Adaptive fault bar distribution in a long-distance migratory, aerial forager passerine?
|
|
- Adelia Wilson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society The Linnean Society of London, 2005? Original Article FAULT BAR DISTRIBUTION AND FEATHER FUNCTION D. SERRANO and R. JOVANI Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 85, With 3 figures Adaptive fault bar distribution in a long-distance migratory, aerial forager passerine? DAVID SERRANO* and ROGER JOVANI Department of Applied Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Pabellón del Perú, Avda. María Luisa s/n, Seville, Spain Received 5 April 2004; accepted for publication 25 September 2004 Fault bars are translucent bands produced by stressful events during feather formation. They weaken feathers and increase their probability of breakage, and thus could compromise bird fitness by lowering flight performance. It has been recently suggested ( fault bar allocation hypothesis ) that birds could have evolved adaptive mechanisms for reducing fault bar load on the feathers with the highest function during flight. We tested this hypothesis by studying first-year individuals of the long-distance migratory, aerial forager barn swallow Hirundo rustica. We predicted that fault bars should be less abundant on the outermost wing and tail feathers, but more frequent on the tail than on the outermost wing feathers. Accordingly, we found that fault bars occurred more often in tertials than in primaries or secondaries. Tail feathers had fewer fault bars than tertials, but more than primaries. Within the tail, the distribution pattern of fault bars was W-shaped, with the highest fault bar load occurring on the streamers and on the two central feathers. Because streamers are the most important tail feathers for flight performance, this finding seems to contradict the fault bar allocation hypothesis. However, flight performance is much less sensitive to changes in the shape of the tail than of the wings, which could explain why evolutionary forces have not counteracted the increase of fault bars associated with feather elongation during the recent evolution of streamers in the tail of hirundines.. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: barn swallow fault bar allocation hypothesis feathers flight requirements Hirundo rustica stress bands. INTRODUCTION Fault bars constitute the most widespread type of abnormalities in the feathers of birds (Riddle, 1908). They are seen as translucent bands running approximately perpendicular to the rachis and are caused by barbules being thinner or completely absent. Among the proximal factors causing fault bars, nutritional stress (Slagsvold, 1982; Machmer et al., 1992), and handling stress (Negro, Bildstein & Bird, 1994) are the most commonly evoked. However, mechanisms promoting this kind of feather aberration are still poorly understood, perhaps because fault bars could be the common outcome of an array of stressful events when the feather is developing (Machmer et al., 1992). *Corresponding author. serrano@ebd.csic.es In fact, it is known that fault bars can be induced by the administration of exogenous corticosteroids, so they are also known as stress bands by veterinarians (Ritchie, Harrison & Harrison, 1994). Regardless of the causal mechanisms, fault bars seem to be indicative of susceptibility to stress, and they have been proved to be correlated with quality and fitness components of individuals (Blanco & de la Puente, 2002; Bortolotti, Dawson & Murza, 2002). Apart from being indicators of general quality of individuals, fault bars could directly affect bird fitness. They constitute a weakness of the feather, and thereby increase the probability of feather breakage. In comparison to feathers lost accidentally, broken feathers are not immediately substituted and birds must wait until the next regular moult to replace them. Thus, birds with broken flight feathers can suffer a significant temporal increase in their wing load 455
2 456 D. SERRANO and R. JOVANI (i.e. body weight/wing area), which is a critical factor affecting flight performance (Pennycuick, 1989). This may produce an increase in the energetic demands of flight, compromising bird fitness as shown by experimental studies in which a reduction of wing area lowered breeding success (Mauck & Grubb, 1995; Velando, 2002). Moreover, flight performance is essential not only for reproduction, but also for migration (Lindström et al., 2000), foraging (Bautista et al., 1998) and escaping from predators (Witter & Cuthill, 1993). Thus, feather breakage resulting from fault bars could seriously affect many aspects of bird life history. These ideas, together with previous evidence suggesting that fault bars are more abundant on tail and body feathers than on flight wing feathers (e.g. Slagsvold, 1982; Machmer et al., 1992; Bortolotti et al., 2002), recently motivated Jovani & Blas (2004) to hypothesize that birds should have evolved adaptive strategies to minimize the fitness costs of faultbarring. One important prediction of the fault bar allocation hypothesis is that natural selection should have evolved mechanisms to reduce fault bar load on the feathers with the highest strength requirements and function during flight. Jovani & Blas (2004) tested this hypothesis in white storks Ciconia ciconia and found that fault bars in both nestlings and adults occurred in a non-random fashion, with those wing feathers functionally most important for flying (i.e. outermost wing feathers) having the lowest number of fault bars. In this study, we tested for the second time the fault bar allocation hypothesis using a small passerine, the barn swallow Hirundo rustica L. Barn swallows are appropriate study models because they are long-distance migrants and feed exclusively on flying insects, so they have high flight requirements. Flight requirements are lower in the innermost than in the outermost wing feathers, particularly during flapping (Corning & Biewener, 1998), so we expected the number of fault bars to decrease from the innermost feathers (i.e. tertials) towards the tip of the wing (i.e. primaries). Because the role of the tail on flight performance refers to stability, balance and turning (Thomas, 1997), the intensity of the induced drag supported by tail feathers is expected to be lower than that of outer wing