Staphylococcus aureus: Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus to Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus
|
|
- Merilyn Henry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Staphylococcus aureus: Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus to Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus Susan J. Rehm 1 and Alan Tice 2 1 Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and 2 John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii The evolution of methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has demanded serious review of antimicrobial use and development of new agents and revised approaches to prevent and overcome drug resistance. Depending on local conditions and patient risk factors, empirical therapy of suspected S. aureus infection may require coverage of drug-resistant organisms with newer agents and novel antibiotic combinations. The question of treatment with inappropriate antibiotics raises grave concerns with regard to methicillin-resistant S. aureus selection, overgrowth, and increased virulence. Several strategies to reduce the nosocomial burden of resistance are suggested, including shortened hospital stays and outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy of the most serious infections. Naturally occurring strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were first reported from England in 1961 [1], not long after the introduction of semisynthetic penicillins. Within a decade, MRSA was reported in the United States, with 22 such strains isolated from 18 patients at Boston City Hospital [2], and by 1981, it had become endemic in virtually all US health care facilities [3, 4]. A meta-analysis of studies of S. aureus bacteremia that were published from January 1980 through December 2000 demonstrated significantly increased mortality associated with MRSA infection, compared with infection due to methicillinsusceptible S. aureus (MSSA) [5]. Data collected from July 2004 through December 2005 by the Active Bacterial Core surveillance network (the laboratory surveillance component of the Emerging Infections Program of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) showed an estimated rate of invasive MRSA infection (bloodstream or other sterile sites) of 31.8 case per 100,000 population [6]. This Reprints or correspondence: Dr Susan Rehm, Dept of Infectious Disease, Desk G21, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH (rehms@ccf.org). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 51(S2):S176 S by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved /2010/5106S2-0002$15.00 DOI: / trend is associated with very high morbidity and mortality. According to one estimate of incidence rates of MRSA infection in 2005, among 5287 patients hospitalized with MRSA infection, there were 988 deaths [6]; on the basis of these data, an estimated 18,650 patients died of invasive MRSA infection in the United States in 2005 [7]. If accurate, this projection suggests that MRSA-associated deaths exceeded the total estimated number of deaths (17,011) attributable to HIV infection and AIDS in the United States in 2005 [8]. As the prevalence of MRSA strains has steadily increased in health care facilities (health care associated [HA] MRSA), community-associated (CA) infections have become increasingly endemic in many parts of the world [9 11]. Primarily associated with skin and softtissue infections, CA-MRSA can also cause severe pulmonary infections, including pneumonia and empyema [12, 13], and osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, urinary infections, and bacteremia [13]. According to The Surveillance Network-USA, an electronic network that collects microbiology data from 300 clinical microbiology laboratories across the United States, rates of MRSA infection have steadily increased in the United States since 1998 and were still increasing as of March 2005 [14]. Inpatient (HA) and outpatient (CA) trends for MRSA during the period from 1998 S176 CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) Rehm and Tice
2 through March 2005 were analyzed for each of the 9 regions of the US Census Bureau (Figure 1) [14]. HA-MRSA VERSUS CA-MRSA Established risk factors for HA-MRSA infection include hospitalization during the previous year, recent surgical procedure, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, residence in a longterm care facility, receipt of hemodialysis, indwelling percutaneous medical devices and catheters, and intravenous drug use [6,15]. However, MRSA infection has occurred in persons in the community without these risk factors [15]. In 1999, 4 fatal MRSA infections in previously healthy children without recent hospitalizations were reported by the CDC [15]. It was later determined that the 2-year-old sister of one patient, a 12- month-old boy, had been treated for an MRSA infection 3 weeks earlier. CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA isolates have been found to be microbiologically distinct, suggesting that CA-MRSA did not originate from HA isolates that escaped from the hospital setting [24]; rather, CA-MRSA seems to have emerged de novo from established CA-MSSA isolates [25, 26]. According to a typing scheme established at the CDC, the majority of CA- MRSA infections are caused by 2 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types (USA300 and USA400), whereas the predominant genotypes endemic in hospitals are USA100 and USA200 [27]. In addition to the genetic differences, the infections caused by CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA are generally different; the CA pathogen is most frequently associated with skin and soft tissue (abscesses, boils, and folliculitis), whereas pathogens acquired in health care facilities are more likely to infect the respiratory tract, bloodstream, urinary tract, and surgical sites. Moreover, although CA-MRSA is more frequently susceptible to non blactam antibiotics (such as clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline), compared with HA-MRSA, it also tends to be more aggressive [26]. CA-MRSA can cause highly invasive, rapidly progressive, life-threatening infections, such as necrotizing pneumonia, severe sepsis, and necrotizing fasciitis [28 30]. Bloodstream infections due to MRSA USA300 isolates have been introduced in the hospital environment from the community. According to a study of MRSA in a major Atlanta hospital, this genotype accounted for 20% of all nosocomial and 28% of all HA-MRSA bloodstream infections at that institution [31]. CA-MRSA has emerged as an important cause of infections in hospital emergency departments [16, 17], intensive care units, and neonatal intensive care units [18, 19] and in athletic participants [20, 21], military recruits [22], and persons in prisons [23]. MSSA TO MRSA Some of the increased virulence shown by CA-MRSA has been attributed to the fact that many CA organisms harbor genes (luks-pv and lukf-pv) that encode the subunits of Panton- Valentine leukocidin (PVL) [27]. Van de Velde first designated this toxin as substance leucocide in 1894 because of its ability to lyse leukocytes [32]. PVL consists of 2 proteins that combine together as subunits to form the leukotoxin that was first as- Figure 1. Inpatient (IP) and outpatient (OP) rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, by US Census Bureau regions. Adapted from Styers D, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, Sahm DF. Laboratory-based surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the United States. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006; 5:2 [14]. MSSA to MRSA and VRSA CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) S177
