UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

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1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION August 2003 Dear producer, This month is newsletter will deal with two topics: (1) a complete list of different principles to prevent mastitis. These principles are in English and Spanish so that you will have the opportunity to discuss them with your Spanish speaking workers, and (2) the effect of protein intake on nitrogen excretion in dairy cows. With regards the second point, the new regulations are too complex to be solved with simple recipes. While these are being approved, I suggest to try to learn about the new situation so you will equipped with more tools to make better choices in the future when these coming regulations are applied. Meanwhile, it is very important to organize the information, keeping files of the farms inputs and outputs. You need to work together with your nutritionist or advisors, and do not hesitate to visit your UC Cooperative Extension offices if you have any question. Best regards, Alejandro R. Castillo Dairy Advisor 1

2 NITROGEN EXCRETION IN DAIRY COWS: EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN Alejandro R Castillo, Dairy Science Advisor, UCCE, Merced County, CA Nitrogen (N) is an important part of protein feeds averaging 16% of dry matter (DM). Protein content in feeds is commonly determined by indirect methods through its N content, or Kjeldahl analysis. These analyses normally include true proteins and different non-protein N fractions (NPN). For this reason, protein content in feeds is called Crude Protein (CP). The factor for CP transformation in feeds from its N content is indicated as Nx6.25. Based on the N and protein digestion in dairy cows total digestive tract, CP in feeds is divided into two main fractions: Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP). The degradable fraction is the protein available for rumen microorganism to produce microbial protein. Both, microbial protein and diet RUP might cover the necessities of the cows to produce milk, meat and/or body weight gain. Due to the lack of information, some years ago it was recommended to over feed cows with protein. Nevertheless, a significant advance in the knowledge on protein requirement in ruminants has been produced in the last years. Nowadays, research work has clearly shown that it is inadvisable to over feed cows with protein. The aim of this newsletter is to discuss the way protein intake impacts on nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. In general, the efficiency of N utilization to produce protein in milk is low. For example, considering total N output in milk/total N input at farm level (feeds, fertilizers, bedding, etc), it can be as low as 12%, in an inefficient situation to more than 30%, in good controlled conditions. The total mass efficiency of N utilization in a dairy farm (total N output/total N input at farm level) can vary from about 50 to 80% with good management and control conditions. These numbers suggest two things: (1) it is impossible to close a zero N balance at farm level and (2) there is an important range of situations to improve N utilization. Analyzing different research studies with low and high yielding dairy cows, nitrogen intake is highly correlated to N excretion (Figure 1). Below approximately 400 g of N intake, which represents about 2,500 kg (or 5,500 lbs) of CP intake/cow/day, feces is the main route of N output, with urinary N excretion increasing in an exponential way above this level. From 200 to more than 700 g N intake/cow/day, feces excretion increases less than 100 g. The low slope of N excretion by feces could be explained by the normal high quality feeds for lactating cows with low insoluble N in the fiber and high protein digestibility. Clearly, all the dietary protein in excess of animal requirements will follow the urinary way, which is difficult to manage and easily lost to the air. Figure 1 Nitrogen output (g N-urine N-feces Nitrogen intake (g/day) 2

