Bacterial contamination of babies skin care products in Sudanese markets
|
|
- Adam Armstrong
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Bacterial contamination of babies skin care products in Sudanese markets Yosra.T. Osman* 1, Mohammed Elfatih.A. Omar * 2 1. Department of Microbiology, faculty of pharmacy, Elrazi College for Medical and Technological Sciences, * Corresponding author by at bitmlookalneel@hotmail.com 2. Al Neelain University, faculty of pharmacy, Dean Office, *Corresponding author by phone Key words: contamination, skin care ABSTRACT Background: Infants are born with a developing epidermal barrier that is more permeable and more reactive to the environment. Babies skins are very susceptible to infection which may acquire through microbial contaminants in skin care products. Method: Bacteriological quality was examined for 93 babies skin care products, collected randomly from local Sudanese markets. The samples include 39 lotions, 45 talc powders and 9 shampoos, isolation of bacteria passed through many stages, started by inoculation of products into nutrient broth then cultured in selective media and identification of isolates confirmed by using biochemical tests. Results: The incidence of contamination recovered variable bacteria, Bacillus spp isolated from 39 samples (41.9% ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 16 (17.2% ), Gram negative rods isolated from 3 samples (3.22%), and a mixture of Gram negative rods and Gram positive rods isolated from 3 samples (3.22%), Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 4 samples (4.3%), coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from two samples (2.1%) and one sample was found to be contaminated by E.coli(1.07%). Conclusions: The results showed high incidence of bacterial contamination by potential hazardous microorganisms. Attention must be paid to microbial hazard analysis in critical control points to minimize risk of contamination to produce a product which is microbiologically acceptable. INTRODUCTION The functions of the skin remain essentially the same at all phases of life, including: physical barriers, photoprotection, thermoregulation, immune surveillance, hormonal synthesis, insensible fluid loss prevention and sensory perception (1). The skin of a newborn infant differs from adult skin in several ways that place infants at increased risk of thermal instability, skin damage, percutaneous infection and toxicity from topically applied agents. )2), Immaturity of the epidermal barrier in infant reduces defense against the excessive proliferation of microbes and makes skin more vulnerable to trauma and percutaneous drug toxicity (3). The vulnerability of preterm infant s skin to trauma as there is limited attachment of dermal to epidermal surface, the injured epidermis is a portal of entry of infectious agents, these issues cause difficulties with fluid homeostasis, thermoregulation, toxicity, and infections, As a result, there is greatly increased mortality in premature infants with impaired of skin s functions, generally due to microbial invasion (4); (5). Skin and mucous membranes are normally protected from microbial attack, however protective integuments may be damaged and slight trauma may be result, these situations 36
2 may be of particular concern when contaminated cosmetics are used in the mucocutaneous membranes or on damaged skin and when used by children under three years, elderly individuals and people showing compromised immune responses.(6) In infants during the first few days of life, the application of certain Gram-negative bacilli to the skin results in colonization and a proportion of the colonized bacteria developed serious infections and fatal generalized infections may include meningitis. The organisms that most commonly responsible of infections in the skin are Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, and Pseudomonads spp. (6). The overall level of contamination should not only be minimal, but Gram negative bacteria should also be absent in the finished product specially cosmetics use in the skin caring of babies and those used in and around the eyes. (7). Factors such as type of organisms and their virulence, the inoculum size of contaminants, degree of hydration of skin, beside host defense of consumer and presences of trauma or abrasion on skin determine the form of infections (8).There are few reported cases of children s infections due to using of contaminated babies cosmetics.early in 1946 an outbreak of tetanus killed four babies which referred to using contaminated talc powder by Clostridium tetani. (9) Many Studies performed in African countries showed high rate of contamination of cosmetics by Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Clostridium spp, Candida spp and Enterobacteriaceae besides fungi. The main objective of this study to determine the bacteriological quality of babies skin care products in the local markets by isolation, identification and enumeration of specified aerobic bacteria according British pharmacopeia. (10) METHODS A total of 93 samples of babies skin care were products collected randomly from local Sudanese markets, some of them purchased in packets while others were collected singly. The container s labels were recorded, they should include the name and address of manufacturer, ingredients, type of preservatives used, batch number, expiry dates and methods of using for consumers. Experimental 1 ml or 1 gram obtained from samples were added aseptically to 10 ml of nutrient broth, after twenty four hours of incubation a loopful from each nutrient broth tube showing growth was transferred to nutrient agar and then to selective media and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. The Gram stain technique was performed for colonies obtained from selective media used as cetrimide agar for identification Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mannitol Salt agar for Staphylococcus aureus. MacConkey agar for E.coli and XLD media for Salmonella. Nine biochemical tests were used to identify bacteria such as Calatase, coagulase and DNase for identification Gram positive cocci and Indole citrate, oxidase, triple sugars fermentation and MR/VP test were used for Gram negative rods bacteria.(10). Total bacterial counting 1gm or 1ml from skin care products was diluted in 9ml physiological saline. A ten -fold serial dilution was made and 1 ml of the second dilutions was inoculated on Plate of Count agar (PCA) in duplicates using the pour plate method. These plates were incubated at 37 C for 72 37
