Application of Enzyme Immunoassay to Fecal Steroid Analysis in Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)
|
|
- Carmella Knight
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Reproduction and Development, Vol. 45, No. 6, 1999 Technical Note Application of Enzyme Immunoassay to Fecal Steroid Analysis in Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Kiyoshi YAMAUCHI, Shin-ichiro HAMASAKI 1), Yukari TAKEUCHI and Yuji MORI Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , and 1) Wildlife Management Office, 5-8 Fuda Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan Abstract. We have previously demonstrated that the gonadal function of sika deer (Cervus nippon) can be successfully monitored by using fecal steroid analysis. In this study we examined some technical aspects of applying this method to the estimation of the reproductive status of wild sika deer. Enzymeimmunoassays (EIA) for fecal progesterone and testosterone were established, and the fecal concentrations of these steroids obtained were compared with those measured by conventional radioimmunoassays (RIA). The patterns of fecal progesterone during the estrous cycle and the annual fecal testosterone profile in a male deer measured by EIA were virtually identical with those measured by RIA. Then the effect of environmental temperature on the fecal progesterone concentration was examined by monitoring the change in fecal progesterone at 4 C and 20 C up to 144 h after defecation. Fecal progesterone levels increased markedly at 20 C (but not at 4 C) with the degree of increase being variable in each sample. This increase was inhibited by adding ethanol, antibiotics or silica gel. It therefore appears that the increase was caused by the action of intestinal microorganisms, which converted conjugated steroids to unconjugated forms. These results suggest that wild sika deer fecal samples should be collected in winter time when the environmental temperature is low for steroid analysis in field conditions. The EIAs appeared more feasible means for field-endocrinological studies than RIA considering their simpler and less timeconsuming procedures. Key words: Sika deer, Feces, Enzymeimmunoassay, Pregnancy diagnosis, Progesterone, Testosterone. (J. Reprod. Dev. 45: , 1999) M easurement of steroid hormone levels in the blood has been the most common technique for assessing the reproductive status in laboratory as well as domesticated species. Nevertheless, blood sampling is sometimes extremely difficult in the wild species such as cervidae, because it often requires capturing and immobilizing of the target animal. In order to develop a feasible method which enables monitoring the gonadal function in Accepted for publication: October 5, 1999 Correspondence: Y. Mori captivity and assessing the reproductive population dynamics in field conditions, we have applied the technique of fecal steroid analysis [1 4] to sika deer and demonstrated cyclic fluctuations during the estrous cycle and a pregnancy-related increase in fecal progesterone in the doe as well as annual changes in fecal testosterone in the buck [5]. Despite the obvious potential advantages of fecal steroid analysis, there have been technical problems to be solved before applying it to wildlife studies. First, the radioimmunoassay (RIA) used in our previous study has a number of limitations due to
2 430 YAMAUCHI et al. the strict regulation of the use of radioisotopes, which forced us to develop an alternative assay method. Second, since it was suggested that steroid concentrations in feces increased after defecation [6, 7], it appeared necessary to evaluate the postdefecation change in fecal steroid under possible environmental conditions for collecting feces in a study in which the pregnancy rate for a certain wild population was to be estimated. In the present study we therefore examined the feasibility of applying enzymeimmunoassays (EIA) of fecal progesterone and testosterone to fieldendocrinological studies in wild sika deer. Materials and Methods Animals and sampling Fecal samples were collected from three adult female and one male adult sika deer kept at the Children s zoo in the Osaki Park, Urawa city (35 1 N, E), Saitama Prefecture. They were allowed free access to fresh or dried hay supplemented with a pelleted diet. Immediately after defecation, fecal samples were picked up with tweezers from the ground surface and put in a vinyl bag, and used in the subsequent experiments. Sample processing The feces processing methods for the extraction of steroid hormone have been described elsewhere [5]. Briefly, feces were dried at 100 C for 1.5 h in an oven and thoroughly crushed. A portion (0.25 g) of the powdered feces was put in an extraction tube with a teflon-sealed cap. Then 1.5 ml of distilled water and 5 ml of diethyl-ether were added, and steroids were extracted for 10 min with a vortex mixer. The ether layer was recovered in another tube by decantation after snap-freezing, and evaporated at 42 C in a water bath. The residue was redissolved in 2 ml of ethanol by vortex mixing for 10 min. Assay procedures The RIA procedures for fecal progesterone and testosterone were the same as those described in our previous report [5]. The anti-progesterone (#337) and anti-testosterone (#250) antisera were provided by Dr. G. D. Niswender (Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Colorado State University, Colorado, U.S.A.). The labeled hormones were 125 I-progesterone (Amersham, IM140) and 125 I-testosterone (Amersham, IM128). The recovery rates of progesterone and testosterone added to the dried feces of sika deer were 76% and 93%, respectively. Intra-assay coefficients of variation for progesterone and testosterone were 2.4% (n=6) and 3.2% (n=6), respectively. Inter-assay coefficients of variation of progesterone and testosterone were 6.8% (n=7) and 10.2% (n=7), and the minimum detectable levels for progesterone and testosterone were 1.95 pg/tube and 1.25 pg/ tube, respectively. The EIA procedures for progesterone and testosterone have been described elsewhere [8]. The antisera used were OK-1 for progesterone which was provided by Dr. K. Okuda (Division of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan) and FKA 102 for testosterone (COSMO Co.,Tokyo, Japan). The recovery rates for progesterone and testosterone added to dried feces of sika deer were 86% and 70%, respectively. Intra-assay coefficients of variation of progesterone and testosterone were 4.2% (n=4) and 4.5% (n=4), respectively. Inter-assay coefficients of variation of progesterone and testosterone were 7.1 % (n=7) and 8.8% (n=3), and the minimum detectable levels of progesterone and testosterone were 2.8 pg/well and 4.9 pg/well, respectively. Trials for choosing suitable conditions for fecal sampling Effect of ambient temperature: In order to examine the change in the fecal progesterone concentration after defecation, 2 4 grains of feces were collected from each of 3 female deer (one pregnant and two non-pregnant females) and frozen either immediately after defecation (0 h) or at 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 144 h after being kept at 20 C. All the fecal samples were thawed and assayed for progesterone concentrations at once. Then the effect of temperature on the pattern of fecal progesterone change after defecation was examined. Portions of the same feces were frozen either immediately after defecation or after 48 h incubation at 20 C or 4 C. All the samples were thawed and assayed at once for comparison of fecal progesterone concentrations.