feathers involved in flying activities like flapping. Thus, according to the fault bar allocation hypothesis, we expected fault bars to be less frequent on outer wing flight feathers than on tail feathers. Finally, the outermost tail feathers of barn swallows (the so-called streamers) have an important aerodynamic function (Norberg, 1994). They generate most of the tail lift force because they alone define its maximum continuous width, so they are particularly susceptible to breakage (Thomas, 1997). Accordingly, we expected barn swallows to have evolved mechanisms to reduce fault bars in the tail streamers. METHODS FIELD PROCEDURES From 27 August to 17 September 2003, we captured barn swallows near Zaragoza, north-eastern Spain, in an open farmland devoted to maize and alfalfa crops. Birds were tape-lured and captured with mist nets. Each bird was ringed with a numbered aluminium band, examined for fault bars, measured following standardized protocols, and released. The nine primaries (hereafter P), six secondaries (S) and three tertials (T) of the left wing, as well as the 12 rectrices (R), were inspected for the presence of fault bars and their number was quantified. The outermost primary was not inspected owing to its tiny size in this species. We studied fault bars only in juvenile (i.e. first-year) barn swallows for two reasons. First, in comparison to adults that moult their wing feathers sequentially, feather growth of juveniles in the nest is relatively synchronic, which allows us to avoid the confounding effect of differential stress conditions experienced during the growth of the different feathers. Second, juveniles have been found to have more fault bars than adults in a number of species (e.g. Slagsvold, 1982; Hawfield, 1986; Jovani & Blas, 2004), so they are expected to provide enough sample sizes for statistical comparisons. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Data were analysed mainly by using generalized linear modelling techniques (McCullagh & Nelder, 1983). Given that fault bars in different feathers of the same barn swallow could hardly be seen as independent events, we modelled variance covariance structures by using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to avoid pseudo-replication. We implemented appropriate link functions and error structures in the SAS macro GLIMMIX (Littell et al., 1996). First, we analysed the probability of having fault bars in each group of feathers, i.e. P, S, T and R, with a binomial distribution of errors and a logistic link function. Because the number of feathers differed between groups, we used a ratio as the response variable, where number of feathers with fault bars was the numerator and whole number of feathers per group the binomial denominator. Then we analysed the number of fault bars per feather having at least one fault bar with a Poisson distribution of errors and a log link function. Feather group was fitted as a fixed explanatory variable and individual as a random factor in both analyses. Posthoc comparisons were performed using the Contrast statement of SAS. Moreover, we used Wilcoxon
3 FAULT BAR DISTRIBUTION AND FEATHER FUNCTION 457 matched-pairs signed-rank tests for analysing how consistent those general (i.e. population level) results found in GLMM analyses were at the individual level. All tests were two-tailed. RESULTS Fault bars were quantified in 172 barn swallows, of which 154 (89.5%) had a total of 1059 fault bars in the feathers examined. They produced breakage of feathers in nine individuals (5.2%), mainly in the tail. Fault bars showed a clear aggregated distribution among swallows, many birds showing a low number of fault bars on the wing and tail, while some of them having many fault bars (Fig. 1). Moreover, among swallows the number of fault bars was positively correlated between tail and wing feathers (GLM; F 1,152 = 68.32, P < , Fig. 1). The proportion of feathers with fault bars differed among the four groups of feathers (F 3,513 = , P < , Fig. 2 inset). Within the wing of swallows, the probability of having a fault bar decreased dramatically from the innermost to the outermost feathers (Fig. 2). It decreased dramatically from T to S (F 1,513 = , P < ), and slightly between S and P (F 1,513 = 5.94, P = ). This pattern held within birds (Table 1). The proportion of tail feathers with fault bars was intermediate between S and T, differing significantly from both groups of feathers (S vs. R: F 1,513 = 81.34, P < ; T vs. R: F 1,513 = , P < ). The number of fault bars per feather having fault bars also differed among groups of feathers (F 3,486 = 84.42, P < , Fig. 3 inset). Within the wing, P and S had a similar number of fault bars (F 1,486 = 2.12, P = 0.146), but had fewer fault bars than T (P vs. T: F 1,486 = 66.03, P < ; S vs. T: Table 1. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests for examining the difference on the proportion and abundance (i.e. mean number) of fault bars occurring on feather types P S vs. T (see Fig. 2 for the position of the feathers on the wing) on the 131 barn swallows Hirundo rustica with fault bars on the wing. Data refer to the number of individual swallows within each category % with fault bars Abundance of fault bars P S < T P S > T 7 7 Wilcoxon test Z = , P < Z = , P < Figure 1. Frequency distribution of fault bars in the wing and tail feathers of young barn swallows Hirundo rustica. Inset figure shows the relationship between the number of fault bars in the tail and the wing of each individual, together with the line best fitting the data.
4 458 D. SERRANO and R. JOVANI 80 P9 T3 0.4 % of feathers with fault bars S1 P S T R P9 P8 P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 T1 T2 T3 Wing feathers R2R3R4R5R6R6R5R4R3R2 Tail feathers Figure 2. Mean (+SE) percentage of wing and tail feathers having fault bars in young barn swallows Hirundo rustica. Inset figure summarizes the percentage in each group of feathers. Mean number of fault bars P9 S1 P S T R P9 P8 P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 T1 T2 T3 Wing feathers T R6 R6 R2R3R4R5R6R6R5R4R3R2 Tail feathers Figure 3. Mean (+SE) number of fault bars on the wing and tail feathers of young barn swallows Hirundo rustica. Inset figure summarizes the mean number of fault bars in each group of feathers. Note that 18 birds without fault bars are not shown.