3 hrs then colonies counts were counted by colony counter. Results were expressed as colony forming unit per gram or ml (cfu/g or ml). RESULTS Out of 93 of samples studied, 43 samples lack batch numbers, 31 without expiry date and tree of preservatives were not written on the labels of products. Lack of batch/lot number should be viewed seriousness as post-marketing surveillance, hence recall, of the product would be difficult to carry out in case of defects. (11). The isolates recovered from these products were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp. The Bacillus spp, is the most frequently recovered organisms at the initial examination. The incidences of contamination vary between items. Talc powder was found to be more contaminated than aqueous products, 39 out of 45 samples was found to be contaminated. Bacillus spp isolated from 33 samples (73.3%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 2 samples (4.4%).Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 3 samples (6.7%) and coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from one sample (2.2%). Twenty six lotions out of 39 (66.6%) samples studied were found to be contaminated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 12 samples (30.7%). Six samples were found to be contaminated with Bacillus spp. (15.3%). Three (7.6%) samples were contaminated with Gram negative rods, three samples (7.6%) by a mixture of Gram negative rods and Gram positive rods (Bacillus spp.), one sample (2.6%) by Staphylococcus aureus and one sample (2.6%) by coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. Two samples of shampoos were found to be contaminated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.2%).One sample was found to be contaminated by E.coli out of nine samples tested. (11. 1%) Total bacterial counting Table No (1) the result of aerobic bacterial counting of lotions Number of samples Range of aerobic bacterial count Category x 10 2 CFU/ml Category x 10 2 CFU/ml Category x 10 2 CFU/ml shampoo Bacterial count number Numbers Category x 10 2 CFU/ml 3 Table No (2) the result of aerobic bacterial counting of talc powders Number of samples Range of aerobic bacterial count Category x 10 2 CFU/gram Category x 10 2 CFU/gram 38
4 Category x 10 2 CFU/gram Category 4 3 >300x10 2 CFU/gram Fig (1): Contamination of Talc powders by aerobic bacteria 39
5 Fig (2): Contamination of lotions by aerobic bacteria DISCUSSION There are few publications describing the quality of cosmetic products from developing countries but the available evidence suggests that contaminated products are more prevalent, although microbiological quality has generally been improved in recent years. (13). From all contaminants isolated from babies skin care products the presence of Gram negative bacteria particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa took most concern, it may cause otitis media, UTI, eye and skin infection, In USA a cross contamination cause outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections was referred to transmission of this bacteria to neonates from hand lotions used in hospitals.(12). Staphylococci commonly isolated from lotions, creams, moisturizing skin creams, (11) (13) (14), Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are most common causes of skin infections. Skin infections cause Staphylococcus aureus is scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, abscesses, cellulites, carbuncles and furuncles, breakdown of the epidermis serves as the entry point for infectious organisms and may be caused by ulceration, trauma, peripheral vascular disease, or preexisting skin conditions that allow bacteria to gain access to deeper tissues, Staphylococcus aureus is capable to secreting several toxins, one of them is leukocidin, this cytotoxin causes destruction of leukocytes and tissue necrosis by inducing production of the potent chemotactic factors.(15) 40
6 Talc powders In this study isolation of bacteria from talc powders showed, three samples contain Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%), only one contaminated by coagulase negative Staphylococci (2.2%) and two samples contain Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (4.4%), while the majority of bacteria isolated from 33 samples (73.3%). were belong to the Bacillus spp, The results showed difference in types of isolated bacteria, there is low incidence of contamination by Pseudomonas spp and high by Bacillus spp in dry talc powders. High rate of contamination by Gram positive spore forming rods (Bacillus spp) attributed to ability of these bacteria to tolerate desiccation, unlike Gram negative rods bacteria which cannot stand in desiccation.dry powders being mainly susceptible to contamination by Gram positive rods but occasionally by Gram negative rods.