3 EIA FOR FECAL STEROID ANALYSIS 431 Effect of controlling intestinal microorganisms: In order to examine the effect of inactivating intestinal bacteria, 2 4 grains of each feces sample were frozen either immediately after defecation (0 h) or 48 h after being kept at 20 C or 4 C. To the feces kept at 20 C were also added silica gel (20 g per one grain), 70% ethanol or one of three antibiotics, namely, streptomycin benzylpenicillin (Mycillin: Meiji-seika Co., Tokyo, Japan), ampicillin sodium (Viccillin: Meiji-seika Co., Tokyo, Japan), and oxytetracyclin (Terramycin: Pfizer Co., Tokyo, Japan) µl per one grain of feces. All the samples were thawed and assayed at once, and the fecal progesterone concentrations obtained were compared. Results The displacement curves for the reference standard and the serial dilution of fecal extracts from sika deer obtained by EIA were confirmed to be parallel for both progesterone and testosterone as shown in Fig. 1. There was a good correlation between values obtained by RIA and EIA for both progesterone (r=0.94) and testosterone (r=0.99) as shown in Fig. 2. The patterns of fecal progesterone during the estrous cycle and the annual fecal testosterone profile in a male deer measured by EIA were virtually identical with those measured by RIA previously [5] (Fig. 3), but fecal testosterone concentrations measured by EIA were lower than those measured by RIA. Progesterone concentrations increased abruptly in feces kept at 20C, and reached stable levels by h after defecation (Fig. 4; a). And by comparing the amount of increase in the progesterone concentration in feces kept at 20 C with that kept at 4 C, the increase in progesterone concentrations was more remarkable in feces kept at 20 C than at 4 C, with greater variation among individual samples (Fig. 4; b, c). By adding silica gel, ethanol or antibiotics to fresh feces, an increase in the fecal progesterone concentration was prevented (p<0.05, Mann- Whitney s U-test) as compared with feces kept at 20 C for 48 h without any treatment (Fig. 5). Fig. 1. Parallelism between displacement curves for the reference standard ( ) and serial dilution of extracts ( ) from sika deer feces obtained by EIA for progesterone (top) and testosterone (bottom). Pregnant female and male deer fecal samples were used for progesterone and testosterone assays, respectively. 25 µl fecal extracts were assayed in duplicate. Discussion Fecal steroid analyses have been reported in several species so far [9], by mostly using RIAs. In this study it has been shown that EIAs also have sufficient sensitivity for analysing progesterone and testosterone concentrations in feces of the deer. Fecal progesterone concentrations measured by EIA were similar to those obtained by RIA, whereas fecal testosterone concentrations were considerably lower when assayed by EIA. It has been reported that some antibodies to particular steroids show signs of considerable cross-reactivity with several other steroid metabolites in the feces [9, 10]. It therefore seems plausible that the difference between the fecal testosterone concentrations obtained with RIA and EIA was due to the different
4 432 YAMAUCHI et al. Fig. 2. Correlation between the assay results obtained by RIA and EIA for fecal progesterone (top) and testosterone (bottom). Fecal samples from three female deer (one pregnant and two non-pregnant females) and one male deer were used for progesterone and testosterone assays, respectively. characteristics of the antibodies. Nevertheless, it was shown that sequential changes in fecal steroid concentrations could be monitored by EIA, because there were good correlations between the values obtained with the RIA and EIA systems. Actually the patterns of fecal progesterone and testosterone profiles obtained by EIA and by RIA closely corresponded (Fig. 3). Based on these results, the EIAs were considered to be applicable to fecal steroid hormone measurement in sika deer under wild as well as captive conditions. And it seems that this method is also useful for monitoring the reproductive status of nontractable zoo animals besides the application to wildlife. Fig. 3. Correspondence between RIA ( ) and EIA ( ) assay results. Fecal progesterone profiles for two non-pregnant female deer during the estrous cycle (top) and the annual fecal testosterone change in one male deer (bottom) are shown. It has been reported that fecal concentrations of steroid hormones tend to increase if the feces are left unfrozen after defecation [6, 7]. Since increased storage time prior to freezing results in higher estrogen levels in feces and then the levels will remain constant, Holtz [7] suggested that the feces should be kept unfrozen for some time in order to obtain standardized results. Regarding this we failed to confirm that fecal steroid levels can be standardized after being left unfrozen for certain time. The addition of desiccant silica gel and the administrations of various antibiotics or ethanol elution resulted in an inhibition of the increase in the fecal progesterone concentrations. Similar results to those for fecal testosterone in our preliminary experiment were obtained (data not shown). These results suggest that intestinal
