Canine Heartworm Disease

Transcription

1 Principles of Treatment Canine Heartworm Disease Charles Thomas Nelson, DVM Animal Medical Center, Anniston, Alabama Companion Animal Practices of North America (CAPNA) The Heartworm Hotline column is presented in partnership between Today s Veterinary Practice and the American Heartworm Society (heartwormsociety.org). The goal of the column is to communicate practical and timely information on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heartworm disease, as well as highlight current topics related to heartworm research and findings in veterinary medicine. From the asymptomatic dog with a few heartworms to the patient with advanced heartworm infection and caval syndrome, heartworm disease (HWD) presents a range of treatment challenges. The keys to implementing therapeutic protocols recommended by the American Heartworm Society (AHS) include understanding the disease and the role different medications play in treatment. PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT A thorough understanding of the host parasite relationship is necessary to effectively manage canine heartworm cases. Role of Activity Level As expected, the number of worms affects the severity of disease, but of equal, if not greater importance, is the activity level of the dog. A controlled study demonstrated that exerciserestricted dogs infected with 50 heartworms by surgical transplantation took longer to develop clinical disease and developed less severe pulmonary vascular pathology than dogs with 14 heartworms that were allowed moderate activity. This is also evident in naturally infected dogs in which no correlation between the number of heartworms and pulmonary vascular resistance exists, which is an indication that the host parasite interaction plays a significant role in the severity of disease. 1 A subsequent study reported similar findings in dogs being treated with melarsomine. 2 Role of Dying Heartworms Whereas live heartworms can cause endarteritis and arteriolar muscular hypertrophy of primarily the caudal pulmonary arteries, the majority of pathology seen in acute clinical disease is caused by dying heartworms. As worms die of either natural causes or because of administration of adulticidal drugs, they decompose, causing small worm fragments to lodge in the distal pulmonary arterioles and capillary beds. These worm fragments, along with inflammation and platelet aggregation, result in thromboemboli that block blood flow, particularly in the caudal lung lobes. During periods of increased activity or exercise, the increased blood flow to these blocked vessels can cause capillary delamination, rupture, and subsequent fibrosis and, ultimately, further increases pulmonary vascular resistance, contributing to development of right-sided heart failure. 3 This illustrates again the direct correlation between a dog s activity level and severity of disease and its importance when determining how to treat the heartworm-positive dog. DRUGS Used IN HEARTWORM TREATMENT Melarsomine Melarsomine is the only approved adulticidal drug available for treating adult heartworms in dogs. It is important to note that melarsomine was originally tested against worms at least 4 months old, and there are limited data about its effects on younger worms. 4 Melarsomine administration is based on class of HWD (Table 1, page 55). The 2-injection protocol listed on the melarsomine product insert 53 TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd 53 9/22/ :21:51 AM

2 Goal of Heartworm Treatment The ultimate goal in heartworm treatment is elimination of all adult heartworms with minimal posttreatment complications. The necessary steps in accomplishing this goal include: 1. Pre-Adulticide Evaluation: This evaluation includes a thorough history, physical examination, and confirmatory antigen or microfilarial test. A complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, and thoracic radiography to thoroughly assess the patient for coexisting disease, which may affect the outcome or safety of treatment, are recommended. However, they are not predictive of posttreatment complications or success. 2. Patient Stabilization: Dogs exhibiting significant clinical signs of HWD should be stabilized before an adulticide is administered. Stabilization should include attention to 2 aspects of pathology: Disease induced by inflammation in the lungs and pulmonary vasculature Signs of right-sided congestive heart failure. Acute onset of clinical signs is likely due to the recent death of one or more adult worms, resulting in the release of vasoreactive substances that cause inflammation. Prednisone has been shown to reduce parenchymal and arterial wall pathology. 