3 sociated with skin and soft-tissue infection by Panton and Valentine in 1932 [32]. Subsequent identification of the pvl genes confirmed the association of PVL with both superficial and severe skin and soft-tissue infection and necrotizing pneumonia among CA-MSSA isolates [33, 34] and later among CA-MRSA organisms [35]. However, evidence of the precise role of PVL in CA-MRSA pathogenesis and virulence is limited, and some data have failed to show a clear difference between PVL-positive and PVL-negative isolates in their ability to lyse human polymorphonuclear leukocytes [26]. The currently accepted model to explain the origins of CA- MRSA suggests that a small cassette conferring methicillin resistance (such as SCC mec IV or V) is independently integrated into the genomes of many different ancestral MSSA clones found in different geographic regions and that a few of the most evolutionarily successful have survived [26]. This model parallels the emergence and spread of HA-MRSA in the 1980s, except that, unlike the HA isolates, the CA organisms emerged carrying pvl genes (Figure 2) [26]. HA-MRSA usually carries large SCC mec I, II, or III cassettes for methicillin resistance, which also confer non b-lactam antibiotic resistance. The pvl genes of CA-MRSA, however, are associated with SCC mec IV or V cassettes and not types I, II, or III. VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT S. AUREUS (VRSA) Glycopeptides, particularly vancomycin, have been considered to be the drugs of choice for treating MRSA bacteremia and sepsis since the prevalence of that organism surged during the 1980s [36]. The high prevalence of MRSA infection has led to increased use of vancomycin in chronic and seriously ill patients and, in turn, to the emergence of multiple phenotypes with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides [37]. For example, heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hvisa), defined as organisms with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 2 mg/ml (but with a subpopulation of daughter cells with the ability to grow at 4 mg/ml), appears to precede the development of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), with MICs of 4 8 mg/ml. Finally, VRSA is defined as organisms with MICs 16 mg/ml [37]. Since the first documented clinical infection due to hvisa was reported in Japan (in a patient with MRSA pneumonia unresponsive to vancomycin [38]), VISA infections have been reported in patients from the United States, Europe, and Asia [39]. The first documented infection caused by VRSA in the United States was reported by the Michigan Department of Community Health in 2002 [40, 41]. Since then, 8 additional cases have been confirmed by the CDC (1 case each from Pennsylvania and New York and 6 from Michigan) [42 49]. hvisa and VISA strains probably arose as a result of fundamental changes in the bacterial cell wall and in important metabolic pathways [50]. In at least 2 S. aureus strains, currently Figure 2. Model for the emergence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) producing community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strain is infected and lysogenized by a phage (phislt) that harbors the genes encoding the PVL. Then a methicillin-resistance cassette (SCC mec IV, V, or V T ) carrying the meca gene is horizontally transferred into the pvl-positive MSSA strain and integrates into the genome distant from the phislt integration site. Adapted with permission from [26]. Copyright 2007, Nature Publishing Group. unexplained accelerated cell-wall synthesis is correlated with vancomycin trapping in the outer layers, making less vancomycin available for target molecules [48, 50 52]. On the other hand, VRSA is thought to arise in a different manner, with resistance probably resulting from acquisition of genetic material from enterococci [50, 53]. In vitro transfer of the vana resistance determination gene from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus fecaelis to S. aureus has been demonstrated [47, 53], and conjugative transfer from vancomycin-resistant E. fecaelis has appeared to be the mechanism of resistance in at least 2 unrelated clinical isolates of VRSA [40, 41, 47]. Most infections with VISA or VRSA have occurred after prior long-term use of glycopeptide antibiotics and in patients with chronic illness, such as preexisting chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, or vascular compromise with devitalized tissue [54]. However, Brazilian investigators reported the presence of 4 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin in healthy carriers inside and outside a health care setting [55]. The isolates were obtained from saliva, indicating the potential for disseminated oral strains to colonize other body sites and other individuals. None of the isolates were found to carry the vana, vanb, and vanc gene according to polymerase chain reaction analysis, and their cell walls became thickened after culture in a medium containing vancomycin. In this study, the 4 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains showed variable levels of resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and quinupristin-dalfopristin [55]. For example, 2 isolates were oxacillin resistant, and 2 were not. Only the former produced b-lactamase. All 4 isolates showed unsta- S178 CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) Rehm and Tice
4 ble heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin, with reversion to susceptible levels after 10 days of serial passage on a drug-free medium. However, exposure of the revertants to 4 mg of vancomycin/ml selected for vancomycin-resistant strains at very high frequencies after 10 days of serial passage. Thus, after dissemination, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus organisms may be susceptible to both oxacillin and vancomycin but can revert to resistance when reexposed to vancomycin. MANAGEMENT OF MRSA INFECTION Empirical therapy. Clinicians faced with the increasing number of outbreaks of HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA infections have a challenging clinical dilemma: because of the increasing resistance of Staphylococcus strains to methicillin, is it safe to begin empirical therapy with a ß-lactam antibiotic, such as cefazolin or oxacillin, or should therapy against MRSA also be included? One approach is to use the presence or absence of risk factors for MRSA to determine the empirical regimen. In brief, HA-MRSA is more likely to cause infection in patients exposed to health care settings, such as hospitals, nursing homes, and dialysis centers. On the other hand, CA-MRSA is more likely to cause infection in community-dwelling diabetics and injection drug users [56]. Many recent outbreaks of CA- MRSA infection have occurred in populations with few or none of these risk factors, but have affected athletes [20,21], prisoners [23], and healthy children [10, 57, 58]. These reports suggest that among patients with CA-MRSA infection, exposure to specific non health care environments may increase the likelihood that the infection is caused by MRSA. Prospective analysis of cultures of sample from 180 patients hospitalized with CA S. aureus infection revealed that 108 patients were infected with MRSA and 78 were infected with MSSA [56]. Infection with MRSA was associated with younger age; skin and/or soft-tissue infection; snorting and/or smoking illegal drugs; recent incarceration; lower comorbidity index; more frequent visits to bars, raves, and/or clubs; and higher frequency of laundering clothes in hot water. However, the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios for these risk factors were very limited in their ability to distinguish patients with CA-MRSA infection from those with CA- MSSA infection. Therefore, according to the investigators, in areas where a significant proportion of patients hospitalized for CA S. aureus infection carry MRSA, contact isolation should be given to all patients with suspected CA S. aureus infection, and it is prudent to include MRSA coverage in empirical antibiotic regimens [56]. Similarly, a prospective study of patients presenting to emergency departments in 11 US cities found that MRSA was the most common identifiable cause of skin and soft-tissue infections (50% overall; range, 15% 74%), but the only factor that was significantly associated with isolation of MRSA, compared with MSSA, was the presence of abscess at enrollment [16]. These investigators also recommended modifying standard empirical therapy to provide MRSA coverage. Thus, to date, there seem to be no reliable epidemiological or clinical risk factors to distinguish patients infected with MRSA, regardless of whether they are infected with CA-MRSA or HA-MRSA, from those infected with MSSA. However, the answer to the question posed above seems to be that, in areas where MRSA infection is endemic, empirical therapy for serious conditions should include one of the following agents known to be effective and Food and Drug Administration approved for treatment of specific infections due to MRSA: quinupristindalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, or