5 EIA FOR FECAL STEROID ANALYSIS 433 Fig. 5. Effects on the increase in fecal progesterone concentrations after 48 h incubation at 20 C of adding 1, silica gel; 2, streptomycin and benzylpenicillin; 3, ampicillin sodium; 4, oxytetracyclin and 5, 70% ethanol to feces (mean ± SEM, n=4; p<0.05, Mann-Whitney s U-test). Solid bars indicate the control results without any of these treatments. Data are presented as the relative ratio to the fecal progesterone concentration frozen immediately after defecation (0 h). Feces of three females deer (one pregnant and two non-pregnant females) and one male deer were used for their assays. Fig. 4. Changes in progesterone concentrations in feces kept at 20 C after defecation (a: mean ± SEM, n=3), and changes in progesterone concentrations in individual feces before and after 48 h incubation at 20 C (b) or 4 C (c). by the ambient temperature and other environmental factors such as humidity. The present results suggest that feces need to be collected in winter (e.g. February or March), when fecal progesterone concentrations in pregnant deer are high [5] and environmental temperature and humidity are both low, for successful application of this technique to the assessment of the population dynamics in wild sika deer. Acknowledgments microorganisms would be involved in the gradual post-defecation increase in fecal steroid concentrations. It was reported that in pregnant women large quantities of conjugated steroid appeared in the feces during ampicillin administration due to a reduction of the intestinal flora [11]. It is therefore supposed that the increase in the fecal progesterone concentration observed in this study was caused by intestinal microorganisms which would have decomposed the conjugated progesterone into the unconjugated form, with the degree of its increase being affected We would like to thank Mr. A. Nagumo, Mr. K. Harayama, Mr. K. Izumisawa and the other staff members of the Children s zoo for their assistance in collecting the samples. We also thank Dr. G. D. Niswender for providing antisera for progesterone and testosterone. We are grateful to Dr. K. Okuda of Okayama University and Dr. A. Miyamoto of Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine for providing antisera and peroxidase-labeled hormone for progesterone and testosterone as well as for helpful advice.
6 434 YAMAUCHI et al. References 1. Kirkpatrick JF, McCarthy DF, Gudermuth SE, Shideler SE, Lasley BL. An assessment of the reproductive biology of Yellowstone bison (Bison bison) subpopulations using noncapture methods. Can J Zool 1996; 74: Monfort SL, Schwart CC, Wasser SK. Monitoring reproduction in captive moose using urinary and fecal steroid metabolites. J Wildl Manage 1993; 57: Borjesson DL, Boyce WM, Garder IA, DeForge J, Lasley B. Pregnancy detection in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) using a fecal enzyme immunoassay. J Wildl Dis 1996; 32: Lasley BL, Kirkpatrick JF. Monitoring ovarian function in captive and free-ranging wildlife by means of urinary and fecal steroids. J Zoo Wildl Med 1991; 22: Yamauchi K, Hamasaki S, Takeuchi Y, Mori Y. Assessment of reproductive status of deer by fecal steroid analysis. J Reprod Dev 1997; 43: Hirata S, Mori Y. Monitoring reproductive status by fecal progesterone analysis in ruminants. J Vet Med Sci 1995; 57: Holtz W. Pregnancy diagnosis through faecal estrogens in goats. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Faecal Steroid Monitoring in Zoo Animals; 1992; Royal Rotterdam Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Rotterdam Miyamoto A, Okuda K, Schweigert FJ, Schams D. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-b and nerve growth factor on the secretory function of the bovine corpus luteum in vitro. J Endocrinol 1992; 135: Schwarzenberger F, Mostle E, Palme R, Bamberg E. Faecal steroid analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in farm, wild and zoo animals. Anim Reprod Sci 1996; 42: Schwarzenberger F, Tomasova K, Holeckova D, Matern B, Mostle E. Measurement of fecal steroids in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) using group-specific enzyme immunoassays for 20-oxopregnanes. Zoo Biol 1996; 15: Martin F, Peltonen J, Laatikainen T, Pulkkinen M. Excretion of progesterone metabolites and estriol in faeces from pregnant women during ampicillin administration. J Steroid Biochem 1975; 6:
PREGNANCY DETECTION IN BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) USING A FECAL-BASED ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY
PREGNANCY DETECTION IN BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) USING A FECAL-BASED ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY Author(s): Dori L. Borjesson, Walter M. Boyce, Ian A. Gardner, James DeForge, and Bill Lasley Source: Journal
More informationNon-invasive monitoring of stoat reproductive hormones. Science for Conservation 276
Non-invasive monitoring of stoat reproductive hormones Science for Conservation 276 Non-invasive monitoring of stoat reproductive hormones Frank Molinia, Susana La Falci, Vaughan Myers and Duncan McLane
More informationFluoroquinolones ELISA KIT
Fluoroquinolones ELISA KIT Cat. No.:DEIA6883 Pkg.Size:96T Intended use The Fluoroquinolones ELISA KIT is an immunoassay for the detection of Fluoroquinolones in contaminated samples including water, fish
More informationDiurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of
Hayasaki et al., Page 1 Short Communication Diurnal variation in microfilaremia in cats experimentally infected with larvae of Dirofilaria immitis M. Hayasaki a,*, J. Okajima b, K.H. Song a, K. Shiramizu
More informationAnalysis of Hormones & Anabolics
Analysis of Hormones & Anabolics Hormones and anabolics can be used as growth promoters in livestock breeding to enhance average daily weight gain and meat/fat ratio. As a consequence, hormone and anabolic
More informationESTRUS AND LH RELEASE IN OVARIECTOMIZED HEIFERS FOLLOWING VAGINAL DEVICES CONTAINING OVARIAN STERIODS 1,s
ESTRUS AND LH RELEASE IN OVARIECTOMIZED HEIFERS FOLLOWING VAGINAL DEVICES CONTAINING OVARIAN STERIODS 1,s R. Rajamahendran 2, P. C. Lagu~" and R. D. Baker 3 Macdonald Campus of McGill University 4, Ste.
More informationComparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces'
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 51, 776-786 (1994) Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces' JANINE L. BROWN, 2 4 ' 5 SAMUEL K. WASSER,
More informationEnzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of antibodies against Toxocara canis in human serum or plasma
Toxocara canis IgG - ELISA Enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of antibodies against Toxocara canis in human serum or plasma For laboratory research only. GenWay Biotech, Inc. 6777 Nancy
More informationFOLLICULAR GROWTH PATTERN IN BUFFALOES SYNCHRONIZED TO ESTRUS WITH PROGESTERONE IMPREGNATED INTRAVAGINAL SPONGES
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 3, No 3, 2014, 960 965 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) FOLLICULAR GROWTH PATTERN IN BUFFALOES SYNCHRONIZED TO ESTRUS WITH PROGESTERONE IMPREGNATED
More informationSeasonal Variations of yeso sika Deer Skin and its Vegetable Tanned Leather
Seasonal Variations of yeso sika Deer Skin and its Vegetable Tanned Leather Shigeharu Fukunaga, Akihiko Yoshie, Ikuo Yamakawa, Fumio Nakamura Laboratory of Animal By-product Science, Graduate School of
More informationThe Effect of Ram Exposure on Uterine Involution and Luteal Function During the Postpartum Period of Hair Sheep Ewes in the Tropics 1
The Effect of Ram Exposure on Uterine Involution and Luteal Function During the Postpartum Period of Hair Sheep Ewes in the Tropics 1 R. W. Godfrey 2, M. L. Gray, and J. R. Collins Agricultural Experiment
More informationEstradiol and progesterone fecal metabolites analysis in crab-eating-fox (Cerdocyoun thous)
Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.68, n., p.66-6, 6 Estradiol and progesterone fecal metabolites analysis in crab-eating-fox (Cerdocyoun thous) [Análise de metabólitos fecais de estradiol e progesterona
More informationGliding Motility Assay for P. berghei Sporozoites
Gliding Motility Assay for P. berghei Sporozoites Important Notes: 1. For all dilutions (including antibodies and sporozoites), always make slightly more than needed. For instance, if you need 200 µl sporozoites
More informationWildlife DNA Sampling Guide. Instructions for the Wildlife DNA Sampling Kit
Wildlife DNA Sampling Guide Instructions for the Wildlife DNA Sampling Kit Wildlife DNA Sampling Guide This guide has been produced by the PAW Forensic Working Group (FWG) and is designed to accompany
More informationA. Sats*, H. Mootse, L. Lepasalu and V. Poikalainen
Agronomy Research 12(3), 807 812, 2014 Use of Delvotest T for Quantitative Estimation of β-lactam Antibiotic Residues in Waste Milk and for Evaluation of Thermal Treatment Efficiency a Methodical Pilot
More informationNational Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft. Collins, CO, , USA
1 RH: KILLIAN ET AL. Short Communications Observations on the Use of GonaCon TM in Captive Female Elk (Cervus elaphus). Gary Killian, 1,3 Terry J. Kreeger, 2 Jack Rhyan, 1 Kathleen Fagerstone, 1 and Lowell
More informationOestradiol levels in sheep plasma during the oestrous cycle
Oestradiol levels in sheep plasma during the oestrous cycle R. J. Scaramuzzi and R. B. Land M.R.C. Unit of Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, 39 Chalmers Steet, Edinburgh, EH3 9ER, and A.R.C.