3 These studies also indicate a potential to support high yielding dairy cows with about 17.0% of CP in the diets, with minimal or no impact on milk production. But cows eat grams not percentages. The percent of CP required in a ration to specific level of milk production can vary with the intake. For that reason, one very important point is maintaining good DM intake levels, adjusting protein intake according to requirements, minimizing CP percent in the diets. This also would mean to decrease purchase of some feeds. Other studies indicates that 5% increase in DM intake lowers the % CP required in the ration by about 1% unit to obtain the same amount of CP intake. A reduction of 1% of CP in the diet also could represent about 40 g/cow/d less of N excretion in feces plus urine. Besides managing CP intake, the other two strategies which can help to decrease N excretion are: (1) managing protein degradability in the diet and (2) using protected amino acids. Feeding diets not properly balanced for ruminally degradable (RDP) and undegradable protein (RUP) or amino acids may increase nitrogen excretion by feces and urine. Figure 2, shows information about cows which received well balanced diets in terms of total protein intake, but proteins were changed from high to low degradability. Cows maintained milk yield and composition, and N excretion shifted from urine to feces when protein degradability in the diets changes from high to low degradability. These results show that diets not only have to be balanced for protein intake, but also demonstrate that protein degradability can play an important role on N excretion. Figure 2. (Columns, white: N Fecal; black: N Urine) Nitrogen output (g/d) H M L Diet level of protein degradability (H: high; M: medium; L: low) In the last years, more research has been produced on amino acids requirement for lactating dairy cows. Lysine and methionine have been identified most frequently as first limiting amino-acids for milk production. The most direct evidence of their limitation has been observed by infusing these amino acids in the abomasum or duodenum. Different trials feeding ruminally protected methionine and lysine have confirmed the results of infusion studies. Balancing dietary amino acids to supply RUP deficiencies with protected aminoacids allows significantly decreasing protein intake as RUP and as a consequence decreasing N excretion by feces and urine. Balancing the microbial nitrogen requirement in the rumen with RDP and the amino acids requirement as RUP in lactating cows is going to be one of the key strategies to minimize N excretion maintaining high lactation performance. Work closely with your nutritionist and get ready to keep the N balances in your farm by keeping all the records (N input and N output). The next newsletter will discuss how energy in the diet (fiber, starch and fat) can affect N excretion in lactating cows. 3

4 PRINCIPLE-BASED MASTITIS PREVENTION John H. Kirk, DVM, MPVM, Veterinary Medicine, Extension, University of California- Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, USA Introduction In reality, each country or even regions of countries have very different dairy industries. Consider the difference between milking setups on the US Midwest compared to California. The emphasis on mastitis prevention and control vary greatly as does the economic value of the milk products. Public health concerns also vary as does the interest in milk quality. Therefore, principle-based mastitis prevention should be applied to accommodate for these geographic and regional differences rather than specific recommendations. Principle #1: Milk cows with clean, dry teats and teat ends. Impact: Milk quality, environmental mastitis, liner slips, milk out and parlor throughput This will aid in prevention of mastitis from environmental sources and help to preserve milk quality as measured by bacterial plate and coliform counts. Teats and teat ends should be washed with water and dried completely before the milk is taken by hand or machine. Emphasis should be placed on the teat ends. An additional positive step may be predipping with a sanitizing solution similar to those used for post-milking teat dipping. Sprinkler pens and drip-dry pens may be used in large milking plants. Proper maintenance of the sprinklers is essential. These actions also aid the stimulation of adequate milk letdown and timely milkout thus increasing parlor throughput. Whatever the technique, the end result should be the same.clean, dry teats and teat ends. Principle #2: Prevent transfer of pathogens from cow to cow during milking. Impact: Contagious mastitis, milk quality This has been universally successful to control most contagious mastitis pathogens by preventing spread from one infected cow to non-infected cows during the milking process. Many different techniques can be used to control transfer. The main idea is to do nothing that will pick up bacteria from one cow and move it to another cow. Single use towels (paper, cloth, wipes) should be used in preparation of the udder and teats. Single use simply means the towels are only used on one cow and then discarded. Sponges and common rags are prohibited. Gloves for milkers are helpful and should permit constant washing with irritation to hands. Separate milking units for infected cows, established milking orders to protect the non-infected cows, hospital pens with separate milking equipment are all appropriate methods. Hospital cows should not be milked with the fresh cows. Post-milking teat dipping is very important. The more of the teat that is covered the more effective will be the teat dip. At least 90% of the teat should be covered. Dipping with a cup is usually more effective than spraying. Principle #3. Prevent injury to the teats during milking. Impact: Mastitis, milk out, parlor throughput Any injuries to the teats or teat ends will eventually end up with a new case of mastitis. Important steps are proper milking techniques (attachment, alignment and removal of machines), proper milking machine design/function, routine and timely changing 4

