Detection of Mycoplasma agassizii in the Texas Tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri )
|
|
- Irma Lindsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DOI: / Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 49(3), 2013, pp # Wildlife Disease Association 2013 Detection of Mycoplasma agassizii in the Texas Tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri ) Amanda L. Guthrie, 1,5 C. LeAnn White, 2 Mary B. Brown, 3 and Thomas W. demaar 4 1 Virginia Zoo, 3500 Granby St. Norfolk, Virginia 23504, USA; 2 USGS National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; 3 University of Florida, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, PO Box , 2015 SW 16th Ave., Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA; 4 Gladys Porter Zoo, 500 Ringgold St. Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA; 5 Corresponding author ( aguthrie0665@gmail.com) ABSTRACT: Mycoplasma agassizii causes upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) in Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri). To determine exposure to and shedding of M. agassizii, we collected blood samples and nasal swabs from 40 free-ranging Texas tortoises on public and private lands in Texas, USA, from May to October We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect M. agassizii specific antibodies. Eleven (28%) tortoises were antibody positive, three (8%) were suspect, and the remaining 26 (65%) were negative. Nasal lavage samples were collected from 35 of the 40 tortoises for M. agassizii culture and PCR to detect shedding of M. agassizii. Current infection with M. agassizii was confirmed in one tortoise that had mild clinical signs of URTD and was positive by ELISA (antibody titer.512), PCR, and culture. The clinical isolate was confirmed as M. agassizii by restriction fragment length polymorphism and immunobinding. Key words: Antibodies, chelonian, clinical signs, exposure, reptile, shedding, upper respiratory tract disease. The Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) is one of five species of true tortoises native to North America (Murphy et al., 2011). All five species are members of the genus Gopherus, are closely related (Boyer and Boyer, 2006; Murphy et al., 2011), and receive some form of state or federally mandated protection because of declining population sizes (Judd and Rose, 2000). Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) caused by Mycoplasma agassizii (Brown et al., 1994, 1999) is characterized by nasal discharge, ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, and palpebral edema (Brown et al., 1994, 1999) and has been observed in a variety of tortoise species (Wendland et al., 2006). Upper respiratory tract disease is suspected to cause morbidity and mortality in tortoises by hindering the ability to forage and causing altered behavior such as a diminished response to stimuli, possibly making a tortoise more susceptible to predation (McLaughlin et al., 2000). Diagnostic assays for URTD in tortoises include culture and direct isolation of M. agassizii, detection of mycoplasmal DNA by PCR (Brown et al., 2002), and detection of antimycoplasma antibodies by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Brown et al., 2002; Wendland et al., 2007). Although direct isolation of the organism through culture or detection of mycoplasmal DNA from nasal secretions with PCR provides the most complete assessment of infection status, M. agassizii is fastidious and slow growing and the sensitivity of PCR can vary with the clinical disease state of the tortoise (Brown et al., 2002). The M. agassizii ELISA has high sensitivity (0.98) and specificity (0.99) (Wendland et al., 2007) and, although it has been validated only on desert (Gopherus agassizii) and gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) tortoises (Schumacher et al., 1993), the secondary antibodies used in this assay cross-react well with a variety of other chelonian species (Wendland, 2007; Wendland et al., 2007). Antibodies to M. agassizii were previously detected in 80% (12/15) of captive Texas tortoises that had been housed temporarily in a rehabilitation facility (Tristan, 2009). All free-ranging Texas tortoises (n539) in the study were antibody negative (Tristan, 2009). We examined free-ranging Texas tortoises from three southern Texas counties to determine exposure to and current infection with M. agassizii. 704
2 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 705 FIGURE 1. Map of south Texas showing locations of sampled Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri). Inset boxes show concentrated area of tortoises in the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Los Palomas Wildlife Management Area, Longoria Unit, Santa Rosa, Texas (Cameron County) and southwestern Hidalgo County. Key: symbols represent positive, negative, and suspect animals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Mycoplasma agassizii. Blood was collected from 40 freeranging Texas tortoises in Cameron, Hidalgo, and Willacy counties (27u229 25u519N, 97u189 98u99W) from May to October 2009 (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department permit ZOO ). Tortoises were captured in the field or brought to the Gladys Porter Zoo by local residents. Each tortoise was given a thorough physical exam, weighed, and measured, and sex was determined using previously described techniques (Berry and Christopher, 