Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal examination, of rabbits, for renal disease, Abdominal pain, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 Abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 163 aortic calcification, 166 dystrophic calcification, 165 examination of, 167 hyoid bone calcification, 167 normal, 165 osteosclerosis, 167 tracheobronchial calcification, 166 Abdominal radiography, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 163 Abdominocentesis, in ferrets, for liver disease, 126 Acid-base status, in avian patient, African Grey parrots and, point-of-care blood gases and electrolytes assessment, discussion on, 63, materials and methods for, results of, indications for, 48 introduction to, 47 i-stat analyzer for, in African Grey parrots, known data regarding, arterial blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, arterial blood gases and ph in nonanesthetized birds, mist net capture and handling impact on, 60 venous blood gases and electrolytes in red-tailed hawks, venous blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, 56 venous blood gases and ph in budgerigars and pigeons, venous blood gases in falcons, 56, 58 captive, critically ill, normal, 58, 60 venous blood gases in parrots, meaning of numbers, physiology of, primary disorders of, 51 compensatory responses to, 52 renal contribution to, 49 Vet Clin Exot Anim 16 (2013) vetexotic.theclinics.com /13/$ see front matter ª 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 228 Index Acid-base (continued ) step-by-step approach to, anion gap determination, BE concept, 51 compensating determination, summary of responses in, 52 determination of status, electrolytes availability, HCO 3 - status determination, 51 oxygenation assessment, on room air, on supplemental oxygen, 53 P CO2 STATUS DETERMINATION, 50 ph status determination, 50 sampling, arterial vs. venous, 50 venous blood assessment, 50, 54 summary of, 67 in rabbits, case examples of, markers for, point-of-care blood gas analysis of, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in, arterial samples for, determination of true, reference values for, disorders identified with, interpretation steps in, acid-base disorder markers for, acidemia vs. alkalemia identification as, 180 AnGap evaluation as, compensatory response evaluation as, oxygenation evaluation as, reference intervals and points for, sampling confirmation as, introduction to, sample collection for, venous samples for, 176 arterial samples vs., reference values for, 178 reference ranges for, 168 with renal disease, 150, 168 Acidemia, in rabbits, blood gas identification of, 180 case examples of, Acidophils, in reptiles, 13, 16 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Acidosis, in avian patient, 50 compensation of, in rabbits, case examples of, compensation of, disorders of, uremic, Acute phase proteins (APPs), in protein electrophoresis, 213. See also specific species.

3 Acute renal failure, in rabbits, postrenal, prerenal, 158 renal, Adaptation, physiologic, in reptiles, as hematology influence, Adenocarcinoma, biliary, in ferrets, 139 Adrenal carcinoma, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131 African Grey parrots, acid-base status in, point-of-care blood gases and electrolytes assessment for, discussion on, 63, materials and methods for, results of, electrophoresis systems for, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96 97, 105 reference ranges for, Air sac infections, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124, 132, 137, 139 Albumin, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in protein electrophoresis, See also specific species. in psittacines, diagnostic value of, , reference ranges for, Aleutian disease, in ferrets, 215 hepatitis from, 135 Alkalemia, in rabbits, blood gas identification of, 180 Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 Alkalosis, in avian patient, 50 compensation of, in rabbits, compensation of, disorders of, Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, in blood gas analysis, of rabbits, Amazon parrots, acid-base status in, arterial blood gas and ph data, venous blood gas and ph data, 56 protein electrophoresis in, 219, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, chemistry reference values for, 96, diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 hematology reference values for, 96, reference ranges for, Amazona aestiva, protein electrophoresis in, 221 Amazona ochrocephala, protein electrophoresis in, 219 Ammonia, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 in rabbits, with renal disease, 150 Amylase, in psittacines, 88, 93 Anemia, in ferrets, regenerative vs. nonregenerative, 216 in psittacines, 79 regenerative vs. nonregenerative, in rabbits, with renal disease, 166 Index 229

4 230 Index Anemia (continued) in reptiles, 25, 27 regenerative vs. nonregenerative, Anion gap (AnGap), in acid-base status, 53, 184. See also Electrolytes. of avian patient, of rabbits, Anisocytosis, in psittacines, in reptiles, 11 12, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, protein electrophoresis in, 219 Anorexia, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 Anticoagulant, for blood samples, blood gas analysis and, 176 in psittacines, 74 in reptiles, 2 3 in protein electrophoresis, 212 Anuclear erythrocytes, in psittacines, 78 Aortic calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 166 Apicomplexa, subclass Coccidiasina, in reptiles, Appetite, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 Arterial blood analysis, in ph balance. See Acid-base status. Arterial samples/sampling, for blood gas analysis, in rabbits, determination of true, reference values for, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124, 134, 137 in psittacines, 88, 90, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 103, Atoxoplasmosis, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, Autopsy. See Postmortem examination. Autumn season, chinchilla sexual hormone fluctuation during, average fecal progesterone during, 203 colpocytology and, of fecal estrogens, 201 of fecal progesterone, 201 spring season vs., 200 Avian patient, acid-base status in, African Grey parrots and, point-of-care blood gases and electrolytes assessment, discussion on, 63, materials and methods for, results of, indications for, 48 introduction to, 47 i-stat analyzer for, in African Grey parrots, known data regarding, arterial blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, arterial blood gases and ph in nonanesthetized birds, mist net capture and handling impact on, 60 venous blood gases and electrolytes in red-tailed hawks, venous blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, 56 venous blood gases and ph in budgerigars and pigeons, 54 55