5 of inflations, and continuous maintenance of the milking equipment (cleaning pulsators, etc.). Periodic assessment of teat end condition may be a useful indicator. Environmental sources of injuries should also be controlled (bedding, housing, free stall design and maintenance, frostbite). Teat dips should be clearly identified, properly mixed and stored to prevent temperature degradation. Principle #4. Provide an environment that allows the cows to remain clean between milking. Impact: Environmental mastitis, milk quality, parlor throughput, cow comfort Clean bedding and resting areas will prevent contamination of teat ends from environmental sources and reduce the preparation time prior to milking. Proper cow comfort will increase use of freestalls. Assessment of free stall usage is a useful technique to measure cow comfort. Environment will also have a direct influence on milk quality especially if Principle #1 is violated. Items of interest are good drainage, routine removal of manure, and proper ventilation. Prevent overcrowding in housing areas. Appropriate types of bedding are important for different stages of lactation. Dry cows must be provided the very best of care. Additional areas of concern are freestalls (design, size, daily grooming and routine replacement) and the types of bedding utilized (sand, recycled manure, mattresses). Pastured cattle must not be allowed to develop wet wallows in shaded areas. Principle #5. Early detection of new infections (clinical and subclinical). Impact: Response to treatment, chronic infections, culling This is necessary to preserve milk flow, insure desirable response to treatment and to prevent chronic infections. Prompt detection of mastitis will preclude severe mastitis outbreaks. Early detection may be by prestripping prior to milking, observation of the udder and teats, California mastitis test, various forms of electronic somatic cell counting or electrical conductivity. Multiple detection systems are desirable and should be routinely used. Milkers should be trained to use these techniques and management feedback is important. Principle #6. Proper use of medications. Impact: Success of treatment, cost control, residues in milk and meat Appropriate use of medications is necessary to insure treatment success, prevent chronic infections, control cost of medications and prevent antibiotic residues in milk. Written treatment protocols are the key to success. These protocols should assign the various responsibilities such as detection, treatment, record keeping and cow identification to specific individuals. The herd veterinarian should be actively involved in the development of treatment protocols for each herd and training workers that will administer the treatments. Commercially prepared, single use antibiotics should be used and properly stored to insure potency. Extra-label usage of antibiotics should be limited and under the specific advice of the herd veterinarian. Coordinate antibiotic usage in herd with the residue screening test being used by the creamery. Principle #7. Control duration of infections. Impact: Decreased prevalence, decreased culling Infection duration should be minimized whenever possible. Long duration chronic infections heavily damage the secretory tissues resulting in lost milk production. Additionally, chronically infected cows are the source of infection for many other cows within the herd. 5

6 Along with Principle #5, dry cow antibiotic treatment at the end of lactation for all cows in all quarters is a very effective method for controlling duration of infection. In some cases, treatment of dry cows towards the end of the dry period with lactating cow antibiotics has been shown to be effective especially for environmental pathogens. Principle #8. Monitor mastitis status. Impact: Prevent outbreaks, culling information The prevalence and incidence of mastitis within the herd must be known and monitored on a regular basis. A surveillance system will allow early identification of herd problem areas before they seriously impact milk production. Monitoring can be by somatic cell counting, written records of clinical cases, and culture of the bulk tank milk, fresh cows, clinical cases and high SCC cows. Culture should be for bacteria and mycoplasma. Monitoring information can be stratified by days in milk and lactation status to aid in identification of problem areas. Action points should be established for each item monitored to insure a rapid response. Principle #9. Raise mastitis free replacements. Impact: Permit culling for production, reduced herd prevalence This will insure ability to cull for mastitis in older cows, lower the prevalence of herd infection and preclude the need to purchase adult cow replacements. Key items are to prevent teat suckling in calves, feed mastitis-free milk and provide a clean environment. When waste milk from the hospital cows is fed to calves, it should be pasteurized to minimize risk of infecting young calves. Fly control is necessary to prevent teat injury and spread of mastitis pathogens to replacement heifers. Principle #10. Assume all purchased replacements are infected. Impact: Control introduction of new pathogens When purchase of replacement is necessary, whether heifers or cows, assume that they are infected at the time they enter the herd. Try to obtain an accurate mastitis history from the herd of origin - bulk tank SCC, individual cow SCC, bulk tank culture - before purchase. All replacements should be cultured, ideally prior to entering the milking strings, but at least as soon as possible after entering the herd. This will control spread of new organisms from new cows to the current herd. Monitoring is absolutely required if animals are routinely purchased. Principle #11. Provide adequate nutrition to preclude increased susceptibility to mastitis. Impact: Control new infection rate The mammary gland can resists most infections if it is adequately supplied with the essential nutrients it needs to maintain resistance to new infections. Those microminerals which are important are selenium, copper, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin E. When these are not supplied in adequate quantities, the rate of new infections may increase. TMR is the easiest means to provide the proper amounts. Injections provide levels of only short duration and salt block give mixed results due to variable intake. Suggested levels of supplementation (amount/cow/day): Selenium 6 mg 6