2001). The capture location of each tortoise was recorded with a handheld global positioning system unit and coordinates were mapped (Arc- Map ArcGIS version 9.3, Esri, Redlands, California, USA; Fig. 1). Approximately ml of blood was collected from the dorsal venous sinus of each tortoise and placed in tubes containing lithium heparin. Samples were centrifuged and plasma was frozen in cryovials at 220 C in a manual defrost freezer for to up to 12 mo until shipment to the University of Florida for ELISA, culture, and PCR. The following previously established cutoff values for gopher and desert tortoises were used for the ELISA; titers of,32, 32 and $64 were considered negative, suspect, and positive respectively (Wendland et al., 2007). Thirty-five tortoises had a nasal flush performed aseptically with approximately ml of sterile saline in each naris. The samples were collected in a sterile container and 0.50 ml of an enrichment medium (SP4 Glucose Broth, Remel, Lenexa, Kansas, USA) was added before the samples were frozen at 220 C. Frozen samples were shipped to the University of Florida for Mycoplasma culture and PCR testing. The PCR and culture results were classified as positive or negative for the presence of mycoplasma (University of Florida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Study ). Plasma samples from 28% (11/40) of the sampled tortoises were antibody positive (titer $64), 8% (3/40) were suspect (titer 32), and 65% (26/40) were antibody negative (titer,32). All antibody-positive tortoises were located in Cameron and Hidalgo counties (Fig. 1). One tortoise
3 706 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 49, NO. 3, JULY 2013 FIGURE 2. Immunobinding assay blot showing recognition of the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) isolate by polyclonal rabbit a Mycoplasma agassizii. Rabbit a M. agassizii was reacted with (1) sterile SP4 broth, a negative control for medium cross-reactions; (2) reference strain M. agassizii PS6, positive control; (3) Texas isolate #40; (4) reference strain Mycoplasma testudineum CB50; and (5) Mycoplasma pulmonis CT, control for nonspecific cross-reactivity. (Texas tortoise 40), an adult male with mild clinical signs of URTD including palpebral edema and mucoid nasal discharge, had the highest antibody titer ($512) of any of the tortoises and was the only animal positive by culture and PCR. To identify the Mycoplasma species, the isolate was grown to midlogarithmic stage in SP4 broth. M. agassizii PS6 reference strain served as a positive control; both Mycoplasma testudineum CB50 and Mycoplasma pulmonis CT served as a control for nonspecific crossreactivity; and sterile SP4 broth served as a negative control for medium crossreactions. Polyclonal rabbit antiserum to M. agassizii PS6 was commercially prepared (Pel-Freez Biologicals, Rogers, Arkansas). An immunobinding assay (Kotani and McGarrity, 1985; Brown et al., 1990; Takahata et al., 1997; Poumarat, 1998) was performed as previously described (Brown et al., 1990). Although the PCR was positive for mycoplasma, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis did not give the predicted pattern for M. agassizii. However, in the immunobinding assay (Fig. 2), the polyclonal rabbit a M. agassizii reacted with both M. agassizii PS6 and the Texas tortoise isolate #40, confirming that Texas tortoise isolate #40 was M. agassizii. No cross-reactions were observed with uninoculated culture medium, M. testudineum CB50, or M. pulmonis CT. Of the 11 ELISA-positive animals, six were male, three were female, and two were of unknown sex. Five (13%) of the 40 tortoises showed mild clinical signs of URTD, including conjunctivitis, palpebral edema, and nasal discharge. Four of the five tortoises with clinical signs were antibody negative for M. agassizii; no further diagnostics were performed to determine the underlying cause of the clinical signs. Twenty-eight percent of the Texas tortoises in this study had antibody to M. agassizii, and antibody-positive tortoises were distributed in at least two counties (Fig. 1). Tortoises in close proximity varied in antibody status, suggesting variable exposure or immune response to M. agassizii (Fig. 1). Only one antibody-positive tortoise in our study had clinical signs of URTD. Presence of antibody to M. agassizii may not always correlate with clinical disease (Lederle et al., 1997; Wendland, 2007). The time between infection and immune response can take up to 8 wk in desert and gopher tortoises. Tortoises infected with M. agassizii typically present with chronic or subclinical infection (Schumacher et al., 1997; Brown et al., 2002). The discrepancy between the PCR RFLP and the serological identification of M. agassizii was unexpected, but not unprecedented. Although uncommon, an altered RFLP pattern for M. agassizii isolates obtained from Testudo graeca was due to a point mutation in the 16sS rrna sequence (GenBank: AF ) and was confirmed by Volokhov et al. (2006) (GenBank: AY ). An immunobinding assay, as was used for serologic verification with the Texas tortoise isolate, is the most common method of verification and is recommended in the minimum standards for taxonomy (Brown et al., 2007). Based on the reactivity of the Texas tortoise isolate with polyclonal rabbit a M. agassizii reference serum and the high specific antibody titer in the serum of the animal, the isolate was determined to be M. agassizii.