tigecycline. Antibiotics and MRSA. A recent review examined the association between MRSA and certain classes of antibiotics that encourage the overgrowth of organisms resistant to them [59]. Acquisition and subsequent overgrowth of MRSA are particularly associated with b-lactam and quinolone antibiotic use, allowing rapid proliferation of an organism that may have been merely colonizing the skin. This may lead to clinical infection and potential transmission to others. Moreover, inappropriate antibiotics not only encourage overgrowth with MRSA but may also enhance the organisms pathogenicity, apparently through molecular changes that facilitate mechanisms, such as quorum sensing, adhesion, phage mobilization, exotoxin production, intracellular persistence, and biofilm formation, thus increasing the severity of the infection [59]. Quorum sensing, for example, is a chemical signaling mechanism that allows bacteria to sense the density of its colony in a given location and to invade other areas when the population threatens to exhaust the available nutrition at the original site, thus promoting proliferation and, potentially, bacteremia if the colony gains access to the bloodstream [59]. By removing susceptible commensal bacteria, inappropriate or inadequate antibiotic therapy encourages MRSA growth and, thus, promotes the quorum-sensing process, which may lead to increased virulence [59]. Although much of the evidence of enhancement of staphylococcal transmission by antibiotic therapy is based on in vitro studies, hospitals in countries reporting higher antibiotic consumption tend to have higher rates of MRSA infection, as measured as the proportion of S. aureus isolates carried by hospital patients that are methicillin resistant [60]. Conversely, 14 hospitals in countries with very low incidences of MRSA infection, particularly Nordic countries, were reported to use the fewest antimicrobials in Europe [61]. Hospitals and MRSA. The hospital environment is known to encourage replacement of the resident strain in the carrier with a more resistant version soon after admission, which is possibly the result of exposure to antibiotics or to hospital flora [62, 63]. An extensive study of the epidemiology and time course of endemic MRSA infection in a 600-bed teaching hos- MSSA to MRSA and VRSA CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) S179
5 patient: outpatient therapy, either initially or after brief stabilization in the hospital. Acknowledgments Figure 3. Antibiotic selective pressure process in which serial nasal culture specimen and colony counts begin before admission and continue for the subsequent 21 days. Cefazolin is the likely source of the initial pathogen heterogeneity, which includes borderline susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (BSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Ninety percent of admitted patients are discharged within 2 days, but those remaining have complicated courses and remain hospitalized for 21 days. The inpatients receive ceftazidime on day 5, further altering the mixed pathogens until day 8, when mostly MRSA survives the continual selective pressure. The final steps in the continuum are vancomycin use and the selection of vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in some patients. Adapted with permission from [62]. pital revealed that the change from MSSA to MRSA occurred on the first day in the hospital, when patients were given cefazolin as presurgical prophylaxis [62]. It is unclear whether such a time course for the change from MSSA to MRSA would occur in nonsurgical patients given cefazolin. Under selective antibiotic pressure, colonizing flora changed within h, and for patients remaining hospitalized, subsequent courses of third-generation cephalosporins further selected and amplified the colonizing MRSA population; the final phases of this process are use of vancomycin, leading to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection in some patients (Figure 3) [62]. A later study of the relationship between the spread of MRSA and antimicrobial use in a French university hospital concluded that the acquisition of MRSA was significantly correlated with the use of all antimicrobials [64]. Such studies support the generally accepted idea that the use of antimicrobial agents is a powerful selective force that promotes the emergence of drug-resistant strains [65]. A number of strategies have been proposed to minimize the burden of resistance in hospitals, including reduction of in use of all antimicrobial classes, increased use of prophylactic antimicrobials to reduce colonization, rotation of different antibiotic classes in a temporal sequence, and simultaneous use of different antimicrobials for different patients [66 71]. Additional recommendations for the prevention of transmission of drug-resistant organisms in the hospital are fairly universal and uncontroversial and include hand hygiene, use of contact precautions, decontamination of the environment, and active surveillance to identify carriers [72]. This supplement suggests another strategy to help reduce the burden of drug resistance in the Potential conflicts of interest. S.J.R. is a member of the speakers bureau and a scientific advisory board and has served as a principal investigator for Cubist Pharmaceuticals, was a member of an advisory committee for Pfizer, and was a member of the speakers bureau for Wyeth and Roche. A.T. has been a consultant and advisory board member for Astellas, Cubist, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche; has been a member of the speakers bureaus for Cubist and Merck; and has received research funding from Cubist, GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck. Financial support. Cubist Pharmaceuticals. Manuscript preparation. Jean Fitzpatrick of the Curry Rockefeller Group provided assistance in preparing and editing the manuscript. Supplement sponsorship. This article is part of a supplement entitled Meeting the Challenges of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy, which is based on the proceedings of an advisory board meeting of infectious diseases specialists in November 2007 that was sponsored by Cubist Pharmaceuticals. References 1. Barber M. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 1961;14: Barrett FF, McGehee RF Jr, Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital: bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations. N Engl J Med 1968; 279: Haley RW, Hightower AW, Khabbaz RF, et al. The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in United States hospitals. Possible role of the house staff-patient transfer circuit. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: Jarvis WR, Schlosser J, Chinn RY, Tweeten S, Jackson M. National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients in US health care facilities, Am J Infect Control 2007; 35: Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillinresistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United Status. JAMA 2007; 298: Bancroft EA. Antimicrobial resistance: it s not just for hospitals. JAMA 2007; 298: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 17. Rev ed. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007: Accessed 30 October Diep BA, Sensabaugh GF, Somboona NS, Carleton HA, Perdreau-Remington F. Widespread skin and soft-tissue infections due to two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains harboring the genes for Panton-Valentine leucocidin. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: Okuma K, Iwakawa K, Turnidge JD, et al. Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: Purcell K, Fergie JE. Exponential increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in South Texas children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: Kollef MH, Micek ST. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new community-acquired pathogen? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006; 19: Wang JL, Chen SY, Wang JT, et al. Comparison of both clinical features and mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to community-ac- S180 CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) Rehm and Tice