13 Dosing schedule is as follows: Week 1: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 12 H Week 2: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 24 H Weeks 3 and 4: 0.5 mg/kg PO QOD. In chronic disease, right-sided congestive heart failure may result from interstitial fibrosis obliterating pulmonary capillary beds or, in acute disease, from thrombosis in small pulmonary arterioles. Right-sided congestive heart failure may be treated with furosemide and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. There are no published data about the use of drugs, such as pimobendan or sildenafil, in these cases. If the patient is ascitic, abdominal drainage may be considered and instituted during the first 2 months of the treatment protocol described later in this article. 3. Treatment: The AHS treatment protocol for canine patients includes the sequenced administration of several medications (see Drugs Used in Heartworm Treatment, page 53). treats classes 1 and 2 HWD but kills only 90% of adult worms, while the 3-dose alternate protocol that treats class 3 HWD kills 98% of worms (Table 2, page 56). The AHS recommends the 3-dose protocol in all heartworm cases, regardless of class, owing to increased efficacy and safety. Macrocyclic Lactones When treating a heartworm-positive dog, the dog may be harboring heartworms at different stages of development from larvae < 1 month of age to adults > 5 years of age. The goal of eliminating all worms in a patient presents a treatment challenge because of limited knowledge about the effects of melarsomine against heartworms < 4 months of age. Macrocyclic lactones are effective for larvae < 2 months of age when given for consecutive months. 5 The Figure illustrates the susceptibility gap between macrocyclic lactones and melarsomine. This gap can be eliminated by administering a macrocyclic lactone preventive for 2 months before administering melarsomine. This step eliminates tissue stages (third- and fourthstage larvae) > 2 months of age and also allows worms between 2 and 4 months to reach an age at which they are known to be more susceptible to melarsomine. Doxycycline Dirofilaria immitis is one of 14 filarial nematodes that harbor a species of Wolbachia (pippens), a rickettsial intracellular endosymbiont. Wolbachia are necessary for these filarial nematodes to reproduce and thrive. Additionally, they produce metabolites shown to contribute to the HWD process. 6,7 Doxycycline is used to treat several human filarial diseases and has been the subject of several canine heartworm therapy studies Doxycycline administered at 10 mg/kg PO Q 12 H for 4 weeks has been shown to reduce or eliminate Wolbachia organisms for up to 12 months. 12 With Ivermectin. One study demonstrated that heartworm-positive dogs pretreated with ivermectin and doxycycline before receiving melarsomine had less pulmonary pathology associated with death of adult heartworms. The same study also showed a 78% reduction in heartworm numbers after 36 weeks of therapy with ivermectin and doxycycline without melarsomine Today s Veterinary Practice March/April 2015 tvpjournal.com TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd 54 9/22/ :21:51 AM

3 Table 1. Classes of Heartworm Disease 15 DISEASE CLASS Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Caval Syndrome CLINICAL SIGNS & PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Findings a Generally asymptomatic Slight exercise intolerance Cough (rare) Clinical signs (occasional) of moderate disease: Coughing Exercise intolerance Fever Examination: Split second heart sound (due to delayed closure of pulmonic valve b ) Clinical signs associated with severe disease: Abdominal distension (due to ascites) Difficulty breathing without exercise Frequent cough/coughing up blood Inappetence and weight loss Lethargy Examination: Split second heart sound (due to delayed closure of pulmonic valve b ) Clinical signs include: Weakness/collapse due to shock All clinical signs of Class 3 Examination: Loud systolic murmur (over right apex; due to tricuspid valve regurgitation) Split second heart sound (due to delayed closure of pulmonic valve b ) Figure. Timeline of Dirofilaria immitis development, showing periods of susceptibility to macrocyclic lactones and melarsomine. Courtesy Merial Studies have shown that administration of doxycycline in combination with ivermectin: Provided more rapid adulticidal activity than ivermectin alone Reduced Wolbachia numbers more effectively and efficiently than doxycycline alone. 