7 Copper Zinc Vitamin A Vitamin E mg mg 100, ,000 IU IU, milking cows 1000 IU, dry cows Principle #12. Fly control. Impact: Teat end injury, new infection rate Flies are known to carry bacteria from one place to another. Often they will carry mastitis pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus from one source to the teat ends of heifers or cows. They can also cause sites for infections by biting the teat ends. Basic fly control involves prevention of breeding sites through routine removal of manure and decaying feeds. Insecticide ear tags and sprays may also helpful. Principle #13. Provide routine milker training. Impact: All areas of mastitis prevention and control, milk quality New milkers should be trained and other milkers should be routinely refreshed on the milking techniques that they are expected to use. Old habits are difficult to break so starting out with the proper techniques may improve compliance. Feedback on mastitis control and milk quality can be used as re-enforcement and encouragement. Bulk tank somatic cell counts, plate counts, coliform counts, etc should be posted for milkers to see. Principle #14. Assigned responsibilities for all areas of mastitis prevention. Impact: Job knowledge, shared responsibility, improved compliance For each of these principles, there should be a written job assignment to a specific individual. Everyone should know and understand their part in mastitis prevention. When mastitis outbreaks occur, the weak link can be identified and corrective action taken. The use of TQM (Total Quality Management), HACCP (Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point) BTM (Break-through Management) technology can applied for this principle. Summary Despite the variations in production husbandry and management across borders and geographical regions, attention to these principles of mastitis prevention can be applied with success in any location. It is up to the dairymen to contrive ways to apply each principle in a way that is appropriate for his type of dairy and management system. Dairymen the world over are ingenious and can get the job done. The results of routine attention will be low prevalence of mastitis and higher production of quality milk. 7

8 PRINCIPIOS Y BASES PARA LA PREVENSION DE MASTITIS John H. Kirk, DVM, MPVM, University of California-Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, USA Introducción En la actualidad, cada país o más aun, cada región tiene diferentes características en los sistemas de producción de leche. Por ejemplo, considerando las diferencias entre los sistemas de ordeñe en el medio-oeste de los EEUU. En California, el énfasis en la prevención de la mastitis y su control varía mucho y determina el valor de la leche y los productos lácteos. La preocupación sobre la salud pública también puede ser diferente y es otro aspecto importante relacionado con la calidad de la leche. Con el objetivo de lograr una baja prevalencia de mastitis y alta calidad de la leche, los principios generales para la prevención de la mastitis deben ser aplicados y acomodarse a las diferencias de manejo, geográficas y regionales. Principio #1: Ordeñar las vacas con los pezones limpios y secos, especialmente la punta del pezón. Impacto: Mejor calidad de leche, control de mastitis ambientales, subida de pezoneras, duración del ordeñe y eficiencia de ordeñe. Estas medidas ayudarán a prevenir las mastitis por fuentes ambientales y a preservar la calidad de la leche cuando el conteo es por placas bacterianas y coliformes. Tanto el pezón como la punta del mismo deben ser lavados con agua y secados completamente antes de que se inicie el ordeñe ya sea manual o mecánico. Se debe dar un énfasis especial a la punta de los pezones. Otra medida positiva adicional puede ser el preddiping, o sea, sumergir a los pezones antes del ordeñe en una solución antiséptica similar a la que se usa para el postdipping. Aspersores y rociadores en los corrales antes del ordeñe también son recomendados en las lecherías grandes. Un adecuado mantenimiento de los rociadores es esencial. Estas acciones ayudan a estimular la bajada de la leche, disminuir el tiempo de ordeñe y la eficiencia del ordeñe. Independientemente de la técnica que se use, el resultado final debe ser el mismo: pezones limpios y completamente secos, especialmente la punta de los mismos. Principio #2: Prevenir la transferencia de organismos patógenos de una vaca a otra durante el ordeñe. Impacto: Disminución de mastitis contagiosas y mejor calidad de leche. El resultado más exitoso para el control de las mastitis contagiosas por organismos patógenos es mediante la prevención, o sea, evitar la difusión de la mastitis de una vaca enferma a otra sana durante el proceso de ordeñe. Se pueden usar muchas técnicas diferentes para controlar la transferencia de patógenos. La principal idea es evitar el traspaso de bacterias de una vaca a otra. Se recomienda el uso de toallas individuales (de papel, tela o trapo) en la preparación de la ubre y los pezones. El uso individual significa que solamente se usa una toalla con cada vaca y luego se descarta. Las esponjas o lo pedazos de trapo usados en varios animales están prohibidos. El uso de guantes por parte del personal de ordeñe puede ser útil, pero deben lavarse las manos periódicamente para evitar que se irriten. El ordeñe de las vacas infectadas separadas o en diferentes unidades de ordeñe ayuda a proteger las vacas sanas. Un corral hospital para las vacas enfermas con una unidad de ordeñe diferente es también otro método recomendado. Se debe evitar el ordeñe de las vacas recién paridas en el corral donde están las vacas enfermas. El sellado de los pezones después del ordeñe es muy importante. Una vez finalizado el ordeñe los pezones deben ser totalmente sumergidos (no menos del 90%) en una 8