5 FAULT BAR DISTRIBUTION AND FEATHER FUNCTION 459 F 1,486 = 46.76, P < , Fig. 3). This pattern held within birds (Table 1). R had fewer fault bars than P (F 1,486 = 4.30, P = ), but did not differ from S (F 1,486 = 0.05, P = ). The number of fault bars in T was significantly higher than in R (F 1,486 = , P < ). Within the tail, feathers differed in both the probability of having fault bars (F 11,1881 = 10.02, P < ) and the abundance of fault bars (F 11,1881 = 11.64, P < ), showing a W-shaped distribution pattern (Fig. 3). DISCUSSION Most juvenile barn swallows had fault bars in primaries, secondaries, tertials or rectrices, producing breakage of feathers in about 5% of the birds. It is worth noting that all birds were captured just before migrating to their African wintering quarters, where juvenile barn swallows are the last individuals moulting their flight feathers (Møller, 1994). Thus, the recorded feather breakage resulting from fault bars is a minimum estimate that could increase dramatically during advanced migration and winter. Barn swallows showed a non-random distribution pattern of fault bars. Propensity of fault-barring decreased from the innermost (i.e. tertials) towards the outermost (i.e. primaries) wing feathers. Within the tail, fault bars showed a W-shaped distribution pattern, being more abundant in the two innermost and the two outermost tail feathers. In this way, the tertials and the two central rectrices had the highest fault bar loads, despite being the smallest feathers inspected within the wing and tail, respectively, and thus those with a shorter time to develop fault bars (Jenni & Winkler, 1994). Within the tail, however, the longer exposure of longer feathers to fault-barring could explain the W-shaped distribution pattern when the two central rectrices are not considered (Fig. 3). Although a number of authors have found fault bars to be less common on wing than in tail feathers (Slagsvold, 1982; King & Murphy, 1984; Hawfield, 1986), even suggesting that plumage groups important for flight seemed to contain the fewest fault bars (Machmer et al., 1992), the fault bar allocation hypothesis had not been explicitly formalized until recent times (Jovani & Blas, 2004). Proximate factors causing fault bars in birds are much in dispute, but it is widely recognized that they are the result of stressful events during feather growth (Ritchie et al., 1994). In barn swallows, a tail-manipulation experiment showed that adult males with elongated tails developed a higher frequency of fault bars in their tail feathers in the subsequent year, suggesting that a stressful event (in this case, having an elongated tail) translated into an increase in the load of fault bars (Møller, 1989a). The fault bar allocation hypothesis proposes that even if stressors are difficult to avoid, natural selection will result in minimizing fault bars in the more functional feathers for flight performance (Jovani & Blas, 2004). Our results support the idea that juvenile barn swallows produce fault bars in such a way, such that they are rarer in primaries, secondaries and, to a lesser extent, on tail feathers. To our knowledge, this is the second time that this hypothesis has been explicitly tested and supported, providing further evidence that birds have evolved physiological adaptations to counteract the negative effect of stressors on flight performance through fault bar avoidance. Although our results are of paramount importance in understanding the implications of stressful conditions from an evolutionary perspective, the precise physiological mechanisms involved in differential fault bar allocation are not known. In the closely related welcome swallow H. neoxena, it has been showed that young maintain wing feather growth at the expense of body mass under poor nutritional conditions, suggesting a functional priority of maintaining wing development and symmetry (Ashton & Armstrong, 2002). This lean-priority strategy in the wing feathers could also have evolved to avoid the development of fault bars, but unfortunately there is insufficient information about feather development in other feather groups under stressful conditions. With respect to the tail, a plausible evolutionary scenario is that fault bar allocation gained importance with the evolution of flight, with mechanisms evolving to avoid fault bars in those tail feathers critical for flight performance. This is supported by empirical data provided by Machmer et al. (1992), who found that fault bars decreased from the innermost to the outermost tail feathers of nestling ospreys Pandion haliaetus. Thus, we expected fault bar loads to decrease from the innermost to the outermost tail feathers in bar swallows, the streamers having thus the lowest load. This is because streamers receive little support from neighbouring feathers (Thomas & Balmford, 1995), and have a high functional importance in flight performance (Norberg, 1994). Birds less capable of enduring stressful events therefore have a higher risk of streamer breakage, which may cause asymmetry in the tail. In aerial foragers such as barn swallows there are direct aerodynamic benefits from having symmetrical tails, particularly during slowspeed flight and manoeuvring flight (Thomas, 1993; Evans, Martins & Haley, 1994; Norberg, 1994). These advantages of symmetry could be especially important during extreme environmental conditions such as dry winters, in which overall resource abundance is low (Møller, 1989b). For instance, intense selection against asymmetric individuals has been documented for the related cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota during
6 460 D. SERRANO and R. JOVANI spells of cold weather (Brown & Brown, 1998). Moreover, if streamer breakage increases the costs of foraging even in benign environments, young individuals could be constrained in developing long, attractive streamers for their first breeding attempt (Møller, 1994). We found that fault bars were abundant in the two central feathers despite being the smallest tail feathers. However, fault bars increased centrifugally in the remaining feathers, the streamers showing the highest abundance of fault bars. If allocating fault bars in the less functional feathers for flight performance is beneficial, why have barn swallows not evolved mechanisms to reduce their load in the outermost tail feathers? Forked tails and streamers in hirundines are recent traits that have evolved independently several times (Møller, 1994). Moreover, aerodynamic performance is thought to be much less sensitive to changes in the shape of the tail than of the wing, as shown by levels of fluctuating asymmetry being higher in tails (Thomas, 1997). In this way, the combined effect of the tail s relative aerodynamic insensitivity to modifications in shape together with the recent evolution of forked tails, could explain why evolutionary forces have not counteracted the increase of fault bars associated with feather elongation in the tails of barn swallows. The results presented here and those previously reported for white storks (Jovani & Blas, 2004), a phylogenetically distinct species with a very different life style, suggest that fault bar avoidance could be a widespread adaptive mechanism in flying birds. However, our results suggest that differential fault bar allocation could have evolved, or is maintained, only on those groups of feathers with the highest sensitivity to aerodynamic performance. In particular, fault bars in the external flight feathers of the wing could strongly penalize individuals during feeding and long-distance migration, but their effect on the tail feathers may not be so dramatic. In order to elucidate these postulations, we first need a detailed knowledge of the frequency and conditions of fault bars producing feather breakage. Moreover, it is vital to refine our understanding of how feather breakage in the different groups of feathers affects flight performance and fitness. Fault bar allocation could vary with ecological and evolutionary circumstances, so future studies should test this hypothesis in birds with different life histories such as non-migratory birds and ground foragers with low flight requirements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was conducted under a ringing license from the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente of Spain. We are grateful to Francis Hernández for drawings and Julio Blas for stimulating comments. We especially thank Armando Serrano and Ángeles Larraz for their company and hospitality during the field work. REFERENCES Ashton JC, Armstrong DP Facultative prioritization of wing growth in the Welcome swallow Hirundo neoxena. Ibis 144: Bautista LM, Tinbergen J, Wiersma P, Kacelnik A Optimal foraging and beyond: how starlings cope with changes in food availability. The American Naturalist 152: Blanco G, de la Puente J Multiple elements of the Black-billed magpie s tail correlate with variable honest information on quality in different age/sex classes. Animal Behaviour 63: Bortolotti GR, Dawson RD, Murza GL Stress during feather development predicts fitness potential. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: Brown CR, Brown MB Intense natural selection on body size and wing and tail asymmetry in cliff swallows during severe weather. Evolution 52: Corning WA, Biewener AA In vivo strains in pigeon flight feather shafts: implications for structural design. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: Evans MR, Martins TLF, Haley M The asymmetrical cost of tail elongation in red-billed streamertails. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 256: Hawfield EJ The number of fault bars in the feathers of Red-tailed Hawks, Red-shouldered Hawks, Broad-winged Hawks, and Barred Owls. The Chat 50: Jenni L, Winkler R Moult and ageing of European passerines. London: Academic Press. Jovani R, Blas J Adaptive allocation of stress-induced deformities on the feathers of birds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17: King JR, Murphy ME Fault bars in the feathers of White-crowned sparrows: dietary deficiency or stress of captivity and handling. The Auk 101: Lindström Å, Kivst A, Piersma T, Dekinga A, Dietz MW Avian pectoral muscle size rapidly tracks body mass changes during flight, fasting and fuelling. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RS SAS system for mixed models. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Machmer MM, Esselink H, Steeger C, Ydenberg RC The occurrence of fault bars in the plumage of nestling ospreys. Ardea 80: Mauck RA, Grubb TC Petrel parents shunt all experimentally increased reproductive costs to their offspring. Animal Behaviour 49: McCullagh P, Nelder JA Generalised linear modelling. London: Chapman & Hall. Møller AP. 1989a. Viability costs of male tail ornaments in a swallow. Nature 339: Møller AP. 1989b. Population dynamics of a declining swallow Hirundo rustica L. population. Journal of Animal Ecology 58:
7 FAULT BAR DISTRIBUTION AND FEATHER FUNCTION 461 Møller AP Sexual selection and the barn swallow. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Negro JJ, Bildstein KL, Bird DM Effects of food deprivation and handling stress on fault-bar formation in nestling American kestrels. Ardea 82: Norberg RA Swallow tail streamer is a mechanical device for self-deflection on tail leading edge, enhancing aerodynamics efficiency and flight manoeuvrability. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 257: Pennycuick CJ Bird flight performance. A practical calculation manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Riddle O The genesis of fault bars in feathers and the cause of alternation of light and dark fundamental bars. Biological Bulletin 14: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR Avian medicine: principles and application. Florida: Wingers Publishing. Slagsvold T Sex, size, and natural selection in the hooded crow Corvus corone cornix. Ornis Scandinavica 13: Thomas ALR On the aerodynamics of bird tails. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 340: Thomas ALR On the tail of birds. Bioscience 47: Thomas ALR, Balmford A How natural selection shapes bird s tails. The American Naturalist 146: Velando A Experimental manipulation of maternal effort produces differential effects in sons and daughters: implications for adaptive sex ratios in the blue-footed booby. Behavioural Ecology 13: Witter MS, Cuthill IC The ecological costs of avian fat storage. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 340:
Risk of feather damage explains fault bar occurrence in a migrant hawk, the Swainson s hawk Buteo swainsoni
Risk of feather damage explains fault bar occurrence in a migrant hawk, the Swainson s hawk Buteo swainsoni José H. Sarasola and Roger Jovani Fault bars are common stress-induced feather abnormalities
More informationAdjustments In Parental Care By The European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris): The Effect Of Female Condition
Proceedings of The National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR) 2003 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah March 13-15, 2003 Adjustments In Parental Care By The European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris):
More informationFault bars - a review by Johannes Erritzoe
Fault bars - a review by Johannes Erritzoe In another article on my web site I have written about feathers in Danish, "Fjer, et af naturens mesterværker", free translated: feathers sit atop a pinnacle
More informationColour composition of nest lining feathers affects hatching success of barn swallows, Hirundo rustica (Passeriformes: Hirundinidae)
67..74 Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102, 67 74. With 1 figure Colour composition of nest lining feathers affects hatching success of barn swallows, Hirundo rustica (Passeriformes: Hirundinidae)
More informationdoi: /
doi: 10.2326/1347-0558-7.2.117 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Methods for correcting plumage color fading in the Barn Swallow Masaru HASEGAWA 1,#, Emi ARAI 2, Mamoru WATANABE 1 and Masahiko NAKAMURA 2 1 Graduate School
More informationSurvivorship. Demography and Populations. Avian life history patterns. Extremes of avian life history patterns
Demography and Populations Survivorship Demography is the study of fecundity and survival Four critical variables Age of first breeding Number of young fledged each year Juvenile survival Adult survival
More informationFactors Influencing Local Recruitment in Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Honors Projects Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice 2013 Factors Influencing Local Recruitment in Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor Danielle M.
More informationHow do low-quality females know they re low-quality and do they always prefer low-quality mates?
Introduction: How do low-quality females know they re low-quality and do they always prefer low-quality mates? The relatively young field of condition-dependent variation in female mate preferences has
More informationBelow, we present the methods used to address these objectives, our preliminary results and next steps in this multi-year project.
Background Final Report to the Nova Scotia Habitat Conservation Fund: Determining the role of food availability on swallow population declines Project Supervisor: Tara Imlay, tara.imlay@dal.ca In the past
More informationReproductive success and symmetry in zebra finches
Anim. Behav., 1996, 51, 23 21 Reproductive success and symmetry in zebra finches JOHN P. SWADDLE Behavioural Biology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol (Received 9 February 1995;
More informationContrasting Response to Predator and Brood Parasite Signals in the Song Sparrow (melospiza melodia)
Luke Campillo and Aaron Claus IBS Animal Behavior Prof. Wisenden 6/25/2009 Contrasting Response to Predator and Brood Parasite Signals in the Song Sparrow (melospiza melodia) Abstract: The Song Sparrow
More informationFemale Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production
May 2013 Female Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production Michael Longley, Global Technical Transfer Manager Summary Introduction Chick numbers are most often reduced during the period
More informationOSPREY (Pandion haliaetus) REINTRODUCTION PROJECT IN CADIZ
OSPREY (Pandion haliaetus) REINTRODUCTION PROJECT IN CADIZ 2003 REPORT English version: January 2004 (Spanish version: December 2003) Estación Biológica de Doñana Avda. de Maria Luisa s/n, Pabellón del
More informationFemale Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production
Female Persistency Post-Peak - Managing Fertility and Production Michael Longley, Global Technical Transfer Manager May 2013 SUMMARY Introduction Chick numbers are most often reduced during the period
More informationCIWF Response to the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply Study April 2015
CIWF Response to the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply Study April 2015 The Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply study seeks to understand the sustainability impacts of three laying hen housing systems
More informationThe Effects of Meso-mammal Removal on Northern Bobwhite Populations
The Effects of Meso-mammal Removal on Northern Bobwhite Populations Alexander L. Jackson William E. Palmer D. Clay Sisson Theron M. Terhune II John M. Yeiser James A. Martin Predation Predation is the
More informationGrowth and Development. Embryonic development 2/22/2018. Timing of hatching. Hatching. Young birds and their parents
Growth and Development Young birds and their parents Embryonic development From fertilization to hatching, the embryo undergoes sequence of 42 distinct developmental stages The first 33 stages vary little
More informationHow Does Photostimulation Age Alter the Interaction Between Body Size and a Bonus Feeding Program During Sexual Maturation?