5 Index 231 venous blood gases in falcons, 56, 58 captive, critically ill, normal, 58, 60 venous blood gases in parrots, meaning of numbers, physiology of, primary disorders of, 51 compensatory responses to, 52 renal contribution to, 49 step-by-step approach to, anion gap determination, BE concept, 51 compensating determination, summary of responses in, 52 determination of status, electrolytes availability, HCO 3 - status determination, 51 oxygenation assessment, on room air, on supplemental oxygen, 53 P CO2 STATUS DETERMINATION, 50 ph status determination, 50 sampling, arterial vs. venous, 50 venous blood assessment, 50, 54 summary of, 67 canaries as clinical and laboratory practices in, See also Canaries and true finches. finches as, clinical and laboratory practices in, See also Canaries and true finches. psittacine species as, blood analysis and clinical diagnosis study in, See also Psittacines. Avian pox, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 38 histopathology of, 43 Azurophils, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 B Bacterial contamination, of blood samples, from psittacines, 74 Bacterial hepatitis, in ferrets, 133 Bacterial infections, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 37 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Bacteriologic tests, prebreeding, for canaries and true finches, field test on, Base excess, in acid-base status. See BE ecf. Basophils, in psittacines, 81, 83, 97 in reptiles, 13, 16 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28

6 232 Index Beak disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , BE ecf, in acid-base status, of avian patient, 48, 51 of rabbits, AnGap and, 185 Behavioral disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 115 Bicarbonate (HCO 3 -), in acid-base status. See HCO 3 - concentration. Bile acids, in ferrets, liver physiology of, 122 with liver disease, 124 in psittacines, 90, 93 Bile duct obstruction, extra-hepatic, in ferrets, diagnosis of, 122, 125, 127, 129, 131 Biliary adenocarcinoma, in ferrets, 139 Biliary cystadenoma, in ferrets, 127, 131, 138 Biliary sludge, in ferrets, with liver disease, 129 Biliary tract, in ferrets, with liver disease, diagnosis of, 127, See also specific pathology. Bilirubin, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 in psittacines, 90 Bilirubinuria, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 Biliverdin, in psittacines, 90 Biliverdinuria, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 Biochemical profiles. See also Electrolyte entries. in canaries and true finches, 33 in ferrets, with liver disease, in psittacines, See also Psittacines. blood sampling for, diagnostic value of parameter changes in, discussion on, 97, , , results of, 96, , study materials and methods for, 92, measurement and results of, reference values for, 96, in rabbits, with renal disease, 164, 166 conversion factors for, 169 reference ranges for, 168 Birds. See Psittacines. Birds of prey. See Falcons. Blood collection, for protein electrophoresis, in avian patient, canaries and true finches, 33, 37 for acid-base status, arterial vs. venous, 50 psittacines, in rabbits, for point-of-care analysis, See also Arterial samples/sampling; Venous samples/sampling. in reptiles, as leukogram influence, for hematology, 2 5 venipuncture sites used in, 3 5, 25

7 Blood gas analysis. See also Acid-base status. in avian patient, African Grey parrots as, introduction to, i-stat analyzer for, known data regarding, step-by-step approach to, in rabbits, acid-base disorders identified with, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in, arterial samples for, determination of true, reference values for, electrolyte analysis and, chloride in, 185, 188, ionized calcium in, 191 potassium in, 191 sodium in, , hemoglobin and, 192 interpretation steps in, acid-base disorder markers for, acidemia vs. alkalemia identification as, 180 AnGap evaluation as, compensatory response evaluation as, oxygenation evaluation as, reference intervals and points for, sampling confirmation as, introduction to, i-stat analyzer for, , , 192 packed cell volume and, 192 sample collection for, venous samples for, 176 arterial samples vs., reference values for, 178 point-of-care, in African Grey parrots, in rabbits, Blood oxygen (CaO 2 ) content, in acid-base status, 185 Blood smears, for psittacines, preparation of, 74 for reptilian species, collection of, 3 preparation of, 8 10 Blood volume. See Total blood volume. Breeding, of canaries and true finches, laboratory procedure indications for, See also Flock testing. of chinchillas, sexual hormone fluctuations and, collection of fecal material, 201 execution of vaginal smear, in autumn season, in spring season, of estrogens, of progesterone, Bubo bubo, protein electrophoresis in, 221 Index 233