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE
European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/211249/2005-FINAL July 2005 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN (Extrapolation to all ruminants)
More informationTo link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Dr Kenneth Shapiro] On: 08 June 2015, At: 09:10 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationRadioimmunoassay for PMSG and its application to
Radioimmunoassay for PMSG and its application to in-vivo studies Christiane Menzer and D. Schams Institutfür Physiologie der Südd. Versuchs- und Forschungsanstaltfür Milchwirtschaft der Technischen Universität
More informationABSTRACT. The effect of exogenous oxytocin injected on different days of estrus cycle and pregnancy on uterine PGF 2a
Indian J. Anim.. Res., () : 9 -, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.com BLOOD PROGESTERONE LEVEL DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN GAROLE EWES AND THE LUTEOLYTIC EFFECT
More informationEnzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220 Introduction Enzootic Bovine Leukosis is a transmissible disease caused by the Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)
More informationBLOOD LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE IN THE EWE
BLOOD LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE IN THE EWE By D. G. EDGAR and J. W. RONALDSON From the Ruakura Animal Research Station, Department of Agriculture, Hamilton, New Zealand {Received 12 August 1957) SUMMARY Progesterone
More informationNeutering Your Dog or Bitch
Neutering Your Dog or Bitch We would like to advise you that the information contained in this document has been obtained from several different sources and is intended for information purposes only. No
More informationBIOLACTAM. Product Description. An innovative in vitro diagnostic for the rapid quantitative determination of ß-lactamase activity
BIOLACTAM www.biolactam.eu An innovative in vitro diagnostic for the rapid quantitative determination of ß-lactamase activity 1.5-3h 20 Copyright 2014 VL-Diagnostics GmbH. All rights reserved. Product
More informationAn LC-MS/MS method to determine antibiotic residues in distillers grains
An LC-MS/MS method to determine antibiotic residues in distillers grains Hemakanthi de Alwis FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Office of Research 07-31-2018 Distillers grain (DG) q DG is a major co-product
More informationKris Descovich How do captive wombats cope with extreme environmental seasons? This paper was presented at the 2011 National Wombat Conference
Kris Descovich How do captive wombats cope with extreme environmental seasons? This paper was presented at the 2011 National Wombat Conference National Wombat Conference Sponsored by The Wombat Protection
More informationANESTRUS BUFFALO TREATMENT SUCCESS RATE USING GNRH
: 4545-4550 ISSN: 2277 4998 ANESTRUS BUFFALO TREATMENT SUCCESS RATE USING GNRH YAGHOUBAZIZIYAN, FARDGHRAKHANLU 1 AND SAMAD MOSAFERI 2* 1: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad
More informationECLIPSE 100. Test para la detección de substancias antibacterianas en leche. Test for detection of inhibitory substances in milk
Test para la detección de substancias antibacterianas en leche Test for detection of inhibitory substances in milk ZEU-INMUNOTEC S.L. María de Luna 11, Nave 19 50018 Zaragoza (SPAIN) Telephone/Fax: 34
More informationPlasma and salivary cortisol levels in transportationstressed
Plasma and salivary cortisol levels in transportationstressed Aardi goats Al-badwi M.A *., MohamedH.E, Alhaidary A, Al-Hassan M.J 1 Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
More informationLuteolysis and Pregnancy Outcomes in Dairy Cows after Treatment with Estrumate or Lutalyse
Luteolysis and Pregnancy Outcomes in Dairy Cows after Treatment with Estrumate or Lutalyse J. S. Stevenson and A. P. Phatak Summary In Experiment, lactating dairy cows (n =,230) in 6 herds were treated
More informationCAT LITTER and DOG FECES: COMPOST or WASTE?
CAT LITTER and DOG FECES: COMPOST or WASTE? Some Background Nova Scotia has set a solid waste disposal rate goal of 300 kg per person per year by 2015. > 500 kg in 1997 350 kg in 2000 ~ 500 kg in 2006
More informationوحدة ضمان الجودة جامعة القاهرة. Curriculum Vitae. Mohamed Shehata El-Belely Professor. Egyptian. personal Information
personal Information Name Title Date of birth Place of birth Curriculum Vitae Mohamed Shehata El-Belely Professor Citizenship Egyptian Contact Information Home phone Work phone Mobile phone E-mail (s)
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT AT, BE, CZ, EE, ES, FR, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, UK: Genestran 75 micrograms/ml solution for injection
More informationPORCINE ZONA PELLUCIDA IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION OF SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS IN MANAGED CARE.
PORCINE ZONA PELLUCIDA IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION OF SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS IN MANAGED CARE. Sara Wunder Steward, MA Senior Rhino Keeper-I Busch Gardens, Florida, USA POPULATION HISTORY & CURRENT STATUS OF
More informationProlactin in the Cat: II. Diurnal Patterns and Photoperiod Effects
BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 28, 933-939 (1983) Prolactin in the Cat: II. Diurnal Patterns and Photoperiod Effects DONELLE R. BANKS and GEORGE H. STABENFELDT Department of Reproduction School of Veterinary
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology EMEA/MRL/728/00-FINAL April 2000 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS STREPTOMYCIN AND
More information6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although
More informationFELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT
FELINE CORONAVIRUS (FCoV) [FIP] ANTIBODY TEST KIT INSTRUCTION MANUAL Sufficient for 12/120 assays 22 APR 2018 Biogal Galed Laboratories Acs Ltd. tel: 972-4-9898605. fax: 972-4-9898690 e-mail:info@biogal.co.il
More informationEffects of progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and cloprostenol on luteal function in the heifer
Effects of progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and cloprostenol on luteal function in the heifer R. K. Munro and N. W. Moore Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales
More informationBehavioral observations and physiological implications for white-tailed deer treated with two different immunocontraceptives
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Wildlife Damage Management Conferences -- Proceedings Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for October 2000 Behavioral
More informationPurebred Cattle Series Synchronization of Estrus in Cattle
Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA3120 Purebred Cattle Series Synchronization of Estrus in Cattle Tom R. Troxel Professor and Associate Department Head Animal Science Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our
More informationEvaluation of Reproduction and Blood Metabolites in Beef Heifers Fed Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles and Soybean Hulls During Late Gestation 1
Evaluation of Reproduction and Blood Metabolites in Beef Heifers Fed Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles and Soybean Hulls During Late Gestation 1 Chanda L. Engel 2, H. H. Trey Patterson 3, Ron Haigh
More informationInternational Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access.