(16); (17). In Nigeria Danshen et al., (2011) studied microbial quality of talc powders and found that thirty (50%) of the samples tested were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, twelve (20%) were contaminated with Clostridium tetani and four (7%) were contaminated with Candida albicans. Bacillus spp. was also isolated from four (7%) samples while no Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from tested samples. (18). Comparing this study with our results, both studies showed low or absent isolation of Pseudomonas spp. while a high rate of Staphyloccous has been isolated from their samples comparing with Bacillus, and the vice versa in our results. Lotions In South Africa a study was conducted to determine the predominant microorganisms present in spoiled cosmetic creams. The products evaluated included facial creams and body lotions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter gergoviae were the most predominant bacteria. Of all the samples examined, approximately two third (69%) were microbiologically spoiled. (19). these results agreed with the results obtained from the present work. Twelve samples of lotions out of 39 (30.7%) have been examined and were found to be contaminated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that is referred to the high content of water in these preparations which allow bacteria to grow and multiply, Pseudomonas aeruginosa generally prefer high water content so usually aqueous products encourage microbial growth.(19). Okeke and Lamikanra (2001) referred microbial contamination of creams and lotions by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. to contamination of raw materials and water as well as the conditions prevalent in the environment where the products were manufactured. Presence of E.coli and other coliforms was due to poor sanitation and high temperatures which increase chance of coliforms to be found in water employed in the manufacture process. (15) Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the creams and lotions examined is a function of personnel hygiene, since human skin is a natural source of this organism (12). 41
7 In Nigeria Okeke and lamikarna (2001), Hugbo et al (2003) and (Osungunna, 2010). Conducted similar studies and all of them showed high incidence of contamination rate by Staphylococcus spp. The results in this study unlike results obtained from the three studies mentioned above; there is low incidence of contamination by Staphylococcus aureus and high by Bacillus spp.(14);(13);(11). Shampoos In the present study 9 shampoos were examined.two of them (22.2%) were found to be contaminated by Pseudomonas aeurginosa and one sample (11.1%) was found to be contaminated by E.coli, while 6 samples (66.6%) were not contaminated. Abdelaziz, A (1989) examined bacterial contamination of shampoos.the results showed predominant contamination by Staphylococcus spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while no coliforms were recovered from shampoos. (20) Conclusions Cosmetics always are vulnerable to microbial contamination that attributed to the presence of water and raw materials which usually originate from plants or animals. The findings of this study conclude that babies cosmetics may contain harmful bacteria Presence of organisms such Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli in tested products are calling for attention for microbial contents. Microbiological quality of skin products must be controlled in each of the steps and events from the selection of raw materials to consumer use through product formulation, Thus Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) should be followed, raw materials and water should be tested microbiologically before use, beside using effective preservatives and detect packing and storage ways. It is necessary to carry out routine microbiological control tests for cosmetics after manufacturing and post marketing in order to ensure the quality and safety for customer. Acknowledgements: I would like to express my appreciation and gratefulness to my supervisor Prof/Asim Farouk Mustafa who Guide me patiently throughout the first steps of this research; I ask Alla for him mercy and forgiveness. My deep gratitude to Prof /Mohmmed Elfatih Ahmed Omer for his valuable assistance and generous help. REFERENCES 1. Fluhr, J., Darlenski, R., Taieb, A., Functional skin adaptation in infancy-almost complete but not fully competent, Expermental Dermatology. (2010), 19, Siegfried, E., Neonatal sermatology. Rudolph s Pediatrics, New York. The McGraw- Hill Companies, (2002); 21st edition Fernandes, J., Machado. M., Oliveira, Z., Children and newborn skin care and prevention, Anais brasileiros de dermatologia.( 2011), 86,
8 4. Darmstadt, G., Neonatal skin care. Pediatric Clinics of North America. (2000), 47, Shwayder, T., Akland T., Neonatal skin barrier: structure, function, and disorders. Dermatologic Therapy. (2005), 18, Parker, M., The clinical significance of the presence o f micro-organisms in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. (1972), 23, Baird, R., Bacteriological contamination of products used for skin care in babies International Journal of Cosmetics Science, (1984), 6, Marples, R., Local infection - experimental aspect. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. (1976), 27, Hill, S., The isolation of Clostridium tetani from infected talcs. NewZeland Medeical Journal. (1946), 45, British pharmacopoeia. Contamination of non sterile products. The Medicine and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), UK., (2005). Volume IV Osungunna, M., Oluremi, B., & Adetuyi A., Bacteriological and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from creams and lotions in hawked Sagamu, Ogun State. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition (2010), 9, Becks, V., & Lorenzoni, N. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreaks in a neonatal intensive care unit: a possible link to contaminated hand lotions, American Journal of Infectious Control. (1995), 23, Hugbo, P., Onyekweli, A., & Igwe, I., Microbial contamination and preservative capacity of some brands of cosmetic creams. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2003), 2, Okeke, I. N. & Lamikanra, A.. Bacteriological quality of skin moisturizing creams and lotions distributed in a tropical developing country. Journal of Applied. Microbiology, (2001), 91, Suzanne J., & Maximo O., Bacterial Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Hospital Physician, (2009), 26, Denyer, S., Baird, R., Guide to microbiological control in pharmaceutical and medical device. USA. CRC press, (2007), Second edition
