): distress call on being poked WOLF, adult : woof in alarm context MAREMMA adult female on chain: fear bark when threatened by observer 23

24 GENE ACTION + Onset PUSH - Rate Offset Ontogenetic Time RED BLACK (NON AGOUTI) BLUE AGOUTI CHOCOLATE AGOUTI BLUE CHOCOLATE AGOUTI CHOCOLATE NON AGOUTI BLUE NON AGOUTI BLACK BLUE CHOCOLATE Distance from the observer in feet Dots represent average startle distance (in feet) from the observer on the first day of testing. Left ends of blue bars represent average startle distances during subsequent 4 days of testing; lengths of bars show average distances run after startle. The column on the left names the genes for which each group of foxes is homozygous, with the exception of red, which are homozygous for no receissive mutations. (1) red, (2) black, (3) blue nonagouti (pearl), and (4) black, blue, chocolate (amber) are the same phenotypic colours. Animals exhibiting the coat colour effects of (5) chocolate and agouti genes, (6) blue, chocolate, and agouti, (7) chocolate and nonagouti, and (8) blue and agouti are new combination colour phases. 24

25 Type selection vid 25

26 Breed Typical Motor Patterns DOPAMINE LEVELS ng/mg protein) Behavioural Types of Dogs 1) Livestock Herding Dogs 2) Livestock Protection Dogs (working) 3) Terriers and Dachshunds 4) Spitz Dogs 5) Sighthounds 6) Scenthounds 7) Gun Dogs 8) Toy and companion breeds 9) Guarding Dogs 10) Mongrels and crossbreeds 26

27 GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Reproductive Behaviour Selection by man for appearance not function Development of Breeds, less so of behavioural types UK Kennel Club s classification Lists breeds in 7 groups according to their original function. This often comes unstuck, notably with the many varied breeds lumped into the Utility Group because they don t fit in the other groups: Hounds Gundogs Terriers Working Pastoral Toy Utility 27

28 2010 Top 10 KC Breed registrations Labrador Retriever (2x as many as the next breed!) Cocker Spaniel English Springer Spaniel German Shepherd Dog Staffordshire Bull Terrier Border Terrier Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Golden Retriever Pug Boxer 28

29 Fighting Dogs Orient-EYE-stalk-chase-grab bite- Orient EYE stalk chase grab bite KILL BITE 29

30 What happened to Rudy s hunting sequence? 30

31 Bulldog Borzoi 31

32 GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour 32

33 Of these 9 working types within these 10 categories, 2 broad groups can be identified: Dogs that were selected from the available population over generations to perform some task (sled dogs, herding and guarding sheepdogs, terriers, hunting breeds) and, as a result, evolved characteristic shapes and behaviours where the evolving form improved function. Dogs that have been adopted from those pre existing breeds and trained to perform a task (guide dogs, assistance dogs, search and rescue dogs, drug and bomb sniffing dogs). The shape and behaviours of these latter animals do not show an evolution for performing the task, but rather they maintain the shape that was developed for some other task (eg retrievers as assistance dogs, GSDs as guide dogs). Thoughts on Selective Breeding: If you want dogs to do a job: test fertile dogs ability to carry out the task and breed only from the good performers. Don t breed from untested dogs that only look Don t breed from untested dogs that only look like that they can do the job, because appearance is increasingly no guarantee of behavioural performance. 33

34 Permanent Juvenile in the human family (with special skills) Far more successful than as a wolf in a wild econiche!! Village Dogs cannot regenerate into wolves because they cannot readapt to behave (three systems +) in the wolf s ecosystem! They are adapted to (need) a subsidised life near man s village. The best they can achieve independently is as a Dingo (10,000 yrs?) Populations of Wolves, Coyotes, Jackals and Dogs Wolves (Canis lupis, C. rufus) 400,000 Coyotes Jackals Dogs (C. latrans) (C. mesomelas, C. aureus), C. simensis, C. adustus (C. familiaris) 4,000,000 40,000, ,000,000 34

35 GENETIC SELECTION 3 MOTOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR Hazard Avoidance Behaviour Predatory or Foraging Behaviour Reproductive Behaviour 35

36 Laurie Corbett The Dingo in Australia and Asia (2001) Wild Dingoes can be tamed but not domesticated. Should humans determine and selectively breed certain standards and characteristics for Dingoes, they will cease to be Dingoes. A domesticated Dingo is not a Dingo, but just another breed of dog 36

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