4 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 707 These results represent the first documented detection of exposure to M. agassizii, the etiological agent of URTD, in free-ranging Texas tortoises. The positive culture and serologic reactivity with polyclonal rabbit a M. agassizii reference antiserum demonstrated active infection in one animal; this animal had clinical signs of URTD and a high antibody titer. The implications of these findings for the Texas tortoise population are unknown but further investigation may be warranted. This project was made possible through the David J. Morafka Memorial Research AwardgenerouslyprovidedbytheDesert Tortoise Council. Thanks to the Gladys Porter Zoo for their tremendous support throughout this project. Special thanks to USFWS Field Biologist Mitch Sternberg and TPWD Field Biologist Sam Patten for recommendations about tortoise locations. Use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. LITERATURE CITED Berry KH, Christopher MM Guidelines for the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease. J Wildl Dis 37: Boyer TH, Boyer DM Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins, In: Reptile medicine and surgery, Mader DR, editor. Elsevier Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, pp Brown MB, Gionet P, Senior DF Identification of Mycoplasma felis and Mycoplasma gateae by an immunobinding assay. J Clin Microbiol 28: Brown MB, Schumacher IM, Klein PA, Harris K, Correll T, Jacobson ER Mycoplasma agassizii causes upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise. Infect Immun 62: Brown MB, Mclaughlin GS, Klein PA, Crenshaw BC, Schumacher IM, Brown DR, Jacobson ER Upper respiratory tract disease in the gopher tortoise is caused by Mycoplasma agassizii. J Clin Microbiol 37: Brown DR, Schumacher IM, Mclaughlin GS, Wendland D, Brown MB, Klein PA, Jacobson ER Application of diagnostic tests for mycoplasmal infections of desert and gopher tortoises, with management recommendations. Chelonian Conserv Biol 4: Brown DR, Whitcomb RF, Bradbury JM Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57: Judd FW, Rose FL Conservation status of the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri). Occas Pap Mus Tex Tech Univ 196:1 11. Kotani H, McGarrity GJ Rapid and simple identification of mycoplasmas by immunobinding. J Immunol Methods 85: Lederle PE, Rautenstrauch KR, Rakestraw DL, Zander KK, Boone JL Upper respiratory tract disease and mycoplasmosis in desert tortoises from Nevada. J Wildl Dis 33: McLaughlin GS, Jacobson ER, Brown DR, McKenna CE, Schumacher IM, Adams HP, Brown MB, Klein PA Pathology of upper respiratory tract disease of gopher tortoises in Florida. J Wildl Dis 36: Murphy RW, Berry KH, Edwards T, Leviton AE, Lathrop A, Riedle JD The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz s land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation. ZooKeys 113: Poumarat F Identification of mycoplasmas by dot immunobinding on membrane filtration (mf dot). Methods Mol Biol 104: Schumacher IM, Brown MB, Jacobson ER, Collins BR, Klein PA Detection of antibodies to a pathogenic Mycoplasma in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) with upper respiratory tract disease. J Clin Microbiol 31: Schumacher IM, Hardenbrook DB, Brown MB, Jacobson ER, Klein PA Relationship between clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease and antibodies to Mycoplasma agassizii in desert tortoises from Nevada. J Wildl Dis 33: Takahata T, Kato M, Nagatomo H, Shimizu T A filter immunobinding technique for the rapid detection and simultaneous identification of avian and bovine mycoplasmas. J Vet Med Sci 59: Tristan T Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma agassizii in wild caught and rescue Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri) in south Texas. J Herp Med Surg 19: Volokhov DV, George J, Liu SX, Ikonomi P, Anderson C, Chizhikov V Sequencing of the intergenic 16S 23S rrna spacer (ITS) region of Mollicutes species and their identification using microarray-based assay and DNA sequencing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71: Wendland LD Epidemiology of mycoplasmal upper respiratory tract disease in gopher tortoises. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 171 pp.
5 708 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 49, NO. 3, JULY 2013 Wendland LD, Brown DR, Klein PA, Brown MB Upper respiratory tract disease (mycoplasmosis) in tortoises. In: Reptile medicine and surgery, 2nd Ed., Mader DR, editor. Saunders, Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, pp Wendland LD, Zacher LA, Klein PA, Brown DR, Demcovitz D, Littell R, Brown MB Improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to reveal Mycoplasma agassizii exposure: A valuable tool in the management of environmentally sensitive tortoise populations. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: Submitted for publication 8 July Accepted 19 February 2013.
Impacts of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease on Olfactory Behavior of the Mojave Desert Tortoise
DOI: 10.7589/2013-06-130 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 50(2), 2014, pp. 000 000 # Wildlife Disease Association 2014 Impacts of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease on Olfactory Behavior of the Mojave Desert
More informationMay Vol. 91, No. 5 Cover Photo: A gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Since the early 1990s, morbidity and mortality in this species have been
May Vol. 91, No. 5 Cover Photo: A gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Since the early 1990s, morbidity and mortality in this species have been associated with a transmissible, mycoplasmal upper respiratory
More informationSURVEILLANCE FOR UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE AND MYCOPLASMA IN FREE-RANGING GOPHER TORTOISES (GOPHERUS POLYPHEMUS) IN GEORGIA, USA
DOI: 10.7589/2013-11-300 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 50(4), 2014, pp. 733 744 # Wildlife Disease Association 2014 SURVEILLANCE FOR UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE AND MYCOPLASMA IN FREE-RANGING GOPHER
More informationReceived 20 May 2010/Returned for modification 21 June 2010/Accepted 25 August 2010
CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY, Nov. 2010, p. 1739 1745 Vol. 17, No. 11 1556-6811/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/cvi.00215-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Mycoplasma