9 17. Denyer, S., Hodges, N., & Gorman, S., Pharmaceutical microbiology, UK, Blackwell publishing. (2004), Seventh Edition, Danshen. M., Chollom. P., Okesclue. F.,. & Maji. M., Microbiological quality assessment of some brands of cosmetics powders sold within Jos Metropolis, Plateau State. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, (2011) 2, Anelich, L.E. & Korsten, L.Survey of micro-organisms associated with spoilage of cosmetic creams manufactured in South Africa. International Journal of Cosmetic Science (1995), 18, Abdelaziz, A. A., Ashour, M. S., Hefni, H. & el-tayeb, O. M. (A). Microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care items in Egypt-shaving creams and shampoos. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (1989) 14,
Burn Infection & Laboratory Diagnosis
Burn Infection & Laboratory Diagnosis Introduction Burns are one the most common forms of trauma. 2 million fires each years 1.2 million people with burn injuries 100000 hospitalization 5000 patients die
More informationThe Disinfecting Effect of Electrolyzed Water Produced by GEN-X-3. Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University
The Disinfecting Effect of Electrolyzed Water Produced by GEN-X-3 Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Tae-yoon Choi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The use of disinfectants
More informationMICRO-ORGANISMS by COMPANY PROFILE
MICRO-ORGANISMS by COMPANY PROFILE 2017 1 SAPROPHYTES AND PATHOGENES SAPROPHYTES Not dangerous PATHOGENES Inducing diseases Have to be eradicated WHERE ARE THERE? EVERYWHERE COMPANY PROFILE 2017 3 MICROORGANISMS
More informationGeNei TM. Antibiotic Sensitivity. Teaching Kit Manual KT Revision No.: Bangalore Genei, 2007 Bangalore Genei, 2007
GeNei Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity Teaching Kit Manual Cat No. New Cat No. KT68 106333 Revision No.: 00180705 CONTENTS Page No. Objective 3 Principle 3 Kit Description 4 Materials Provided 5 Procedure
More information6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although
More informationObjectives. Basic Microbiology. Patient related. Environment related. Organism related 10/12/2017
Basic Microbiology Vaneet Arora, MD MPH D(ABMM) FCCM Associate Director of Clinical Microbiology, UK HealthCare Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Kentucky
More informationRole of the nurse in diagnosing infection: The right sample, every time
BROUGHT TO YOU BY Role of the nurse in diagnosing infection: The right sample, every time The module has been written by Shanika Anne-Marie Crusz and Amelia Joseph Authors affiliation: Department of Clinical
More informationCourse: Microbiology in Health and Disease
SYLLABUS BIOL 2900 SECTION D SPRING 2012 Course: Microbiology in Health and Disease BIPIN PATEL Office Hours: Before or after Class or by appointment Semester Begins JANUARY 09 TO MAY 04 2012 2900 D 4.00
More informationCourse: Microbiology in Health and Disease Office Hours: Before or after Class or by appointment
SYLLABUS BIOL 2900 SECTIONS C AND D Spring, 2011 Course: Microbiology in Health and Disease Office Hours: Before or after Class or by appointment Semester Begins on January 10, 2011 and ends on May 2,
More informationMICROBIOLOGY of RAW MILK
MICROBIOLOGY of RAW MILK Introduction Milk and other dairy products are of superior quality and safety Milk Quality 00 29 49 69 89 99 Microbial in Raw Milk GENERAL ASPECTS Milk is a good source of nutrients
More informationFluoroquinolones resistant Gram-positive cocci isolated from University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017, 01(01), 001 005 Available online at GSC Online Press Directory GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences e-issn: 2581-3250, CODEN (USA): GBPSC2 Journal
More informationStudy of Bacteriological Profile of Corneal Ulcers in Patients Attending VIMS, Ballari, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 7 (2016) pp. 200-205 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.507.020
More informationBiological Threat Fact Sheets
Biological Threat Fact Sheets Anthrax Agent: Bacillus anthracis There are three clinical forms of B. anthracis which are determined by route of entry: Pulmonary or Inhalation BT implications Cutaneous
More informationتقارير الدروس العملية
وزارة التعليم جامعة الباحة كلية العلوم الطبية التطبيقية قسم طب المختبرات تقارير الدروس العملية مقرر أحياء دقيقة إكلينيكية الدكتور : شائع بن صالح المالكي 5341 ه -5341 ه Routine of Laboratory Diagnosis of
More information2 0 hr. 2 hr. 4 hr. 8 hr. 10 hr. 12 hr.14 hr. 16 hr. 18 hr. 20 hr. 22 hr. 24 hr. (time)
Key words I μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ II Fig. 1. Microdilution plate. The dilution step of the antimicrobial agent is prepared in the -well microplate. Serial twofold dilution were prepared according
More informationBIOL 2900 D 4.00 Microbiology in Health/Disease
SYLLABUS BIOL 2900 - D Spring, 2017 Course: Microbiology in Health and Disease Instructor: Prafull C. Shah Office Hours: Before or after classes, or by appointment by Email to pcshah@valdosta.edu. Semester
More informationANTIBIOGRAM OF MEATBORNE PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE GOAT MEAT
wjpmr, 2018,4(9), 279-283 SJIF Impact Factor: 4.639 Umoafia et al. Research Article WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN 2455-3301 www.wjpmr.com WJPMR ANTIBIOGRAM OF MEATBORNE PATHOGENS
More informationTest Method Modified Association of Analytical Communities Test Method Modified Germicidal Spray Products as Disinfectants
Study Title Antibacterial Activity and Efficacy of E-Mist Innovations' Electrostatic Sprayer Product with Multiple Disinfectants Method Modified Association of Analytical Communities Method 961.02 Modified
More informationInternational Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access.
