L. V. Gorobets 1, 2, O. M. Kovalchuk 2, Yu. L. Pshenichny 3

Transcription

1 REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) 111 UDC 567.5(477.73) REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) L. V. Gorobets 1, 2, O. M. Kovalchk 2, Y. L. Pshenichny 3 1 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine ornitologist@gmail.com 2 National Msem of Natral History, NAS of Ukraine 15, B. Khmelnytskyi St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine 3 State Historical and Cltral Reserve of Dbno 7A, Zamkova St., Dbno 35600, Rivne Region, Ukraine Reslts of the stdy of bird and fish remains which were fond dring the excavations of 16 th centry layers in Dbno castle (Rivne region, Ukraine) are presented in this paper. These remains are belonging to for fish species (perch, pike, roach, indeterminate carp fish) and eight bird taxa (mallard, northern shoveler, capercaillie, black grose, partridge, pigeon (possibly stock dove), chicken, goose (posible domestic)). The role of birds in life of people has changed at that time as it was shown after the comparison of obtained data with those from earlier archaeological sites. A poltry proportion was growing. Unlike inhabitants of the Middle Ages who hnted birds mainly dring the migration season, people from Dbno castle cold do it dring nesting season. Analysis of remains of fish and waterfowl from Dbno castle indicates that ponds with large open stretches as well as overgrown beaches, were here in the 16th centry. It is established that people have kept poltry in Dbno castle at that time. Domestic chickens have had smaller size as compared to extant otbreed chickens and were close to those in medieval chickens. Keywords: fishery, poltry, early modern period, Constantine Ostrogski. INTRODUCTION A nmber of pblications devoted to the stdy of animal remains from archaeological localities in Ukraine is relatively small. Most of them are focsed on mammals fond in layers of different age, inclsively with the Middle Ages. Time after the Mongol invasion is actally not represented in Ukrainian zooarchaeological pblications, however is of sbstantial interest. Dring the Middle Ages hnting played a significant role in life of people inhabiting the crrent territory Ukraine [10], and it often had affinity to certain seasons [9]. There is a reason to believe that the crrent sitation where the main basis of meat prodcts income was stock breeding, and hnting was only for fn, was formed after the

2 112 L. V. Gorobets, O. M. Kovalchk, Y. L. Pshenichny Middle Ages. Or work is not jst a description of animals from one locality it is the first where remains of birds from the post-medieval layers of Ukraine were analyzed and one of the first where fish of those times from Ukraine is described. Concerning the time of constrction Dbno castle by princes Ostrogski, there is a credible royal evidence, dated to 1507 abot the bilding of a castle by Prince Constantine Ostrogski. This docment was associated with petition for obtaining of rban rights for settlement in 1498 [1]. Ancient coastal slope of the Ikva River was excavated dring the Jly-September It is observed the presence of cltral layers, dated to Ancient Rs and Lithanian-Polish dominion. The latter layer (16 th centry) is a light brown soil with inclsion of large fragments of brick, dishes, tiles and glass. The mellow light grey soil with remains is replaced by brown soil in the top of the slope to a depth of 2.2 m. Nmeros bones of mammals and birds, as well as fish remains, window glass, iron prodcts are derived from this layer. Lack of materials, later than the beginning of the 17 th centry, indicates the termination in se of this cesspit. The analysis of sch material is able to illstrate the everyday aspects of life of prince and his family. It is also helps to shed light pon some distinctive cisine featres of the Rthenian gentry elite in the 16 th centry. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total 317 remains from Dbno castle were processed, inclding 25 fish bones and abot 180 scaly plates (Table 1), as well as 112 bird bones (Table 2). Bones of extant fish and birds from collection of the Department of Paleontology (National Msem of Natral History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and Zoological Msem (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv) were sed for comparison. Additionally we se a special literatre [16] for determination of birds belonging to order Galliformes. Some remains among the processed bones are almost impossible to identify clearly (e.g., domestic dck / Anas platyrhynchos, domestic goose / Anser anser, as well as Colmba livia/colmba oenas). Since there are no accrate morphological featres, we have to focs on the size, which, of corse, can have overlap. We have a certain nmber of specimens of all these species in comparative collection, bt their sample is not to large. That is why we decided to se the Mann-Whitney, which can detect owned whether two small samples (in or case wild and domesticated forms) to two independent samples or they belong to one general sample. U empirical and U critical were conted for each pair of investigated samples. If U empirical was less than or eqal to U critical, we consider that these are two independent samples. If U empirical was more than U critical, we believe that these are two parts of one general sample. It shold be noted that overlapping of measrements has been fond in all analyzed extant remains. This is becase the Mann- Whitney, as any method of statistical analysis, has some error. We have cont at p 0.05, so even in the case of reliable allocation there is a little chance (5 %) that it is still one general sample. Mann-Whitney was sed to compare measrements of chickens from Dbno castle with extant and medieval ones. Each pair of samples will be described in detail separately. Measrements carried ot after von den Driesch [5]. One bone (half right proximal hmers), ndobtedly belonging to the gens Colmba, was fond in materials from Dbno. Nowadays there are three species of this gens in the Ukrainian avifana: wood pigeon (Colmba palmbs), stock dove (Colmba oenas) and rock dove (Colmba livia). Moreover, wild rock dove is fond only in the Crimean Montains [6]. Only these three species are known from the Holocene

