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1 J. J.l.VV.!.."..!.-~ \J.J., "-...-'J,.~_L!...:J.J. :.:../ ~'-.: , _.J..; L.L. 8 IlREVIORA ~0. CoPE, E. D lwport on the reptiles brought by Professor James Orton from the Middle and Upper Amazon, and Western Peru. Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (2) 8: ::\IYERS, G. S. and.a. L. DE CARVALHO A strange new leaf-nose lizard of the genus Arw!is from Ama zonia. Bol. Mus. Nae. Brasil, Zool., No. 43:1-14, 9 figs..,--;; Herpetologica l type - localities in Ecuador ByJamesA. ~ Department of Biology - Brown Universiti Rhode Island. Providence. : One of the most useful items to accompany me on my recent (1_9?4) trip to Ecuador was a list.of the type loca~ities of those spec~es. of. reptiles and amphibians known from the country. The list Y'as particularly valuable in planning my itinerary, of course, but was ~ually useful in determining the amount of time to be spent in building ~? s~ries of a particular species. I cannot fail to add that one's zest ~~(collecting is unquestionable stimulated by the list; for I still recall with pleasure the soaking rain in Loja that produced my topotypical series of GaStrotheca marsupiatum lojana Parker. I feel that publication of the list will serve both as a guide to my friends who are acnv~ly engaged in the collection of Ecuadorian reptiles and amphibians ~.D;d as. a useful tool to future. students of South American herpetology. Anolis proboscis Holotype ~ (M. C. Z )..... The. l~alities are. listed alphabetically, first by prov:ince and then by, city,. Following the listing by province is a list of the localities that cannot, for one reason or another, be assigned to one of the provinces ~ It will be noted that I have made no new restrictions of type loca~ity of any of the species listed, although the Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, ed., 19~3, p ) proffer the right to do so. -I do not find myself in agreement or in sympathy with this new regulation concerning the restriction and designa- CIC.ev. Ecuat. Ent. Par. 2- (3-4)' ;1,955).. The field work In Ecuador was made possible with the support of a grant from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophiw Society during my trip conducted In ,

2 tion of type localities for nominal species, which is to be inserted in the forthcoming edition of the Regles. The Article provides legalistic support for.. wholesale restriction of type localities, and fails to provide means for the rejection of inadequate or inaccurate restrictions. On the contry, it establishes the law of priority as the base for final decisions as to which restriction is to be accepted. This action negates.. the excellent work of authors such as Dunn and Stuart (1950), who carefully investigated the restrictions placed on type localities for many Mexican species by Smith and Taylor (1950). Dunn and Stuart point out that many of the restrictions are completely untenable, and suggest that the simplest plan is to consider them not legally binding. The present rule change would, however, recognize as valid and legal all of Smith and Taylor's restrictions, and (although this is not stipulated in the present wording) would presumably require that any objections such as those raised by Dunn and Stuart would have to be subjected to decision under the Plenary Powers prior to their acceptance. I personally feel, with Dunn and Stuart, that restrictions should be based upon reexamination of type specimens~ reexamination of data accompanying the type, direct evidence from the collector's notes dr itineraries, or division of th~ ;pecies into two or more restricted~~ cies: Since none of these are directly involved in the present paper; 1 have left all type localities as they were given in the original descri~ tions. The amphibian species are listed first under each locality, fo: llowed by the reptiles. If the species is recognized and valid, it listed under the name in current usage. If a name is considered to be a synonym, it is marked with an asterisk, and is given in the original combination published in the type description. I perhaps need not point out that current synonymic status does not detract from the value of the topotype in revisionary. studies. Complete citacions to original descriptions will be included in the check-lists of the Ecuadorian herpetofauna now in preparation and are therefore omitted here. AZUA Y PROVINCE Bestion 10,105 feet Telmatobius cinereus Noble Cuenca 2,536 meters Mkrobyla aeqoatorialis Peracca Atractus lebmanni Boettger Liocepbalos testae Peracca Ofta 2,476 meters,.. L.. ocep halos rbodomelas Boulenger. Stenocercus simonsi Bolenger h W -Andes of Cuenca, 3,250 Zurucuc u. Atelopus laevis exigua Boettger. Boettger, Eleutberodactylus w-mgrum m. BOLIVAR PROVINCE Balzapamba 70S meter.s (750 meters) Liocepbalus baenscbi Werner L pa]mas 2193 meters a:,liopbis atabuahpae Steindachner Porvenir 5800 feet ctylus crucifer Boulenger Eleu tb eruuoo PhyHobates tricolor Boulenger CAl'lAR PROVINCE,,,,,. Caiiar 3161 meters. (8400 feet) Phyllobates vertebralis Boulenger CARCHI PROVINCE Pun Atelopus bufoniformis Peracca camor:.azo PROVINCE Alausi ~386 met~rs. (2350 meters) Atractus roule Despax Chimbo 346 meters above Chimbo, 10-10, 800 Hyla cbimboe Fowler ("mounts feet") efasciata Fowler (as above) Hyla qumqu Leptodactylus pulcher Boulenger. infraguttatus Boulenger Phyllobates {also Cachabe) Syrrhopus areolata Bou 1 enger Anolls elegans Boulenger 1 catus Boulenger AnoliS emms R.io Peripa) An lis peraccae Boulenger (also Le;doblepharis ruthveui Parker