I J A P B International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access. ISSN: 2454-8375 COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MIC OF BRANDED
More informationTEST REPORT. Client: M/s Ion Silver AB. Loddekopinge. Sverige / SWEDEN. Chandran. min and 30 min. 2. E. coli. 1. S. aureus
TEST REPORT TEST TYPE: Liquid Suspension Time Kill Study -Quantitative Test Based On ASTM 2315 TEST METHOD of Colloidal Silver Product at Contact time points: 30 sec, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min
More informationGram-positive cocci Staphylococci and Streptococcia
Medical microbiology Laboratory Lab 8 Gram-positive cocci Staphylococci and Streptococcia Lecturer Maysam A Mezher Gram positive cocci 1-Staphylococcus. 2-Streptococcus. 3-Micrococcus The medically important
More informationQuality Milk. got milk? Milk Quality. Why Bacteria in Milk Matters. Bacteria in Milk. Milk.One of Mother Nature s Most Perfect Foods
Milk.One of Mother Nature s Most Perfect Foods Why Bacteria in Milk Matters SP Oliver Dept. Animal Science The University of Tennessee http://www.tqml.utk.edu soliver@utk.edu got milk? Milk Quality Topic
More informationQuad Plate User s Manual
A part of Eurofins DQCI SSGN - SSGNC Mastitis Culture Quad Plate User s Manual Eurofins Microbiology Laboratories / Eurofins DQCI Services 5205 Quincy Street, Mounds View, MN 55112 P: 763-785-0485 F: 763-785-0584
More informationCOURSE SYLLABUS. (Clinical Bacteriology-1
COURSE SYLLABUS (Clinical Bacteriology- MLAB-47) COURSE SYLLABUS Course title: Clinical Bacteriology- Code: MLAB-47 Credit hours: 4 (3 Theory+ Practical) Name of faculty member: Dr. Mohamudha Parveen Rahamathulla
More informationOCCURRENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN POST-OPERATIVE WOUND INFECTION
Original Article OCCURRENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN POST-OPERATIVE WOUND INFECTION Oguntibeju OO 1 & Nwobu RAU 2 ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Post-Operative
More informationTreatment of Surgical Site Infection Meeting Quality Statement 6. Prof Peter Wilson University College London Hospitals
Treatment of Surgical Site Infection Meeting Quality Statement 6 Prof Peter Wilson University College London Hospitals TEG Quality Standard 6 Treatment and effective antibiotic prescribing: People with
More informationHardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate
HardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate Cat. no. P14 HardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate, 15ml 10 plates/bag INTENDED USE HardyCHROM MRSA, Contact Plate is a chromogenic medium recommended for use in the cultivation
More informationMicrobial Contamination of Mobile Phones of Healthcare Workers in Teaching Hospitals, West Libya
Microbial Contamination of Mobile Phones of Healthcare Workers in Teaching Hospitals, West Libya Ibtesam, O. Amer, Mohamed E. El-jilany, Fedaa M. Fahed & Morad A. Salem Medical laboratory, Faculty of Medical
More informationBacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Wound Infections
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (215) 4(12): 248-254 ISSN: 2319-776 Volume 4 Number 12 (215) pp. 248-254 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Sensitivity
More informationCourse Curriculum for Master Degree in Poultry Diseases/Veterinary Medicine
Course Curriculum for Master Degree in Poultry Diseases/Veterinary Medicine The Master Degree in Poultry Diseases /Veterinary Medicine, is awarded by the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Jordan University
More informationBACTERIAL ASSOCIATED WITH SURGICAL WOUND INFECTIONS IN UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE NIGERIA
International Journal of Medical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Research, Volume2, Issue1, Jan-Jun-2018, pp 01-06, BACTERIAL ASSOCIATED WITH SURGICAL WOUND INFECTIONS IN UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL,
More informationMicroscopy Directions
Name: Exercise 1 Microscopy Focus each slide of bacteria under the microscope using oil immersion. Draw the arrangement of the bacterial cells in the larger portion of the circle and draw the shape of
More informationOverview of Infection Control and Prevention
Overview of Infection Control and Prevention Review of the Cesarean-section Antibiotic Prophylaxis Program in Jordan and Workshop on Rational Medicine Use and Infection Control Terry Green and Salah Gammouh
More informationDetection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran
Letter to the Editor Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Mohammad Rahbar, PhD; Massoud Hajia, PhD
More informationAVIAN PROBIOTIC AVI-CULTURE-2 REDUCES NEONATAL MORTALITY AND HELPS TO IMPROVE BREEDING PERFORMANCE DGTDVM-2012 by Dr Gianluca Todisco, DVM, PhD Italy
AVIAN PROBIOTIC AVI-CULTURE-2 REDUCES NEONATAL MORTALITY AND HELPS TO IMPROVE BREEDING PERFORMANCE DGTDVM-2012 by Dr Gianluca Todisco, DVM, PhD Italy www.todvet.it The study was conducted during the 2012
More informationAHFA 2016 Regulatory Summit. Antimicrobial Material Preservatives & Sustainability Considerations
Material AHFA 2016 Regulatory Summit Scientific and Regulatory Excellence Antimicrobial Material Preservatives & Sustainability Considerations Erin Tesch Technology Sciences Group Inc. (TSG) 1150 18 th
More information17June2017. Parampal Deol, Ph.D, MBA Senior Director, R&D Microbiology North America
RAPID DETECTION OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS IN PLATELET COMPONENTS: COMPARISON OF TIME TO DETECTION BETWEEN THE BACT/ALERT 3D AND THE BACT/ALERT VIRTUO SYSTEMS. 17June2017 Parampal Deol, Ph.D, MBA Senior
More informationIsolation and identification of major causing bacteria from bovinemastitis R. Lakshmi 1 and K.K. Jayavardhanan 2
Isolation and identification of major causing bacteria from bovinemastitis R. Lakshmi 1 and K.K. Jayavardhanan 2 1 PhD Scholar, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
More informationBacteriology and Mycology Course Specifications ( ) A. BASIC INFORMATION B. PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION
University: Damanhur Department: Microbiology Faculty: Veterinary Medicine Bacteriology and Mycology Course Specifications (2010-2011) Program(s) on which the course is given: BVSc Department offering
More informationMILK COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES DURING MASTITIS