9 solución antiséptica, proceso denominado postdipping. Mientras más se cubra el pezón, más efectiva será la acción del antiséptico. El uso de una taza o vaso es mucho más eficiente que el rociado. Principio #3. Prevenir daños de los pezones durante el ordeñe. Impacto: Mastitis, bajada de la leche, eficiencia de ordeñe. Cualquier herida o lesión en los pezones o en la punta de los mismos, termina en un nuevo caso de mastitis. Es muy importante aplicar una rutina correcta de ordeñe (colocación de las pezoneras, alineamiento y remoción de las mismas), la maquina de ordeñar debe funcionar correctamente, se debe llevar a cabo un correcto y rutinario control del equipo de ordeñe (control de pezoneras, presión de vació, limpieza de pulsadores, etc.). Un control periódico de los pezones, especialmente del orificio del pezón, puede ser un buen indicador de algún problema en los mismos. Se deben controlar todos los lugares o ambientes donde pueda existir algún peligro de lesión para los animales, (como camas, corrales, diseño y mantenimiento de los galpones, etc.). Se deben identificar y almacenar correctamente las pezoneras o tetinas de reemplazo para prevenir una posible degradación por la temperatura. Principio #4. Proveer un ambiente que permita a las vacas permanecer limpias entre ordeñes. Impacto: Mastitis ambientales, calidad de leche, eficiencia de ordeñe y confort de las vacas. Las camas y las áreas de descanso limpias previenen la contaminación de los pezones por microorganismos ambientales y reducen el tiempo de preparación y lavado de los pezones. Un confort apropiado de las vacas implica un mayor uso de los corrales (freestalls). Una evaluación del uso de los corrales puede ser útil para determinar la comodidad de los animales. El ambiente donde se encuentran las vacas tiene una relación directa con la calidad de la leche, especialmente si el Principio #1 es violado. Los aspectos de mayor interés que deben ser controlados son: un buen drenaje, la rutina diaria de remoción de estiércol (heces mas orina) y la ventilación. Se debe evitar el hacinamiento o una excesiva cantidad de animales por unidad de superficie. El tipo de cama es muy importante según los diferentes momentos de la lactancia. Las vacas secas y preñadas deben ser atendidas con el máximo cuidado. Los aspectos a resaltar en los corrales son: el diseño, el tamaño, la limpieza diaria de los pisos (grooming), y el tipo de cama utilizado (arena, estiércol reciclado, colchonetas o pisos de goma). Se debe prevenir que los animales en pastoreo se revuelquen en zonas húmedas (barro) cerca de las sombras. Principio #5. Detección precoz o temprana de nuevas infecciones (clínicas y subclínicas). Impacto: Mejor respuesta a los tratamientos, infecciones crónicas, secado o eliminación de vacas. Es sumamente necesario preservar el flujo o salida de la leche, asegurando respuestas deseables a los tratamientos y la prevención de infecciones crónicas. Una detección precoz o temprana de la mastitis puede prevenir una posible epidemia. La detección temprana puede hacerse mediante la observación de los primeros chorros de leche antes del ordeñe, la palpación de la ubre y los pezones, el uso del California Mastitis Test (CMT), o por varias formas de conteo de células somáticas (electrónico o por conductividad eléctrica). Es importante usar los diferentes sistemas de detección en forma simultánea y rutinaria. Los ordeñadores deben ser entrenados para el uso de estas técnicas, como también del manejo de la información y los datos obtenidos. 9