More informationSEROEPIDEMIOLOGY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE IN THE DESERT TORTOISE IN THE WESTERN MOJAVE DESERT OF CALIFORNIA
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(4), 1999, pp. 716 727 Wildlife Disease Association 1999 EROEIDEMIOLOGY OF UER REIRATORY TRACT DIEAE I THE DEERT TORTOIE I THE WETER MOJAVE DEERT OF CALIFORIA Mary B. Brown,
More informationBacterial Pneumonia in Sheep, The Domestic Bighorn Sheep Interface, and Research at ADRU
Bacterial Pneumonia in Sheep, The Domestic Bighorn Sheep Interface, and Research at ADRU USAHA Committee on Sheep and Goats Providence, RI October 27, 2015 PLC M. A. Highland, DVM, DACVP, PhD candidate
More informationPet Hospital of Penasquitos, 9888 F Carmel Mountain Road, SD, CA USA
NASAL DISCHARGE IN CHELONIANS Thomas H Boyer, DVM, Dipl ABVP, Reptile and Amphibian Practice Pet Hospital of Penasquitos, 9888 F Carmel Mountain Road, SD, CA 92129 USA ABSTRACT Nasal discharge is a common
More informationA MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO EVALUATING GOPHER TORTOISE (GOPHERUS POLYPHEMUS) POPULATION HEALTH AT SELECTED SITES IN GEORGIA JESSICA LYNN GONYNOR
A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO EVALUATING GOPHER TORTOISE (GOPHERUS POLYPHEMUS) POPULATION HEALTH AT SELECTED SITES IN GEORGIA by JESSICA LYNN GONYNOR (Under the Direction of Michael J. Yabsley) ABSTRACT Gopher
More informationUnited States Turtle Mapping Project with a Focus on Western Pond Turtle and Painted Turtle
United States Turtle Mapping Project with a Focus on Western Pond Turtle and Painted Turtle Kimberly Barela BioResource Research Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Deanna H. Olson, Ph.D. U.S. Forest
More informationUpper Respiratory Pathogens of Chelonians: A Snotty Turtle
Upper Respiratory Pathogens of Chelonians: A Snotty Turtle Matt Allender, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl. ACZM University of Illinois Illinois Fall Conference 2015 Pathogens o o o Ranavirus Herpes Mycoplasma General
More informationMycoplasma agassizii Causes Upper Respiratory Tract
INFECrION AND IMMUNITY, Oct. 1994, p. 4580-4586 0019-9567/94/$04.00+0 Copyright X) 1994, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 62, No. 10 Mycoplasma agassizii Causes Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in
More informationPrevalence and Diversity of the Upper Respiratory Pathogen Mycoplasma agassizii in Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
Herpetologica, 73(2), 2017, 113 120 Ó 2017 by The Herpetologists League, Inc. Prevalence and Diversity of the Upper Respiratory Pathogen Mycoplasma agassizii in Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
More informationThe Friends of Nachusa Grasslands 2016 Scientific Research Project Grant Report Due June 30, 2017
The Friends of Nachusa Grasslands 2016 Scientific Research Project Grant Report Due June 30, 2017 Name: Laura Adamovicz Address: 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 Phone: 217-333-8056 2016 grant amount:
More informationNursing the feline patient with upper respiratory tract disease
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Nursing the feline patient with upper respiratory tract disease Author : Sam Frogley Categories : RVNs Date : April 1, 2011
More informationSURVEILLANCE IN ACTION: Introduction, Techniques and Strategies
SURVEILLANCE IN ACTION: Introduction, Techniques and Strategies Dr. Scott McBurney Wildlife Pathologist, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Training Workshop for OIE National Focal Points for
More informationUpper Respiratory Tract Disease in the Gopher Tortoise Is Caused by Mycoplasma agassizii
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 1999, p. 2262 2269 Vol. 37, No. 7 0095-1137/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in
More informationTick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean?
Tick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean? 2017 ASPCA. All Rights Reserved. Your Presenter Stephanie Janeczko, DVM, MS, DABVP, CAWA Senior Director of Shelter Medical Programs
More informationBOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX. Kristen Mierzwiak LCS 630
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX Kristen Mierzwiak LCS 630 Ring... You are called out to the farm of one of your regular dairy clients because some of the replacement heifers they bought at a public
More informationMulti-state MDR Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak associated with dairy calf exposure
Multi-state MDR Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak associated with dairy calf exposure Elisabeth Patton, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM Veterinary Program Manager - Division of Animal Health Wisconsin Department
More informationOffice International des Épizooties World Organisation for Animal Health created in 1924 in Paris
Office International des Épizooties World Organisation for Animal Health created in 1924 in Paris The Challenge of International Biosecurity and the OIE Standards and Actions Meeting of the State Parties
More informationBovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits
Bovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits (Pooled milk samples) Standard Operating Procedure Control of Bovine brucellosis Milk ELISA kits SOP Page 1 / 6 02 February 2012 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The
More informationHealth Assessments of Reptiles: How Do We Know What is Normal?
Health Assessments of Reptiles: How Do We Know What is Normal? MATT ALLENDER, DVM, MS, PHD, DIPLOMATE ACZM ILLINOIS FALL CONFERENCE 2015 Outline Background Physical Examination Sample Collection Hematology
More informationSalmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control
Salmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control Simon Peek BVSc, MRCVS PhD, DACVIM, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine Advancing animal and human health with science and compassion
More informationRecent Topics of Brucellosis
Recent Topics of Brucellosis Koichi IMAOKA BrucellosisBrucella spp. 1999 4 1 2008 12 31 13 4 9 2007 6 1 Brucella, B. abortus, B. suis, B. canis 19 1887 Bruce Micrococcus Brucella B. biovar... B. B. suisb.