3 REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) 113 of Ukraine [3]. The bone from Dbno is far small than those in the wood pigeon, so it is stock dove or rock dove. Available measrements of this bone: proximal diagonal of hmers (16.7 mm) and smallest breadth of the corps ( mm). Sch size is more common to extant stock dove, bt it is also marked for the rock dove (Table 3). Althogh the large overlap is visally observed, statistical analysis distingishes two samples as belonging to separate species; however, these reslts are on the verge of acceptable error. Probably this bone from Dbno has belonged to the stock dove. Measrements of lna and tarsometatarss among the remains of dcks from Dbno, available for the stdy, are the following: breadth of the proximal end; diagonal of distal end; smallest breadth of the corps, as well as greatest length; breadth of the proximal end; breadth of the distal end; smallest breadth of the corps, respectively. The analysis of these parameters (Table 4) in extant Anas platyrhynchos (wild form) and Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica (otbreed) showed that both modern forms differ in all parameters of lna and some parameters of tarsometatarss (i.e., breadth of the distal end and smallest breadth of the corps). Of corse, extant domestic dck is larger than those in the past. Remains of dcks from ancient times in Ukraine did not differ in size [3], althogh some researchers distingish them [18]. However, domestic dcks in Ukraine are beginning to differ in larger size from the wild ones since the Middle Ages. [3]. Since we are working with late medieval material, we believe that we can focs on the size. Bones of dcks from Dbno are placed in the dimensional range of wild Anas platyrhynchos (Table 5). Moreover, this species is not rare and extremely nmeros. Nowadays, it is the most nmeros waterfowl bird and probably was one of the most poplar game bird in the past. We cold not detect featres or indicators for distingishing the gray goose from domestic one, so the remains of geese in the Table 5 are presented as Anser anser/ Anser anser f. domestica. Bt more likely it is poltry (or at least most of remains are belonged to poltry). Grey goose nests sometimes in Polesie, bt it is not so nmeros species. If these birds were obtained dring the migration period then cold be other geese. Sch sitation is, for example, in the medieval village Stadnyky, located abot 50 km from Dbno, and has approximately the same sample (125 bones): except remains of the gray goose, remains of the bean goose, greater white-fronted goose and lesser white-fronted goose were fond there [8]. Therefore, we assme that geese from Dbno castle were likely domestic. Tblar bones of adlt birds were examined for the presence of medllary tisse. It is easily recognizable (Fig. 1) in the bones. Medllary tisse appears in females dring the breeding season [15]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species richness of fish on materials from Dbno castle is insignificant (Table 1). It is possible to establish the existence of the following fish species: pikeperch Sander lcioperca (Linnaes, 1758), northern pike Esox lcis Linnaes, 1758, common roach Rtils rtils (Linnaes, 1758), as well as some carp fish (Cyprinidae gen. et sp. indet.). In comparison, six species, inclding strgeon, catfish and pontic roach were fond in the 16 th centry layers of Rakochi castle (Khmelnytskyi region) [12]. A single bone of pikeperch from Dbno is relatively big (dentary length 72 mm, symphysal height 12 mm). Remains of the roach and pike belong to small individals (body size for pikes is cm, so they were jvenile or sbadlt).