10 Principio #6. Correcto uso de los medicamentos. Impacto: Mayor éxito en los tratamientos, control del costo, residuos en la leche y la carne. Un uso apropiado de los medicamentos asegura un tratamiento exitoso, previene enfermedades crónicas, disminuye el costo de medicamentos y previene residuos de antibióticos en la leche. Los tratamientos deben estar escritos en protocolos, los cuales son considerados la clave del éxito. Estos protocolos deben asignar a los diferentes empleados, vaqueros y ordeñadores las responsabilidades de detectar, tratar e identificar las vacas registrando (escribiendo) la información obtenida. El veterinario de cada establecimiento debe estar involucrado en la preparación correcta de los protocolos y el entrenamiento de las personas que administraran los tratamientos. Los antibióticos para un sólo uso, preparados comercialmente, se deben almacenar adecuadamente para preservar su calidad. El uso de sobredosis de antibióticos debe limitarse a las indicaciones de los médicos veterinarios. Se recomienda el uso coordinado de antibióticos con las industrias lácteas para la evaluación de posibles residuos en la leche. Principio #7. Control y duración de las infecciones. Impacto: Disminución de la prevalencia de enfermedades, reducción del rechazo de animales El tiempo de duración de las enfermedades debe ser reducido al máximo. Las enfermedades extremadamente largas o que duran mucho tiempo producen daños en los tejidos secretores de la glándula mamaria con pérdidas en la producción de leche futura. Mas aun, las vacas enfermas en forma crónica son una fuente de infección para las vacas sanas dentro del hato o manada. Junto con el Principio #5, el tratamiento con antibióticos para el secado de las vacas al final de la lactancia, o sea tratando todas las vacas y todos los cuartos, es un método muy efectivo para el control y disminución de la duración de las infecciones. En algunos casos, el tratamiento de vacas secas hacia el final de periodo seco con los antibióticos de las vacas lactando, ha demostrado ser efectivo especialmente para patógenos ambientales. Principio #8. Monitoreo del estado de las mastitis. Impacto: Prevención de epidemias, información para el secado o eliminación de vacas. La prevalencia (o proporción de animales enfermos) y la incidencia (o evolución) de la mastitis en un hato o manada deben ser conocidas y monitoreadas en forma regular. Un sistema de vigilancia permitirá la identificación temprana de problemas de salud en el hato o manada, antes que impacten negativamente la producción de leche. Este monitoreo se puede hacer a través del conteo de células somáticas (SCC), registro de casos clínicos, cultivo de leche fresca de tanque, observación de vacas recién paridas (fresh cows), e identificación de vacas con alto SCC. Los cultivos deben hacerse para bacterias y micoplasmas. La información del monitoreo puede hacerse estratificada por días o momento de la lactancia. Las acciones en cada caso deben estar previamente establecidas para asegurar una rápida respuesta. Principio #9. Criar vaquillas de reemplazo libres de mastitis. Impacto: Permite eliminar vacas por producción, reduce la prevalencia de mastitis en el hato o manada. Este sistema permite eliminar vacas viejas con mastitis, disminuyendo la prevalencia de las infecciones en el hato o manada y evitándose así la necesidad de comprar vacas de reemplazo. Los aspectos claves son: prevenir que las terneras mamen de vacas enfermas, no alimentar las terneras con leche de vacas con mastitis, proveer un ambiente limpio para las terneras. La leche de descarte de las vacas enfermas (hospital cows) debe ser pasteurizada antes de ser suministrada a las terneras para minimizar el riesgo de infección de las mismas. 10

