Minimizing the use of antibiotics in poultry production. Tyson Food Inc. - USA

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Minimizing the use of antibiotics in poultry production. Tyson Food Inc. - USA"

Adela Hall
5 years ago
Views:

2 Minimizing the use of antibiotics in poultry production Tyson Food Inc. - USA

4 REDUCING ANTIBIOTIC USE WITH SOUND POULTRY HUSBANDRY Bill Hewat, DVM, MAM, DACPV Tyson Foods

5 Objectives of Presentation To describe broiler production conditions in the US (and other Countries where you may operate!?) To illustrate antibiotic-resistance issues in your production and market context To explain the evolution of broiler meat market, regulations and consumers trends toward limited antibiotic if not antibiotic-free production To illustrate prevention strategies as alternative to antibiotics or to minimize their use. To possibly present data supporting your (company) strategy.

6 National Placement/Volume Approximately 9,250,000,000 head placed annually

7 Players (Head slaughter/wk) Tyson 33,480,0000 Operations in US, China and India Pilgrim s Pride 28,850,000 Perdue 12,990,000 Koch 12,000,000 Sanderson 9,150,000 Wayne 6,590,000 Mountaire 6,480,000 Foster s 5,750,000 George s 5,300,000 Watt Poultry

8 US Production

9 Markets (Traditional & Niche) Cornish (2.10 lbs) Small Broiler Fast Food and portioning (3.6 to 4.10 lbs) Large Broiler Portioning, IQF Sales Clubs, Retail/Tray Pack (4.8 to 7.0 lbs) XL Broiler and XXL Broiler Debone, portioning, FP (7.0 to 9+ lbs) Organic, Veg Fed, RWA/Never-Ever

10 When Are Antibiotics Used in Poultry? Primarily used to combat RESPIRATORY AND ENTERIC Diseases Treatment The use of a specific procedure to treat or cure a disease Acute or secondary bacterial disease Control Ongoing procedures aimed at reducing disease that are imminent Coccidiosis Prevention Hindering the occurrence of disease in a susceptible population Mycoplasma Growth Enhancement The use of products that increase weight gain and improve feed efficiency

11 Antibiotic Transparency Customers want transparency around the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture: Antibiotic residues in food Antibiotic resistance in the environment Are these concerns valid? Clinical evidence to suggest antibiotic resistance may occur in a production unit Some suggest resistance transfers to humans Questions remain regarding animal welfare and sustainable food production

12 What is Antibiotic Free? Defined based on Retail Label or Customer Specification No Antibiotics Ever (NAE): no antibiotics are used in any phase of production. No Shared Class Use: Use of antibiotics that share classes with antibiotics used in human medicine are prohibited. (ionophores) Certified Use: Use of antibiotics labeled for poultry may be used in a defined and responsible manner as prescribed by a veterinarian. No antibiotics used for growth promotion

13 What is Antibiotic Free?

14 Our Job Convert grains into animal proteins (meat) using the chicken s gastrointestinal tract in an efficient and humane manner Always maintain Steady State Excessive variability creates stress Attempt to emulate Mother Nature Albeit may not look natural These factors, when properly applied to animal management, will lead to a healthy, happy and efficient flock with little need for antibiotics.

15 Components of Antibiotic Reduction Health Maintenance & Disease Prevention Housing and Infrastructure Biosecurity High quality DOC Management Practices (FLAWLB) Vaccination Disease Surveillance Antibiotic Stewardship Proper use of the correct antibiotic (judicious use, drug selection, dose, etc.) Sensitivity, absorption, withdrawal Antibiotic Alternatives Elements of Industry Disease eradication programs Marketing System (integration)

16 Health Maintenance

Health Maintenance - Infrastructure Facilities must be able to support

management, litter management, environmental control, utility

Properly designed and constructed Must include farms, hatcheries, feed

17 Health Maintenance - Infrastructure Facilities must be able to support Management and Biosecurity programs Animal Husbandry, mortality management, litter management, environmental control, utility preservation, etc. Properly designed and constructed Must include farms, hatcheries, feed mills, transportation and plant receiving Housing must be designed to provide a low stress environment Biosecurity Infrastructure Monitoring Modern Housing

18 Health Maintenance - Biosecurity First Stage Bio-Exclusion Prevent initial introduction Second Stage Bio-Reduction Reduce dose or times Third Stage Bio-Containment Prevent spread

19 Disease Triad DOSE = BIOSECURITY Properly designed infrastructure can facilitate management of dose

20 Health Maintenance - Biosecurity Mind-set or Way of Life Easy to talk about, hard to do. Written procedures requires training, teaching, and communication Biosecurity procedures should be second nature and never questioned or compromised for convenience Accepted principles practiced by all persons involved in the operation Regardless of the specifics of, all aspects should be practiced at all times Theoretical and physical barriers should never be compromised Control and Buffer Zones Lines of Demarcation Farm vs. House Biosecurity Requires proper infrastructure Deliberate actions and behaviors

