MITES PARASITIC AND / OR ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY AND SOME MAMMALS IN HISAR, HARYANA WITH KEY TO IDENTIFICATION

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1 Indian J. Anim. Res., 38 (1): 1-7,2004 MITES PARASITIC AND / OR ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY AND SOME MAMMALS IN HISAR, HARYANA WITH KEY TO IDENTIFICATION B.N. Putatunda, R. Kumar} and D.P. Banerjee 2 Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar , India ABSTRACT Study on mites associated with the skin diseases of camel, dog, rabbit, fowl, turkey and quail resulted in the recovery of a wide range of mites under Astigmata, Prosfigmata and Mesostrgmata belonging to nine families. The mites identified are Acarus larries (Oudemans), A. siro (Linnaeus), Sarcoptes scabiei canisgerlach, S. s. dromedariigervais, Dermoglyphus elongatus Megnin, Notoedres cati Hering Pygmephorus nilanjana Putatunda, &iella sp. Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans, C. malayensis Cunliffe, Prosocheyla acantha Smiley and Moser, Demodex canis Leydig, Stigmaeus sp. and Macrocheles whartonidelfinado and Baker. The importance of mites and a key to the identification has been incorporated in the text. INTRODUCTION Mites when present in large number on the host may cause deplumation, mange, tumor, scaly legs, lameness;-pneumonia, anemia and even death. Birds including poultry have been found to be infested by a wide range of mites throughout the globe and the subjects have been reviewed (Lapage 1961, Zumpt, 1961, Fain 1965, Atyeo and Braasch 1966, Maa and Kuo, 1966, Garrett and Haramoto, 1967, Orwig 1968, Alwar 1970, McClure and Ratanaworbhan 1971, Peterson 1971, Santana 1976). So far India is concerned, Sen and Fletcher, 1962, Ghai 1964, Alwar 1970, Prasad, 1974, Balasundaram et ai, 1974, Kapoor and Kaur 1975, Kaul et ai, 1978, Putatuanda 1979, 1999, Putatunda et ai, 1981 and 1989, Gupta and Paul 1989, contributed towards our knowledge of mites associated with birds and animals in India. Parasitic mites associated with dog, buffalo, camel, cattle and man have already been reported from Haryana (Tikaram et ai, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1984, 1986a, 1986b and 1991a, 1991b, Satija et al., 1981, Tikaram and Rupra, 1986). The presentwork was undertaken to have an idea of mites ) National Research Centre on Camel (ICAR), Bikaner.' 2 Retired from Department of Vety. Parasitology, CCS HAU, Hisar. associated with birds and mammals of Hisar, Haryana. MATERIAL AND METHODS Poultry birds (Fowls, Turkey, Quail) and animals (Rabbit, Dog, Camel) w~re selected atrandom from HaryanaAgricultural University at Hisar. Mites were collected from feathers by funnel method (Putatunda et ai, 1975) and then examined under microscope. Skin scraping of mammals were examined under microscope. Temporary slides were prepared in lactic acid whereas permanent slides were prepared in Hoyers medium. Identification was done with the help of available literatures. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, the mites observed onsix different host are given in Table 1 and 2. Mites recorded arediscussed herewith. Acarus farris (Oudemans) Only "Hypopus" form of Acarusfarris were observ.ed on poultry birds including fowl and turkey both; Hypopus are the non-feeding stage of mites that adher temporarily on some host like birds, mammals, insects etc. for shelter toavoid unfavourable environmental conditions and may not be of any harm to the hostunless their population go very high to cause

2 ++ Nl ~ Table 1. Host-mite relationship ~ Sr. No. Host 1, Fowl 2. Quail Mite Acams Acalt/9 Dermoglyphus Notoedres Sarcoptes Sarcoptes Macrocheles BdeDa larris suo eiongatus cali scabiei scabiei whartoni.p. canis dromedarii +NI ++NH +NH +NBH Chey/etus Chey/etus ~ Pyamephotus S/igmMIus DemcxJex ma1aa:ensis majayensis acanthli ni/anjana..p. canis.~ ++NHB ++NI '+ +NHB +NHB 3. Turkey 4. Camel 5. Dog NI NH NBH NHB 6. Rabbit +NI +NBH + ++NH +++NH On an average less than 5 mite/infested host On an average less than 10 mite/infested host On an average very high population of mite (above 25/infested host) New to India New to Haryana New Bird Host New to Haryana on bird. ++ ;~ ~ I

3 Sr. No. Mite Astigmata : Acaridae 1. Acarus farris 2. A. siro Dermoglyphidae 3. Dermog/yphus elongates Sarcoptidae 4. Notoedres cali 5. Sarcoptes scabiei canis 6. S. s. dromedarii Mesostigmata Macrochelidae 7. Macrocheles whartonii Prostigmata : Bdellidae 8. &JeI1a sp. Cheyletidae 9. Cheyletus malaccensis 10. C. malayensis 11. Prosocheyla acanthi Pyemotidae 12. Pygmephorus nilanjana Stigmaeidae 13.. Sligmaeus sp. Demodicidae 14. Demodex canis + = On an average less than 5 mite/infested host ++ = On an average less than 10 mite/infested host +++ = On an average very high population of mite above 25/infested host. disturbance (irritation) to the host birds. According to Hughes (1976) the mite is reported from England, Scotland, Wales, Netherlands, Germany, Kenya, USA, Poland and Czechoslovakia from stored barley, hay, cheese, oat, poultry food and also from birds nests and from deep litter of poultry. It is known to cause skin irritation ofmen handling infested material. This appears to be the 1 st report of the mite from India. Acarus siro Linnaeus In the present study the mite Acarus sire was observed on poultry birds (fowls) of Hisar. According to Prasad (1974) the mite is known in India from Poona in Maharashtra from bran. According togupta and Paul (1989) Acarussp. have been reported in India on three species of birds namely Ploceusphilippinus, P inornata and P m. flavieeps. Putatunda et al reported this mite from fowls, specially from poultry beds in West Bengal in According to Hughes (1976) this is one of the most important mites of store products and is to be expected in all parts of the globe, beside this it is also reported from poultry deep litter and from bee hives. Dermoglyphus elongatus Megnin In the present study the mite De~moglyphuselongatuswas observed on fowls from poultries in Hisar. According to Prasad (1974) the mite has been reported to infest fowl, house sparrow and turkey in Madras in Tamilnadu (Lalitha and Alwar, 1961; Alwar 1970; Balasundaram et al 1972). According to Zumpt (1961) the mite was originally described from domesticated fowl in Europe

4 4 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH and later from different cage birds. In West Bengal the mite was found in large number on fowls and in low population on turkey (Putatunda et al., 1981). Putatunda et al. (1989) reported Dermoglyphus sp. in West Bengal from three species of birds namely Lonchura malacca, Padda oryzivora and Tardus merola. This is the first record of the mite from Haryana state. Notoedres cati Hering The mite Notoedres cali were found to be serious pest of laboratory rabbits in Hisar. Symptoms associated with this mite are the alopecia, self inflicting (trauma) injury due to vigorous scratching by rabbits due to irritation caused by mites burrowing in the skin (epidermis) of ear, neck, face or other parts of body. The skin becomes thick, whitish, dry and wrinkled. In serious cases the whole body turn dirty and gives unhealthy and poor look. The mite has been reported to infest cats and rabbit!toin Cuttack of Orissa and in Mukteswar of U.P. (Prasad, 1974). Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcoptesscabie/were found to infest both camel and dog, in good number. The mites are dorsoventrally flat, round disc like with short legs. Theyburrow into the skin (epidermis) and are recovered in skin scrapings along with eggs and immature stages. According to Yunker (1973) S. scabiei causes sarcoptic mange, or scabies of many domestic and wild animal throughout the world. It is found in different races, that are morphologically alike but differ in their ability to parasitize different host species. Inter host transmission may occur but are temporary in nature. In India, according to Prasad 1974, Sarcoptes botdscameron infests buffaloes in APand UP, 5 caprae Furstenberg infests goats in Bombay and Poona in Maharashtra, Allahabad, Etah, Izatnagar and Mukteswarin U.P. and Punjab, 5 equigerlach infests donkeys, horses and mules in Mukteswar in U.P. and S. PrecoxCanestrini infests rabbits in Cuttackin Orissa. The buffalo calves of Govt. Livestock farm of Hisar, were found 88.2% positive for the sarcoptic skin disease. Infected animals are seenvigorously rubbing their body on the walls of sheds very frequently. The lesions are present mostly on the neck, head, wither, axial, legs, brisket, back and abdomen. Sarcoptes scabiei canis Gerlach The mite 5 s. caniswas foutld to infest dogs of Hisar region. Symptoms associated with the mite is dermatitis, rupture and crusting of lesions, pruritus. The skin turns dry, rough and thickened and alopecia occurs. Self inflicted trauma (injury) is a common cause of complication of the disease due to exposure to various microorganisms. So far India is concerned, according to Prasad (1974) S.s. canis has not been reported from India. According to Zumpt (1961) the mite was originally described from domestic dog in j:urope and that it has been recorded from man and dog in South Africa. Sarcoptes scabiei dromedarii Gervais The mite 5s. dromedarii was found to infest camels of Hisar; The symptoms associated with the mite is scabby papular dermatitis, pruritus, patches of lesions due to scratching with wall or hard objects. In India according to Prasad (1974) the'mite has been reported to infect camel in Punjab. The disease is highly contagious skin disease of camel and is of common occurrence in Rajasthan and that the infected camels spends most of the time in biting and scratching the affected parts, stops feeding and are rendered useless for work. In Hisar, Haryana Tikaram et aj. (1980, 1987 and 1991b) oj>servecl sarcoptic mange and orchitisincamel infected with Sarcoptesmites and Human scabies from contactwith camels. Macrocheles whartoni Delfinado and Baker The mite Macrocheles whartoni was observed associated with turkey. Kumar et ai. (1994) observed M whartoni at Hisar in the soil in the vicinity of tick Boophilus microplus

5 from cattle sheds. Putatunda (Kapil eta!., 1985) observed Macrocheles sp. of mites associated with wild honey bee Apis dorsata in Hisar, Haryana. In India according to Prasad (1974) Macrocheles hastatus Ewing M hyatti Krantz and Filipponi, M indicus Bhattacharyya M kraepelini(berlese), M merdarius(berlese), M orientalis Bhattacharyya' and M rabustulus (Berlese) are all reported from soil or bark of trees fro rt'l, Tamilnadu, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, W.B. and U.P. but not on birds or animals. This is the 1 st report of the mite from birds. Bdellasp. The mite Bdella sp. was found associated with quail. This is basically a predatorybeneficial mite and feeds on harmful mites and eggs and immature stages of insect pests. Gupta and Paul (1989) reported Bdella sp. from bird Streptopelia chinensis in West Bengal. This is the 1 st record of Bdella sp. of mite from bird of Haryana. Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans In the present investigation this well known predatory mite was encounted often on poultry birds like fowls and also on turkey. In India the mite has been reported from stored fish and prawns feeding on the pest mite Lardog/yphus konoiin Kerala (Prasad, 1974). Putatunda eta!. (1981) observed this mite from poultry, fowls and turkey in W.B. Putatunda etal. (1989) observed this mite in West Bengal on 4 species of birds namely Emberiza bruniceps, Eudynamys scalopacea, Psittacula cyanocephala and P. eupatria. According to Baker (1949) this mite was obtained from bird skin probably feeding on feather mites in Malacca. This is a well known predatory mite of store the world over (Hughes, 1976). This is the 1 51 report of the mite from birds in H~ryana. Cheyletus malayensis Cunliffe In the present study the mite have been observedm good number of fowls in Hissar Vol. 38, No. I, condition. They are also basically predator and feeds on harmful mites and insects. The mite is known from Malaya from the nest of three bird speciesnamely Munis atricapilla, M striata and Pychonotusgoiaver(Baker, 1949). This is the 1 st report of the mite from India and on poultry birds. Prosocheyla acantha Smiley and Moser The mite was recovered in small number (rom poultry birds (fowls). It is also basically a predatory mite. Prosocheyla traubi was described from India and collected from tent in Assam and in USA mites of the genus are knownfrom soil and from citrus leaf (Baker, 1949). This is the 1 st record of the mite from India from bird host. Pygmephorus nilanjanae Putatunda Pygmephorusnilanjana was recovered from quail. This is the 1 51 record of the mite from Haryana state on bird. According to Zumpt (1961) Pygmephorus sp. are basically parasite of insects but have been recorded on rodents in Eurbpe and USA and on beetle in South Africa. The mite was reported from the bird Malayan crestless fire back peasant (Lophura erythrophthalma) from Zoological garden in Calcutta, West Bengal (Putatunda 1979).. Stigmaeus sp. The mite Stigmaeussp. was observed on quail. Stigmaeus spp. are predatory mites in nature. In India Gupta and Paul (1989) reported Stigmaeus sp. of mite from West Bengal on bird Streptopelia chinensis. This is the 1 st record of the mite from Haryana on bird. Demodex canis Leydig In the present investigation the mite Demodex canis has been observed to be an important pest of dogs ofhisar area. Putatunda et a!' (1976)recorded the mite from dogs in Calcutta, West Bengal. Tikaram et al. (1980) reported Demodectic acariasis in dogs in Hisar,

6 6 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH Haryana. Demodexcanisis the common follicle mites of dog and caused demodectic mange. Infestation was common in both pet dogs as well as Laboratory dogs. Symptoms.includes alopecia, dry scaly dermatitis. In advance cases chronic moist dermatitis were observed. The mite occurs throughout the world in all breeds of dogs (Yunker, 1973). In India according to Prasad (1974) Demodex canis is reported to infest dogs at Mukteswar in U.P. Moreover D. bovis infested buffaloes and cows in Assam, at Bombay and Poona in Maharashtra, Orissa, at Izzatnagar and Muketswar in U.P. and that D. caprae Railliet infests goats at Bhubaneswar in Orissa. Roychoudhury and Chakrabarty (1969) in Assam treateddogs infested with this mite with Benzyl-Benzoate and Methanol (50 : 50). Key to the identification of the Mites associated with Birds and Mammals in Hisar 1. Body long, narrow worm like with very short legs Demodex canis - Not as above 2 2. Stigmata and peritreme (respiratory structure) well developed situated between legs II to IV. Macroche/es whartoni - Not as above 3 3. In the ventral view, with a number of suckers (adhering organ); gnathosoma reduced to nonfeeding organ Hypopus : Acarus farris - Not as above 4 4. Pseudostimatic organs present (balloon like) at the anterior part of body....pygmtfphorus ni/anjana - Not as above 5 5. Gnathosoma snout like, pedipalp club like with elbow joint. &fe//a sp. - Not as above 6 6. Stigmata in the anterior region of body Stigmataabsent, soft bodied mites (respiration via skin) 8 7. Pedipalp with comb and sickle like setae (Cheyletidae) 9 - Not as above : Sligmaeussp. 8. Dorsoventrally flattened, round mites with short legs (Sarcoptidae) 10 - Not as above All tarsi (legs) with paired claws (Chey/etuSi Tarsus I Oeg I) without paired claws... Prosochey/a acantha 10. Anus positioned dorsal and not at the posterior end of body; scale (wave like) like design on central dorsum present...notoedres cali - Anus terminal and not on dorsum. Triangular scales (design) presentoncentral partof dorsum (Sarcoptes scabie~ Body elongated, length over two times the width, with strong legs.....dermoglyphus e/ongatus - Body oval, not as above Acarus siro 12. Distance between propodosmal and hysterosomal shields more than the length of 1sl pair of dorsolateral setae on hysterosoma... Cheyletusma/accensis - Distance between propodosomal and hysterosomal shieds less than the length of first pair of dorsolateral setae on hysterosoma..." Chey/etus malayensis 13. Hostdog; lengthand width equal, perfectly round Sarcoptes scabeie canis - Host camel; length more than width, slightly oval shaped Sarcoptes scabiei dromedarii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to the authorities of CCS HAU and to ICAR New Delhi for the facilities and fund.

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