16 How Does Photostimulation Age Alter the Interaction Between Body Size and a Bonus Feeding Program During Sexual Maturation? R A Renema*, F E Robinson*, and J A Proudman** *Alberta Poultry Research Centre,
More informationANALYSIS OF GROWTH OF THE RED-TAILED HAWK 1
OhioJ. Sci. DEVONIAN ICROPHYTOPLANKTON 13 Copyright 1983 Ohio Acad. Sci. OO3O-O95O/83/OOO1-OO13 $2.00/0 ANALYSIS O GROWTH O THE RED-TAILED HAWK 1 ARK A. SPRINGER 2 and DAVID R. OSBORNE, Department of Zoology,
More informationNest size in monogamous passerines has recently been hypothesized
Behavioral Ecology Vol. 12 No. 3: 301 307 Nest size affects clutch size and the start of incubation in magpies: an experimental study Juan José Soler, a Liesbeth de Neve, b Juan Gabriel Martínez, b and
More informationReproductive physiology and eggs
Reproductive physiology and eggs Class Business Reading for this lecture Required. Gill: Chapter 14 1. Reproductive physiology In lecture I will only have time to go over reproductive physiology briefly,
More informationBROOD REDUCTION IN THE CURVE-BILLED THRASHER By ROBERTE.RICKLEFS
Nov., 1965 505 BROOD REDUCTION IN THE CURVE-BILLED THRASHER By ROBERTE.RICKLEFS Lack ( 1954; 40-41) has pointed out that in species of birds which have asynchronous hatching, brood size may be adjusted
More informationComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 152 (2009) 46 52 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cbpa
More information80 Garganey. Put your logo here
Autumn. Juvenile. Male (28-VIII) GARGANEY (Anas querquedula) IDENTIFICACIÓN 37-41 cm. In breeding plumage, male with large white band on the eye reaching nape; dark mottled on head and breast; grey flanks;
More informationAccepted Manuscript. News & Views. Primary feather vane asymmetry should not be used to predict the flight capabilities of feathered fossils
Accepted Manuscript News & Views Primary feather vane asymmetry should not be used to predict the flight capabilities of feathered fossils Xia Wang, Robert L. Nudds, Colin Palmer, Gareth J. Dyke PII: S2095-9273(17)30453-X
More information275 European Nightjar
Adult. Male (04-IX) EUROPEAN NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus europaeus) SEXING In adults, male with two outermost tail feathers with a white patch on tips sized 20-30 mm; three outermost primaries with a white patch
More informationPilot study to identify risk factors for coprophagic behaviour in dogs
Pilot study to identify risk factors for coprophagic behaviour in dogs Joanne A.M. van der Borg and Lisette Graat Wageningen University Introduction According to several training centres of guide dogs
More information77 Eurasian Teal. Put your logo here. EURASIAN TEAL (Anas crecca) IDENTIFICATION AGEING
Teal. Breeding plumage. Sexing. Pattern of head: left male; right female. Teal. Spring. Breeding plumage. Adult. Male (18-II) EURASIAN TEAL (Anas crecca) IDENTIFICATION 34-38 cm. Male in winter with chesnut
More informationNATURAL AND SEXUAL VARIATION
NATURAL AND SEXUAL VARIATION Edward H. Burtt, Jr. Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, OH 43015 INTRODUCTION The Darwinian concept of evolution via natural selection is based on three
More informationABSTRACT. Ashmore Reef
ABSTRACT The life cycle of sea turtles is complex and is not yet fully understood. For most species, it involves at least three habitats: the pelagic, the demersal foraging and the nesting habitats. This
More informationRed-Tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis
Red-Tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis This large, dark headed, broad-shouldered hawk is one of the most common and widespread hawks in North America. The Red-tailed hawk belongs to the genus (family) Buteo,
More informationBREEDING ECOLOGY OF THE LITTLE TERN, STERNA ALBIFRONS PALLAS, 1764 IN SINGAPORE
NATURE IN SINGAPORE 2008 1: 69 73 Date of Publication: 10 September 2008 National University of Singapore BREEDING ECOLOGY OF THE LITTLE TERN, STERNA ALBIFRONS PALLAS, 1764 IN SINGAPORE J. W. K. Cheah*
More information286 œvo. 72 THE MOLT OF HUMMINGBIRDS
[ Auk 286 œvo. 72 THE MOLT OF HUMMINGBIRDS BY HELMUTH O. WAGNER FEw details are available about the molts of hummingbirds. When collecting in Mexico, I was struck by characteristic variations in the sequence
More informationBald Eagles in the Yukon. Wildlife in our backyard
Bald Eagles in the Yukon Wildlife in our backyard The Bald Eagle at a glance Both male and female adult Bald Eagles have a dark brown body and wings with a white head, neck and tail. They have a yellow
More informationEvolution. Evolution is change in organisms over time. Evolution does not have a goal; it is often shaped by natural selection (see below).
Evolution Evolution is change in organisms over time. Evolution does not have a goal; it is often shaped by natural selection (see below). Species an interbreeding population of organisms that can produce
More informationEveryday Mysteries: Why most male birds are more colorful than females
Everyday Mysteries: Why most male birds are more colorful than females By Scientific American, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.06.17 Word Count 779 Mandarin ducks, a male (left) and a female, at WWT Martin
More informationAN APPLIED CASE STUDY of the complexity of ecological systems and process: Why has Lyme disease become an epidemic in the northeastern U.S.