8 234 Index Budgerigars, biochemical profiles of, 93 venous blood gases and ph in, C Cacatua moluccensis, protein electrophoresis in, 220 Cachexia, in rabbits, with renal disease, Calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disease, aortic, 166 dystrophic, 165 hyoid bone, 167 tracheobronchial, 166 Calcification of kidney, in rabbits, causes of, with renal disease, Calcium, in acid-base status, of African Grey parrots, 63, in psittacines, 89, 93 in rabbits, blood pathology of, 164 dietary, calcification of kidney with, 155 nephrolithiasis related to, 156 ionized, acid-base status and, 191 with renal disease, , 171 Campylobacter spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 133 Canaries and true finches, breeding of, laboratory procedure indications for, See also Flock testing. clinical procedures for, cytology as, bacterial infections and, 37 candidiasis and, 37 diagnostic effectiveness of, epithelial tumors and, 39 feather cysts and, inflammation and, neoplasms and, 35, pox and, 38 principles of, 36 uropygial gland and, 38 utility of, examinations in clinic as, blood sampling in, 33, 37 cloacal swab sampling in, 32, 35 of external parasites, microscopic imaging in, 33, of fecal parasites, microscopic imaging in, of feces, of gastrointestinal flora, microscopic imaging in, 32, 35 physical, 32 postmortem, 32, 36 imaging as, introduction to, laboratory practices vs., 39 45

9 laboratory procedures for, breeding as indication for, clinical practices vs., cytology as, excrement specimens in, introduction to, pathogen-specific tests in, prebreeding check scheme in, adults protocol for, 42 field trial results, most common diseases isolated by, nestlings protocol for, 42 Candidiasis, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 37 Capillaria sp., in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32, 34 Capture, of avian patient, impact on acid-base status, 60 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), in acid-base status. See P CO2 status. Carbonic anhydrase, in rabbits, with renal disease, 150 Carcinoma, hepatic, in ferrets, metastatic, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131 Cardiorespiratory disease, in rabbits, with renal disease, 162 Cations, in acid-base status. See Anion gap (AnGap). Cell-Dyn 3500 hematology system, 75 76, 95 Centrifugation, in protein electrophoresis, Chemistries, clinical. See Biochemical profiles. Chicken, protein electrophoresis in, Chinchillas, protein electrophoresis in, 218 sexual hormone fluctuation in, during autumn season, average fecal progesterone during, 203 colpocytology and, of fecal estrogens, 201 of fecal progesterone, 201 spring season vs., 200 during spring season, autumn season vs., 200 average fecal progesterone during, 204 colpocytology and, of fecal progesterone, 202 at cytologic estrus, cyclic tendency of, fecal values and intensive breeding, collection of fecal material, 201 execution of vaginal smear, in autumn season, in spring season, of estrogens, of progesterone, introduction to, 197 reproductive physiology and, estrous cycle in, Index 235

10 236 Index Chinchillas (continued) mating in, pregnancy in, 200 sexual maturity in, 198 summary of, Chlamydophila sp., in canaries and true finches, blood samples for, 33 prebreeding isolation of, 45 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Chloride, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 185, 188 analysis of, Cholecystitis, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 129, Cholesterol, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 in psittacines, 90, 93 Chronic renal failure (CRF), in rabbits, advanced stages of, 160 calcification of kidney with, causes of, 159, 161, 164, early stages of, 160 end-stage, 155, Cirrhosis, in ferrets, cytology of, 131 imaging of, 127 inflammatory process of, 130 Clinical chemistry. See Biochemical profiles. Clinical examinations, of canaries and true finches, See also Examinations in clinic. of rabbits, for renal disease, Clinical laboratory practice. See Laboratory procedures. Clinical procedures, for canaries and true finches, See also Canaries and true finches. cytology as, examinations in clinic as, imaging as, introduction to, laboratory practices vs., See also Laboratory procedures. Cloacal disease, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Cloacal swab sampling, in canaries and true finches, 32, 35 Coagulation protein, in blood samples. See Anticoagulant. in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 Coccidiasina subclass, of Apicomplexa, in reptiles, Coccidiosis, in ferrets, 138 Cockatiels, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 reference ranges for, Cockatoos, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 97, 105 reference ranges for, Collecting duct, in rabbits, physiology of, Collection tubes, for blood samples, of psittacines, Colorimetric methods, for biochemical profiles, 96

11 Index 237 Colpocytology, in chinchillas, during autumn season, during spring season, execution of vaginal smear for, Compensatory response, to acid-base disorders, in avian patient, in rabbits, Complete blood count (CBC), in psittacines, 93 Computed tomography, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, 34 Congenital defects, in rabbits, with renal disease, 151 Conures, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 reference ranges for, Copper toxicosis, in ferrets, 135 Corneal dystrophy, in rabbits, with renal disease, 162 Coronaviruses, in ferrets, hepatitis from, Cortex, renal, in rabbits, 146, CPK, in psittacines, 88, 90 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, Creatinine, in psittacines, 87, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 103, Cryptococcus spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 Crystalloid fluids, for rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Cystadenoma, biliary, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131, 138 Cysts, feather, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, hepatic, in ferret, 138 with chronic hepatitis, 128 Cytologic estrus, in chinchillas, execution of vaginal smear for, spring season and, Cytology, in canaries and true finches, bacterial infections and, 37 candidiasis and, 37 diagnostic effectiveness of, epithelial tumors and, 39 feather cysts and, inflammation and, neoplasms and, 35, pox and, 38 principles of, 36 uropygial gland and, 38 utility of, in ferrets, with liver disease, 128, 131 Cytoplasm, in psittacines, 83 84, 86 Cytoplasmic inclusions, of red blood cells, in reptiles, 13, 15 D Diabetes mellitus, in psittacines, 91 Diestrus/metaestrus, in chinchillas, during autumn season, Dietary calcium, in rabbits, calcification of kidney with, 155 nephrolithiasis related to, 156 Diet/dietary disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 115