4 114 L. V. Gorobets, O. M. Kovalchk, Y. L. Pshenichny Table 1. Species composition of fish from Dbno castle Таблиця 1. Видовий склад риб із Дубенського замку Skeletal elements Rtils rtils Cyprinidae gen. et sp. indet. Fragments of diaphyses of chicken tibiotarss from Dbno withot medllar tisse (A) and with medl lar tisse (B). Medllar tisse is pointed Фрагменти діафізів тибіотарзальних кісток курей iз Дубно без медулярної тканини (А) та з медулярною тканиною (В). Медулярна тканина вказана стрілкою Esox lcis Sander lcioperca Nmber of identifiable specimens Dentary 7 1 Articlar 1 Preoperclar 2 Pharyngeal bone 1 Centra 4 7 Fragments of ribs 2 Scaly plates 163 The reslts of determination of bird remains (Table 2) indicate that the inhabitants of Dbno castle preferred to eat poltry total share of these birds is 54 or 68 % of the minimm nmber of species (it depends on whether the geese were domestic or wild). This reslt differs from data obtained dring the excavations of older (i.e., medieval) settlements in Ukraine [10], bt close to those in Rzeczpospolita Polska (13 14 th and th centries) [14]. Sometimes, there were controversial data allegedly the remains of poltry in medieval settlements of Ukraine prevailed over wild [3, 18]. Bt this is de to an error in the calclations. In sch cases these researchers conted the percentage of poltry in all localities, inclding those where were only a few bird bones. Of corse, these were sally domestic chickens and their proportion was close to 100 %. Then arithmetic average was conted for all localities. If we analyze only medieval localities with a large sample of bird bones (N 100), the proportion of poltry is less than 50 % [10]. A large proportion of poltry indicates a change the role of birds in the life of people importance of poltry increased while the importance of hnting birds is redced. Perhaps this trend was broght to Ukraine by new owners of the castle, which were oriented

5 REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) 115 Table 2. Species composition of birds from Dbno castle Таблиця 2. Видовий склад птахів із Дубенського замку Bones Anser anser / A.a. f. domestica Anas platyrhynchos Anas clypeata Colmba oenas / Colmba livia Nmber of identifiable specimens Minimm nmber of individals Freqency of adlt individals, % Freqency of individals with medllar tisse (only adlt individals), % Tetrao rogalls Lrrs tetrix Perdix perdix Galls galls f. domestica cranim total 1 5 jvenile sternm total jvenile total 1 6 coracoidem jvenile 1 remains with medllar tisse 1 frcla total 1 2 jvenile total hmers jvenile remains with medllar tisse 2 total lna jvenile 2 remains with medllar tisse 1 total radis jvenile 1 remains with medllar tisse total 1 2 carpometacarps jvenile remains with medllar tisse 1 1 synsacrm total 1 jvenile total 1 10 femr jvenile 1 1 remains with medllar tisse 5 total tibiotarss jvenile 2 remains with medllar tisse tarsometatarss total jvenile 1 3 remains with medllar tisse 11