AN APPLIED CASE STUDY of the complexity of ecological systems and process: Why has Lyme disease become an epidemic in the northeastern U.S. over the last few decades? What causes Lyme disease? 1 Frequency
More informationEGG SIZE AND LAYING SEQUENCE
SEX RATIOS OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS BY EGG SIZE AND LAYING SEQUENCE PATRICK J. WEATHERHEAD Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario KIS 5B6, Canada ABSTRACT.--Egg sex, size, and laying
More informationDO DIFFERENT CLUTCH SIZES OF THE TREE SWALLOW (Tachycineta bicolor)
DO DIFFERENT CLUTCH SIZES OF THE TREE SWALLOW (Tachycineta bicolor) HAVE VARYING FLEDGLING SUCCESS? Cassandra Walker August 25 th, 2017 Abstract Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) were surveyed over a
More informationCAN THE ALDABRA WHITE-THROATED RAIL DRYOLIMNAS CUVIERIALDABRANUS FLY? ROSS M. WANLESS
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 508 CAN THE ALDABRA WHITE-THROATED RAIL DRYOLIMNAS CUVIERIALDABRANUS FLY? BY ROSS M. WANLESS ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON,
More informationSex-biased initial eggs favours sons in the slightly size-dimorphic Scops owl (Otus scops)
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 76, 1 7. With 3 figures Sex-biased initial eggs favours sons in the slightly size-dimorphic Scops owl (Otus scops) G. BLANCO 1 *, J. A. DÁVILA 1, J. A.
More informationWhat Makes a Bird a Bird?
What Makes a Bird a Bird? Overview Students will compare types of feathers by examining structure and function of each. California Science Standards Grade 5: 6.g.-I&E Grade 6: 7.b.-I&E Grade 7: 7.a.-I&E
More information6. The lifetime Darwinian fitness of one organism is greater than that of another organism if: A. it lives longer than the other B. it is able to outc
1. The money in the kingdom of Florin consists of bills with the value written on the front, and pictures of members of the royal family on the back. To test the hypothesis that all of the Florinese $5
More informationCalifornia Bighorn Sheep Population Inventory Management Units 3-17, 3-31 and March 20 & 27, 2006
California Bighorn Sheep Population Inventory Management Units 3-17, 3-31 and 3-32 March 20 & 27, 2006 Prepared for: Environmental Stewardship Division Fish and Wildlife Science and Allocation Section
More informationRELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEIGHTS AND CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS IN A HERD OF UNSELECTED CATTLE
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEIGHTS AND CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS IN A HERD OF UNSELECTED CATTLE T. C. NELSEN, R. E. SHORT, J. J. URICK and W. L. REYNOLDS1, USA SUMMARY Two important traits of a productive
More informationBreeding White Storks( Ciconia ciconia at Chessington World of Adventures Paul Wexler
Breeding White Storks(Ciconia ciconia) at Chessington World of Adventures Paul Wexler The White Stork belongs to the genus Ciconia of which there are seven other species incorporated predominantly throughout
More information447 Ortolan Bunting. Put your logo here SIMILAR SPECIES. ORTOLAN BUNTING (Emberiza hortulana) IDENTIFICATION. Write your website here
SIMILAR SPECIES Adult birds are unmistakable due to their head pattern with a moustachial stripe. Juveniles recalls to the Cirl Bunting ones, which have dark bill and greenish lesser coverts; juveniles
More informationPerceived risk of ectoparasitism reduces primary reproductive investment in tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor
RESEARCH LETTERS Research letters are short papers (preferably 55 printed pages, about 4000 words), ideally presenting new and exciting results. Letters will be given priority, whenever possible, in the
More informationclutch size and escape take-off speed in female zebra finches
Ecology 2001 70, A hidden cost of reproduction: the trade-off between Blackwell Science, Ltd clutch size and escape take-off speed in female zebra finches JAKE S. VEASEY, DAVID C. HOUSTON and NEIL B. METCALFE
More informationThe Secret Life of Birds
The Secret Life of Birds Revealed Marilyn Ellis, OMN, CIG Oregon Master Naturalist Certified Interpretive Guide You can be a birdwatcher without. 1. Knowing what species they are by name OR 2. Recognizing
More informationUniversity of Canberra. This thesis is available in print format from the University of Canberra Library.
University of Canberra This thesis is available in print format from the University of Canberra Library. If you are the author of this thesis and wish to have the whole thesis loaded here, please contact
More informationMoult, flight performance and wingbeat kinematics during take-off in European starlings Sturnus ulgaris
JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY 34: 371 378, 2003 Moult, flight performance and wingbeat kinematics during take-off in European starlings Sturnus ulgaris Emma V. Williams and John P. Swaddle Williams, E. V. and
More informationBioSci 110, Fall 08 Exam 2
1. is the cell division process that results in the production of a. mitosis; 2 gametes b. meiosis; 2 gametes c. meiosis; 2 somatic (body) cells d. mitosis; 4 somatic (body) cells e. *meiosis; 4 gametes
More informationKey considerations in the breeding of macaques and marmosets for scientific purposes
Key considerations in the breeding of macaques and marmosets for scientific purposes Key considerations in the breeding of macaques and marmosets for scientific purposes Laboratory Animal Science Association
More informationA practical field guide to the identification of Least Terns in various plumages
A practical field guide to the identification of Least Terns in various plumages Edited by Marianne Korosy and Elizabeth A. Forys, PhD Photo: Charles Buhrman This is an adult Least Tern (Sternula antillarum)
More informationGeesePeace a model program for Communities
GeesePeace a model program for Communities Canada geese and other wildlife live within or at the fringe of our landscapes and communities which sometimes places them in conflict with us. Our challenge
More informationNote: The following article is used with permission of Dr. Sonia Altizer.