12 238 Index Diet/dietary (continued) in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, calcification of kidney with, 155 Diff Quick stain, in prebreeding check, of canaries and true finches, Differential leukocyte count, in psittacines, in reptiles, 6 Diseases, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96 97, Distemper, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 Dystrophic calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 165 E Echogenicity, of liver parenchyma, in ferrets, with liver disease, Effusion, peritoneal, in ferrets, with liver disease, Egg yolk peritonitis, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, Electrolyte analysis, point-of-care, in African Grey parrots, in rabbits, , 185, blood gas analysis and, , 192 Electrolytes, in acid-base status, of avian patient, African Grey parrots, red-tailed hawks, in psittacines, 89 90, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96 97, in rabbits, blood gas analysis and, , 192 point-of-care analysis of, 185, Electrophoresis. See Protein electrophoresis. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, in rabbits, with renal disease, clinical pathology of, 167, 169, 215 End-stage chronic renal failure, in rabbits, 155, Enteritis, in ferrets, protein electrophoresis of, 216 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Enterobacteria, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, Enzymes, liver and muscle tissue, in psittacine chemistries, 87 Eosinophil system, Unopette, for psittacines, 76 Eosinophils, in psittacines, abnormal, normal, 81, 83 in reptiles, 13, 16 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Epithelial tumors, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 39 Erthrypoietin, in renal function, of rabbits, 147 Erythrocyte counts. See Red blood cell (RBC) counts. Erythrocytes. See Red blood cells (RBCs). Erythrocytosis, in psittacines, 79 in reptiles, 29 Erythroplastids, in reptiles, Estrogens, fecal, in chinchillas, during autumn season, 201 Estrous cycle, in chinchillas, physiology of,

13 Index 239 Estrus, in chinchillas, cytologic, during spring season, execution of vaginal smear for, during autumn season, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), for blood samples, in reptiles, 2 3 Examinations in clinic, for canaries and true finches, blood sampling in, 33, 37 cloacal swab sampling in, 32, 35 of external parasites, microscopic imaging in, 33, of fecal parasites, microscopic imaging in, of feces, of gastrointestinal flora, microscopic imaging in, 32, 35 physical, 32 postmortem, 32, 36 Excrement specimens. See Feces examinations. Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction (EHBO), in ferrets, diagnosis of, 122, 125, 127, 129, 131 Extrinsic factors, of leukogram, in reptiles, F Falco jugger, protein electrophoresis in, 223 Falcons, acid-base status in, venous blood gases for, 56, 58 captive, critically ill, normal, 58, 60 protein electrophoresis in, Fatty infiltration of kidney, in rabbits, with renal disease, 152 Feather cysts, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, Feather disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Fecal hormone values, in chinchillas breeding, collection of fecal material, 201 execution of vaginal smear, in autumn season, in spring season, of estrogens, of progesterone, Feces examinations, for canaries and true finches, by concentration and flotation, by microscopic imaging of protozoa, in prebreeding check scheme, Female chinchillas, in estrus, Ferrets, domestic, liver disease in, anatomy of, 122 cirrhosis as, 127, clinical pathology of, biochemistry in, hematology in, 125 peritoneal effusion in, urinalysis in, 125

14 240 Index Ferrets (continued ) clinical signs of, copper toxicosis as, 135 cytology of, 128, 131 diagnostic imaging of, normal appearance in, 126 pathologic findings in, hepatic lipidosis as, 127, hepatitis as, acute, 127 cytology of, 128, 131 chronic, infectious, inflammatory process of, , lymphocytic, 130, 132 suppurative, toxic, 135 vacuolar, 127, 136 histopathology of, 128 history findings with, 122 inflammatory, , introduction to, 121 neoplasms as, diagnosis of, 127, physiology of, 122 signalment and, summary of, 140 vacuolar hepatopathy as, 127, 136 protein electrophoresis in, for liver disease, 125 Finches, true, breeding of, laboratory procedure indications for, clinical and laboratory practices for, See also Canaries and true finches. Flagellates, family Trypanosomatidae, in reptiles, Flock testing, for breeding, of canaries and true finches, adults protocol for, 42 field trial results, indications for, laboratory tests for, most common diseases isolated by, nestlings protocol for, 42 Fluid therapy, for rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Foreign bodies, gizzard, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 115 Fungal hepatitis, in ferrets, 134 Fungal infections, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , G Gallbladder, in ferrets, anatomy of, 122 imaging of, , inflammation of, 127, 129, obstruction of, 127