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal viscera, examination of, in investigation of emerging infectious diseases of food animals, 6 American Veterinary Medical Association,
More informationCAROLINA PEREZ-HEYDRICH
ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MYCOPLASMAL UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THREATENED GOPHER TORTOISES: INSIGHTS FROM POPULATION ECOLOGY, MATHEMATICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND BEHAVIORAL
More informationDairy/Milk Testing Report Detecting Elevated Levels of Bacteria in Milk-On-Site Direct- From-The-Cow Within Minutes as Indicator of Mastitis
Dairy/Milk Testing Report Detecting Elevated Levels of Bacteria in Milk-On-Site Direct- From-The-Cow Within Minutes as Indicator of Mastitis EnZtek Diagnostics Incorporated has investigated and successfully
More informationHandbook on Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) Health Evaluation Procedures for Use by Land Managers and Researchers
ERDC/CERL TR-09-1 Handbook on Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) Health Evaluation Procedures for Use by Land Managers and Researchers Lori Wendland, Harold Balbach, Mary Brown, Joan Diemer Berish,
More informationBlood Cells of Reptiles. Blood Cells of Reptiles. Blood Cells of Reptiles. Blood Cells of Reptiles. Blood Cells of Reptiles
INTRODUCTION TO REPTILE HEMATOLOGY & CYTOLOGY DVM. PhD Dec 14 2014 Leukocytes Thrombocytes Similar diagnostic principles as Mammals. Similar in function as Avian. Much more unknowns and variables in Reptiles.
More informationCareer Explosion! A Boom of Veterinary Paraprofessional Students
Career Explosion! A Boom of Veterinary Paraprofessional Students A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology National Center of Excellence Resources for the Veterinary Science Certificate
More informationThree-Year Serologic Immunity against Canine Parvovirus Type 2 and Canine Adenovirus Type 2 in Dogs Vaccinated with a Canine Combination Vaccine*
L. J. Larson and R. D. Schultz Three-Year Serologic Immunity against Canine Parvovirus Type 2 and Canine Adenovirus Type 2 in Dogs Vaccinated with a Canine Combination Vaccine* L. J. Larson, DVM R. D.
More informationASVCP quality assurance guidelines: veterinary immunocytochemistry (ICC)
ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: veterinary immunocytochemistry (ICC) Version 1.0 (Approved 11/2017) Developed by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) Quality Assurance and
More informationProgress at a Turtle s Pace: the Lake Jackson Ecopassage Project. Matthew J. Aresco, Ph.D. Lake Jackson Ecopassage Alliance
Progress at a Turtle s Pace: the Lake Jackson Ecopassage Project Matthew J. Aresco, Ph.D. Lake Jackson Ecopassage Alliance 90 DOR turtles on 1/3 mile of US 27, February 2000 This photo was sent
More informationMATERIALS AND METHODS
Effects of Feeding OmniGen-AF Beginning 6 Days Prior to Dry-Off on Mastitis Prevalence and Somatic Cell Counts in a Herd Experiencing Major Health Issues S. C. Nickerson 1, F. M. Kautz 1, L. O. Ely 1,
More informationUpper respiratory tract disease, force of infection, and effects on survival of gopher tortoises
Ecological Applications, 19(3), 2009, pp. 786 798 Ó 2009 by the Ecological Society of America Upper respiratory tract disease, force of infection, and effects on survival of gopher tortoises ARPAT OZGUL,
More informationSuggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines
Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines SNAP Dx Test Screen your dog every year with the SNAP Dx Test to detect exposure to pathogens that cause heartworm disease, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease
More informationUpdate in Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta
Update in Veterinary Medicine Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta Overview of Discussion Medical management of captive orangutans Preventative Medicine Anesthesia Protocols Vaccinations TB testing Current Health
More informationENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis
GDR11136 ENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis February 2012 Summary The challenge data presented in this technical bulletin was completed
More informationAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS MEMBERSHIP GUIDELINES. Medicine of Zoo Animals
2015 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS MEMBERSHIP GUIDELINES Medicine of Zoo Animals INTRODUCTION These Membership Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Membership
More informationEvaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs
Evaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs Josh Arnold, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds February 28, 2017 2016 MFMER slide-1 Objectives Identify the pathophysiology of MRSA nasal colonization
More informationJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: , Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION OF CATS IN SOUTHWEST OF ALBANIA SHEMSHO LAMAJ 1 GERTA DHAMO 2 ILIR DOVA 2 1 Regional Agricultural Directory of Gjirokastra 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
More informationMalignant Catarrhal Fever in a Red Angus Cow B Y : L A U R E N R I C E R O V C
Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Red Angus Cow B Y : L A U R E N R I C E R O V C 2 0 1 5 History & Signalment Three year old Red Angus Cow Complaint: Blindness From 15 Red Angus Cow Herd Managed on Pasture
More informationMadagascar Spider Tortoise Updated: January 12, 2019
Interpretation Guide Status Danger Threats Population Distribution Habitat Diet Size Longevity Social Family Units Reproduction Our Animals Scientific Name Madagascar Spider Tortoise Updated: January 12,
More informationAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS MEMBERSHIP GUIDELINES. Medicine and Surgery of Unusual Pets
2018 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENTISTS MEMBERSHIP GUIDELINES Medicine and Surgery of Unusual Pets INTRODUCTION These Membership Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the
More informationFeline Respiratory Infections in Animal Shelters
Maddie s Shelter Medicine Program 2015 SW 16 th Avenue College of Veterinary Medicine PO Box 100126 Gainesville, FL 32610 352-273-8660 352-392-6125 Fax Overview Feline Respiratory Infections in Animal
More informationSEROPREVALENCE TO CATTLE BABESIA SPP. INFECTION IN NORTHERN SAMAR ABSTRACT
SEROPREVALENCE TO CATTLE BABESIA SPP. INFECTION IN NORTHERN SAMAR A. Amit College of Ve terina ry Me dicine, U niversi ty of East ern P hi lii ppi nes Cata rman, Nort hern Sam ar ABSTRACT Babesiosis is
More informationTerrestrial and Aquatic Manuals and the mechanism of standard adoption
Dr Patrick Bastiaensen Programme Officer OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa Terrestrial and Aquatic Manuals and the mechanism of standard adoption Presented during the Regional Workshop
More informationCLINICAL PROTOCOL FOR COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA. SCOPE: Western Australia. CORB score equal or above 1. All criteria must be met:
CLINICAL PROTOCOL F COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA SCOPE: Western Australia All criteria must be met: Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria CB score equal or above 1. Mild/moderate pneumonia confirmed by
More informationSurveillance of Brucella Antibodies in Camels of the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting for Animal Production UnderArid Conditions, Vol. 1: 160-166 1998 United Arab Emirates University. Surveillance of Brucella Antibodies in Camels of the Eastern Region
More informationParvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs. Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK
Parvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK Properties of Canine Parvovirus Single-stranded DNA virus
More informationDr. Kenneth E. Anderson Poultry Science Department North Carolina State University Box 7608 Raleigh, NC
33 rd NORTH CAROLINA LAYER PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT TEST HATCH AND SEROLOGY SUMMARY Vol. 33, No. 1 October 1998 The North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test is conducted under the auspices
More informationDomestic Bighorn Sheep Interface Problem Overview and Research. American Sheep Industry Annual Convention Reno, NV January 27-31, 2015
Domestic Bighorn Sheep Interface Problem Overview and Research American Sheep Industry Annual Convention Reno, NV January 27-31, 2015 Maggie Highland, DVM, PhDc, Dipl. ACVP PhD Veterinary Training Program
More informationComparative Life Histories of North American Tortoises
DAVID J. GERMANO 175 Comparative Life Histories of North American Tortoises by David J. Germano California State University Department of Biology Bakersfield, California 93311 Abstract. Since 1978, many
More informationJames Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt Susan Reigler and Omar Attum** Dept. of Biology, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150
James Lowry*, Cheryl Nushardt Susan Reigler and Omar Attum** Dept. of Biology, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150 * jamlowry@ius.edu ** FACULTY ADVISOR Outline Introduction
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Brucellosis! An Unusual Etiology in PUO! Satyajeet K Pawar 1*, M.V. Ghorpade 2, R.D. Totad
More informationh h h Mycoplasma bovis / / / M. bovis Mycoplasma bovis Mp Mp Hayflick NK
h h h h Mycoplasma bovis /// / / M. bovis Mycoplasma bovis Mp h Mp Mp. TM A B E Mp B CD Mp Mp Mp DNA Hayflick NK Mp DNA h h hh FAX hh E-mail : daimode@gmail.com 188 A B C D E F Mycoplasma bovis CEZ ABPC
More informationDetection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran
Letter to the Editor Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Mohammad Rahbar, PhD; Massoud Hajia, PhD
More informationBovine Mastitis Products for Microbiological Analysis
Bovine Mastitis Products for Microbiological Analysis 121917ss Hardy Diagnostics has everything for your laboratory! SAVE MONEY Now you have a choice for obtaining your supplies for mastitis testing. Hardy
More informationAsociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies
Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Pequeñas Especies XXXI CONGRESO NACIONAL DE LA ASOCIACIÓN MEXICANA DE MÉDICOS VETERINARIOS ESPECIALISTAS EN PEQUEÑAS ESPECIES, A.C. DRA. IRENE
More informationAntibody Test Kit for Feline Calici, Herpes and Panleukopenia Viruses (2011)
Sensitivity-specificity and accuracy of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck Antibody Test Kit for Feline Calici, Herpes and Panleukopenia Viruses (2011) Mazar S 1, DiGangi B 2, Levy J 2 and Dubovi E 3 1 Biogal,
More informationFeline Vaccines: Benefits and Risks
Feline Vaccines: Benefits and Risks Deciding which vaccines your cat should receive requires that you have a complete understanding of the benefits and risks of the procedure. For this reason, it is extremely
More informationTexas Tortoise Gopherus berlandieri Fact Sheet
Texas Tortoise Gopherus berlandieri Fact Sheet Status: Endangered Distribution: South-Central Texas in the United States southward into the Mexican States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas Habitat:
More informationPCR detection of Leptospira in. stray cat and