6 116 L. V. Gorobets, O. M. Kovalchk, Y. L. Pshenichny towards traditions of West Slavs. An interesting featre of Dbno settlement is a large proportion of bird sklls (three chicken sklls, i.e. 20 % of all remains of chickens, and one domestic goose, i.e. 25 % of geese individals (perhaps domestic)). The most probable explanation is that birds were slaghtered directly in the castle. This assmption is evidenced by the high proportion of yong chickens (38 % of minimm nmber of individals). The presence of yong birds indicates that chickens have bred in place rather than have boght somewhere [17]. 87 % of processed chicken bones have medllary tisse, i.e. these are remains belonging to oviparos females [15]. Inhabitants of Dbno castle have not experienced shortages in food, if they sed sch birds for food and afford to ignore the ability of these chickens to lay eggs. For measrements of chicken bones the following parameters were selected: (1) breadth of the distal end of hmers; (2) greatest length breadth of the distal and proximal end of femr; (3) breadth of the distal end of tibiotarss [5]. Measrements and their comparison with other chickens are shown in Table 6. Average body size of chickens from the late medieval Dbno is less than in extant otbreed ones and chickens from the earliest late medieval settlements of East Slavs. Althogh most of samples are small and cannot present normal distribtion, so the average vale is not significant. Analysis of the Mann-Whitney shows that chickens from Dbno are significantly smaller as Table 3. Comparison of size of hmers in extant rock dove (Colmba livia) and stock dove (Colmba oenas) Таблиця 3. Порівняння розмірів плечової кістки сучасного голуба сизого (Colmba livia) та голуба-синяка (Colmba oenas) Measrements (mm) Stock dove and Rock dove (wild) Stock dove and Rock dove (wild+domestic) Proximal diagonal of hmers Stock dove Rock dove (wild) Rock dove (wild + domestic) Smallest breadth of the corps Stock dove Rock dove (wild) Rock dove (wild + domestic) U empirical 5 5 U critical 5 5 Conclsion Samples are independent, bt the reslt is on the verge of acceptable error Samples are independent, bt the reslt is on the verge of acceptable error U empirical U critical Conclsion Independent samples Independent samples

7 REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) 117 compared to extant otbreed Ukrainian chicken. These samples are not always different from those obtained on materials from the late medieval settlements. The biggest difference is from those in Voin (except the length of femr). It shold be noted that this settlement is the most remote from Dbno in space (over 400 km as the crow flies) and links (Voin was destroyed dring the Mongol Invasion in 13 th cent. AD opposed to the Hrodna and Vyshgorod). Samples from Dbno and Hrodnf are the most similar. Late medieval Vyshgorod was located on periphery of the Rzeczpospolita Polska, while Hrodna and Dbno were local centers and active participants in economic and cltral processes in the contry. It is possible that chickens from Dbno may have more kinship with those birds that lived westwards. However, data from other localities and obtained by additional methods (preferably moleclar) are reqired to test this hypothesis. For other poltry, remains of goose are sal while the domestic dck is clearly absent. Table 4. Comparison of size of lna and tarsometatarss in extant Anas platyrhynchos (wild form) and otbreed Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica from Ukraine* Таблиця 4. Порівняння розмірів ліктьової кістки і тарзометаразуса в сучасних крижнів Anas platyrhynchos (дика форма) та безпородної домашньої качки з території України* Measrements (mm) Mann- Whitney Ulna Breadth of Diagonal the proximal of the distal end end Smallest breadth of the corps Greatest length Tarsometatarss Breadth of the proximal end Breadth of the distal end Smallest breadth of the corps W** D*** W D W D W D W D W D W D critical empirical Conclsion Independent samples Indistingishable samples Comments: * оr data; **W wild form; ***D otbreed domestic form; р 0.05 Примітки: * наші дані; **W дика форма; ***D безпородна домашня форма; р 0, Independent samples