15 Index 241 rupture of, 122 stones in, 127, 129 Gastrointestinal disease, in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Gastrointestinal flora, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32, 35 prebreeding isolation of, g-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 Gizzard foreign bodies, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 115 Globulins, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in protein electrophoresis, See also specific species. in psittacines, diagnostic value of, , reference ranges for, Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in psittacines, 87 in rabbits, Glomerulus(i), in rabbits, , Glucose, in African Grey parrots, acid-base status and, in psittacines, 90 91, 93 Granulocytes, in psittacines, 95 in reptiles, 13, 16 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, Guinea pig, protein electrophoresis in, H Handling, of avian patient, impact on acid-base status, 60 HCO 3 - concentration, in acid-base status, 48 49, 51 of rabbits, AnGap and, with renal disease, 150 Heart disease, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 114 Helicobacter spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 133 Hemacytometer, in psittacines hematology, Hemangiosarcoma, in ferrets, 139 Hematocrit (Hct). See also Packed cell volume (PCV); Red blood cell (RBC) counts. in acid-base status, 48, 61 of African Grey parrots, in psittacines, 75 diagnostic value of parameter changes , 75 Hematology, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in psittacines, See also Psittacines. blood sampling for, diagnostic value of parameter changes in, discussion on, 97, , , results of, 96, , study materials and methods for, 92, measurement and results of, reference values for, 96,

16 242 Index Hematology (continued ) in rabbits, i-stat analysis of, 192 with renal disease, 166 reference ranges for, 168 in reptilian species, See also Reptiles. introduction to, 1 2 methods of, 6 10 parameters for, 6 7 qualitative sample evaluation of, cell evaluation in, hemoparasites in, quantitative sample evaluation of, influencing factors in, intrinsic vs. extrinsic, red blood cells in, 25, thrombocytes in, 29 white blood cells in, sample collection for, 2 5 summary of, 29 venipuncture sites used in, 3 5, 25 Hemic cell counts, in psittacines, diagnostic value of parameter changes , 75 76, Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, in acid-base status, of African Grey parrots, in psittacines, 75, 78 in rabbits, i-stat analysis of, 192 in reptiles, 6 oxygen binding to. See Oxygenation (SatO 2 ) saturation. Hemogregarines, in reptiles, 20 21, 23 Hemoparasites, in reptiles, Apicomplexa, subclass Coccidiasina as, flagellates, family Trypanosomatidae as, hemogregarines as, 20 21, 23 intestinal species as, 23 lainsonia as, 22 leishmania as, 24 microfilaria as, 24 morphologic description and localization of, 19, 21 overview of, piroplasmodids as, 22 plasmodids as, schellackia as, 22 Heparin, impact on blood samples, in psittacines, 74 Hepatic carcinoma, in ferrets, Hepatic congestion, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131 Hepatic cyst, in ferret, 138 with chronic hepatitis, 128 Hepatic disease. See Liver disorders. Hepatic lipidosis, in ferrets, 127, Hepatic metastasis, in ferrets, with liver disease, 140

17 Index 243 Hepatic vein, in ferret, congestion of, with chronic hepatitis, Hepatitis, in ferrets, acute, 127 cytology of, 128, 131 chronic, infectious, inflammatory process of, , lymphocytic, 130, 132 suppurative, toxic, 135 vacuolar, 127, 136 Hepatitis E, in ferrets, 135 Hepatocellular carcinoma, in ferrets, Hepatoma, in ferrets, 138 Heterophils, in psittacines, abnormal, 84 85, 97, 103 eosinophils vs., 83 normal, toxic, 80 81, 83, 85 in reptiles, 14, 16, 18 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 toxic changes of, 15, 19 Heteroxenous life cycle, of Trypanosomatidae, Histopathology, in ferrets, with liver disease, 128 white blood cells (WBCs), heparin impact on, in blood samples, 74 Hormonal activity, in renal function, of rabbits, parathyroid. See Parathyroid hormone (PTH). sexual, in chinchillas, See also Sexual hormone fluctuation. Human urethral swab, in canaries and true finches, 32, 35 Hyalurolan, in rabbits, nephrolithiasis related to, Hydronephrosis, in rabbits, 163 renal failure related to, Hydrostatic pressure, in kidney, of rabbits, Hyoid bone calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 167 Hypochromasia, in psittacines, 79 Hystricomorph rodents, protein electrophoresis in, I Icterus, in ferrets, , 130 Iguana, protein electrophoresis in, Imaging, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 153, Immunoglobulins, in protein electrophoresis, See also specific species. Infarct, kidney, in rabbits, acute renal failure with, Infections, in ferrets, protein electrophoresis of, 216 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 97, diagnostic significance of, in rabbits, protein electrophoresis of, 215 with renal disease,

18 244 Index Infections (continued) in reptiles, leukocytosis associated with, thrombocytopenia associated with, 29 Infectious hepatitis, in ferrets, bacterial, 133 fungal, 134 parasitic, viral, Inflammation, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, in psittacines, 116 in reptiles, leukocytosis associated with, Inflammatory liver disease. See also Cholecystitis; Cirrhosis; Hepatitis. in ferrets, , Influenza, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 Inorganic phosphorus, in rabbits, with renal disease, 166 Inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ), in acid-base status, Intestinal hemoparasites, in reptiles, 23 Intravenous pyelography, of renal disorders, in rabbits, Intrinsic factors, of leukogram, in reptiles, Ionized calcium, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 191 Isopora sp., in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, i-stat analyzer, for acid-base status, in avian patient, in African Grey parrots, for blood gas analysis, in rabbits, , for hematology, in rabbits, 192 J Jaundice, in ferrets, with liver disease, , 130 Jugular vein, as venipuncture site, in canaries and true finches, 33, 37 in psittacines, 73 K Kidney anatomy/structure, in rabbits, circulatory, , 148 gross, physiological, Kidney disease. See Renal disease. Kidney infarct, in rabbits, acute renal failure with, Kidney stones, in rabbits, , 163 L Laboratory procedures, electrophoresis as. See Protein electrophoresis. for acid-base analysis. See Acid-base status; Blood gas analysis. for canaries and true finches, breeding as indication for, clinical practices vs., See also Clinical procedures. cytology as, excrement specimens in, introduction to, 31 32