I J A P B International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access. ISSN: 2454-8375 COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MIC OF BRANDED
More informationEffects of melatonin implants in ram lambs
Effects of melatonin implants in ram lambs D. J. Kennaway and T. A. Gilmore Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville Road, Woodville, South
More informationECLIPSE 50. Test for the detection of inhibitory substances in milk
ECLIPSE 50 Test para la detección de substancias antibacterianas en leche Test for the detection of inhibitory substances in milk S.L. María de Luna 11, Nave 19 50018 Zaragoza (SPAIN) Telephone/Fax: 34
More informationUSE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUE TEST KITS FOR GOAT MILK. E. N. Escobar
USE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUE TEST KITS FOR GOAT MILK E. N. Escobar E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research Langston University Langston, Oklahoma 73050 Background and Purpose Mastitis is known as
More informationOverview and Expectations
Overview and Expectations David M. Dusek Senior Staff Microbiologist Policy, Evaluation and Licensing Center for Veterinary Biologics Veterinary Services Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United
More informationThe effects of diet upon pupal development and cocoon formation by the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
June, 2002 Journal of Vector Ecology 39 The effects of diet upon pupal development and cocoon formation by the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) W. Lawrence and L. D. Foil Department of Entomology, Louisiana
More informationGnRH-agonist induction of fertile estrus with either natural mating or artificial insemination, followed by birth of pups in gray wolves (Canis lupus)
Theriogenology 66 (2006) 1778 1782 www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/the GnRH-agonist induction of fertile estrus with either natural mating or artificial insemination, followed by birth of pups
More informationADRENAL-GONAD INTERACTIONS IN CATTLE. CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN INTACT AND ADRENALECTOMIZED HEIFERS1, 2
ADRENAL-GONAD INTERACTIONS IN CATTLE. CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN INTACT AND ADRENALECTOMIZED HEIFERS1, 2 Summary To determine the effect of the hyperadrenal state on corpus luteum (CL) function, we treated
More informationDETECTION OF INHIBITORY SUBSTANCES IN MILK
DETECTION OF INHIBITORY SUBSTANCES IN MILK DELVOTEST P 5 PACK/Visual & DelvoScan Reader (raw commingled cow milk, raw commingled goat milk and NCIMS accepted pasteurized cow and goat milk products) [Unless
More informationloopfull is removed from each dilution and transferred to capable of killing the test organism in 10 minutes but not GERMICIDAL SUBSTANCES
A NEW METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF GERMICIDAL SUBSTANCES A. J. SALLE, W. A. McOMIE AND I. L. SHECHMEISTER Department of Bacteriology, University of California, Berkeley, California Received for publication
More informationElevated Plasma Corticosterone Decreases Yolk Testosterone and Progesterone in Chickens: Linking Maternal Stress and Hormone-Mediated Maternal Effects
Elevated Plasma Corticosterone Decreases Yolk Testosterone and Progesterone in Chickens: Linking Maternal Stress and Hormone-Mediated Maternal Effects Rie Henriksen 1,2, Ton G. Groothuis 1., Sophie Rettenbacher
More informationField solution for the Artificial Insemination of Ethiopian Sheep Breeds
Ethiopian Sheep and Goat Value Chain Development Field solution for the Artificial Insemination of Ethiopian Sheep Breeds Reproductive package to effectively vehicle improved genetics from the communities
More informationSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF MELOXICAM IN BULK AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF MELOXICAM IN BULK AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS B.DHANDAPANI, S.ESWARA MURALI, N. SUSRUTHA, RAMA SWETHA, S K. SONIA RANI, T. SARATH BABU, G.V. SEETHARAMANJANEYULU,
More informationTREATMENT OF ANOESTRUS IN DAIRY CATTLE R. W. HEWETSON*
TREATMENT OF ANOESTRUS IN DAIRY CATTLE R. W. HEWETSON* Summary Six priming doses of 40 mg progesterone at two day intervals followed by 1,000 I.U. P.M.S. were superior to two priming doses plus P.M.S.
More informationRESULT OF STUDYING SOME ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AND CORTISOL IN PREGNANT EWES
Ulaankhuu.A and et al. (16) Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences ¹19 (3): 27-31 27 RESULT OF STUDYING SOME ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AND CORTISOL IN PREGNANT EWES A.Ulaankhuu 1*, G.Lkhamjav 2, Yoshio
More informationVisit ABLE on the Web at:
This article reprinted from: Lessem, P. B. 2008. The antibiotic resistance phenomenon: Use of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for inquiry based experimentation. Pages 357-362, in Tested
More informationCatherine Gulliver. Collaborators: Dr Edward Clayton, Dr Michael Friend, Dr John Wilkins, Dr Belinda King, Dr Susan Robertson
Catherine Gulliver Collaborators: Dr Edward Clayton, Dr Michael Friend, Dr John Wilkins, Dr Belinda King, Dr Susan Robertson Outline Background Why alter sex ratio? Factors affecting sex ratio? Maternal
More informationSera from 2,500 animals from three different groups were analysed:
FIELD TRIAL OF A BRUCELLOSIS COMPETITIVE ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOABSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) L.E. SAMARTINO, R.J. GREGORET, G. SIGAL INTA-CICV Instituto Patobiología Area Bacteriología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
More informationOverview of some of the latest development and new achievement of rabbit science research in the E.U.