6 quired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: Styers D, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, Sahm DF. Laboratory-based surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the United States. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006;5: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Minnesota and North Dakota, MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 1999; 48: Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gjorwitz RJ, et al.; EMERGEncy ID Net Study Group. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: Frazee BW, Lynn J, Charlebois ED, Lambert L, Lowery D, Perdreau- Remington F. High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency department skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45: Healy CM, Hulten KG, Palazzi DL, Campbell JR, Baker CJ. Emergence of new strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: Eckhardt C, Halvosa JS, Ray SM, Blumberg HM. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the neonatal intensive care unit from a patient with community-acquired disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: Beam JW, Buckley B. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: prevalence and risk factors. J Athl Train 2006;41: Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, et al. A clone of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: Zinderman CE, Conner B, Malakooti MA, LaMar JE, Armstrong A, Bohnker BK. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among military recruits. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: Pan ES, Diep BA, Carleton HA, et al. Increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in California jails. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: Rehm SJ. Staphylococcus aureus: the new adventures of a legendary pathogen. Cleveland Clin J Med 2008; 75: , , Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA 1998; 279: Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Lab Invest 2007; 87: McDougal LK, Stewart CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover FC. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: Adem PV, Montgomery CP, Husain AN, et al. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in children. N Engl JMed2005; 353: Mongkolrattanothai K, Boyle S, Kahana MD, Daum RS. Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: Seybold U, Kourbatova EV, Johnson JG, et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of health care associated bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: Etienne J. Panton-Valentine leukocidin: a marker of severity for Staphylococcus aureus infection? Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, et al. Involvement of Panton- Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotizing pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 2002; 359: Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9: Kirst HA, Thompson DG, Nicas TI. Historical yearly usage of vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: Appelbaum PC. Reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reduced susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin Japan, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46: Hageman JC, Patel J, Carey R, Tenover FC, McDonald LC. Investigation and control of vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a guide for health departments and infection control personnel. Accessed 30 October Weigel LM, Clewell DB, Gill SR, et al. Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 2003; 302: Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, et al; Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Investigative Team. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vana resistance gene. N Engl JMed2003; 348: Whitener CJ, Park SY, Browne FA, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of vancomycin exposure. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus New York, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: Weigel LM, Donlan RM, Shin DH, et al. High-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a polymicrobial biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: Sievert DM, Rudrik JT, Patel JB, McDonald LC, Wilkins MJ, Hageman JC. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: Tenover FC. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a perfect but geographically limited storm? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: Finks J, Wells E, Dyke TL, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Michigan USA, Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: Appelbaum PC, Bozdogan B. Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24: Cui L, Murakami H, Kuwahara-Arai K, Hanaki H, Hiramatsu K. Contribution of a thickened cell wall and its glutamine nonamidated component to the vancomycin resistance expressed by Staphylococcus aureus Mu50. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RG. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 72: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pennsylvania, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51: Appelbaum PC. MRSA the tip of the iceberg. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12(suppl 2): Palazzo IC, Araujo ML, Darini AL. First report of vancomycin-resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy carriers in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Bayer AS, et al. Clinical and epi- MSSA to MRSA and VRSA CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) S181
7 demiologic characteristics cannot distinguish community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection from methicillinsusceptible S. aureus infection: a prospective investigation. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Boxrud DJ, et al. Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: Fang YH, Hsueh PR, Hu JJ, et al. Community-acquired methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in children in northern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2004; 37: Dancer SJ. The effect of antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: MacKenzie FM, Bruce J, Struelens MJ, Goossens H, Mollison J, Gould IM; ARPAC Steering Group. Antimicrobial drug use and infection control practices associated with the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in European hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: Cars O, Mölstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001; 357: Schentag JJ, Hyatt JM, Carr JR, et al. Genesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), how treatment of MRSA infections has selected for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and the importance of antibiotic management and infection control. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: Berntsen CA, McDermott W. Increased transmissibility of staphylococci to patients receiving an antimicrobial drug. N Engl J Med 1960; 262: Muller AA, Mauny F, Berlin M, et al. Relationship between spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial use in a French university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: Lipsitch M, Samore MH. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: a population perspective. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: Price DJ, Sleigh JD. Control of infection due to Klebsiella aerogenes in a neurosurgical unit by withdrawal of all antibiotics. Lancet 1970;2: Dunkle LM, Naqvi SH, McCallum R, Lofgren JP. Eradication of epidemic methicillin-gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care nursery. Am J Med 1981; 70: Boyce JM. Treatment and control of colonization in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17: Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, Rauss A, et al. Intestinal decontamination for control of nosocomial multiresistant gram-negative bacilli. Study of an outbreak in an intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: John JF Jr, Rice LB. The microbial genetics of antibiotic cycling. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21(suppl 1):S22-S Burke JP. Antibiotic resistance squeezing the balloon? JAMA 1998; 280: Griffin FA. 5 Million Lives Campaign. Reducing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2007; 33: S182 CID 2010:51 (Suppl 2) Rehm and Tice
MRSA. ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) ( community-associated )
005 16 190-194 ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) ( community-associated ) ( -susceptible Staphylococcus auerus; MSSA ) ( -resistant Staphylococcus auerus; ) ( ) ( -lactam ) ( glycopeptide ) ( Staphylococcus
More informationDoes Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs?