19 pathogen-specific tests in, prebreeding check scheme in, adults protocol for, 42 field trial on, most common diseases isolated by, nestlings protocol for, 42 for chemistries. See Biochemical profiles. for ferrets, with liver disease, for hematology. See Hematology. for rabbits, with renal disease, 164, conversion factors for, 169 reference ranges for, significant parameters for, 170 for reptilian species, hematology in, See also Reptiles. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), in psittacines, 88, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 103, Lactate level, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 184 Lainsonia, in reptiles, 22 Leishmania, in reptiles, 24 Leukocyte counts. See White blood cell (WBC) counts. Leukocytes. See White blood cells (WBCs). Leukocytosis, in psittacines, 84 86, 97, 103 in reptiles, Leukogram, in reptiles, intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, pathologic conditions affecting, Leukopenia, in psittacines, Lice, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 33, Lipidosis, hepatic, in ferrets, 127, Listeriosis, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 41, Liver, anatomy and physiology, in ferrets, 122 Liver disorders, in ferrets, anatomy of, 122 cirrhosis as, 127, clinical pathology of, biochemistry in, hematology in, 125 peritoneal effusion in, urinalysis in, 125 clinical signs of, copper toxicosis as, 135 cytology of, 128, 131 diagnostic imaging of, normal appearance in, 126 pathologic findings in, hepatic lipidosis as, 127, hepatitis as, acute, 127 cytology of, 128, 131 chronic, infectious, inflammatory process of, , lymphocytic, 130, 132 Index 245

20 246 Index Liver (continued ) suppurative, toxic, 135 vacuolar, 127, 136 histopathology of, 128 history findings with, 122 inflammatory, , introduction to, 121 neoplasms as, diagnosis of, 127, physiology of, 122 protein electrophoresis of, 216 summary of, 140 vacuolar hepatopathy as, 127, 136 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 114 leukocytosis associated with, in reptiles, Liver enzymes, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124, 132, 134, 137 in psittacines, 88, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 103 Liver parenchyma, in ferrets, with liver disease, echogenicity of, Liver pathology, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, Locomotor problems, in rabbits, with renal disease, 162 Lungs, oxygen loading in, Lymph, in hematology samples, of reptilian species, 3 Lymphocytes, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in psittacines, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Lymphocytic hepatitis, in ferrets, 130, 132 Lymphoma, hepatic, in ferrets, 131, renal, in rabbits, M Macaws, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 chemistry reference values for, 96, diagnostic value of parameter changes, 97, 105 hematology reference values for, 96, reference ranges for, Macrohabdus ornithogaster, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32, 35 prebreeding isolation of, 42 Magnetic resonance imaging, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, 34 Male chinchillas, penis of, Manual cell-counting, in hematology, for reptilian species, 8 9 Masses. See Tumors. Mating. See also Breeding. in chinchillas, physiology of, MCH concentration (MCHC), in psittacines, 79 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), in psittacines, 79

21 Index 247 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), in psittacines, 79 in reptiles, 6, 26, 28 Medulla, renal, in rabbits, Metabolic acidosis, in avian patient, in rabbits, primary, Metabolic activities, in renal function, Metabolic alkalosis, in avian patient, in rabbits, compensated, primary, 188 Metabolites, in acid-base status, of African Grey parrots, in psittacines, Metaestrus/diestrus, in chinchillas, during autumn season, Metastatic carcinoma, in ferrets, with liver disease, adrenal, 127, 131 hepatic, 140 Microfilaria, in reptiles, 24 Microhematocrit centrifugation, in hematology, for reptilian species, 6 7 qualitative aspects of, 10 in protein electrophoresis, 212 Mist net capture, of avian patient, impact on acid-base status, 60 Mites, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 33, 36 Mitosis, erythrocyte, in psittacines, 78 in reptiles, Monocytes, in psittacines, abnormal, 85, 97, 103 normal, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Mononuclear WBCs, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, Muscle tissue enzymes, in psittacines, 88, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 103 Mycobacterium spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 133 Myopsitta monachus, protein electrophoresis in, 220 N Natt and Herrick solution, for leukocyte count, in reptiles, 7, 9 Necrotic infections, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, Needles, for blood samples, of psittacines, 73 Neoplasms. See also Tumors. in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 35, in ferrets, with liver disease, diagnosis of, 127, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96, , 116 in rabbits, with renal disease, Nephrocalcinosis, in rabbits, causes of,