11 Anecdotal reports on other macrocyclic lactones with adulticidal properties suggest similar results, but no confirmatory studies have been published. DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS a Blood analysis: Normal Thoracic radiographs: Mild changes Blood analysis: Mild anemia Urinalysis: Mild to moderate protein loss Thoracic radiographs: Moderate disease, such as: Dilated pulmonary arteries Right heart enlargement Blood analysis: Moderate to severe anemia Urinalysis: Severe protein loss Thoracic radiographs: Severe disease, such as: Enlarged right heart Other pulmonary parenchymal changes c Tortuous and dilated pulmonary arteries Blood analysis: Moderate to severe anemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia Urinalysis: Dark brown urine (hemoglobinuria d ) Thoracic radiographs: Similar to Class 3 Echocardiogram: Many adult heartworms in right heart and pulmonary artery a. May be present, but not all signs and results listed may be seen in a particular class of disease b. Versus delayed closure of aortic valve seen in pulmonary hypertension c. Including interstitial pattern (due to allergic pneumonitis) or pleural effusion (secondary to right heart failure) d. Secondary to red blood cell lysis due to blood being forced across tricuspid valve, which is entangled with worms Alternatives. With the recent reduced availability and/or high cost of doxycycline, questions have been posed about use of alternative antibiotics. The AHS guidelines state, Minocycline has been shown to be highly effective in eliminating Wolbachia organisms from the filarial nematode Onchocerca gutturosa. Although no published studies have been conducted in D immitis, available pharmacological data suggest Eliminating Microfilariae Macrocyclic lactones administered as microfilaricides may cause a rapid decrease in the number of microfilariae and, therefore, should be used with caution in dogs with high microfilarial counts. In these patients, pretreatment with antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids is advisable to minimize potential reactions. Administration of a macrocyclic lactone should begin as soon as a dog is diagnosed with a heartworm infection. Including doxycycline in the treatment protocol hastens the elimination of microfilariae, and current protocols that use doxycycline in combination with regular preventive doses of macrocyclic lactones have essentially eliminated the need for postadulticidal elimination of microfilariae. Topical moxidectin is approved by the FDA to eliminate microfilariae. No adverse reactions due to high microfilaria counts were observed in laboratory or field studies conducted for approval of this label claim. 55 TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd 55 9/22/ :21:51 AM

4 Table 2. Treatment Protocols for Canine Heartworm Disease 14,19 Day Day 0 Day 1 Days 1 28 Day 30 Day 60 Day 90 Day 91 Day 120 Day 271 TREATMENT APPROACH 1. Dog diagnosed and verified as heartworm positive: Positive antigen (Ag) test verified with microfilaria (MF) test If no microfilariae detected, confirm with second Ag test from a different manufacturer 2. Begin exercise restriction: The more pronounced the clinical signs, the stricter the exercise restriction 3. If the dog is symptomatic: Stabilize with appropriate therapy and nursing care Prednisone: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 12 H first week, 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 24 H second week, 0.5 mg/kg PO EOD third and fourth week 4. Administer heartworm preventive (ivermectin): If microfilariae detected, and patient not receiving prednisone, pretreat with antihistamine and glucocorticosteroid to reduce risk for anaphylaxis Observe for at least 8 hours for signs of reaction 5. Administer doxycycline, 10 mg/kg PO Q 12 H, for 4 weeks: Reduces pathology associated with dead heartworms Disrupts heartworm transmission 6. Administer heartworm preventive 7. Administer heartworm preventive 8. First melarsomine injection, 2.5 mg/kg IM 9. Prescribe prednisone: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 12 H first week, 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 24 H second week, 0.5 mg/kg PO EOD third and fourth week 10. Decrease activity level even further: cage restriction, on leash when out in yard 11. Administer heartworm preventive 12. Second melarsomine injection, 2.5 mg/kg IM 13. Third melarsomine injection, 2.5 mg/kg IM 14. Prescribe prednisone: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 12 H first week, 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 24 H second week, 0.5 mg/kg PO EOD third and fourth week 15. Continue exercise restriction for 6 to 8 weeks following last melarsomine injection Ag = antigen; MF = microfilaria 16. Test for presence of microfilariae: If positive, treat with a microfilaricide (moxidectin); then retest in 4 weeks Establish year-round heartworm prevention 17. Ag test 6 months after completion of third melarsomine injection that this is a viable alternative if doxycycline is not available. The dosing regimen is the same as doxycycline. 