Does Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs? John A. Jernigan, MD, MS Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and
More informationCa-MRSA Update- Hand Infections. Washington Hand Society September 19, 2007
Ca-MRSA Update- Hand Infections Washington Hand Society September 19, 2007 Resistant Staph. Aureus Late 1940 s -50% S.Aureus resistant to PCN 1957-80/81 strain- of S.A. highly virulent and easily transmissible
More informationTACKLING THE MRSA EPIDEMIC
TACKLING THE MRSA EPIDEMIC Paul D. Holtom, MD Associate Professor of Medicine and Orthopaedics USC Keck School of Medicine MRSA Trend (HA + CA) in US TSN Database USA (1993-2003) % of MRSA among S. aureus
More informationImpact of a Standardized Protocol to Address Outbreak of Methicillin-resistant
Impact of a Standardized Protocol to Address Outbreak of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infections at a large, urban County Jail System Earl J. Goldstein, MD* Gladys Hradecky, RN* Gary
More informationSource: Portland State University Population Research Center (
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Surveillance Report 2010 Oregon Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Office of Disease Prevention & Epidemiology Oregon Health Authority Updated:
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA
Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA Levy, Scientific American Horizontal gene transfer is common, even between Gram positive and negative bacteria Plasmid - transfer of single or multiple
More informationConsequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance. Topics to be Covered
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationMID 23. Antimicrobial Resistance. Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance Micro evolutionary change - point mutations Beta-lactamase mutation extends spectrum of the enzyme rpob gene (RNA polymerase) mutation
More informationRESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TO VANCOMYCIN IN ZARQA, JORDAN
RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TO VANCOMYCIN IN ZARQA, JORDAN Hussein Azzam Bataineh 1 ABSTRACT Background: Vancomycin has been widely used in the treatment of infections caused by Methicillin-Resistant
More informationAn Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Article ID: WMC00590 ISSN 2046-1690 An Approach to Linezolid and Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Author(s):Dr. K P Ranjan, Dr. D R Arora, Dr. Neelima Ranjan Corresponding
More informationAppropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of
Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections ( MRSA ) By : A. Bojdi MD Assistant Professor Inf. Dis. Dep. Imam Reza Hosp. MUMS Antibiotics Still Miracle Drugs Paul
More informationGUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 43: Staphylococcus Aureus Authors J. Pierce, MD M. Edmond, MD, MPH, MPA M.P. Stevens, MD, MPH Chapter Editor Michelle Doll, MD, MPH) Topic Outline Key
More informationStaphylococcus Aureus
GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HOSPITAL CHAPTER 43: Staphylococcus Aureus Authors J. Pierce, MD M. Edmond, MD, MPH, MPA M.P. Stevens, MD, MPH Chapter Editor Michelle Doll, MD, MPH) Topic Outline Key
More informationInfections caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
MRSA infections are no longer limited to hospitals. An infectious disease specialist offers insight on what this means for dermatologists. By Robert S. Jones, DO, Reading, PA Infections caused by Methicillin-Resistant
More informationSignificant human pathogen. SSTI Biomaterial related infections Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Toxin mediated diseases TSST Staphylococcal enterotoxins
Staphylococcus aureus Significant human pathogen. SSTI Biomaterial related infections Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Toxin mediated diseases TSST Staphylococcal enterotoxins Quintessential Pathogen? Nizet
More informationMethicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) The drug resistant `Superbug that won t die
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) The drug resistant `Superbug that won t die Michael A. Miller, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics -Jacksonville OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the basic microbiology
More informationStaphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus Significant human pathogen. SSTI Biomaterial related infections Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Toxin mediated diseases TSST Staphylococcal enterotoxins Quintessential Pathogen? Nizet
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus By Karla Givens Means of Transmission and Usual Reservoirs Staphylococcus aureus is part of normal flora and can be found on the skin and in the noses of one
More informationSafe Patient Care Keeping our Residents Safe Use Standard Precautions for ALL Residents at ALL times
Safe Patient Care Keeping our Residents Safe 2016 Use Standard Precautions for ALL Residents at ALL times #safepatientcare Do bugs need drugs? Dr Deirdre O Brien Consultant Microbiologist Mercy University
More informationPrevalence & Risk Factors For MRSA. For Vets
For Vets General Information Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, aerobic commensal bacterium of humans that is carried in the anterior nares of approximately 30% of the general population. It is
More informationHong-Kai Wang 1, Chun-Yen Huang 1 and Yhu-Chering Huang 1,2*
Wang et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2017) 17:470 DOI 10.1186/s12879-017-2560-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Clinical features and molecular characteristics of childhood communityassociated methicillin-resistant
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Staphylococci are a group of Gram-positive bacteria, 14 species are known to cause human infections but the vast majority of infections are caused by only three of them. They
More informationCommunity-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Review of an Emerging Public Health Concern
Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Review of an Emerging Public Health Concern Timothy D. Drews, MD; Jonathan L. Temte, MD, PhD; Barry C. Fox, MD ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant
More informationMeeting the Challenges of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
INTRODUCTION SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Meeting the Challenges of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Alan D. Tice 1 and Susan J. Rehm 2,3 1 John A. Burns
More informationCA-MRSA: How Should We Respond to Outbreaks?