Health Maintenance - DOC Quality Breeder Program Clean egg pack Proper handling Hatchery Proper incubation and sanitation High quality DOC Consistent DOC supply with similar:

21 Health Maintenance - DOC Quality Breeder Program Clean egg pack Proper handling Hatchery Proper incubation and sanitation High quality DOC Consistent DOC supply with similar: Maternal antibodies Parent management programs Maternal disease condition Parent age Importance of Mycoplasma freedom or control A good DOC sets the foundation for thrifty broilers

HEALTHY Maintains normal gut integrity Proper form to enhance feed intake Air Proper ventilation Elimination

22 Health Maintenance - Husbandry TOTAL CONTROL OF ENVRONMENT AND BIRDS Feed Properly formulated and freshly mixed High quality digestible ingredients Keep the No anti-nutritional factors gut Preserves normal gut flora HEALTHY Maintains normal gut integrity Proper form to enhance feed intake Air Proper ventilation Elimination of noxious materials (Ammonia, CO2, CO, moisture, dust) Provides fresh air (O2) Temperature and Moisture Control

Health Maintenance - Husbandry Water Good quality Adequate volume (drinking & cooling) Readily available at all times Clean & Fresh Litter Absorbent Good quality (residue &

23 Health Maintenance - Husbandry Water Good quality Adequate volume (drinking & cooling) Readily available at all times Clean & Fresh Litter Absorbent Good quality (residue & pathogen free) Adequate amount Dry, but not dusty Lights Maintain proper feed intake Proper intensity and duration Brooding Early access to feed, water, lights & correct temperature

24 Health Maintenance - Vaccination Vaccine management Matching the vaccine to the specific disease (ex. IBV) Proper cold chain, storage, and handling Accurate administration (mass application) Understand the balance of over and under vaccinating Use what s available but Prevent overuse Avoid vaccines that are overly virulent Consider disease and management status of flocks Don t create more problems than you solve

25 Health Maintenance - Surveillance Disease status must be monitored Serology Posting Sessions Sentinel Birds Observation (Gemba) A gemba walk is the term used to describe personal observation of work where the work is happening. The original Japanese term comes from gembutsu, which means real thing. 1. It also sometimes refers to the real place. The place where value is created.

26 Health Maintenance - Surveillance

27 Health Maintenance - Response Alternative products & programs may not be as efficacious as antibiotics, especially after onset of clinical signs, morbidity, etc. Anticipate changes in health and be Proactive Modify existing programs or alternatives during times of stress Disease cycling Feed changes Vaccination Temperature/Seasonal changes Turn-out Thinning Feed outs/ management mistakes If alternative approaches are ineffective, revert to traditional treatment

28 Antibiotic Stewardship

29 Antibiotic Stewardship Judicious Use 5 D s Right Diagnosis Right Drug Right Dose Right Duration De-escalation (narrowest spectrum antibiotic possible)

30 Antibiotic Stewardship Proper Use Mass Application Feed Water Withdrawal periods Courage to eliminate dependence on Chemical Control Decision tree or Cost vs Benefit analysis Attitude that can change

Antibiotic Stewardship - Alternatives While alternative compounds may not be as efficacious as traditional antibiotics, benefits do exist Use alternatives as first choice Never Don t treat

31 Antibiotic Stewardship - Alternatives While alternative compounds may not be as efficacious as traditional antibiotics, benefits do exist Use alternatives as first choice Never Don t treat Alternatives include Essential Oils/Botanicals (oregano, cinnamon, clove) Yeast/Fermentation products, ß-glucans, immunostimulants Enzymes Minerals (Copper sulfate, zinc, others) Pre/Probiotics Organic Acids Feed & Water application Alternatives should not be relied upon as complete solution

32 Elements of Industry

Elements of Industry - Disease Eradication Programs Programs supported

transmitted Mycoplasma & Salmonella species National Poultry

Plan diseases are not spread, flocks must be qualified for their

33 Elements of Industry - Disease Eradication Programs Programs supported by Government Targeted Diseases Primary pathogens Primarily vertically transmitted Mycoplasma & Salmonella species National Poultry Improvement Plan Reduce/eliminate the need for treatment To ensure that Plan diseases are not spread, flocks must be qualified for their intended Plan classifications before being moved into (breeder) production facilities - NPIP

Elements of Industry - Marketing Systems Integrated System -single entity that controls entire Live Bird Supply Chain Each segment has the same customer with the same