8 118 L. V. Gorobets, O. M. Kovalchk, Y. L. Pshenichny Table 5. Measrements of lna and tarsometatarss in extant wild Anas platyrhynchos* and remains of Anas platyrhynchos from Dbno Таблиця 5. Порівняння розмірів ліктьової кістки і тарзометаразуса в сучасних крижнів Anas platyrhynchos (дика форма)* та решток Anas platyrhynchos із Дубно Measrements Remains from Dbno (16 AD) Extant Anas platyrhynchos (end of th cent. AD) Comment: * оr data Примітка: * наші дані Breadth of the proximal end Ulna Diagonal of distal end Smallest breadth of the corps Tarsometatarss Breadth of the distal end Smallest breadth of the corps specimen No. AZ specimen No. AZ specimen No. AZ specimen No. AZ specimen No. AZ Minimm Mean Maximm N Althogh the redction of game birds (as compared to the Middle Ages) was moderate, bird hnting still played a prominent role. Certain proof of this may be a record in treasre register of Dbno castle in 1616 where a nmber of rifles on birds (rcznica ptasza) are mentioned apart from the rifles on mammals (rcznica zwirzęca) [13]. Waterfowl birds (mallard and northern shoveler) are predominated among birds bagged while hnting. Forest species (capercaillie, black grose, possibly stock dove) and the inhabitants of open landscapes (patrige) are less nmeros. The vast majority of remains have a medllary tisse therefore they belonged to females obtained dring the hnting. Propensity to hnt dring the nesting season distingishes people, inhabiting Dbno castle in the 16 th centry, from the medieval people the latter mainly hnted birds dring the migration. Remains of the rock dove are sal by fond in materials of medieval and post-medieval settlements in Poland. However, remains of only one pigeon, possibly belonged to the stock dove, were fond in Dbno. The absence of rock doves can be explained by omission dring the manal processing of bone material or predation of dogs or pigs [11]. This explanation can hardly be sed becase stock dove and partridge are almost the same size as the rock dove, bt their remains were fond and preserved. We can assme that the rock dove was rare (or completely absent) in this region. This is also confirmed by Beaplan: It (banqet table L.G.) consists entirely of fried meat, sch as [...] capons, chickens, hens, geese, as well as varied game birds, sch as partridges, larks, qail and other small birds, which there are nmeros. As for the pigeons, they occr rarely here as rabbits and snipe [2]. The qestion of past distribtion of the rock dove needs a special research.

9 REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) 119 Table 6. Comparison of size of chicken bones from Dbno with extant and medieval chickens from Ukraine (mm) Таблиця 6. Порівняння розмірів кісток курей із Дубно зі сучасними курми та курми зі середньовічних пам ятників України (мм) Measrements Breadth of the distal end of hmers Greatest length of femr Greatest breadth of the proximal end of femr Breadth of the distal end of femr Breadth of the distal end of tibiotarss Dbno Extant (16 th otbreed chicken cent. AD) (20 th cent. AD) Locality Hrodna (11 14 th cent. AD) Vyshgorod (12 13 th cent. AD) Voin (12 13 th cent. AD) minimm mean maximm N* Mann- cr Whitney emp Independent Indistingishable Indistingishable Independent C** samples samples samples samples minimm mean maximm N Mann- cr Whitney emp Independent Indistingishable Indistingishable Independent C samples samples samples samples minimm mean maximm N Mann- cr Whitney emp Independent Indistingishable Independent Independent C samples samples samples samples minimm mean maximm N Mann- cr Whitney emp Independent Independent Independent Independent C samples samples samples samples minimm mean maximm N Mann- Whitney cr emp C Independent Indistingishable Indistingishable samples samples samples Comments: *N nmber of specimens; **C conclsion Примітки: *N кількість екземплярів; **C висновок Indistingishable samples