CA-MRSA: How Should We Respond to Outbreaks? Robert B. Stroube, MD, MPH Medscape Infectious Diseases. 2008; 2008 Medscape Posted 11/05/2008 Introduction to MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
More informationActive Bacterial Core Surveillance Site and Epidemiologic Classification, United States, 2005a. Copyright restrictions may apply.
Impact of routine surgical ward and intensive care unit admission surveillance cultures on hospital-wide nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a university hospital: an interrupted
More informationResistant Staphylococcus aureus
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States: A New Classification, a New Resistance and the Implications for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control by Dawn M. Sievert A dissertation
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.378
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial Therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Doo Ryeon Chung, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Infection Control Office SUNGKYUNKWAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CASE 1
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Ghana
Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Ghana Beverly Egyir, PhD Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Bacteriology Department, University of Ghana Background
More informationConcise Antibiogram Toolkit Background
Background This toolkit is designed to guide nursing homes in creating their own antibiograms, an important tool for guiding empiric antimicrobial therapy. Information about antibiograms and instructions
More informationAntimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there!
Antimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there! Stanley I. Martin, MD, FACP, FIDSA Director, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Geisinger
More informationGeoffrey Coombs 1, Graeme Nimmo 2, Julie Pearson 1, Samantha Cramer 1 and Keryn Christiansen 1
Community Onset MRSA Infections in Australia: A Tale of Two Clones Geoffrey Coombs 1, Graeme Nimmo 2, Julie Pearson 1, Samantha Cramer 1 and Keryn Christiansen 1 Community Associated MRSA First isolated
More informationLe infezioni di cute e tessuti molli
Le infezioni di cute e tessuti molli SCELTE e STRATEGIE TERAPEUTICHE Pierluigi Viale Clinica di Malattie Infettive Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi Treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections
More information03/09/2014. Infection Prevention and Control A Foundation Course. Talk outline
Infection Prevention and Control A Foundation Course 2014 What is healthcare-associated infection (HCAI), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs)? Why we should be worried?
More informationEpidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Helen W. Boucher 1 and G. Ralph Corey 2 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University Medical School and New England
More informationFlorida Health Care Association District 2 January 13, 2015 A.C. Burke, MA, CIC
Florida Health Care Association District 2 January 13, 2015 A.C. Burke, MA, CIC 11/20/2014 1 To describe carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. To identify laboratory detection standards for carbapenem-resistant
More informationIntrinsic, implied and default resistance
Appendix A Intrinsic, implied and default resistance Magiorakos et al. [1] and CLSI [2] are our primary sources of information on intrinsic resistance. Sanford et al. [3] and Gilbert et al. [4] have been
More informationEvaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs
Evaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs Josh Arnold, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds February 28, 2017 2016 MFMER slide-1 Objectives Identify the pathophysiology of MRSA nasal colonization
More informationTel: Fax:
CONCISE COMMUNICATION Bactericidal activity and synergy studies of BAL,a novel pyrrolidinone--ylidenemethyl cephem,tested against streptococci, enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci L. M.
More informationScreening programmes for Hospital Acquired Infections
Screening programmes for Hospital Acquired Infections European Diagnostic Manufacturers Association In Vitro Diagnostics Making a real difference in health & life quality June 2007 HAI Facts Every year,
More informationContrasting Pediatric and Adult Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Contrasting Pediatric and Adult Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Michael Z. David,* Susan E. Crawford,* Susan Boyle-Vavra,* Mark A. Hostetler,* Daniel C. Kim,* and Robert S. Daum* We
More informationGlycopeptide Resistant Enterococci (GRE) Policy IC/292/10
BASINGSTOKE AND NORTH HAMPSHIRE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST Glycopeptide Resistant Enterococci (GRE) Policy IC/292/10 Supersedes: IC/292/07 Owner Name Dr Nicki Hutchinson Job Title Consultant Microbiologist,
More informationNatural History of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Infection in Soldiers
MAJOR ARTICLE Natural History of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and Infection in Soldiers Michael W. Ellis, 1 Duane R. Hospenthal, 1 David P. Dooley, 1 Paula
More informationMRSA Outbreak in Firefighters
MRSA Outbreak in Firefighters Angie Carranza Munger, MD Resident, Occupational and Environmental Medicine The University of Colorado, Denver and National Jewish Health Candidate, Masters of Public Health
More informationMethicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections among Patients in the Emergency Department
The new england journal of medicine original article Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections among Patients in the Emergency Department Gregory J. Moran, M.D., Anusha Krishnadasan, Ph.D., Rachel J.