First Jilin Rabbit Fair and Conference on Asian Rabbit Production Development, Changchun (China), 8-10 Septembre 2009. Overview of some of the latest development and new achievement of rabbit science research
More informationBovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits
Bovine Brucellosis Control of indirect ELISA kits (Pooled milk samples) Standard Operating Procedure Control of Bovine brucellosis Milk ELISA kits SOP Page 1 / 6 02 February 2012 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The
More informationA STRATEGY FOR DETECTING NATURAL ANTHELMINTIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE GRASSLAND SPECIES PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA.
ID # 11-08 A STRATEGY FOR DETECTING NATURAL ANTHELMINTIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE GRASSLAND SPECIES PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA. D.L. Gustine, M.A. Sanderson, J. Getzie, S. Donner, R. Gueldner, and N. Jennings USDA-ARS,
More information2009 MN Cattle Feeder Days Jolene Kelzer University of Minnesota Beef Team
2009 MN Cattle Feeder Days Jolene Kelzer University of Minnesota Beef Team 101.8 M total US cattle and calves (July 1) Down 1% from 2008 (103.3 M) 11.6 M total US cattle on feed (July 1) Down 5% from 2008
More informationTOTAL ANTIBIOTICS A NEW POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE FOR THE SCREENING OF COCCIDIOSTAT RESIDUES IN POULTRY MEAT. Jeevanandan, V., Kožárová, I.
DOI: 10.1515/FV-2016-0022 FOLIA VETERINARIA, 60, 3: 12 18, 2016 TOTAL ANTIBIOTICS A NEW POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE FOR THE SCREENING OF COCCIDIOSTAT RESIDUES IN POULTRY MEAT Jeevanandan, V., Kožárová, I. University
More informationA Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing
A Simply Smart Choice for Point-of-Care Testing The entire WITNESS line of canine and feline diagnostics tests are accurate, affordable, and easy to use WITNESS HEARTWORM WITNESS LH WITNESS RELAXIN Canine
More informationA Comparative Study of Induction of Estrus and Ovulation by Three Different Intravaginal Devices in Ewes during the Non- Breeding Season
Journal of Reproduction and Development, Vol. 50, No. 1, 2004 Original A Comparative Study of Induction of Estrus and Ovulation by Three Different Intravaginal Devices in Ewes during the Non- Breeding
More informationThe Estrous Cycle of the Markhoz Goat in Iran
111 Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 1, No. : 111-115 October www.ajas.info The Estrous Cycle of the Markhoz Goat in Iran A. Farshad*, S. Akhondzadeh, M. J. Zamiri 1 and GH. Sadeghi Department of Animal
More informationAvian developmental endocrinology: The effects and role of yolk hormones, sibling dynamics, and life-history
University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 12-2-2010 Avian developmental endocrinology: The effects and role of yolk hormones, sibling dynamics, and life-history Corinne
More informationAntibacterial activity of Stephania suberosa extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
B-O-021 Antibacterial activity of Stephania suberosa extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nongluk Autarkool *a, Yothin Teethaisong a, Sajeera Kupittayanant b, Griangsak Eumkeb a
More informationFactors affecting plate assay of gentamicin
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1977) 3, 17-23 Factors affecting plate assay of gentamicin II. Media D. C. Shanson* and C. J. Hince Department of Medical Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical
More informationUse of a synthetic progestogen in combination with a superovulatory. treatment for induction of synchronized estrus in seasonally anovular ewes.
Introduction Ewes & Progestogen - 1998 Sheep Day Report Use of a synthetic progestogen in combination with a superovulatory treatment for induction of synchronized estrus in seasonally anovular ewes. D.A.
More informationBeef Cattle Handbook
Beef Cattle Handbook BCH-2320 Product of Extension Beef Cattle Resource Committee Estrous Synchronization for Beef Cattle Gene H. Deutscher, Extension Beef Specialist, University of Nebraska This Fact
More informationPHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS
PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS M.F. Smith, G.A. Perry, J.A. Atkins, M.E. Risley, D.C. Busch, and D.J. Patterson Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia
More informationIsolation of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from soil of Kathmandu valley and assessment of their antimicrobial activities
International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences (IJOMAS) ISSN: 2382-5537 May 2016, 2(4):22-26 IJOMAS, 2016 Research Article Page: 22-26 Isolation of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from soil
More informationElevated corticosterone in feathers correlates with corticosterone-induced decreased feather quality: a validation study
J. Avian Biol. 42: 247252, 2011 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2010.05310.x # 2011 The Authors. J. Avian Biol. # 2011 J. Avian Biol. Received 10 August 2010, accepted 25 November 2010 Elevated corticosterone
More informationTitle. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(2): 101- Issue Date Doc URL. Type. File Information
Title INFORMATION: Thesis for the Doctor of Veterinary Med CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(2): 101- Issue Date 2004-08 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/10515 Type bulletin File Information
More informationECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF NARROW SPECTRUM ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS COMPARED TO BROAD SPECTRUM AGENTS ON THE HUMAN INTESTINAL MICROFLORA CARL ERIK NORD
Old Herborn University Seminar Monograph 3: Consequences of antimicrobial therapy for the composition of the microflora of the digestive tract. Editors: Carl Erik Nord, Peter J. Heidt, Volker Rusch, and
More informationVariation in Duration of Estrus. Dr. Michael Smith, Un. of Missouri August 17, Overview. Ovarian Structures Graffian follicle.
Dr. Michael Smith, Un. of Missouri August 17, 15 Overview Establishment of Pregnancy in Beef Cattle: Application of Basic Principles M.F. Smith 1, G.A. Perry, K.G. Pohler 1, S.E. Dickinson 1, and D.J.
More informationANTIBIOTICS IN PLASMA
by LC/MS Code LC79010 (Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Streptomycin, Linezolid, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Teicoplanin) INTRODUCTION Technically it defines "antibiotic" a substance of natural
More informationDetection of residues of quinolones in milk
Food Safety and Monitoring of Safety Aspects 77 Detection of residues of quinolones in milk Gertraud Suhren and P. Hammer Federal Dairy Research Centre, Institute for Hygiene, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1,
More informationHaving regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 152(4)(b) thereof,
14.10.2003 L 262/17 DIRECTIVE 2003/74/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2003 amending Council Directive 96/22/EC concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS VIRBAGEN OMEGA - EN 1
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS VIRBAGEN OMEGA - EN 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Virbagen Omega 5 MU for dogs Virbagen Omega 10 MU for dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
More informationAre Antibiotics a Concern in Distiller s Co-products?
Are Antibiotics a Concern in Distiller s Co-products? G.C. Shurson 1, D.M. Paulus 1, A. DiCostanzo 1, G.I. Crawford 2, F. Diez- Gonzalez 3, and R.C. Fink 3 1 Department of Animal Science 2 University of
More informationDetection of early pregnancy in sheep by the rosette inhibition test
Detection of early pregnancy in sheep by the rosette inhibition test H. Morton, C. D. Nancarrow, R. J. Scaramuzzi, B. M. Evison and G. J. A. Clunie Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University
More informationBighorn Sheep Hoof Deformities: A Preliminary Report
94 RH: Hoof deformities in Nebraska BHS Nordeen and Butterfield Bighorn Sheep Hoof Deformities: A Preliminary Report TODD NORDEEN, 1 Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, PO Box 725, Alliance, NE 69301,
More informationPOST SCREENING METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF BETA-LACTAM RESIDUES IN PIGS.
POST SCREENING METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF BETA-LACTAM RESIDUES IN PIGS. Lorraine Lynas, Deborah Currie and John D.G. McEvoy. Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Veterinary
More informationby adding different antibiotics to sera containing
J. clin. Path., 1977, 30, 521-525 Serum gentamicin assays of 100 clinical serum samples by a rapid 40 C Kiebsiella method compared with overnight plate diffusion and acetyltransferase assays D. C. SHANSONI
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Name of Veterinary Medicinal Product Endofluke 100 mg/ml Oral Suspension 2. Qualitative and Quantitative Composition Active Substance per ml Triclabendazole 100mg
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationSYNCHRONIZATION OF OESTRUS AND OVULATION IN BEEF HEIFERS
SYNCHRONIZATION O OESTRUS AND OVULATION IN BEE HEIERS B Y D. R. LAMOND* Summary orty Shorthorn heifers were removed from pasture, trucked 100 miles, a n d placed in yards. They were fed a ration containing
More informationMr. Heggie Page 1 of 7
CONTENT STANDARD 13.0 : PARTICIPATE IN LEADERSHIP TRAINING THROUGH MEMBERSHIP IN FFA PERFORMANCE STANDARD 13.1 : RECOGNIZE THE TRAITS OF EFFECTIVE LEADERS AND PARTICIPATE IN LEADERSHIP TRAINING THROUGH
More informationKlett-Summerson photoelectric colorimeter. The presence of the glucose RESISTANCE AND SYNERGISM IN STREPTOMYCIN
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE INHIBITION OF DRUG RESISTANCE AND SYNERGISM IN STREPTOMYCIN AND PENICILLIN' MORTON ELEIN AND LEONARD J. KIMMELMAN Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University
More informationComparison of long-term controlled internal drug release-based protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in postpartum beef cows 1
Published November 25, 2014 Comparison of long-term controlled internal drug release-based protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in postpartum beef cows 1 J. M. Nash,* D. A. Mallory,* M. R. Ellersieck,
More informationE.M.E. Groot a ; T.A.E. Stout a ; H.J. Bertschinger b ; P. Viljoen. 11 December 2011
Use of behavioural observations and faecal progesterone sampling to monitor reproductive cyclicity and pregnancy in captive South China tigers, with regard to breeding and rewilding E.M.E. Groot a ; T.A.E.
More informationComparison in Effect of Heatsynch with Heat Detection Aids and CIDR-Heatsynch in Dairy Heifers
Reprod Dom Anim 45, 500 504 (2010); doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01277.x ISSN 0936-6768 Comparison in Effect of with Heat Detection Aids and CIDR- in Dairy Heifers M Yusuf 1, T Nakao 1, C Yoshida 1, ST
More informationStability of Tylosin in Honey Impact on Residue Analysis Don Noot, Tom Thompson
Stability of Tylosin in Honey Impact on Residue Analysis Don Noot, Tom Thompson Background Information collaboration with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada project leader: Dr. Steve Pernal (Beaverlodge,
More informationConcentration of Enrofloxacin Residue from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Muscular That Infected by Aeromonas salmonicida
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A 4 (2014) 750-754 Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 1939-1250 doi: 10.17265/2161-6256/2014.09.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Concentration
More informationAN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF. Charles W. Miller, Jr. for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Sciences.
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Charles W. Miller, Jr. for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Sciences. Presented on 06 December 2000. Title: Fecal Progestins in the Early Gestation Ewe Monitored by
More information