11 El control de las moscas es necesario para prevenir daños en los pezones y evitar el contagio o propagación los organismos patógenos de la mastitis entre las vaquillas de reemplazo. Principio #10. Suponer que todas las vaquillas de reemplazo que se compran están infectadas. Impacto: Evitar la introducción de nuevos organismos patógenos. Cuando se compran animales de reemplazo, ya sean vacas o vaquillas, se debe suponer que están todas infectadas en el momento que ingresan al hato o manada. Es necesario tratar de obtener los registros de las mastitis del hato o manada original de donde provienen los animales, información sobre SCC del tanque de la leche o de las vacas individuales, antes de comprar los animales. Se deben realizar cultivos de los animales de reemplazo, preferentemente antes que se mezclen con los otros animales, o al menos lo antes posible después que entraron al hato o manada. Estas medidas evitaran el contagio de posibles nuevas enfermedades provenientes de los animales comprados a las vacas de nuestro establecimiento. El monitoreo es imprescindible y altamente recomendado cuando se compran animales en forma rutinaria. Principio #11. Proveer una nutrición adecuada disminuye la susceptibilidad a las mastitis. Impacto: Control de nuevas infecciones. La glándula mamaria puede resistir mejor las enfermedades si está provista adecuadamente de nutrientes esenciales los cuales ayudan a mantener la resistencia a nuevas infecciones. Los micro minerales más importantes son: el selenio, el cobre, el zinc y las vitaminas A y E. Cuando estos nutrientes no son suministrados en las cantidades adecuadas, aumenta la incidencia de nuevas enfermedades. El uso de raciones totales mezcladas (TMR) es la manera más fácil de proveer las cantidades adecuadas. Las inyecciones proveen buenos niveles pero de cortos periodos de duración. Los bloques de sal suelen presentar diferentes niveles de consumo y resultados muy variables. Las necesidades diarias por animal sugeridas son las siguientes: Selenio Cobre Zinc Vitamina A Vitamina E 6 mg mg mg 100, ,000 IU IU, vacas lactando 1000 IU, vacas secas Principio #12. Control de moscas. Impacto: Disminución del daño en la punta de los pezones y de la incidencia de nuevas infecciones. Está bien demostrado que las moscas son las que acarrean bacterias de un lugar a otro. A menudo, pueden llevar organismos patógenos que provocan mastitis incluyendo Staphylococcus aureus a las puntas de los pezones tanto de vaquillas como vacas. El control básico de las moscas involucra la eliminación de los sitios de reproducción de las mismas, como la remoción rutinaria del estiércol y sobras de alimentos de los animales. El uso de aros insecticidas en las orejas (también llamados caravanas), y el rociado de insecticidas en zonas estratégicas pueden ser muy útiles. Principio #13. Entrenamiento del personal en la rutina de ordeñe. Impacto: Todas las áreas de prevención de mastitis y calidad de leche. Los nuevos ordeñadores deben ser entrenados y los otros deben recibir actualizaciones sobre las técnicas de ordeñe que se espera que puedan aplicar. Es difícil cambiar los malos hábitos, 11

12 por lo tanto, si se comienza con la técnica correcta, se obtendrán mejores resultados. Las discusiones sobre control de mastitis y calidad de leche se pueden usar para reforzar conocimientos y estimular el trabajo correcto. El conteo de células somáticas en la leche del tanque, el conteo de placas, conteo de coniformes, etc., deben ser herramientas fáciles de usar por los empleados. Principio #14. Asignar responsabilidades para todas las áreas de prevención de la mastitis. Impacto: Conocimiento en las tareas a realizar, compartir responsabilidades, mejora en la confianza individual. Se deben escribir todas las actividades y asignar los trabajos con el nombre de cada individuo. Cada uno debe saber y comprender su trabajo específico en la prevención de la mastitis. Cuando se produzca una nueva infección o una epidemia, se deben identificar los puntos débiles y tomar las medidas de corrección necesarias. El uso del concepto de Manejo y Calidad Total (TQM), Análisis de Riesgo y Control de Puntos Críticos (HACCP) y Manejo Durante Epidemias (BTM), son tecnologías que se pueden aplicar para el control de estos principios. Resumen. A pesar de los diferentes sistemas de producción animal y manejo a través de las diferentes fronteras y regiones geográficas, estos principios para la prevención de la mastitis se pueden aplicar con éxito en cualquier localidad. Los productores y el personal a cargo de las diferentes tareas deben idearse las formas más apropiadas de acuerdo a cada situación y sistema de manejo, y tratar de aplicar cada uno de los principios mencionados en este trabajo. La aplicación rutinaria de estos principios dará como resultado una baja prevalencia de mastitis y una mayor producción de leche de alta calidad. 12

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