34 Elements of Industry - Marketing Systems Integrated System -single entity that controls entire Live Bird Supply Chain Each segment has the same customer with the same specification Open Market System -multiple entities with variable control of Live Bird Supply Chain The needs of the end customer and individual entities may not be the same

35 Real Life Experience China

36 Real Life Experience China

37 Real Life Experience China

38 Final Thoughts Consumers/customers are focusing on antibiotic residues that may become a Point of Differentiation for producers Must strike the important balance between protecting Animal Welfare/Health and the Production of High Quality and Safe Food Proper Disease Prevention practices result in less antibiotic use Use of antibiotics should be: Judicious use with as Narrow Spectrum as possible Used in accordance with local Regulatory Requirements Under the Supervision of an animal health professional Mass Application makes treatment more difficult in animals (poultry) that are difficult to handle individually Antibiotic Reduction/Elimination requires a Multifactorial approach that varies system to system

39 Thank You

40 Minimizing the use of antibiotics in poultry production AHS-GD - Holland

42 Antimicrobials: a rational (Dutch) approach M.J. Kense DVM, MAHM GD Animal Health Service Deventer, the Netherlands Merial Avian Forum, Barcelona, 28 th April 2016

43 GD/ Animal Health Service Veterinary expertise, advice and R&D Laboratory Develops and implements animal health programmes Monitoring Field trials Training & consultancy Diagnostics & Proficiency testing schemes Follows trends & developments Data analysis

44 Antibiotic use under pressure

47 Development antimicrobials and resistance Source: Högberg et al. (2010) Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol.31 No.11

48 Consumption of antimicrobials for systemic use in EU/EEA countries 2012 Source: Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe

49 (Veterinary) Antibiotic use leads to??? Increase in MRSA ESBL VRE 2008 study: Every year > patients in the European Union alone die from an infection caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria Estimated additional health-care costs and productivity losses are

50 Staphylococcus aureus. % invasive MRSA isolates 2014 Source: Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe

51 Prevalence MRSA Humans & broilers (NL) Humans All humans: 5% positive Prevalence in Dutch hospitals low: Broilers Flocks on slaughterhouse positive 35% Employees slaughterhouse: 5,6% Poultry meat >90% Source: Wagenaar JA en van de Giessen AW. Veegerelateerde MRSA: epidemiologie in dierlijke productieketens,

52 ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase) 10% humans carry ESBL All broiler farms positive 94% meat positive for ESBL 33% of farmers/employees positive Source: Dierikx 20% et al ESBL 2013, Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase- forming E. coli and in AmpC-β-lactamase-producing humans genetically

53 European surveillance 2008: The European Council called upon the Member States to: strengthen surveillance systems improve the quality of data on antimicrobial resistance consumption of antimicrobial agents within both humans and veterinary sectors

54 European surveillance 2009: The European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) project was launched. 2010: Started collection and reporting of data on the use of antimicrobial agents in animals from EU Member States.

55 European Policy Directive on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents (2003/99/EC) Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine (2015/C 299/04)

57 The European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) Source: Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 26 EU/EEA countries in Fifth ESVAC Report.

58 Sales antimicrobials for veterinary use (2013) PCU: Population correction unit Source: Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 26 EU/EEA countries in Fifth ESVAC Report.

59 Sales in tonnes of veterinary antimicrobials for food producing animals ( ) PCU: Population correction unit Source: Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 26 EU/EEA countries in Fifth ESVAC Report.

60 The Dutch Model Agreement 2008: Taskforce reduction antimicrobial resistance the Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority SDa (2010) Better relation between vets and their farmers Registration antimicrobial use farms and vets Benchmarking Advise of the health council (2011) 2012: Volentary stop of production of medicated feed

Sales veterinary antimicrobial agents in NL:1999-2012 Source: Report Usage of Antibiotics in

61 Sales veterinary antimicrobial agents in NL: Source: Report Usage of Antibiotics in Agricultural Livestock in the Netherlands in 2014; Trends and benchmarking of livestock farms and veterinarians

62 Total sales antimicrobials and antimicrobial growth promoters NL

63 Dutch indicators broiler farms 2015 Action zone: >30 DD/AY Immediate action needed Signaling zone: DD/AY Antibiotic use needs special attention Target zone: <15 DD/AY No immediate action needed

64 Advice Health council No use in animals of all new antibiotics: Carbapenems, tigecycline, daptomycin, oxazolidones, mupirocin etc. No more use of Fluoroquinolones and 3rd/4th generation Cephalosporins: unless there is no alternative

Trends in antimicrobial use per species 2004-2014 Bleu: Veal Orange: Broilers Dark green: Sows/piglets Light green: Fattening pigs Source:

65 Trends in antimicrobial use per species Bleu: Veal Orange: Broilers Dark green: Sows/piglets Light green: Fattening pigs Source: Report Usage of Antibiotics in Agricultural Livestock in the Netherlands in 2014; Trends and benchmarking of livestock farms and veterinarians