22 248 Index Nephrolithiasis, in rabbits, , 163 Nephrons, in rabbits, , Neubauer hemocytometer, 8 Neurologic disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96, , 114 Nitrogenous waste products, in psittacines, O Oliguria, in rabbits, with renal disease, 160 Organic-related diseases, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 114 Organ-specific chemistry profiles, in psittacines, Osteomalacia. See also Calcium. in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96 97, 114 Osteosclerosis, in rabbits, with renal disease, abdominal radiographs of, 167 Oxygen, inspired, in acid-base status, Oxygen content, of blood, in acid-base status, 185 Oxygen dissociation curve, 48 Oxygen gradient, alveolar-arterial, of rabbits, Oxygen loading, in lungs, Oxygenation (SatO 2 ) saturation, in acid-base status, CaO 2 vs., 185 of avian patient, 48 African Grey parrots, 67 on room air, on supplemental oxygen, 53 of rabbits, on supplemental oxygen, 186 P Packed cell volume (PCV). See also Hematocrit (Hct). in psittacines, 75, 78 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 94, 97, 116 in rabbits, i-stat analysis of, 192 in reptiles, 6 7 pathologic conditions affecting, 25, 27 Paramyxovirus sp., in canaries and true finches, blood samples for, 33 Parasites, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, external, 33, fecal, prebreeding isolation of, 40 42, 45 in ferrets, coccidiosis from, 138 hepatitis from, in reptiles, vascular system, See also Hemoparasites. Parasitic hepatitis, in ferrets, Parasitologic examinations, prebreeding, for canaries and true finches, 40 41, 45 field test on, Parathyroid hormone (PTH), in rabbits, ionized calcium and, 191 renal function and, Parenchyma, liver, in ferrets, echogenicity of, renal, in rabbits, 148, 153

23 Parrots. See also specific species. acid-base status in, arterial blood gas and ph data, i-stat analyzer for, venous blood gas and ph data, 56 venous blood gas data, biochemical profiles of, electrophoresis systems for, hematology analysis in, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, chemistry reference values for, 96, diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 hematology reference values for, 96, reference ranges for, Pathogen-specific tests, for canaries and true finches, in prebreeding check scheme, P CO2 STATUS, IN ACID-BASE STATUS, OF AVIAN PATIENT, normal vs. abnormal, of rabbits, 180, 182 Pediatric pathologies, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , Penile ring, for male chinchillas, Penis, of male chinchillas, 199 Peritoneal effusion, in ferrets, with liver disease, Peritonitis, egg yolk, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, P/F ratio, in acid-base status, ph status, in acid-base status, of avian patient, 48, 50 African Grey parrots, 66 of urine, in rabbits, with renal disease, Phloxine B solution, for leukocyte count, in reptiles, 7, 9 Phosphorus, in psittacines, 90, 93 in rabbits, with renal disease, calcification of kidney, 155 inorganic, 166 Physical examination, of canaries and true finches, 32 Physiologic adaptation, in reptiles, as hematology influence, Pigeons, venous blood gases and ph in, Piroplasmodids, in reptiles, 22 Plasma cells, in reptiles, 13, 17 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Plasma proteins, in protein electrophoresis, 212. See also Protein electrophoresis. different fractions in circulating, in psittacines, 91, 96 Plasma samples, for clinical chemistry, in psittacines, 86 Plasmodiosis, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 43 in reptiles, Pneumocystis carinii, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 PO 2, in acid-base status, 185 Pogona vitticeps, protein electrophoresis in, 224 Poikilocytosis, in psittacines, 78 in reptiles, Point-of-care blood gas and electrolyte analysis, in African Grey parrots, in rabbits, See also Rabbits. Index 249

24 250 Index Polychromasia, in psittacines, 77, in reptiles, Polycythemia, in psittacines, 79 in reptiles, 29 Polydypsia/polyuria, in rabbits, with renal disease, 160 Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), in prebreeding check scheme, for canaries and true finches, 40, 42 43, 45 in psittacine blood analysis, 116 Postmortem examination, of canaries and true finches, 32, 36 of rabbits, for nephrocalcinosis, Postrenal acute renal failure, in rabbits, Potassium, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 191 in psittacines, 89 Pox, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 38 histopathology of, 43 Prealbumin, in protein electrophoresis, 213. See also specific species. Prebreeding check scheme, for canaries and true finches, adults protocol for, 42 excrement specimens in, field trial results, most common diseases isolated by, nestlings protocol for, 42 pathogen-specific tests in, Pregnancy, in chinchillas, physiology of, 200 in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Prerenal acute renal failure, in rabbits, 158 Progesterone, fecal, in chinchillas, 200 during autumn season, 201, 203 during spring season, 202, 204 at cytologic estrus, cyclic tendency of, Protein electrophoresis, different fractions in circulating plasma protein, in falconiformes, in ferrets, for liver disease, 125 in hystricomorph rodents, in psittaciformes, in psittacines, 90, 93, 96 commercial systems for, study of parameter changes in, diagnostic value of, 103 reference ranges for, 96, in rabbits, in reptiles, overview of, 211 protein assessment method in, Protein fractions, total, in protein electrophoresis, 212 Proteins, acute phase, in protein electrophoresis, 213. See also specific species. in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 coagulation, 125