MASTITIS PA R T 2 MILK COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES DURING MASTITIS Increased SCC Na Cl Whey protein (e.g. serum albumin, Ig, lactoferrin) Decreased Production α-lactalbumin & Lactose Casein K MILK LOSS LACTOFERRIN
More informationMedical bacteriology Lecture 8. Streptococcal Diseases
Medical bacteriology Lecture 8 Streptococcal Diseases Streptococcus agalactiae Beat haemolytic Lancifield group B Regularly resides in human vagina, pharynx and large inine Can be transferred to infant
More informationLiofilchem Chromatic Chromogenic culture media for microbial identification and for the screening of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms
Liofilchem Chromatic Chromogenic culture media for microbial identification and for the screening of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms Microbiology Products since 1983 Liofilchem Chromatic ESBL Selective
More informationGuidelines for Laboratory Verification of Performance of the FilmArray BCID System
Guidelines for Laboratory Verification of Performance of the FilmArray BCID System Purpose The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), passed in 1988, establishes quality standards for all laboratory
More informationAerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune
Original article Aerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune Patil P, Joshi S, Bharadwaj R. Department of Microbiology, B.J. Medical College, Pune, India. Corresponding
More informationCultiControl. Technical Sheet 01
CultiControl Technical Sheet 01 CultiControl freeze-dried microorganisms Packaging: 1 vial containing 5 pellets Non-enumerated CFU Applications: Culture purposes, QC of ID devices, QC of AST devices Quanti-CultiControl
More informationJ of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eissn , pissn / Vol. 4/ Issue 27/ Apr 02, 2015 Page 4644
STUDY OF BACTERIAL FLORA OF HANDS OF HEALTH CARE GIVERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN EASTERN INDIA Asim Sarfraz 1, Sayan Bhattacharyya 2, Mohammed Aftab Alam Ansari 3, Nitesh Kumar Jaiswal 4, Hema Roy
More informationDrug resistance in relation to use of silver sulphadiazine cream in a burns unit
J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 160-164 Drug resistance in relation to use of silver sulphadiazine cream in a burns unit KIM BRIDGES AND E. J. L. LOWBURY From the MRC Industrial Injuries and Burns Unit, Birmingham
More informationAntibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Aerobic Bacterial Isolates in Wound Infections in Navi Mumbai, India
British Microbiology Research Journal 1(4): 1-6, 215, Article no.bmrj.5414 ISSN: 2231-886 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Aerobic Bacterial Isolates
More informationCourse Curriculum for Master Degree Theriogenology & Artificial Insemination/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Course Curriculum for Master Degree Theriogenology & Artificial Insemination/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine The Master Degree in Theriogenology & Artificial Insemination /Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
More informationPresented at Central Veterinary Conference, Kansas City, MO, August 2013; Copyright 2013, P.L Ruegg, all rights reserved
MILK MICROBIOLOGY: IMPROVING MICROBIOLOGICAL SERVICES FOR DAIRY FARMS Pamela L. Ruegg, DVM, MPVM, University of WI, Dept. of Dairy Science, Madison WI 53705 Introduction In spite of considerable progress
More informationIsolation of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from soil of Kathmandu valley and assessment of their antimicrobial activities
International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences (IJOMAS) ISSN: 2382-5537 May 2016, 2(4):22-26 IJOMAS, 2016 Research Article Page: 22-26 Isolation of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from soil
More informationAntibiotic Update 2.0, 2017
Case Study 3: My patient has positive blood culture, should I start antibiotic STAT? Ooi Mong How Antibiotic Update 2.0 2017 11-12 March 2017 Sarawak General Hospital A 3-day-old male infant Full term,
More informationAviagenBrief. Best Practice Management in the Absence of Antibiotics at the Hatchery. October Aviagen Veterinary Team.
AviagenBrief October 2017 Best Practice Management in the Absence of Antibiotics at the Hatchery Aviagen Veterinary Team Introduction In light of increased antibiotic resistance, and as consumer pressure
More information6. STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS
VRESelect 63751 A selective and differential chromogenic medium for the qualitative detection of gastrointestinal colonization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium () and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
More informationCHAPTER 18 THE COCCI OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE. Learning Objectives
CHAPTER 18 THE COCCI OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE Gram-positive and gram-negative cocci that cause infection are presented. The difference between commensal and pathogenic strains is explained, because many of
More informationMastitis: Background, Management and Control
New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program Mastitis Module Mastitis: Background, Management and Control Introduction Mastitis remains one of the most costly diseases of dairy cattle in the US despite
More informationThe Search For Antibiotics BY: ASLEY, ELIANA, ISABELLA AND LUNISCHA BSC1005 LAB 4/18/2018
The Search For Antibiotics BY: ASLEY, ELIANA, ISABELLA AND LUNISCHA BSC1005 LAB 4/18/2018 The Need for New Antibiotics Antibiotic crisis An antibiotic is a chemical that kills bacteria. Since the 1980s,
More informationBACTERIOLOGICALL STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS ON MOBILES AND STETHOSCOPES USED BY HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN EMERGENCY AND ICU S
Research Article Harika A,, 2013; Volume 2(3): 290-297 ISSN: 2277-8713 BACTERIOLOGICALL STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS ON MOBILES AND STETHOSCOPES USED BY HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN EMERGENCY AND ICU S HARIKAA A,
More informationn Am I B I A U n IVE RS ITV OF SCIEnCE AnD TECH n 0 LOGY
n Am I B I A U n IVE RS ITV OF SCIEnCE AnD TECH n 0 LOGY FACULTY OF HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES QUALIFICATION CODE: SOBBMS LEVEL:
More informationQ1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants.
Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants. C. difficile rarely causes problems, either in healthy adults or in infants.
More informationVPM 201-Lab 6 Bovine Mastitis, Bacillus & Mastitis (2012)
Exercise 1. Bovine mastitic milk sample A. Note relevant images are on next page Sample A is Staphylococcus aureus Moderate size (1.0 mm), circular, convex, cream-to-light yellow, opaque Double-zone (target)
More informationMicrobial Hazards in Dairy Industry Ceren Zeytinci
Ceren Zeytinci cerenzeytinci@hotmail.com 1 After completing this course, the participants know about the microorganisms that are threating the dairy industry. They are capable of eliminating and preventing
More informationDetermination of antibiotic sensitivities by the
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1978, 31, 531-535 Determination of antibiotic sensitivities by the Sensititre system IAN PHILLIPS, CHRISTINE WARREN, AND PAMELA M. WATERWORTH From the Department of Microbiology,
More informationSURVIVABILITY OF HIGH RISK, MULTIRESISTANT BACTERIA ON COTTON TREATED WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
SURVIVABILITY OF HIGH RISK, MULTIRESISTANT BACTERIA ON COTTON TREATED WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Adrienn Hanczvikkel 1, András Vígh 2, Ákos Tóth 3,4 1 Óbuda University, Budapest,
More informationLOOKING FOR PROFITS IN MILK QUALITY
LOOKING FOR PROFITS IN MILK QUALITY Richard L. Wallace TAKE HOME MESSAGES Begin monitoring milk quality practices by recording bulk tank data, DHIA somatic cell count (SCC) information, and clinical mastitis
More informationEFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON MICROBIAL LOAD OF SHEEP MEAT
SALEEM ET AL (2015), FUUAST J. BIOL., 5(2): 257-261 257 EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON MICROBIAL LOAD OF SHEEP MEAT *FAIZA SALEEM 1, NOSHABA RANI 1, FARAH RAUF SHAKOORI 2, MAHWISH AFTAB 1, ROHEENA ABDULLAH
More information4.5. Special precautions for use Special precautions to be taken by person administering the veterinary medicinal product to animals
1.B1. SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT AMOXYCOL Soluble Powder 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substances: Amoxicillin trihydrate 640.0
More informationInterpretation of Bulk Tank Milk Results
Interpretation of Bulk Tank Milk Results Introduction Culturing bulk tank milk (BTM) to monitor milk quality has limitations based on the amount and frequency of sampling and the amount and types of microorganisms
More informationLactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated from
APPuE MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 969, p. 98-94 VoL 8, No. 5 Copyright 969 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Incidence of Infectious Drug Resistance Among Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated
More informationFor the use only of Registered Medical Practitioners or a Hospital or a Laboratory NEOSPORIN SKIN / ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT
For the use only of Registered Medical Practitioners or a Hospital or a Laboratory NEOSPORIN SKIN / ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Bacitracin Zinc Ointment / Ophthalmic Ointment
More informationCourse Curriculum for Master Degree in Internal Medicine/ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Course Curriculum for Master Degree in Internal Medicine/ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine The Master Degree in Internal Medicine/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine is awarded by the Faculty of Graduate Studies
More informationBacteria in chicken rolls sold by fast food restaurant and their public health significance
The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2015) 32 (1) : 13 18 Bacteria in chicken rolls sold by fast food restaurant and their public health significance S Sultana, MA Islam and MM Khatun* 1 Department of Microbiology
More informationOriginally posted February 13, Update: March 26, 2018
UPDATED: FDA Investigates Pattern of Contamination in Certain Raw Pet Foods Made by Arrow Reliance Inc., Including Darwin s Natural Pet Products and ZooLogics Pet Food Originally posted February 13, 2018
More informationClassification of Bacteria
Classification of Bacteria MICROBIOLOGY -TAXONOMY Taxonomy is the system to classify living organisms Seven groups kingdom, phylum or div, class, order, family, genus, species Binomial system of nomenclature
More informationSimilar to Penicillins: -Chemically. -Mechanism of action. -Toxicity.