10 120 L. V. Gorobets, O. M. Kovalchk, Y. L. Pshenichny Determination of bird species in zooarchaeological materials allows reconstrcting habitat of the past in detail [7]. Nowadays on the territory of Polesie nesting of the mallard and northern shoveler indicates that srronding water bodies (at least some of them) have shores, covered with vegetation sch as common reed (Phragmites astralis), common blrsh (Typha angstifolia), reed mannagrass (Glyceria maxima). Nesting of the wild goose is evidence of presence of open stretches and coast with possibility of free access [4]. These reslts correlate with the above-mentioned data on fish composition. Pikeperch reqires open areas withot any vegetation, while the pike prefers coastal thickets. CONCLUSIONS 1. The combined analysis of remains indicates the presence of water bodies with open stretches and beaches with overgrown vegetation in vicinities of Dbno castle in the 16 th centry. 2. There were significant changes in the role of birds in the economy of inhabitants of the region. In medieval times people have ate mostly birds obtained on the hnting; poltry was dominated in a diet dring the 16 th centry. Moreover, dring the Middle Ages migration of birds was the main period for hnting. People from Dbno have hnted mostly dring the breeding season. 3. Chicken was the main poltry, nmber of domestic geese were significantly fewer. Domestic chickens have had comparable size with medieval East Slavic chickens and were somewhat smaller than recent otbreed chickens. People have kept poltry in the castle and cold have slaghter these birds regardless of ability to lay eggs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very thankfl to or reviewers Dr. Oleksandr Tsvelykh (I.I. Schmalhasen Institte of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv) and Dr. Teresa Tomek (Institte of Systematics and Evoltion of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland) for their important comments and advice which allowed correct or mistakes. 1. Archiwm książąt Lbartowiczów Sangszków w Sławcie, pod kierownictwem Z.L. Radzimiń skiego. Lwów, s. (In Polish). 2. Beaplan G.L. de. Description of Ukraine. Kyiv; Cambridge, p. (In Ukrainian). 3. Brjzgina (Umanskaja) A.S. Late anthropogenic birds Ukraine and adjacent territories (mainly on material from archaeological sites). Dissertation for the candidate biological sciences degree in speciality. Kyiv, (In Rssian). 4. Davydenko I.V. Recent strctre and distribtion of the game birds fana in the wetlands of forest and forest-steppe zones in Ukraine. Forestry and hnting: the crrent state of development prospects: Materials of International Scientific and Practical Conference. Zhytomyr, 2007: (In Ukrainian). 5. Driesch A. von den. A gide to the measrement of animal bones from archaeological sites. Peabody Msem Blletin, 1976; 1: Fesenko G., Bokotej A. The bird fana of Ukraine. Kyiv, 2002, 411 p. (In Ukrainian). 7. Gal E. The Role of Archaeo-Ornithology in Environmental and Animal History Stdies. In: Erzsebet J. (ed.), Archaeological and Cltral Heritage Preservation within the Light of New Technologies. Bdapest, 2006:

11 REMAINS OF FISH AND BIRDS FROM DUBNO CASTLE (16 TH CENTURY, RIVNE REGION, UKRAINE) Gorobets L.V., Bondarchk O.A., Zartska V.V. Birds from the Old East Slavic settlement Stadnyky (11 th centry AD). Pryroda Zahidnogo Polissja ta prylehlyh terytorij, 2014: Gorobets L.V. The remains of birds in the layers of the 11 th centry to the yard of Saint Sophia s Cathedral in Kyiv. Chronicles towns of Old Rs: Proc. 3 rd archaeol. conf. Peresopnytsja, 2015: (In Ukrainian). 10. Gorobets L.V., Kovalchk O.M. Birds in the Medieval cltre and economy of the East Slavs in the th cent. AD. Environmental Archaeology. The Jornal of Hman Palaeoecology, 2016; doi: / Hamilton-Dyer S. The Bird Resorces of Medieval Novgorod, Rssia. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 2002; 45 (special isse): Kovalchk O. Remains of freshwater fishes in materials of archeological excavations of the late Medieval Rakochi castle (Khmelnitsky region, Ukraine). Biology: from a molecle p to the biosphere: Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference of yong scientists. Kharkiv, 2010: (In Ukrainian). 13. Lbomirski J. Regestra skarbca książąt Ostrogski w Dbnie, spisane w rok Sprawozdania Komisji do badania historii sztki w Polsce, 1900; 6: (In Polish). 14. Makowiecki D., Gotfredsen A.B. Bird remains of Medieval and Post-Medieval coastal sites at the Sothern Baltic Sea, Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 2002; 45 (special isse): Rick A.M. Bird medllary bone: a seasonal dating techniqe for fanal analysts. Blletin of Canadian Archaeological Association, 1975; 7: Tomek T., Bochenski Z.M. A key for the identification of domestic birdbones in Erope: Galliformes and Colmbiformes, Krakow, 2009, 111 p. 17. Thys S., Van Neer W. Bird remains from Late Medieval and Postmedieval sites in Brssels. Birds in Archaeology: Proc. 6 th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Grop in Groningen. Gröningen, 2010: Vojinstvens kyj M.A Fossil avifana of Ukraine. Prirodnaja obstanovka i fany proshlogo, 1967; 3: (In Rssian). РЕШТКИ РИБ І ПТАХІВ ІЗ ДУБЕНСЬКОГО ЗАМКУ (XVI СТОЛІТТЯ, РІВНЕНСЬКА ОБЛ., УКРАЇНА) Л. В. Горобець 1, 2, О. М. Ковальчук 2, Ю.Л. Пшеничний 3 1 Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка вул. Володимирська, 64, Київ 01601, Україна 2 Національний науково-природничий музей НАН України вул. Б. Хмельницького, 15, Київ 01601, Україна 3 Державний історико-культурний заповідник м. Дубно, вул. Замкова, 7А, Дубно 35600, Рівненська обл., Україна У роботі представлено результати дослідження решток птахів і риб, знайдених під час розкопок шарів ХVI ст. в Дубенському замку (Рівненська обл., Україна). Ці рештки належали 4 видам риб (судак, щука, плітка, невизначена коропова риба) і 8 видам птахів (крижень, широконіска, глушець, тетерук, куріпка, голуб (ймовірно, голуб-синяк), курка, гуска (ймовірно, домашня)). Порівняння із даними з більш ранніх археологічних пам ятників вказує на зміни ролі птахів у житті людей. Зростає частка домашніх птахів. На відміну від жителів середньовіччя, які полювали на птахів переважно в сезон міграцій, частина мисливських птахів із Дубно була здобута під час гніздового сезону. Аналіз решток риб і водоплавних птахів вказує на