14 Prednisone Pulmonary thromboemboli are an unavoidable sequela of any adult heartworm treatment protocol, and they are primarily worm fragments complicated by inflammation rather than the actual clots seen in pulmonary thromboembolism in humans. Prednisone has been shown to reduce parenchymal and arterial wall pathology. 13 While it has been suggested that glucocorticosteroids reduced the adulticide effect of thiacetarsamide, 16 no such phenomenon has been observed with melarsomine. 17 Prednisone is recommended following administration of melarsomine in all dogs unless contraindicated because of concurrent medical conditions. Following melarsomine administration, prednisone is given according to the following schedule: Week 1: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 12 H Week 2: 0.5 mg/kg PO Q 24 H Weeks 3 and 4: 0.5 mg/kg PO QOD. The use of aspirin for its antithrombotic effect or to reduce pulmonary arteritis is no longer recommended as convincing evidence of clinical benefits is lacking. 18 HEARTWORM TREATMENT PROTOCOLS Medical & Supportive Therapy Table 2 outlines treatment protocols that were 56 Today s Veterinary Practice March/April 2015 tvpjournal.com TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd 56 9/22/ :21:52 AM

5 adopted by the AHS. These protocols are appropriate for dogs with Classes 1 through 3 HWD. A retrospective study comparing the protocol in Table 2 with a similar protocol without doxycycline showed a decrease in respiratory complications and mortality rates when doxycycline was included.20 Surgical Therapy Surgical removal of heartworms is the only course of action available for dogs with Class 4 HWD. It has also been advocated for severe class 3 cases that need immediate intervention or have hepatic or renal disease of sufficient severity that arsenical therapy is not advisable. See Step-Wise Approach: Surgical Extraction of Heartworms. Alternative Therapies Slow Kill. In some situations, arsenicalbased treatment protocols are not feasible because of pre-existing medical conditions or financial constraints. As a result, it has become common practice to place heartworm-positive dogs on long-term preventives to prevent new infections and slowly kill adult worms over several years ( slow kill ). However, the misconception exists that this is a safer form of therapy. Published studies that first explored this form of therapy were performed on laboratorybred dogs that were kept confined in kennels during the 2-year study period.5 Given the critical role of activity level in disease severity and posttreatment complications, it is unrealistic to expect similar results in animals that are allowed to undergo normal activity. In fact, a study with client-owned dogs undergoing slow kill treatment demonstrated disease progression in 30% of patients.22 Slow Kill & Resistance. Past studies have shown that microfilaremic heartworm-infected dogs placed on preventive doses of macrocyclic lactones remain microfilaremic for up to 10 months,23 and concern was expressed that this practice could select for microfilariae that are resistant to macrocyclic lactones.5,24 Awareness of this issue was heightened by the marked increase in lack-of-efficacy claims arising from the Mississippi River Valley, and this concern has now been validated by laboratory studies.25,26 Microfilariae-based assays as well as in vivo studies have Step-Wise Approach: Surgical Extraction of Heartworms 1. Clip and scrub the area over the right jugular vein. 2. Make an incision over the right jugular vein; then bluntly dissect the subcutaneous tissue and expose the right jugular vein. STEP 3 3. Pass a loop of suture (#1 nylon or other monofilament) beneath each end of the exposed vein; lifting up on the suture helps control hemorrhage. 4. Make an incision into the vein, and pass a retrieval device21 down the jugular vein to the level of the right atrium. STEP 4 5. Gently extract worms; 1 to 5 worms are typically removed with each pass depending on the retrieval device utilized.21 Make multiple passes until no worms are retrieved on 3 consecutive attempts. 6. Suture the incision in the jugular vein or tie off the vein above and below the incision. 7. Once the animal is stable and has exhibited improvement in cardiovascular function, treat with the multimodal protocol outlined in Table 2. STEP 5 Because these patients are extremely ill and cannot tolerate anesthesia very well, several alternative protocols to gas anesthesia have been developed: Some clinicians premedicate with butorphanol and lidocaine; then administer propofol to effect. Others combine physical restraint with local anesthesia over the jugular vein. TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd /22/ :21:54 AM

