Equine Pharmacology. Cynthia Cole DVM, PhD, DACVCP. Bradford Bentz VMD, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC, DABVP (equine) Lara Maxwell DVM, PhD, DACVCP.

Transcription

1 Equine Pharmacology

2 Equine Pharmacology Editors Cynthia Cole DVM, PhD, DACVCP Director of Research & Development, Mars Veterinary, Portland, Oregon, USA Bradford Bentz VMD, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC, DABVP (equine) Equine Medicine and Surgery, Bossier City, Louisiana, USA Lara Maxwell DVM, PhD, DACVCP Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA

3 This edition first published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Editorial offices 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa , USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: /2015. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for. Hardback ISBN: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Set in 8.5/12pt Meridien by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

4 Contents Contributors, vi Preface, viii Section 1: General Review Section 1 Horse of a different color: Peculiarities of equine pharmacology, 3 Lara Maxwell 2 Basics of antimicrobial therapy for the horse, 16 Cynthia Cole 3 Anesthesia and sedation in the field, 44 Jennifer E. Carter 4 Clinical application of equine analgesics, 63 Sheilah A. Robertson and L. Chris Sanchez 5 Pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 76 Cynthia Cole 6 Parasiticides for use in horses, 85 Tad Coles and Randy Lynn 7 Foals are not just mini horses, 99 K. Gary Magdesian 8 Fluids and electrolytes for the equine clinician, 118 Brett Tennent-Brown 9 Drug and medication control programs in equine athletes, 131 Scot Waterman and Jennifer Durenburger Section 2: Therapeutics: A Systems Approach 10 Clinical pharmacology of the respiratory system, 139 Melissa R. Mazan and Michelle L. Ceresia 11 Clinical application of gastrointestinal therapeutics, 183 L. Chris Sanchez 12 Treatment of equine nervous system disorders, 192 Cynthia Cole and Bradford Bentz 13 Clinical pharmacology of the equine musculoskeletal system, 218 Bradford Bentz 14 Therapy of the eye, 254 Amber Labelle 15 Pharmacological treatment of equine endocrine diseases, 270 Dianne McFarlane 16 Equine cardiovascular clinical pharmacology, 279 Meg Sleeper 17 Clinical pharmacology of diseases of the equine urinary system, 291 Nora Nogradi and Balazs Toth Index, 308 v

5 Contributors Bradford Bentz, VMD, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC, DABVP (equine) Equine Medicine and Surgery Bossier City, LA, USA Jennifer E. Carter, DVM, MANZCVS, DACVAA, CVPP Lecturer in Veterinary Anaesthesia Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Melbourne Werribee, Australia Michelle L. Ceresia, PharmD MCPHS University Boston, MA, USA Cynthia Cole, DVM, PhD, DACVCP Director of Research & Development Mars Veterinary Portland, OR, USA Tad Coles, DVM Kansas City, MO, USA Jennifer Durenburger, DVM, JD Director of Racing Massachusetts Gaming Commission Boston, MA, USA Amber Labelle, DVM, MS, DACVO Assistant Professor Comparative Ophthalmology Veterinary Teaching Hospital University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA Randy Lynn, DVM, MS, DACVCP Greensboro, NC, USA Dianne McFarlane, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, ABVP /Ricks-Rapp Professor Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA Lara Maxwell, DVM, PhD, DACVCP Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA Melissa R. Mazan, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton, MA, USA Nora Nogradi, DVM, DACVIM Equine Internal Medicine Specialist Dubai Equine Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates Sheilah A. Robertson, BVMS (Hons), PhD, DECVAA, DACVAA, Dip ECAWBM (WSEL) Specialist in Welfare Science, Ethics and Law, DACAW, MRCVS Professor Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA L. Chris Sanchez, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA K. Gary Magdesian, DVM, DACVIM, ACVCP, ACVECC Henry Endowed Chair in Emergency Medicine and Critical Care School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, CA, USA Meg Sleeper, VMD, DACVIM (Cardiology) of Cardiology/Clinician Educator School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA vi

6 Contributors vii Brett Tennent-Brown, BVSc, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC The University of Melbourne Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Balazs Toth, DVM, MS, MSc, DACVIM Section Head Equine Internal Medicine Equine Department and Clinic Szent István University Dora-Major, Hungary Scot Waterman, DVM Animal Welfare and Medical Advisor Arizona Department of Racing Tucson, AZ, USA

7 Preface The objective of this book is to provide practitioners and veterinary students with a concise and practical guide to equine clinical pharmacology. Although some equine pharmacology texts choose to emphasize complete in-depth reviews of the scientific literature, this approach does not necessarily help the practitioner choose the best therapeutic approach for a specific clinical situation. In contrast, whereas formulary texts are extremely popular for their ease of use and simplicity, there is much more to the successful use of therapeutic medications in horses than simply choosing a dose and dosing frequency. Therefore, we sought authors for this book who are both experts in the specific topic of interest and also had experience or interest in clinical pharmacology. Because we wanted the text to be very practical with a clinical approach, we sought individuals who deal with medication issues on a regular basis, either in their patients in the clinics, in the course of their research, or in many cases a combination of both. The text is divided into two sections. Section 1 begins with a discussion of some of the important differences between horses and other species in terms of clinical pharmacology. This is an extremely important chapter because many of the therapeutics used in horses have not been well studied and their potential benefits and risks are extrapolated from studies in other species. Practitioners need to be aware of the limitations and caveats of such extrapolations. This section also covers a broad range of clinical pharmacology topics that commonly confront the equine practitioner, including antimicrobials, anesthesia, analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and anti-parasiticides. A separate chapter on the clinical pharmacology of foals was included to stress how their unique physiology has ramifications in the use of therapeutics in neonates. Although fluids and electrolytes are not uniformly considered to be within the realm of clinical pharmacology, we included a chapter on this topic because fluids and electrolyte balance are critical components of many therapeutic plans for critically ill horses. Finally, a discussion of drug and medication control programs was included because most equine athletes compete under such regulations, so it is important for practitioners to know where they can get accurate, up-to-date information on those rules. Section 2 takes a systems approach to clinical pharmacology. Often pharmacology is presented by drug classes, but rarely is only a single class of drugs indicated in the treatment of a disease condition. By discussing therapeutic approaches for diseases that affect each organ system, a concise, logical, and comprehensive guide is provided to the practitioner. The systems covered range from the ophthalmic to cardiovascular. Because the same drug may be used in the therapy of several different diseases, therapeutics may appear in multiple chapters. For example, the use of NSAIDs is discussed in a summary chapter in Section 1 but are also included in several chapters in Section 2. viii