More informationAntimicrobial Cycling. Donald E Low University of Toronto
Antimicrobial Cycling Donald E Low University of Toronto Bad Bugs, No Drugs 1 The Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the IDSA 1 identified as particularly problematic pathogens A. baumannii and
More informationRESISTANT PATHOGENS. John E. Mazuski, MD, PhD Professor of Surgery
RESISTANT PATHOGENS John E. Mazuski, MD, PhD Professor of Surgery Disclosures Contracted Research: AstraZeneca, Bayer, Merck. Advisory Boards/Consultant: Allergan (Actavis, Forest Laboratories), AstraZeneca,
More informationSummary Report Relating to a Pilot Program to Require Reporting of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Summary Report Relating to a Pilot Program to Require Reporting of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Prepared by the Texas Department of State Health Services as required by House Bill 1082,
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections Activity C: ELC Prevention Collaboratives
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections Activity C: ELC Prevention Collaboratives John Jernigan, MD, MS Alex Kallen, MD, MPH Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease
More informationMRCoNS : .Duplex-PCR.
- ( ) - * (MRCoNS) : Vancomycin Resistant Coagulase Negative ) VRCoNS. (Vancomycin Intermediate Coagulase Negative Staphylococci) VICoNS (Staphylococci Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase ) MRCoNS.. VRCoNS
More informationCommunity2acquired methicill in2resistant St a p hyl ococcus a ureus
376 : ; ; ; :R978. 11 :A :100927708 (2005) 0620376205 Community2acquired methicill in2resistant St a p hyl ococcus a ureus W A N G Fu. ( I nstit ute of A ntibiotics, H uashan Hos pit al, S hang hai 200040,
More informationSUPPLEMENT ARTICLE. S114 CID 2001:32 (Suppl 2) Diekema et al.
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Survey of Infections Due to Staphylococcus Species: Frequency of Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Isolates Collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe,
More informationNorth West Neonatal Operational Delivery Network Working together to provide the highest standard of care for babies and families
Document Title and Reference : Guideline for the management of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) Main Author (s) Simon Power Ratified by: GM NSG Date Ratified: February 2012 Review Date: March 2017
More informationMolecular epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a teaching hospital
Epidemiology J Microbiol Immunol of MRSA Infect. bacteremia 2007;40:310-316 Molecular epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a teaching hospital Chih-Yu
More informationConsiderations for antibiotic therapy. Christoph K. Naber Interventional Cardiology Heartcenter - Elisabeth Hospital Essen
Considerations for antibiotic therapy Christoph K. Naber Interventional Cardiology Heartcenter - Elisabeth Hospital Essen Infective Endocarditis There will never be a cure for this malignant disease! Sir
More informationAntimicrobial-Resistant, Gram-Positive Bacteria among Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE George Eliopoulos, Section Editor INVITED ARTICLE Antimicrobial-Resistant, Gram-Positive Bacteria among Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis Erika M. C. D Agata Division of
More informationRise of Resistance: From MRSA to CRE
Rise of Resistance: From MRSA to CRE Paul D. Holtom, MD Professor of Medicine and Orthopaedics USC Keck School of Medicine SUPERBUGS (AKA MDROs) MRSA Methicillin-resistant S. aureus Evolution of Drug Resistance
More informationSummary of the latest data on antibiotic resistance in the European Union
Summary of the latest data on antibiotic resistance in the European Union EARS-Net surveillance data November 2017 For most bacteria reported to the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network
More informationFM - Male, 38YO. MRSA nasal swab (+) Due to positive MRSA nasal swab test, patient will be continued on Vancomycin 1500mg IV q12 for MRSA treatment...
Jillian O Keefe Doctor of Pharmacy Candidate 2016 September 15, 2015 FM - Male, 38YO HPI: Previously healthy male presents to ED febrile (102F) and in moderate distress ~2 weeks after getting a tattoo
More informationChanging epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in paediatric intensive-care units
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2012 Changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in paediatric intensive-care
More informationReceived 5 June 2008/Returned for modification 5 March 2009/Accepted 12 February 2010
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2010, p. 1753 1757 Vol. 48, No. 5 0095-1137/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jcm.01065-08 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Staphylococcus
More informationOriginal Articles. K A M S W Gunarathne 1, M Akbar 2, K Karunarathne 3, JRS de Silva 4. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2011; 40(4):
Original Articles Analysis of blood/tracheal culture results to assess common pathogens and pattern of antibiotic resistance at medical intensive care unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children K A M S
More informationEvolution of antibiotic resistance. October 10, 2005
Evolution of antibiotic resistance October 10, 2005 Causes of death, 2001: USA 6. Population: 6,122,210,000 Deaths: 56,554,000 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases: 14.9 million 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. Heart
More informationKonsequenzen für Bevölkerung und Gesundheitssysteme. Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program
Konsequenzen für Bevölkerung und Gesundheitssysteme Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program University of Geneva Hospitals Outline Introduction What data sources are available? AMR-associated outcomes
More informationEpidemiology and Outcomes of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2007, p. 1705 1711 Vol. 45, No. 6 0095-1137/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.02311-06 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Epidemiology
More informationDecrease of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium from bloodstream infections in
AAC Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 30 March 2015 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/aac.00513-15 Copyright 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 Decrease of vancomycin
More informationCommunity-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, July 2010, p. 616 687 Vol. 23, No. 3 0893-8512/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/cmr.00081-09 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Community-Associated
More informationPVL Staph aureusjust a skin/soft tissue problem? Layla Mohammadi Lead Pharmacist, Antimicrobials Lewisham Healthcare NHS Trust
PVL Staph aureusjust a skin/soft tissue problem? Layla Mohammadi Lead Pharmacist, Antimicrobials Lewisham Healthcare NHS Trust Neonatal Case History Neonate born at 26 +2 gestation Spontaneous onset of
More informationEpidemiology of community MRSA obtained from the UK West Midlands region.