6 shown that every macrocyclic lactone currently used in commercially prepared preventives has exhibited some degree of failure The AHS has concluded that macrocyclic lactones should never be used as stand-alone therapy to treat adult heartworms. Alternatives to Slow Kill. For patients in which arsenicals are contraindicated, or if the animal s overall condition makes standard adulticidal therapy impractical, use of a monthly ivermectin-based heartworm preventive, along with doxycycline, can be considered. McCall and colleagues previously reported that ivermectin and doxycycline administered periodically over 36 weeks resulted in a 78% reduction in adult worm numbers. 8 More recent studies have shown that a single course of doxycycline administered at 10 mg/kg for 30 days is sufficient and need not be repeated for at least a year. 12 Although microfilaria exposed to doxycycline and then ingested by mosquitoes develop to the L3 stage, this stage is not infective, minimizing the risk for selecting for resistant strains. 12 Administering doxycycline at 10 mg/kg Q 12 H for a 4-week period eliminates most Wolbachia organisms and stops repopulation; it is currently recommended to repeat doxycycline therapy once annually until 2 consecutive negative antigen tests are obtained 6 months apart. 14 Herbal Therapies. No natural or herbal therapy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for HWD. IN SUMMARY While treating HWD in dogs presents a number of challenges, following a protocol designed to eliminate adult heartworms while mitigating complications from worm death can greatly improve the patient s chances of a positive outcome. AHS = American Heartworm Society; HWD = heartworm disease References 1. Ray AR, Brawner W, Hanrahan L. Influence of number of parasites and exercise on the severity of heartworm disease in dogs. In Sol MD, Knight DH (eds): Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1995, p Fukami N, Hagio M, Okano S, et al. Influence of exercise on recovery of dogs following heartworm adulticide treatment with melarsomine. In Seward RL (ed). Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1998, pp Ray AR, Warner AE, Molina RM. Pulmonary parenchymal changes in dogs and cats after experimental transplantation of dead Dirofilaria immitis. In Sol MD, Knight DH (eds): Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1995, pp Keister M, Dzimianski M, McTier TL, et al. Dose selection and confirmation of RM 340, a new filaricide for the treatment of dogs with immature and mature Dirofilaria immitis. In Sol MD (eds): Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1992, p McCall JW, Guerrero J, Roberts RE, et al. Further evidence of clinical prophylactic, retroactive (reachback) and adulticidal activity of monthly administration of ivermectin in dogs experimentally infected with heartworms. In Seward RL (ed). Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 2001, pp Kozek WJ. What is new in the Wolbachia/Dirofilaria interaction. Vet Parasitol 2005; 133(2-3): Kramer L, Simon F, Tamarozzi F, et al. Is Wolbachia complicating the pathological effects of Dirofilaria immitis infections? Vet Parasitol 2005; 133(2-3): McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer L, et al. Heartworm and Wolbachia: Therapeutic implications. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158: Bazzocchi C, Mortarina M, Grandi G, et al. Combined ivermectin and doxycycline treatment has microfilaricidal and adulticidal activity against Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. Intl J Parasitol 2008; 38: Grandi G, Quintavalla C, Mavropoulou A, et al. A combination of doxycycline and ivermectin is adulticidal in dogs with naturally acquired heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis). Vet Parasitol 2010; 169(3-4): Kramer L, Grandi G, Passeri B, et al. Evaluation of lung 58 Today s Veterinary Practice March/April 2015 tvpjournal.com TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd 58 9/22/ :21:54 AM