66 Dutch reduction goals and achievements in broilers Antimicrobial use in broilers Year DD/AY Achieved (%) Goal (%) , , , , , ,0 65 Year Reduction 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd choice antimicrobials 1 st choice (DD/AY) 2 nd choice (DD/AY) 3 rd choice (DD/AY) ,0 15,4 2, ,4 12,6 1, ,2 8,7 0, ,6 7,1 0, ,9 6,1 0,15

67 Shifts in proportion Dutch farms in benchmark zones Target zone % Signaling zone % Action zone % Broilers Turkeys Source: SDA report Usage of antibiotics in agricultural livestock in the Netherlands in Trends and benchmarking of livestock farms and veterinarians

68 What Next!! Health council evaluation SDa/ KPMG report: investigation of antimicrobial registration by veterinarians and the databases SDa report: relations between antimicrobial use and prevalence of resistant microorganisms

69 Health council evaluation 2015 Total use Stagnation in e /4 e generation cephalosporin Polymyxin (but not in Poultry) Advice Focus on farms and vets in action zone Adjust benchmark targets

70 SDa report Relation between antimicrobial use and presence of resistant microorganisms Decline in presence of resistance in E. coli In Veal, pigs and broilers (faeces samples) Benchmark method not adjusted Not enough data Monitoring resistance slaughterhouses: indication Samples on farm level would be better

71 Report Council for animal maters Completely antibimicrobial free industry with good animal welfare is impossible Monitoring of animal welfare indicators Selective and responsible use of antimicrobials. Focus on farms and vets that use and prescribe high levels of antimicrobials. Industry innovations: research into practices, stimulation with incentives

72 Dutch National Poultry antibiogram Assessing the clinical breakpoints for poultry pathogens isolated out of lesions. Goals: Source for vet when choosing an antimicrobial Early Warning System shifts in sensitivity Monitoring specific resistance (like ESBL en MRSA) Continues quality control of veterinary practices Data for new drugs formulary

73 Results 2015 E. coli E. coli (n=350) MARAN 2014 MARAN 2015 Antimicrobieel agens MIC waarden (µg/ml) MIC 50 MIC 90 S I R Conv Org Broilers Layers 0,25 0, >1024 (µg/ml) (µg/ml) (%) (%) (%) R (%) R (%) R (%) R (%) a Amoxicilline/Clavulaanzuur 0,6 0,3 7,1 39,7 14,9 31,1 4,6 0,3 1, Ampicilline 0,0 0,0 2,0 32,6 20,0 1,7 0,0 0,3 43,4 4 > Apramycine 97,7 1,7 0,6?8? Colistine 93,1 3,1 2,0 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6?0,5?0, Cefotaxim 93,7 0,6 1,1 4,6?1? Enrofloxacine 83,7 3,4 4,3 0,9 7,7?0, Florfenicol 24,8 52,3 20,9 2, Fluméquine 60,3 12,9 12,3 2,0 12,5?2 > Gentamicine 96,6 1,4 0,6 1,4?2? Neomycine 95,1 1,1 0,9 2,9?4? Sulfamethoxazol 41,4 5,4 2,9 50,3 >256 > Spectinomycine 0,8 11,1 52,9 12,6 4,9 17,7 32 > Streptomycine 23,4 38,9 6,6 5,4 6,3 5,7 13,7 4 > b Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazol 62,6 1,4 0,9 0,9 1,1 33,1?0,25 > Tetracycline 2,6 12,0 38,9 12,0 0,3 0,8 4,0 29,4 1 > Tiamuline 0,3 0,0 0,6 99,1 >32 > Tilmicosine 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 99,7 >32 > Tylosine 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 99,7 >4 >4 R int R int R int Trimethoprim 62,3 0,8 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,3 36,3?0,5 > % from 1 st week of live

74 Future Adjustments of formulary Based on effectivity and not only on chance of resistance Pharmacokinetics Sensitivity of pathogen Benchmarking of: Animal welfare parameters Hatcheries Feed companies

75 Owner compliance Practical guidelines Pharmaco- kinetic/- dynamic considerations Education Antimicrobial stewardship Clinical microbiology data National, international regulations Infection control practices Resistance and use surveillance

76 Questions

120 mln. 17 mln. The Netherlands. 12 million swine. 100 million poultry. 1,5 million dairy cows. 1 million veal calves. 1,5 million sheep and goats

120 mln. 17 mln. The Netherlands. 12 million swine. 100 million poultry. 1,5 million dairy cows. 1 million veal calves. 1,5 million sheep and goats FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries Final Workshop in cooperation with AVA Singapore and INFOFISH 12-14