Epidemiology of community MRSA obtained from the UK West Midlands region. J. Rollason a, L. Bastin b, A. C. Hilton a, D. G. Pillay c, T. Worthington a, C. Mckeon c, P. De c, K. Burrows c and P. A. Lambert
More informationMulti-Drug Resistant Gram Negative Organisms POLICY REVIEW DATE EXTENDED Printed copies must not be considered the definitive version
Multi-Drug Resistant Gram Negative Organisms POLICY REVIEW DATE EXTENDED 2018 Printed copies must not be considered the definitive version DOCUMENT CONTROL POLICY NO. IC-122 Policy Group Infection Control
More informationCommunity-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome
MAJOR ARTICLE Community-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome Jörg J. Ruhe, 1,2 Nathaniel Smith, 1,3 Robert W. Bradsher,
More informationKey considerations in the treatment of complicated staphylococcal infections R. N. Jones
REVIEW Key considerations in the treatment of complicated staphylococcal infections R. N. Jones JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA, USA ABSTRACT Substantial increases in antimicrobial resistance among
More information2012 ANTIBIOGRAM. Central Zone Former DTHR Sites. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
2012 ANTIBIOGRAM Central Zone Former DTHR Sites Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medically Relevant Pathogens Based on Gram Morphology Gram-negative Bacilli Lactose Fermenters Non-lactose
More informationThe past decade has seen a large increase in infections
Community-associated Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999 2006 Eili Klein, David L. Smith, and Ramanan Laxminarayan CME ACTIVITY MedscapeCME is pleased to provide
More informationGeneral Approach to Infectious Diseases
General Approach to Infectious Diseases 2 The pharmacotherapy of infectious diseases is unique. To treat most diseases with drugs, we give drugs that have some desired pharmacologic action at some receptor
More informationBrief Report THE DEVELOPMENT OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN A PATIENT WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION
Brief Report THE DEVELOPMENT OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN A PATIENT WITH METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION KRZYSZTOF SIERADZKI, PH.D., RICHARD B. ROBERTS, M.D., STUART W. HABER, M.D.,
More informationFifteen-Year Study of the Changing Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
The American Journal of Medicine (2006) 119, 943-951 CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDY AJM Theme Issue: Infectious Disease Fifteen-Year Study of the Changing Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
More informationBarriers to Intravenous Penicillin Use for Treatment of Nonmeningitis
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 July 2010 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.01012-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 20 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development of resistance to antibiotics It will force us to change
More informationSince its discovery in the 1960s, methicillinresistant
CME Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Diagnosis and Treatment Update for Plastic Surgeons D. Heath Stacey, M.D. Barry C. Fox, M.D. Samuel O. Poore, M.D., Ph.D. Michael L.
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 891-895 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.104
More information2016 Sabaheta Bektas, Amina Obradovic, Mufida Aljicevic, Fatima Numanovic, Dunja Hodzic, Lutvo Sporisevic
DOI: 10.5455/msm.2016.28.61-65 Received: 05 December 2015; Accepted: 11 January 2016 2016 Sabaheta Bektas, Amina Obradovic, Mufida Aljicevic, Fatima Numanovic, Dunja Hodzic, Lutvo Sporisevic This is an
More informationAerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune
Original article Aerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune Patil P, Joshi S, Bharadwaj R. Department of Microbiology, B.J. Medical College, Pune, India. Corresponding
More informationNew Antibiotics for MRSA
New Antibiotics for MRSA Faculty Warren S. Joseph, DPM, FIDSA Consultant, Lower Extremity Infectious Diseases Roxborough Memorial Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Faculty Disclosure Dr. Joseph: Speaker
More informationManagement of Native Valve
Management of Native Valve Infective Endocarditis 2005 AHA 2015 Baddour LM, et al. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435-86 2009 ESC 2015 Habib G, et al. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075-128 ESC 2015: Endocarditis
More informationMRSA Control : Belgian policy
MRSA Control : Belgian policy PEN ERY CLI DOT GEN KAN SXT CIP MIN RIF FUC MUP OXA Marc Struelens Service de microbiologie & unité d épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses Université Libre de Bruxelles
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE /j x
ORIGINAL ARTICLE 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02064.x Community-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections and nasal carriage among children: molecular microbial data and clinical characteristics G. Sdougkos
More informationNosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs
Nosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs Jean Chastre, MD Service de Réanimation Médicale Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France www.reamedpitie.com
More informationBurden of disease of antibiotic resistance The example of MRSA. Eva Melander Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital
Burden of disease of antibiotic resistance The example of MRSA Eva Melander Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital Discovery of antibiotics Enormous medical gains Significantly reduced morbidity
More informationAntibiotic Resistance and Hospital-Acquired Infection Prof. Carl T. Bergstrom
Antibiotic Resistance Carl T. Bergstrom Department of Biology University of Washington 1 In the first nine months of 2005, Pennsylvania hospitals reported: 13,711 hospital acquired infections Pennsyl vania
More informationEDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update
EDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update Educational commentary is provided through our affiliation with the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP). To obtain
More informationLack of Change in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Hospital Despite Marked Changes in Antibiotic Utilization
Infect Dis Ther (2014) 3:55 59 DOI 10.1007/s40121-014-0028-8 BRIEF REPORT Lack of Change in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Hospital Despite Marked Changes in Antibiotic Utilization
More informationIsolation of MRSA from the Oral Cavity of Companion Dogs
InfectionControl.tips Join. Contribute. Make A Difference. https://infectioncontrol.tips Isolation of MRSA from the Oral Cavity of Companion Dogs By: Thomas L. Patterson, Alberto Lopez, Pham B Reviewed
More informationAnnual Surveillance Summary: Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in the Military Health System (MHS), 2017
Annual Surveillance Summary: Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in the Military Health System (MHS), 2017 Jessica R. Spencer and Uzo Chukwuma Approved for public release. Distribution
More informationInappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection. Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012
Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012 Financial Disclosures } No conflicts of interest } The study was supported by a Hamilton
More information