PCR detection of Leptospira in 1 Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran 2 Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary
More informationThe surveillance and control programme for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Norway
Annual Reports 2010 Surveillance and control programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway The surveillance and control programme for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Norway Johan Åkerstedt
More informationCryptosporidium spp. Oocysts
Sampling and Source Tracking of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts June 28, 2005 Kristen L. Jellison, Ph.D. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Ultimate
More informationFLORIDA COOPERATIVE FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH UNIT
FLORIDA COOPERATIVE FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH UNIT PROJECT STATUS REPORT TITLE: Seroepidemiological Studies ofherpesvirus-associated Diseases of Marine Turtles: Fibropapillomatosis and Lung-Eye-Trachea
More informationSurveillance programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway
Annual Report 2013 Surveillance programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway The surveillance and control programme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
More informationThe role of diagnosticians in terrestrial animal disease surveillance CAHLN presentation, May 2013
The role of diagnosticians in terrestrial animal disease surveillance CAHLN presentation, May 2013 Julie Paré, DMV, MPVM, PhD Christine Power, DVM MSc Epidemiology and Surveillance Section Animal Health
More informationCanine Distemper Virus
Canine Distemper Virus Sandra Newbury, DVM National Shelter Medicine Extension Veterinarian Koret Shelter Medicine Program Center for Companion Animal Health U C Davis School of Veterinary Medicine www.sheltermedicine.com
More informationMATTILSYNET NORWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY
MATTILSYNET NWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHITY Referencenumber: N O - COUNTRY: 1.Consignor (Exporter): Name: Address: 2. Certificate reference number: 3. Veterinary Authority: 4. Import permit number: 5. Consignee
More informationSPECIMEN COLLECTION FOR CULTURE OF BACTERIAL PATHOLOGENS QUICK REFERENCE
1 Policy #: Subject: 611 (PLH-611-02) Effective Date: NA Reviewed Date: 2/1/2008 SPECIMEN COLLECTION FOR CULTURE OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS QUICK REFERENCE Approved by: Laboratory Executive Director, Ed Hughes
More informationMATTILSYNET THE NORWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY
MATTILSYNET THE NWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHITY SANITARY CERTIFICATE For export of bovine semen from Norway to New Zealand COUNTRY: 1.Consignor (Exporter): Name: Address: Reference number: 2. Certificate reference
More informationUsing SCC to Evaluate Subclinical Mastitis Cows
Using SCC to Evaluate Subclinical Mastitis Cows By: Michele Jones and Donna M. Amaral-Phillips, Ph.D. Mastitis is the most important and costliest infectious disease on a dairy farm. A National Mastitis
More informationInactivation of Burkholderia mallei in equine serum for laboratory use.
JCM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 11 February 2015 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.03141-14 Copyright 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
More informationData were analysed by SPSS, version 10 and the chi-squared test was used to assess statistical differences. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Toxocara canis is one of the commonest nematodes of the dog and most often this nematode is the cause of toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) [1]. People become infected by ingestion of eggs from soil,
More informationCOMMON CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN RATS AND MICE
COMMON CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN RATS AND MICE Megan H. Nowland, DVM, Diplomate ACLAM Assistant Professor Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine University of Michigan NCRC Building 10, Suite G90 2800 Plymouth
More informationMANAGEMENT OF HUMAN EXPOSURES TO SUSPECT RABID ANIMALS A GUIDE FOR PHYSICIANS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS. July 2010 Update
MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN EXPOSURES TO SUSPECT RABID ANIMALS A GUIDE FOR PHYSICIANS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS July 2010 Update DIVISION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & EPIDEMIOLOGY RABIES CONTROL PROGRAM Major
More informationFELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT
FELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT INSTRUCTION MANUAL Sufficient for 12/120 assays 22 APR 2018 Biogal Galed Laboratories Acs Ltd. tel: 972-4-9898605. fax: 972-4-9898690 e-mail:info@biogal.co.il
More informationIntroduction. Rabbit Respiratory Disease. Lecture Outline. Pre-consult. Initial presentation. History 26/01/2013
Introduction Rabbit Respiratory Disease Joanna Hedley BVM&S DZooMed (Reptilian) MRCVS Rabbit, Exotic Animal and Wildlife Clinician at R(D)SVS Obligate nasal breathers Small thorax Tendency to mask symptoms
More informationIDSA GUIDELINES COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
page 1 / 5 page 2 / 5 idsa guidelines community acquired pdf IDSA/ATS Guidelines for CAP in Adults CID 2007:44 (Suppl 2) S29 such as blood and sputum cultures. Conversely, these cultures may have a major
More informationFM - Male, 38YO. MRSA nasal swab (+) Due to positive MRSA nasal swab test, patient will be continued on Vancomycin 1500mg IV q12 for MRSA treatment...