12 122 L. V. Gorobets, O. M. Kovalchk, Y. L. Pshenichny наявність поблизу замку Дубно в ХVI ст. водойми з великим відкритим плесом і берегами, зарослими очеретом. На території Дубенського замку в той час утримували свійську птицю. Домашні кури мали менші розміри порівняно з такими у сучасної безпородної курки та близькі до таких у середньовічних курей. Ключові слова: рибальство, свійська птиця, Нові часи, Костянтин Острозький. ОСТАТКИ РЫБ И ПТИЦ ИЗ ДУБЕНСКОГО ЗАМКА (XVI СТОЛЕТИЕ, РОВЕНСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ, УКРАИНА) Л. В. Горобец 1, 2, А.Н. Ковальчук 2, Ю.Л. Пшеничный 3 1 Киевский национальный университет им. Тараса Шевченко ул. Владимирская, 64, Киев 01601, Украина 2 Национальный научно-природоведческий музей НАН Украины ул. Б. Хмельницкого, 15, Киев 01601, Украина 3 Государственный историко-культурный заповедник г. Дубно, ул. Замковая, 7А, Дубно 35600, Ровенская обл., Украина В работе представлены результаты исследования остатков птиц и рыб, найденных во время раскопок слоев ХVI в. в Дубенском замке (Ровенская обл., Украина). Эти остатки принадлежали 4 видам рыб (судак, щука, плотва, неопределимая карповая рыба) и 8 видам птиц (кряква, широконоска, глухарь, тетерев, куропатка, голубь (вероятно, клинтух), курица, гусь (вероятно, домашний)). Сравнение с данными из более ранних археологических памятников указывает на изменения роли птиц в жизни людей. Возрастет доля домашних птиц. В средневековье люди охотились на птиц преимущественно в сезон миграций, часть охотничьей дичи из Дубно была добыта во время гнездового сезона. Анализ остатков рыб и водоплавающих птиц указывает на наличие вблизи замка Дубно в ХVI в. водоема с большой открытой гладью и берегами, заросшими камышом. На территории Дубенского замка в то время держали домашнюю птицу. Домашние куры имели меньшие размеры по сравнению с таковыми у современной беспородной курицы и близкие к таковым у средневековых кур. Ключевые слова: рыбалка, птица, Новое время, Константин Острожский. Одержано: