Characterization of forage fish and invertebrates in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands using fatty acid signatures: species and ecological groups

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1 The following supplement accompanies the article Characterization of forage fish and invertebrates in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands using fatty acid signatures: species and ecological groups Jacinthe Piché 1, *, Sara J. Iverson 1, Frank A. Parrish 2, Robert Dollar 2 1 Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada 2 Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA * jpiche@dal.ca Marine Ecology Progress Series 418:1 15 (2010) Supplement 1. Summary FA data and detailed information on collection location, and ecological evaluations from the literature for all species analyzed Table S1. Collection location for the 100 species of fish and invertebrate analyzed. MHI: Main Hawaiian Islands, FFS: French Frigate Shoals, GP: Gardner Pinnacles, MR: Maro Reef, Smt 111: Mid-Pacific Seamount 11 (18.49 N, W), CSM: Cross Seamount (18.7 N, W), Unk: unknown collection location. Species Name Common Name Family Group MHI Niihau Nihoa Necker FFS GP MR Laysan Midway Smt 11 CSM Unk Total Abudefduf abdominalis Abudefduf sordidus Abudefduf vaigiensis Acanthurus achilles Acanthurus dussumieri Acanthurus leucopareius Hawaiian sergeant blackspot sargeant Indo-Pacific sergeant achilles tang eyestripe surgeonfish whitebar surgeonfish Pomacentridae damselfishes Pomacentridae damselfishes Pomacentridae damselfishes Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes surgeonfishes & unicornfishes surgeonfishes & unicornfishes

2 Acanthurus nigroris Acanthurus olivaceus Acanthurus triostegus Anampses cuvier Antigonia capros Antigonia eos Apogon maculiferus Ariosoma marginatum Bembrops filifera Bodianus bilunulatus Bothus mancus Bothus pantherinus Bothus thompsoni Calappa bicornis Calappa calappa Callionymus decoratus Canthigaster coronata Canthigaster jactator bluelined surgeonfish orangeband surgeonfish convict tang pearl wrasse Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Labridae wrasses boarfish Pentacerotidae armourheads & boarfishes boarfish Pentacerotidae armourheads & boarfishes spotted cardinalfish big-eye conger duck-billed bembropsid Hawaiian hogfish flowery flounder panther flounder Thompson's flounder two-horned box crab smooth box crab longtail dragonet crown toby Hawaiian whitespotted toby Apogonidae cardinalfishes Congridae conger & garden eels Percophidae duckbills Labridae wrasses Bothidae Bothidae Bothidae lefteye flounders lefteye flounders lefteye flounders Calappidae box crab Calappidae box crab Callionymidae dragonets Tetraodontidae puffers Tetraodontidae puffers

3 Canthigaster rivulata Carpilius convexus Centropyge potteri Chaetodon fremblii Chaetodon miliaris Chaetodon multicinctus Chaetodon ornatissimus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Charybdis hawaiiensis Chlorurus perspicillatus Chlorurus sordidus Chromis ovalis Conger cinereus Coris ballieui Coris flavovittata Ctenochaetus strigosus Cymolutes lecluse Dactyoptena orientalis maze toby convex pebble crab Potter's angelfish bluestripe butterflyfish milletseed butterflyfish multiband butterflyfish ornate butterflyfish four spot butterflyfish Hawaiian swimming crab spectacled parrotfish bullethead parrotfish oval chromis moustache conger lined coris yellowstriped coris goldring surgeonfish Hawaiian knifefish helmut gurnard Tetraodontidae puffers Xanthidae xanthid crab Pomacanthidae angelfishes Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes Portunidae true crab Scaridae parrotfishes Scaridae parrotfishes Pomacentridae damselfishes Congridae conger & garden eels Labridae wrasses Labridae wrasses Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Labridae wrasses Dactylopteridae helmut gurnards

4 Dascyllus albisella Etelis carbunculus Forcipiger flavissimus Gymnothorax albimarginatus Gymnothorax berndti Gymnothorax eurostus Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Gymnothorax meleagris Gymnothorax steindachneri Gymnothorax undulatus Heniochus diphreutes Heterocarpus ensifer Heterocarpus laevigatus Inistius pavo Inistius umbrilatus Kyphosus bigibbus Kyphosus vaigiensis Lutjanus kasmira Hawaiian dascyllus squirrelfish snapper Pomacentridae damselfishes Lutjanidae snappers forcepfish Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes whitemargin moray Berndt's moray stout moray yellowmargin moray whitemouth moray Steindachner's moray undulated moray Muraenidae morays Muraenidae morays Muraenidae morays Muraenidae morays Muraenidae morays Muraenidae morays Muraenidae morays pennantfish Chaetodontidae butterflyfishes two-spined shrimp red-tipped shrimp peacock razorfish blackside razorfish gray chub lowfin chub bluestripe snapper Pandalidae shrimp Pandalidae shrimp Labridae wrasses Labridae wrasses Kyphosidae Kyphosidae rudderfishes & sea chubs rudderfishes & sea chubs Lutjanidae snappers

5 Malacanthus brevirostris Meadia abyssalis Melichthys niger Mulloidichthys flavolineatus Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Myripristis berndti Naso lituratus Naso unicornis Octopus cyanea Octopus ornatus Octopus sp. Ophichthus kunaloa Ophidion muraenolepis Oxycheilinus unifasciatus Panulirus marginatus Panulirus marginatus Parapercis schauinslandii Parupeneus bifasciatus flagtail tilefish Abyssal cutthroat eel black triggerfish yellowstripe goatfish yellowfin goatfish bigscale soldierfish orangespine unicornfish bluespine unicornfish Hawaiian day octopus ornate octopus unidentified octopus Malacanthidae tilefishes Synaphobranchidae cutthroat eels Balistidae triggerfishes Mullidae goatfishes Mullidae goatfishes Holocentridae soldierfishes& squirrelfishes Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Octopodidae octopus Octopodidae octopus Octopodidae octopus snake eel Ophichthidae snake eels & worm eels black edged cusk eel ringtail wrasse Ophidiidae brotulas & cusk eels Labridae wrasses spiny lobster Palinuridae spiny lobster spiny lobster - tails only redspotted sandperch doublebar goatfish Palinuridae spiny lobster Pinguipedidae sandperches Mullidae goatfishes

6 Parupeneus chrysonemus Parupeneus multifasciatus Parupeneus pleurostigma Polymixia berndti Priacanthus alalaua Priacanthus meeki Pristipomoides filamentosus Pristipomoides zonatus Pseudopentaceros wheeleri Sargocentron xantherythrum Scarus dubius Scyllarides haanii Scyllarides squammosus Sebastapistes ballieui Stenoteuthis oualaniensis Sufflamen bursa Synodus lobeli Synodus variegatus yellowbarbel goatfish manybar goatfish sidespot goatfish Berndt's beardfish Forskal's bigeye Hawaiian bigeye pink snapper flower snapper Mullidae goatfishes Mullidae goatfishes Mullidae goatfishes Polymixiidae beardfish Priacanthidae bigeyes Priacanthidae bigeyes Lutjanidae snappers Lutjanidae snappers armorhead Pentacerotidae armourheads Hawaiian squirrellfish regal parrotfish ridgeback slipper lobster common slipper lobster spotfin scorpionfish neon flying squid lei triggerfish Lobel's lizardfish reef lizardfish Holocentridae soldierfishes& squirrelfishes Scaridae parrotfishes Scyllaridae slipper lobster Scyllaridae slipper lobster Scorpaenidae scorpionfishes Ommastrephidae squid Balistidae triggerfishes Synodontidae lizardfishes Synodontidae lizardfishes

7 Thalassoma ballieui Thalassoma duperry Torquigner florealis Trachinocephalus myops Zebrasoma flavescens blacktail wrasse saddle wrasse floral puffer Labridae wrasses Labridae wrasses Tetraodontidae puffers snakefish Synodontidae lizardfishes yellow tang Acanthuridae surgeonfishes & unicornfishes Total

8 Table S2. Fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition (mass %) of the 100 species of NWHI fish and invertebrates analyzed (n = 2190). Values are means ± SEM of 15 fatty acids (out of 74) which were the most abundant and/or exhibited the greatest variance across all species. Fishes Group Species name Abudefduf Abudefduf Abudefduf Acanthurus Acanthurus Acanthurus Acanthurus Acanthurus abdominalis sordidus vaigiensis achilles dussumieri leucopareius nigroris olivaceus Common name (Hawaiian sergeant) (Blackspot sergeant) (Indo-Pacific sergeant) (Achilles tang) (Eyestripe surgeonfish) (Whitebar surgeonfish) (Bluelined surgeonfish) (Orangeband surgeonfish) n=20 n=21 n=16 n=20 n=16 n=22 n=20 n=20 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 2.03 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.16 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.41 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.36 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.40 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.93 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.44 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.64 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.01

9 Fishes Group Acanthurus Anampses Antigonia Apogon Ariosoma Bembrops Bodianus Antigonia eos Species name triostegus cuvier capros maculiferus marginatum filifera bilunulatus (Pearl (Spotted (Large-eye (Duck-billed (Hawaiian (Convict tang) (Boar fish) (Boar fish) Common name wrasse) cardinalfish) conger) bembropsid) hogfish) n=20 n=20 n=10 n=10 n=18 n=26 n=19 n=20 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 2.35 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.55 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.79 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.14 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.22 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.83 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.46 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.16 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.37

10 Fishes Group Species name Bothus mancus Bothus pantherinus Bothus thompsoni Callionymus decoratus Canthigaster coronata Canthigaster jactator Canthigaster rivulata Centropyge potteri Common name (Flowery flounder) (Panther flounder) (Thompson's flounder) (Longtail dragonet) (Crown toby) (Hawaiian whitespotted toby) (Maze toby) (Potter's angelfish) n=16 n=75 n=25 n=20 n=20 n=24 n=16 n=20 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.72 Mass (g) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Lipid content (%) 1.07 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.14 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.76 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.36 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.14 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.45 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.24 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.01 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.81

11 Group Species name Bothus pantherinus Bothus thompsoni Callionymus decoratus Canthigaster coronata Canthigaster jactator Canthigaster rivulata Centropyge potteri Common name (Panther flounder) (Thompson's flounder) (Longtail dragonet) (Crown toby) (Hawaiian whitespotted toby) (Maze toby) (Potter's angelfish) n=75 n=25 n=20 n=20 n=24 n=16 n=20 Length (cm) 5.48 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.72 Mass (g) 3.45 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Lipid content (%) 2.11 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.14 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.76 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.36 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.14 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.45 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.24 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.01 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.81

12 Fishes Group Species name Chaetodon fremblii Chaetodon miliaris Chaetodon multicinctus Chaetodon ornatissimus Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Chlorurus perspicillatus Chlorurus sordidus Chromis ovalis Common name (Bluestripe butterflyfish) (Milletseed butterflyfish) (Multiband butterflyfish) (Ornate butterflyfish) (Fourspot butterflyfish) (Spectacled parrotfish) (Bullethead parrotfish) (Oval chromis) n=22 n=27 n=19 n=20 n=20 n=22 n=19 n=21 Length (cm) 9.80 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 4.35 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.06 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.80 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.52 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.38 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.73 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.88 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.22 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.33

13 Fishes Group Species name Conger Coris Ctenochaetus Cymolutes Dactyloptena Dascyllus Etelis Coris ballieui cinereus flavovittata strigosus lecluse orientalis albisella carbunculus (Mustache (Yellowstriped (Goldring (Hawaiian (Helmut (Hawaiian (Squirrelfish (Lined coris) Common name conger) coris) surgeonfish) knifefish) gurnard) dascyllus) snapper) n=20 n=16 n=20 n=16 n=23 n=24 n=20 n=21 Length (cm) Mass (g) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Lipid content (%) 2.04 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.74 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.45 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.92 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.10 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.72 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.34 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.71 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.84

14 Fishes Group Species name Forcipiger Gymnothorax Gymnothorax Gymnothorax Gymnothorax Gymnothorax Gymnothorax Gymnothorax flavissimus albimarginatus berndti eurostus flavimarginatus meleagris steindachneri undulatus Common name (Forcepfish) (Whitemargin moray) (Berndt's moray) (Stout moray) (Yellowmargin moray) (Whitemouth moray) (Steindachner's moray) (Undulated moray) n=26 n=20 n=20 n=14 n=19 n=18 n=25 n=19 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 3.62 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.47 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.66 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.86 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.22 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.22 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.85 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.05 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.73

15 Fishes Group Species name Heniochus Inistius Kyphosus Kyphosus Lutjanus Malacanthus Meadia Inistius pavo diphreutes umbrilatus bigibbus vaigiensis kasmira brevirostris abyssalis Common name (Pennantfish) (Peacock razorfish) (Blackside razorfish) (Gray chub) (Lowfin chub) (Bluestripe snapper) (Flagtail tilefish) (Abyssal cutthroat eel) n=36 n=15 n=19 n=19 n=19 n=22 n=16 n=19 Length (cm) 4.39 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.69 ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 3.94 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.97 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.59 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.28 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.27 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.63 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.00 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.06 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.81

16 Fishes Group Species name Melichthys Mulloidichthys Mulloidichthys Myripristis Naso Ophichthus Ophidion Naso lituratus niger flavolineatus vanicolensis berndti unicornis kunaloa muraenolepis Common name (Black triggerfish) (Yellowstripe goatfish) (Yellowfin goatfish) (Bigscale soldierfish) (Orangespine unicornfish) (Bluespine unicornfish) (Snake eel) (Black edged cusk eel) n=20 n=21 n=20 n=20 n=19 n=19 n=20 n=20 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 1.61 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.71 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.05 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.72 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.42 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.23 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.58 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.23 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.99

17 Fishes Group Species name Oxycheilinus Parapercis Parupeneus Parupeneus Parupeneus Parupeneus Polymixia Priacanthus unifasciatus schauinslandii chrysonemus bifasciatus multifasciatus pleurostigma berndti alalaua Common name (Ringtail wrasse) (Redspotted sandperch) (Yellowbarbel goatfish) (Doublebar goatfish) (Manybar goatfish) (Sidespot goatfish) (Berndt's beard fish) (Forskal's bigeye) n=19 n=18 n=19 n=19 n=20 n=19 n=20 n=20 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 7.61 ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 1.21 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.91 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.96 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.59 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.11 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.92 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.09 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.91 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.43

18 Fishes Group Species name Priacanthus Pristipomoides Pristipomoides Pseudopentaceros Sargocentron Sebastapistes Sufflamen Scarus dubius meeki filamentosus zonatus wheeleri xantherythrum ballieui bursa Common name (Hawaiian bigeye) (Pink snapper) (Flower snapper) (Armorhead) (Hawaiian squirrelfish) (Regal parrotfish) (Spotfin scorpionfish) (Lei triggerfish) n=20 n=24 n=19 n=20 n=21 n=19 n=19 n=19 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 7.98 Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 1.67 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.23 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.69 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.35 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.12 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.24 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.88 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.27 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.41

19 Fishes Group Species name Synodus Synodus Thalassoma Thalassoma Torquigener Trachinocephalus Zebrasoma lobeli variegatus ballieui duperry florealis myops flavescens Common name (Lobel's lizardfish) (Reef lizardfish) (Blacktail wrasse) (Saddle wrasse) (Floral puffer) (Snakefish) (Yellow tang) n=20 n=19 n=20 n=20 n=20 n=20 n=20 Length (cm) 8.54 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.82 ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 1.26 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.02 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.14 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.21 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.85 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.85 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.41 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.13

20 Invertebrates Group Species name Calappa Calappa Carpilius Charybdis Heterocarpus Heterocarpus Octopus Octopus bicornis calappa convexus hawaiiensis ensifer laevigatus cyanea ornatus (Hawaiian (Two-horned (Smooth box (Convex (Two-spined (Red-tipped (Hawaiian day (Ornate swimming box crab) crab) pebble crab) shrimp) shrimp) octopus) octopus) Common name crab) n=23 n=36 n=21 n=29 n=31 n=39 n=13 n=4 Length (cm) 5.79 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 0.53 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.39 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.62 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.54 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.08 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.33 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.24 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 3.71 Total: ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2.28

21 Invertebrates Group Species name Octopus sp. Panulirus Scyllarides Scyllarides Sthenoteuthis marginatus haanii squammosus oualaniensis (Ridgeback (Common (Spiny (Neon flying (Octopus spp) slipper slipper lobster) squid) Common name lobster) lobster) n=23 n=71 n=30 n=72 n=15 Length (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Mass (g) Lipid content (%) 1.56 ± ± ± ± ± 0.36 Saturated FA 14: ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± : ± ± ± ± ± 0.95 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± 1.39 Monounsaturated FA 16:1n ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± :1n ± ± ± ± ± 0.08 subtotal: 7.50 ± ± ± ± ± 3.22 Polyunsaturated FA 18:2n ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± :4n ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± :5n ± ± ± ± ± :6n ± ± ± ± ± 3.33 subtotal: ± ± ± ± ± 2.61 Total: ± ± ± ± ± 0.69

22 Table S3. Groupings of 100 species of NWHI fishes and invertebrates into 47 groups based on ecological evaluation from the literature; species used and evaluated were based on expected importance to monk seal diets. Group Order Family Species Name n Ecological Subsystem Habitat Habitat (details) Diet Guild Diet Items Ecology & Behavior 1. Angelfish Perciformes Pomacanthidae Centropyge potteri (Potter's angelfish) 20 BANK ROCK Inhabit rock, coral, or rubble areas of seaward reefs (1) Herbivores (2; 6) Mostly filamentous benthic algae and organic detritus (2). Other minor items: diatoms, sponges and copepods (2) Diurnal, behave more like damselfish (2); limits mouvement to restricted well defined location close/among Porites coral (2); ENDEMIC 2. Cardinalfish Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon maculiferus (Spotted cardinalfish) 18 BANK ROCK Planktivores Larger animals of the plankton (9) Nocturnal, under ledges or in caves by day (1) 3. Armohead Perciformes Pentacerotidae Pseudopentaceros wheeleri (slender armorhead) 20 SUBPHOTIC CARBONATE Deep-water (9); Associated with the summits and upper slopes of the Southern Emperor-Northern Hawaiian Ridge seamounts (4); Exposed to temperate conditions distinct from tropical environment encountered throughout the Hawaiian archipelago (4) Planktivores 1 Zooplankton, nekton (1) ; Micronektonic fishes (myctophids, sternoptychids, and astronesthids), crustaceans (euphausiids, sergestids, caridean shrimps, and mysids), and most importantly, pelagic tunicates, namely pyrosomes and salps (11) Lenghty epipelagic prerecruitment phase in subarctic North Pacific waters (4) 4. Beardfish Polymixiiformes Polymixiidae Polymixia berndti (Berndt's beardfish) 20 SUBPHOTIC CARBONATE Deep-water species ( m), reef associated (1) Nekton & zoobenthos (1)

23 5. Bigeye Perciformes Priacanthidae Priacanthus alalaua (Forskal's bigeye) 20 BANK ROCK Rocky bottoms although many specimens have been trawled from open waters (1); Depth range 9-275m but occurs mostly at depths of 100m or more (1); Has also been captured at night at shallower depths (9-46 m) (1) Piscivores 2 Larger animals of the zooplankton: larval fishes, crustacean larvae, larval worms (9); Nekton: finfish (1) Nocturnal (9); More common around islands (1) 5. Bigeye Perciformes Priacanthidae Priacanthus meeki (Hawaiian bigeye) 20 BANK ROCK Inhabits clear lagoon and seaward reefs (1); Depth range 3-50m (1) Piscivores 2 Same as above Nocturnal, found under ledges during the day (1) ENDEMIC 6. Cusk eel Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Ophidion muraenolepis (Black edged cusk eel) 20 BANK SAND Demersal, found in the deep shelf and upper slope (1); Depth range m (1) Piscivores Nocturnal (9) 7. Conger eel Anguilliformes Congridae Conger cinereus (Mustache conger) 20 BANK ROCK Common on reef flats and seagrass beds of shallow lagoons, depth range 0-80m (1) Piscivores (7) Mostly finfish, sometimes crustacean (9); Fishes from the Apogonidae, Labridae, Pomacentridae families (7) Nocturnal (9) 7. Conger eel Anguilliformes Congridae Ariosoma marginatum (Largeeye conger) 8. Butterfly/forcepfish 8. Butterfly/forcepfish Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fremblii (Bluestripe butterflyfish) Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon miliaris (Milletseed butterflyfish) 26 BANK SAND Sand-dwelling in the shallows to 490 m (1) 22 REEF REEF Inhabit areas with rock or coral (1) 27 REEF REEF Inhabit shallow reef flats, also on shallow seamounts (1); Depth range 0-250m (1) Piscivores Nocturnal, can be seen at night with head protruding obliquely from the sand (9); ENDEMIC (6) Planktivores (6) Tentacles of tubeworms and other invertebrates (9) Mainly zooplankton (9), also benthic invertebrates (1) Diurnal, take cover in the reef at night (7); ENDEMIC Diurnal, form schools at midwater to forage (9); Take cover in the reef at night (9); ENDEMIC 8. Butterfly/forcepfish Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon multicinctus (Multiband butterflyfish) 19 REEF REEF Depth range 5-30m (1) (6) Mainly coral polyps, also polychaete worms and small shrimps (1) Diurnal, take cover in the reef at night (9); Usually seen in pairs (9); ENDEMIC