25 total, in protein electrophoresis, 212 in psittacines, Protozoa, fecal, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, Psittacines, blood analysis and retrospective study of clinical diagnosis in, blood analysis guidelines, 72 blood sampling for, devices for, heparin impact on, 74 sites for, 73 volume guidelines, for clinical chemistry, amylase in, 88 aspartate aminotransferase in, 88 bile acids in, 90 bilirubin in, 90 biliverdin in, 90 calcium in, 89 cholesterol in, 90 CPK in, 88 creatinine in, 87 electrolytes in, glucose in, lactate dehydrogenase in, 88 liver enzymes in, 88 metabolites in, muscle tissue enzymes in, 88 nitrogenous waste products in, organ-specific profiles of, phosphorus in, 90 plasma in, 86 potassium in, 89 sodium in, 89 species-specific profiles of, total proteins in, urea in, 87 uric acid in, 87 for hematology, cell types in, 75 differential leukocyte count in, erythrocyte morphology in, erythrogram response and abnormalities in, hematocrit in, 75 hemic cell counts in, hemoglobin in, 75 leukocyte morphology in, leukogram response and abnormalities in, measurement techniques for, 75 PCV in, 75 RBC indexes in, thrombocyte morphology and abnormalities in, 77, 86 Index 251

26 252 Index Psittacines (continued) introduction to, study of parameter changes in, discussion on, 97, 104, , diseases diagnosed within, 96, 104 materials and methods for, 92, results of, 96, , species selected for, 92, 95 number of specimens for each, 92, 96 tests performed and evaluated, 92, 94 chemistry reference values for, 96, chemistry reference values in macaws and Amazon species, 96, hematology reference values for, 96, hematology reference values in macaws and Amazon species, 96, protein electrophoresis reference ranges for, 96, protein electrophoresis in, 90, 93, 96 commercial systems for, species-specific, study of parameter changes in, diagnostic value of, 103 reference ranges for, 96, Pyelography, intravenous, of renal disorders, in rabbits, R Rabbits, point-of-care analysis in, i-stat analyzer for, , , 192 of blood gases, acid-base disorders identified with, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in, arterial samples for, determination of true, reference values for, interpretation steps in, acid-base disorder markers for, acidemia vs. alkalemia identification as, 180 AnGap evaluation as, compensatory response evaluation as, oxygenation evaluation as, reference intervals and points for, sampling confirmation as, introduction to, sample collection for, venous samples for, 176 arterial samples vs., reference values for, 178 of electrolytes, chloride in, 185, 188, ionized calcium in, 191 potassium in, 191 sodium in, , of hemoglobin, 192 of packed cell volume, 192

27 protein electrophoresis in, renal disease in, acid-base regulation and, 150 calcification of kidney as, causes of, clinical pathology of, anemia in, 166 blood calcium in, 164 blood urea in, 164 conversion factors for biochemical data, 169 creatinine in, 164 E cuniculi in, 167, 169 inorganic phosphorus in, 166 laboratory test parameters for, 170 laboratory test reference ranges in, 168 urinalysis in, 169, 171 collecting duct physiology in, congenital defects as, 151 diagnosis of, clinical examination in, clinical pathology in, imaging in, E cuniculi infection as, fatty infiltration of kidney as, 152 glomerular filtration and, hormonal activity and, introduction to, kidney anatomy/structure and, circulatory, , 148 gross, physiological, neoplasia as, nephrocalcinosis as, causes of, nephrolithiasis as, renal failure as, acute, chronic, , renal tubule physiology in, summary of, 171 renal function in, acid-base status and, 181 diseases that affect, metabolic activities in, Radiography, abdominal, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 163, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, of nephrocalcinosis, in rabbits, 153 Red blood cell (RBC) counts, in psittacines, 75 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 97 in reptiles, manual method for, 8 9 qualitative aspects of, quantitative aspects of, total, 6 Index 253

28 254 Index Red blood cells (RBCs), heparin impact on, in blood samples, 74 in psittacines, atypical, 78 immature, 77 indexes of, morphology of, polychromatic, response and abnormalities of, in reptiles, cytoplasmic inclusions of, 13, 15 ghosts from, immature forms of, 13 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, morphologic alteration of, 11 12, 15 normal, histology and physiology of, old, pathologic conditions affecting, 25, Red-tailed hawks, venous blood gases and electrolytes in, Refractometry, in protein electrophoresis, 212 Renal acute renal failure, in rabbits, Renal cortex, in rabbits, 146, Renal disease, in ferrets, protein electrophoresis of, 217 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, , , 114 in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 150, 188 calcification of kidney as, causes of, clinical pathology of, anemia in, 166 blood calcium in, 164 blood urea in, 164 conversion factors for biochemical data, 169 creatinine in, 164 E cuniculi in, 167, 169 inorganic phosphorus in, 166 laboratory test parameters for, 170 laboratory test reference ranges in, 168 urinalysis in, 169, 171 collecting duct physiology in, congenital defects as, 151 diagnosis of, clinical examination in, clinical pathology in, imaging in, E cuniculi infection as, fatty infiltration of kidney as, 152 glomerular filtration and, hormonal activity and, introduction to,