7 pathology in Dirofilaria immitis-experimentally infected dogs treated with doxycycline or a combination of doxycycline and ivermectin before administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176: McCall JW, Kramer L, Genchi C, et al. Effects of doxycycline on heartworm embryogenesis, transmission, circulating microfilaria, and adult worms in microfilaremic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206(1-2): Atwell R, Tarish JH. The effect of oral, low-dose prednisolone on the extent of pulmonary pathology associated with dead Dirofilaria immitis in a canine lung model. In Sol MD, Knight DH (eds): Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1995, pp Nelson CT, McCall JW, Carithers D (eds). Current Canine Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Dogs, Available at Di Sacco B, Vezzoni A. Clinical classification of heartworm disease for the purpose of adding objectivity to the assessment of therapeutic efficacy of adulticidal drugs in the field. In Sol MD (ed): Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1992, p Rawlings CA. Heartworm disease in dogs and cats. In Kirk RW (ed): Current Veterinary Therapy IX. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1986: Dzimianski M. The effect of prednisone on the efficacy of melarsomine dihydrochloride against adult Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected beagles. 13th Triennial State of the Heartworm Symposium, Memphis, TN. April 17, Boudreaux M, Dillon AR, Ravis WR, et al. Effects of treatment with aspirin or aspirin/ dipyridamole combination in heartworm-negative, heartworm infected, and embolized heartworm infected dogs. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52(12): Nelson CT. Heartworm disease. In Greene C (ed): Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 4th ed. Elsevier, 2012, pp Nelson CT, Sellers EF. Current recommendations for doxycycline in heartworm treatment and its clinical benefits. Heartworms Today: The Search for Solutions, 2013 Triennial Symposium, AHS Sept 8-10, 2013, New Orleans, LA. 21. Yoon WK, Choi R, Lee SG, et al. Comparison of 2 retrieval devices for heartworm removal in 52 dogs with heavy worm burden. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27(3): Venco L, McCall JW, Guerrero J, Genchi C. Efficacy of long-term monthly administration of ivermectin on the progress of naturally acquired heartworm infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2004; 124(3-4): Bowman D, Johnson C, Ulrich ME, et al. Effects of long-term administration of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime on circulating microfilariae and parasite antigenemia in dogs with patent heart worm infections. In Sol MD (ed): Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1992, pp Bowman D, Neumann N, Rawlings C, et al. Effects of avermectins on microfilariae in dogs with existing and developing heartworm infections. In Seward RL (ed). Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 2001, Pulaski CN, Malone JB, Bourguinat C. Establishment of macrocyclic lactone resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolates in experimentally infected laboratory dogs. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7: Blagburn B, Bowels J, Loechel R, et al. Evidence of genetic selection following treatment of a heartworm infected, microfilaremic dog with increasing dosages of ivermectin. AAVP Proc 58th Annual Meeting, July 20-23, 2013, Chicago IL 27. Blagburn B, Vaughan J, Butler JM, et al. Evaluation of susceptibility of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) biotypes to macrocyclic lactones using microfilariae-based single-dose and dose-mortality regression assays. Proc. AAVP 56th Annual Meeting, July 16-19, 2011, St Louis, MO 28. Bowman D, Lee A, Harrington LC, et al. Testing the efficacy of an injectable moxidectin formulation against a field isolate of canine heartworm. Proc. AAVP 58th Annual Meeting, July 20-23, 2013, Chicago, IL 29. Blagburn BL, Arthur RG, Dillon AR, et al. Comparative efficacy of four commercially available preventive products against JYD-34 laboratory strain of Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworms Today: The Search for Solutions, 2013 Triennial Symposium, AHS Sept. 8-10, 2013, New Orleans, LA. Charles Thomas Nelson Charles Thomas Nelson, DVM, is the surgical director of the Animal Medical Center, Anniston, Alabama. He is a past president of the American Heartworm Society, former board member of the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC), a member of the International Feline Heartworm Council, and the spokesperson for the KNOW Heartworms Campaign a joint educational program developed by the AHS and American Association of Feline Practitioners. Dr. Nelson is involved in heartworm research and lead author of the recently released AHS guidelines. He has authored or coauthored numerous papers and contributed to several textbooks on heartworm disease, including a chapter in the latest edition of Greene s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat.. 59 TVP_ _HH_CanineHeartworm_CORRECTED TABLE 2_WEB.indd 59 9/22/ :21:54 AM