Similar to Penicillins: -Chemically. -Mechanism of action. -Toxicity. Cephalosporins are divided into Generations: -First generation have better activity against gram positive organisms. -Later compounds
More informationIsolation of Urinary Tract Pathogens and Study of their Drug Susceptibility Patterns
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 4 (2016) pp. 897-903 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.504.101
More informationInfection Linelist. Infections Occurred Between 10/1/ :00:00 AM To 11/1/ :00:00 AM 2RCW2. Gastroenteritis (Adult) Urinary Tract
Infection Linelist Infections Occurred Between 10/1/2013 12:00:00 AM To 11/1/2013 12:00:00 AM 2RCW2 10/9/13 02407693 36890294 2094 1 32 M CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE 10/26/13 99342791 37024716 2046 1 42 M CLOSTRIDIUM
More informationOphthalmology Research: An International Journal 2(6): , 2014, Article no. OR SCIENCEDOMAIN international
Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal 2(6): 378-383, 2014, Article no. OR.2014.6.012 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org The Etiology and Antibiogram of Bacterial Causes of Conjunctivitis
More informationAntibiotics in the future tense: The Application of Antibiotic Stewardship in Veterinary Medicine. Mike Apley Kansas State University
Antibiotics in the future tense: The Application of Antibiotic Stewardship in Veterinary Medicine Mike Apley Kansas State University Changes in Food Animal Antibiotic Use How the uses of antibiotics in
More informationOn- farm milk culture training workshop
On- farm milk culture training workshop Chris-na Petersson- Wolfe Department of Dairy Science Virginia Tech The right drug for the right bug Different bugs respond to different treatments Antibiotic sensitivities
More informationEXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING
EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING CHN61: EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING 1.1 Introduction A common mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is the production
More informationAntibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern. Antibiotic resistance is not new 3/21/2011
Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern Judy Ptak RN MSN Infection Prevention Practitioner Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, NH Occurs when a microorganism fails to respond
More informationSYMMETRY FOAMING HAND SANITIZER with Aloe & Vitamin E Technical Data
508 SYMMETRY FOAMING HAND SANITIZER with Aloe & Vitamin E Technical Data Physical Properties Active Ingredient: Ethyl Alcohol 62% (70% v/v) Appearance: Clear, Colorless Solution Fragrance: Floral Form:
More informationPost-operative surgical wound infection
Med. J. Malaysia Vol. 45 No. 4 December 1990 Post-operative surgical wound infection Yasmin Abu Hanifah, MBBS, MSc. (London) Lecturer Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University
More informationOn-farm milk culture training workshop. Christina Petersson-Wolfe Department of Dairy Science Virginia Tech
On-farm milk culture training workshop Christina Petersson-Wolfe Department of Dairy Science Virginia Tech The right drug for the right bug Different bugs respond to different treatments Antibiotic sensitivities
More informationVaccination as a potential strategy to combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the elderly
Vaccination as a potential strategy to combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the elderly Wilbur Chen, MD, MS 22-23 March 2017 WHO meeting on Immunization of the Elderly The Problem Increasing consumption
More informationChapter 8 Antimicrobial Activity of Callus Extracts of Justicia adhatoda L. in Comparison with Vasicine
Chapter 8 Antimicrobial Activity of Callus Extracts of Justicia adhatoda L. in Comparison with Vasicine 8.1. ABSTRACT The present work ascertain the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of callus
More informationEnteric Bacteria. Prof. Dr. Asem Shehabi Faculty of Medicine University of Jordan
Enteric Bacteria Prof. Dr. Asem Shehabi Faculty of Medicine University of Jordan Enteric Bacteria General Characteristics: Gram-ve Bacilli, Facultative Anaerobes, Intestinal Normal Flora.. Humans, Animals,
More informationEnterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter sp. Enterobacter sp. Species: Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter agglomerans Enterobacter cloacae causes UTI, enterotoxigenic Often found in the normal intestinal flora,
More informationCampylobacter species
ISSUE NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2011 1. What are Campylobacter spp.? Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic, Gram-negative, spiral shaped cells with corkscrew-like motility. They are the most common cause of bacterial
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationANTIBIOTICS: TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBAL MARKETS
ANTIBIOTICS: TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBAL MARKETS PHM025D March 2016 Neha Maliwal Project Analyst ISBN: 1-62296-252-4 BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA 02481 USA 866-285-7215 (toll-free
More informationEpidemiology and Economics of Antibiotic Resistance
Epidemiology and Economics of Antibiotic Resistance Eili Y. Klein February 17, 2016 Health Watch USA Meeting I. The burden of antibiotic resistance is a growing global threat, but hard numbers are lacking
More informationThe Spread of the Superbug
The Spread of the Superbug AST staff As technology continues to allow scientists to make medical advances that once were considered difficult, new threats to public health are rising. Superbugs are deadly
More informationInterrupting The ECMO Circuit
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Program Interrupting The ECMO Circuit Mark Lucas, MPS, CCP, ECMO Coordinator Leo Carr, MS, CCP, Lead Perfusionist Objectives Discuss the need for interrupting the ECMO
More informationThe OIE Relevant Standards and Guidelines for Vaccines
The OIE Relevant Standards and Guidelines for Vaccines GALVMED/OIE STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP ON THE HARMONISATION OF THE REGISTRATION OF VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA 9-11 MAY 2017
More informationCleaning & Sanitising Medical range. Working in harmony with nature to protect
Cleaning & Sanitising Medical range Working in harmony with nature to protect Introduction Hospitals, nursing homes and similar establishments are now acknowledged to have a major pathogenic problem Methicillin
More informationCurriculum Vitae. : AlBaha University, faculty of Science.
Curriculum Vitae Personal Data : Name : Layla Ismail Mohamed Nationality : Sudanese Present Position Held: Associate Professor Address Academic Qualification: : AlBaha University, faculty of Science. E-mail:
More informationThe OIE Relevant Standards and Guidelines for Veterinary Medicinal Products
The OIE Relevant Standards and Guidelines for Veterinary Medicinal Products REGIONAL SEMINAR OIE NATIONAL FOCAL POINTS FOR VETERINARY PRODUCTS EZULWINI, SWAZILAND, 6-8 DECEMBER 2017 Dr Mária Szabó OIE
More informationE-BOOK # BACTERIAL DISEASES IN HUMANS EBOOK
15 November, 2017 E-BOOK # BACTERIAL DISEASES IN HUMANS EBOOK Document Filetype: PDF 475.49 KB 0 E-BOOK # BACTERIAL DISEASES IN HUMANS EBOOK Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or
More information