Jillian O Keefe Doctor of Pharmacy Candidate 2016 September 15, 2015 FM - Male, 38YO HPI: Previously healthy male presents to ED febrile (102F) and in moderate distress ~2 weeks after getting a tattoo
More informationPrevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Young, Purebred Beef Bulls for Sale in Kansas
Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Young, Purebred Beef Bulls for Sale in Kansas David P. Gnad, DVM, MS, DABVP a Jan M. Sargeant, DVM, MS, PhD b Peter J. Chenoweth, DVM, PhD, DACT a Paul H. Walz, DVM,
More informationDiurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of
Hayasaki et al., Page 1 Short Communication Diurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of Dirofilaria immitis M. Hayasaki a,*, J. Okajima b, K.H. Song a, K. Shiramizu
More informationPARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS CATALOGUE OF SERVICES AND PRICE LIST
INSTITUTE OF PARASITOLOGY Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg Justus Liebig University Giessen Schubertstrasse 81 35392 Giessen Germany Office: +49 (0) 641 99 38461 Fax: +49 (0) 641 99 38469 Coprological
More information, Pamela L. Ruegg
Premiums, Production and Pails of Discarded Milk How Much Money Does Mastitis Cost You? Pamela Ruegg, DVM, MPVM University of Wisconsin, Madison Introduction Profit centered dairy farms strive to maximize
More informationISOLATION, CHARACTERISATION AND MOLECULAR TYPING OF FELINE MYCOPLASMA SPECIES
ISOLATION, CHARACTERISATION AND MOLECULAR TYPING OF FELINE MYCOPLASMA SPECIES Sally Rae Robinson BVSc (Hons) Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Veterinary Science
More information11-ID-10. Committee: Infectious Disease. Title: Creation of a National Campylobacteriosis Case Definition
11-ID-10 Committee: Infectious Disease Title: Creation of a National Campylobacteriosis Case Definition I. Statement of the Problem Although campylobacteriosis is not nationally-notifiable, it is a disease
More informationDairy Calf, BVDv-PI Dead & Chronic Monitoring Program
ANIMAL PROFILING INTERNATIONAL, INC Dairy Calf, BVDv-PI Dead & Chronic Monitoring Program PURPOSE Identification and removal of BVDv-PI animals will have a positive impact on herd health. QUICK OVERVIEW:
More informationSurvey of Veterinarians and Producers on Johne s Disease in Iowa Cattle
Survey of Veterinarians and Producers on Johne s Disease in Iowa Cattle Suelee Robbe-Austerman, DVM a John U. Thomson, DVM b Melvin Pence, DVM c Pam Smith, DVM d a Bacterial Disease of Livestock Research
More informationThe Economic Impacts of the U.S. Pet Industry (2015)
The Economic s of the U.S. Pet Industry (2015) Prepared for: The Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council Prepared by: Center for Regional Analysis George Mason University February 2017 1 Center for Regional
More informationBovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Why should you test your herd, or additions to your herd? Answer: BVD has been shown to cause lower pregnancy rates, increased abortions, higher calf morbidity and mortality;
More informationStatement of Support for the Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2013
Statement of Support for the Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2013 The undersigned organizations urge Congress to pass the Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2013, which is being championed by U.S.
More informationAKC Canine Health Foundation Grant Updates: Research Currently Being Sponsored By The Vizsla Club of America Welfare Foundation
AKC Canine Health Foundation Grant Updates: Research Currently Being Sponsored By The Vizsla Club of America Welfare Foundation GRANT PROGRESS REPORT REVIEW Grant: 00748: SNP Association Mapping for Canine
More informationANTIBIOTIC USE GUIDELINES FOR URINARY TRACT AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE
ANTIBIOTIC USE GUIDELINES FOR URINARY TRACT AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE Jane Sykes, BVSc(Hons), PhD, DACVIM (SAIM) School of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Medicine & Epidemiology University of California Davis,
More informationAssociation between Brucella melitensis DNA and Brucella spp. antibodies
CVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 16 March 2011 Clin. Vaccine Immunol. doi:10.1128/cvi.00011-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All
More informationThe surveillance programme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in Norway 2016
Annual Report The surveillance programme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in Norway 2016 Norwegian Veterinary Institute The surveillance programme
More informationA Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing
A Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing The entire WITNESS line of canine and feline diagnostics tests are accurate, affordable, and easy to use WITNESS HEARTWORM WITNESS LH WITNESS RELAXIN Canine
More informationFungal pathogens in captive and free ranging wild animal conservation programs
Fungal pathogens in captive and free ranging wild animal conservation programs LuisR Padilla DVM Dipl ACZM Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road Front Royal,
More informationOutline 1/13/15. Range is mostly surrounding Puerto Rico Important for Tourism and ecological balance
1/13/15 Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) and investigating transmission from feral cat feces in Puerto Rico Heidi Wyrosdick M.S. Candidate University of
More informationMANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL RABIES EXPOSURES NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH March 2016
MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL RABIES EXPOSURES NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH March 2016 Authority: New Jersey law requires that whenever a dog, cat, or other animal has been known or suspected to have
More information