PROFESSIONAL BUTTERFLY FARMING PART I - By Nigel Venters (Contributing Author: Dr. Sonia Altizer) Note: The following article is used with permission of Dr. Sonia Altizer. Monarch Health Program, University
More informationShelduck. SEXING. SHELDUCK (Tadorna tadorna) IDENTIFICATION SIMILAR SPECIES
Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze 71 Shelduck SEXING Spring. Adult. Male (10-III). SHELDUCK (Tadorna tadorna) IDENTIFICATION 58-67 cm. White plumage with dark green head, chestnut band on breast,
More informationTHE BEGGING BEHAVIOR OF NESTLING EASTERN SCREECH-OWLS
Wilson Bulletin, 110(l), 1998, pp. 86-92 THE BEGGING BEHAVIOR OF NESTLING EASTERN SCREECH-OWLS STEPHEN H. HOFSTETTER AND GARY RITCHISON J ABSTRACT-The behavior of adults and nestlings at nine Eastern Screech-owl
More informationBLUEBIRD NEST BOX REPORT
BLUEBIRD NEST BOX REPORT - 2014 By Leo Hollein, August 29, 2014 Tree Swallows Thrive Bluebirds Struggle Weather has a major impact on wildlife including birds. However, not all nesting birds in the Refuge
More information102 Honey Buzzard. HONEY BUZZARD (Pernis apivorus) IDENTIFICATION SIMILAR SPECIES
Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Female (04-IX). Booted Eagle HONEY BUZZARD (Pernis apivorus) IDENTIFICATION 51-58 cm. Brown upperparts; pale underparts, with dark mottled; dark brown upperwing
More informationRight and next page: Brahma chicks with decent footfeathering, but with no fluff on the inner side of the legs and on the inner toes.
FOOTFEATHERING By: Bobo Athes For the vast majority of chicken breeds, especially for the utility breeds, footfeathering is not included in the standard. Yet, in the case of ornamental breeds, it is a
More informationEffects of early incubation constancy on embryonic development: An experimental study in the herring gull Larus argentatus
Journal of Thermal Biology 31 (2006) 416 421 www.elsevier.com/locate/jtherbio Effects of early incubation constancy on embryonic development: An experimental study in the herring gull Larus argentatus
More information08 alberts part2 7/23/03 9:10 AM Page 95 PART TWO. Behavior and Ecology
08 alberts part2 7/23/03 9:10 AM Page 95 PART TWO Behavior and Ecology 08 alberts part2 7/23/03 9:10 AM Page 96 08 alberts part2 7/23/03 9:10 AM Page 97 Introduction Emília P. Martins Iguanas have long
More informationUSING TRAPS TO CONTROL PIGEON AND CROW POPULATIONS IN AIRFIELDS
INTERNATIONAL BIRD STRIKE COMMITTEE IBSC 24/WP 14 Stara Lesna, Slovakia, 14-18 September 1998. USING TRAPS TO CONTROL PIGEON AND CROW POPULATIONS IN AIRFIELDS Zvi Horesh and Yuval Milo Forest Ecological
More informationSOAR Research Proposal Summer How do sand boas capture prey they can t see?
SOAR Research Proposal Summer 2016 How do sand boas capture prey they can t see? Faculty Mentor: Dr. Frances Irish, Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences Project start date and duration: May 31, 2016
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationWe are adult American. Field Marks. We are the smallest falcons in North America. Like other falcons, we have long, pointed wings,
We are adult American Kestrels. Our scientific name is Falco sparverius. Field Marks We are the smallest falcons in North America. Like other falcons, we have long, pointed wings, long tails, and we flap
More informationA record of a first year dark plumage Augur Buzzard moulting into normal plumage.
A record of a first year dark plumage Augur Buzzard moulting into normal plumage. Simon Thomsett The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise Idaho, 83709, USA Also: Dept. of Ornithology, National
More informationFrom Reptiles to Aves
First Vertebrates From Reptiles to Aves Evolutions of Fish to Amphibians Evolution of Amphibians to Reptiles Evolution of Reptiles to Dinosaurs to Birds Common Ancestor of Birds and Reptiles: Thecodonts
More informationDo the traits of organisms provide evidence for evolution?
PhyloStrat Tutorial Do the traits of organisms provide evidence for evolution? Consider two hypotheses about where Earth s organisms came from. The first hypothesis is from John Ray, an influential British
More informationMORPHOLOGIC, BEHAVIORAL AND ENERGETIC ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN COLONIAL IBISES, Threskiornithinae
MORPHOLOGIC, BEHAVIORAL AND ENERGETIC ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN COLONIAL IBISES, Threskiornithinae By GREGORY ALAN BABBITT A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY
More informationCommon Birds Around Denver. Seen in All Seasons Depending on the Habitat
Common Birds Around Denver Seen in All Seasons Depending on the Habitat Near and Around Water Canada Goose (golf courses) Mallard Ring-billed Gull (parking lots) American Coot Killdeer Canada Goose Canada
More informationThe Effect of Aerial Exposure Temperature on Balanus balanoides Feeding Behavior
The Effect of Aerial Exposure Temperature on Balanus balanoides Feeding Behavior Gracie Thompson* and Matt Goldberg Monday Afternoon Biology 334A Laboratory, Fall 2014 Abstract The impact of climate change
More informationCrotophaga major (Greater Ani)
Crotophaga major (Greater Ani) Family: Cuculidae (Cuckoos and Anis) Order: Cuculiformes (Cuckoos, Anis and Turacos) Class: Aves (Birds) Fig. 1. Greater ani, Crotophaga major. [http://www.birdforum.net/opus/greater_ani,
More informationMinnesota Bird Coloring Book
Minnesota Bird Coloring Book Check out these links: How to look for birds! What s in a Bird Song? Listen to bird songs. State Park Bird Checklists 2015, State of Minnesota, mndnr.gov. This is a publication
More informationWilson Bull., 103(4), 199 1, pp
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 693 Wilson Bull., 103(4), 199 1, pp. 693-697 Conspecific aggression in a Wood Stork colony in Georgia.-The probability of interactions among conspecifics, including aggression, is
More information126 Golden Eagle. SIMILAR SPECIES This species is unmistakable.
6 Eagle Eagle. Adult (-XI). GOLDEN EAGLE (Aquila chrysaetos) IDENTIFICATION 76-89 cm. Adult with dark brown plumage; golden colour on head and nape; tail with transversal bands. Juveniles with white base
More informationEgg size, offspring sex and hatching asynchrony in zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata
JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY 36: 12/17, 2005 Egg size, offspring sex and hatching asynchrony in zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata Joanna Rutkowska and Mariusz Cichoń Rutkowska, J. and Cichoń, M. 2005. Egg
More informationMale parental care and monogamy in snow buntings
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (1987) 20:377-382 Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 9 Springer-Verlag 1987 Male parental care and monogamy in snow buntings Bruce E. Lyon*, Robert D. Montgomerie, and Linda D. Hamilton*
More informationJoH?4 A. SMALLWOOD 1 Department of Zoology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio,13210 USA
J. Field Ornithol., 60(4):510-519 AGE DETERMINATION OF AMERICAN KESTRELS: A REVISED KEY JoH?4 A. SMALLWOOD 1 Department of Zoology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio,13210 USA Abstract.--Several
More information102 European Honey Buzzard
Female (04-IX). Booted Eagle EUROPEAN HONEY BUZZARD (Pernis apivorus) IDENTIFICATION 51-58 cm. Brown upperparts; pale underparts, with dark mottled; dark brown upperwing and pale underwing; dark bill;
More informationBody weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses
1 Body weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses N.VALI 1, EDRISS, M.A. 2 and RAHMANI, H.R. 2 1 Department of Animal Sciences, faculty of Agriculture
More informationSection 1: fill in the blanks (2 pts each) Note: Some questions have more than correct answer.
Your name: KEY Exam 2, Ornithology, EEB 484/585 Section 1: fill in the blanks (2 pts each) Note: Some questions have more than correct answer. 1. are nests structures that physically protect, insulate,
More informationEFFECTS OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION AND HABITAT SELECTION ON TIMING OF LESSER KESTREL BREEDING
Notes Ecology, 83(3), 2002, pp. 873 877 2002 by the Ecological Society of America EFFECTS OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION AND HABITAT SELECTION ON TIMING OF LESSER KESTREL BREEDING JOSÉ MIGUEL APARICIO 1 AND RAÚL
More informationPREDATION ON RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD EGGS AND NESTLINGS
Wilson Bull., 91( 3), 1979, pp. 426-433 PREDATION ON RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD EGGS AND NESTLINGS FRANK S. SHIPLEY The contents of Red-winged Blackbird (Age&us phoeniceus) nests are subject to extensive and
More informationWINTER BODY CONDITION IN THE COLLARED FLYCATCHER: DETERMINANTS AND CARRY-OVER EFFECTS ON FUTURE BREEDING
WINTER BODY CONDITION IN THE COLLARED FLYCATCHER: DETERMINANTS AND CARRY-OVER EFFECTS ON FUTURE BREEDING PARAMETERS Rita Hargitai, Gergely Hegyi, Márton Herényi, Miklós Laczi, Gergely Nagy, Balázs Rosivall,
More informationShift in feather mite distribution during the molt of passerines: the case of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica)
Shift in feather mite distribution during the molt of passerines: the case of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) R. Jovani, D. Serrano, Ó. Frías, and G. Blanco Abstract: Feather mites show a high diversity
More informationThe energetic cost of variations in wing span and wing asymmetry in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata
The Journal of Experimental Biology 27, 3977-3984 Published by The Company of Biologists 24 doi:1.1242/jeb.1235 3977 The energetic cost of variations in wing span and wing asymmetry in the zebra finch
More informationBREEDING AND GENETICS. Comparative Evaluation of Three Commercial Broiler Stocks in Hot Versus Temperate Climates
BREEDING AND GENETICS Comparative Evaluation of Three Commercial Broiler Stocks in Hot Versus Temperate Climates SERVET YALÇIN,* PETEK SETTAR,* SEZEN OZKAN,* and AVIGDOR CAHANER,1 *The Aegean University,
More informationThe Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree
The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree NAME DATE This handout supplements the short film The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree. 1. Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola
More informationANIMAL BEHAVIOR. Laboratory: a Manual to Accompany Biology. Saunders College Publishing: Philadelphia.
PRESENTED BY KEN Yasukawa at the 2007 ABS Annual Meeting Education Workshop Burlington VT ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Humans have always been interested in animals and how they behave because animals are a source
More informationKori Bustard Husbandry. Sara Hallager, Biologist, Smithsonian National Zoological Park
Kori Bustard Husbandry Sara Hallager, Biologist, Smithsonian National Zoological Park Ardeotis kori 2 subspecies [?] Africa s largest flying bird Captive males: 12-19kg Seasonal weight gain up to 4kg Captive
More informationCauses of reduced clutch size in a tidal marsh endemic
DOI 10.1007/s00442-008-1148-1 POPULATION ECOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER Causes of reduced clutch size in a tidal marsh endemic Brian J. Olsen Æ Joshua M. Felch Æ Russell Greenberg Æ Jeffrey R. Walters Received:
More informationAmes, IA Ames, IA (515)
BENEFITS OF A CONSERVATION BUFFER-BASED CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NORTHERN BOBWHITE AND GRASSLAND SONGBIRDS IN AN INTENSIVE PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL
More informationJudging Beef. Parts of the Beef Animal. The objective of this unit is to:
Judging Beef Sec 2: Page 1 Judging Beef The aim of the beef industry is to efficiently produce carcasses of the type and quality demanded by the consumer. The ability to look at the live beef animal and
More information426 Common Chaffinch. Put your logo here. COMMON CHAFFINCH (Fringilla coelebs) IDENTIFICATION
Summer. Adult. Male (01-VI). COMMON CHAFFINCH (Fringilla coelebs) IDENTIFICATION 14-16 cm. Male with head and neck grey; breast and cheeks pinkish, duller in winter. Female and juveniles brownish. Both
More information370 LOOMIS, The Galapagos Albatross.
370 LOOMIS, The Galapagos Albatross. Auk [zuly immaculate;...wing about 380 mm." The color of the facial disks is not mentioned. Knight in his 'Birds of Maine,' prefers to treat such birds as "extremely
More informationOBSERVATIONS ON SWALLOWS AND HOUSE- MARTINS AT THE NEST. BY
(140) OBSERVATIONS ON SWALLOWS AND HOUSE- MARTINS AT THE NEST. BY R. E. MOREAU AND W. M. MOREAU. RECENT studies of the parental care by African Hinindinidae and Swifts have suggested that, in addition
More informationLecture 9 - Avian Life Histories
Lecture 9 - Avian Life Histories Chapters 12 16 Many details in book, esp know: Chpt 12 pg 338-345, 359-365 Chpt 13 pg 367-373, 377-381, 385-391 Table 13-1 Chpt 14 pg 420-422, 427-430 Chpt 15 pg 431-438,
More information