3 339 Huigra 1245 meters Hyloxalus huigrae Fowler "Paitanga" (Although spelled this way in. the type description of the species listed below, there can be little doubt that the locality referred to is Pallatanga. Other species described by Boulenger which had been collected by Buckley are properly listed as from Pallatanga, and this error is almost certainly a result of phonetic transcription.) CentroleneUa bukleyi Boulenger (also Intac) Hyla buckleyi Boulenger (also Sarayacu and Canelos) *Hyla purpurea Nieden (also Intac). Pallatanga 1522meters (fhis locality, mentioned most-often by Boulenger or O'Shaughnessy in their studies of the Buckley collections, is probably in error for those species described from "Canelos and PalJatanga". It is located on the western slope of the Andes, in an entirely different faunistic unit from that of. Cane los and Sarayacu, and none of the species described from these combined localities has ever been retaken at Pallatanga. The difficulty seems to have arisen from inaccurate labelling of the original material from Buckley.) Bothrops xanthogramina Cope Atractus major Boulenger (also Intac and Canelos) *Elaps mentalis Boulenger (also Cali, Colombia) Alopoglossus copei Boulenger (also Canelos) Enyalioides praestabilis O'Shaughnessy (also Canelos) Enyalioides praestabilis O'Shaughnessy (also Canelos) Euspondylus oshaughnessyi Boulenger (also Canelos) *Goniodactylus buckleyi O'Shaughnessy (\llso Canelos) Riobamba 2782 meters Hyla riobambae Fowler Totorillas 3910 meters Eleutherodactylus whgraperi Boulenger (also Cotocachi). COTOPAXI PROVINCE Latacunga 2771 meters Atelopus ignescens Comalia ("In locis hur'nidus circa Lataconga prope Quito") Leimadophis albiventris Jan (also Guayaquil and Western Andes) ESMERALDAS PROVINCE. Cachabe circa 200 meters (Although Boulenger conststently used this spelling of the city's. name, Chapman (1926, P: 705) spelled it Cachavi, and gave as an alternative spelling. Cachabt. There can be little doubt that all refer to the same place, a small town about 10 miles southeast of Concepcion, on the Rio Cachabi.) Eleutherodactylus achatinus Boulenger Eleutherodactylus anomalus Boulenger Eleutherodactylus Iatidiscus Boulenger Eleutherodactylus longirostris Boulenger Gastrotheca angustifrons Boulenger Gastrotheca comutum Boulenger. Hyla rosenbergi Boulenger *Hylodes gularis Boulenger. Syrrhopus areolata Boulenger (also Chimbo) Leptophis richardi bocourti Boulenger (also Paramba) Rio Durango Agalychnis calcarifer Boulenger (350 feet), *Geoemyda punctualaria nasuta Boulenger (also Bulun) Esmeraldas sea level.,_ Dipas temporalis Werner Drymobius rhombifer Giinther Geoemyda annulata Gray Salidero 110 meters Eleutherodactylus subsigillatus Boulenger Nothopsis affinis Boulenger. *Anolis princeps Boulenger (also San Javier, Rio Lita, Paramba) San Javier Dipsas gracilis Boulenger *Eiaps Calamus Boulenger *Anolis princeps Boulenger (also Salidero, Rio Lita, and Paramba) Sphaerodactylus scapularis Boulenger and Rio Sapayo 450 feet (This is ap~arently a phon:tic spelling of the Rio Zapallo, which is a tnbutary of the Rio Cayapas) Tretanorbinus tae~tus Boulenger.

4 GUA YAS PROVINCE Balao Trachyboa gularis multimacolata Rosen Coluber fasclatus Rosen Balzar 3 25 feet Anolis festae Peracca Bucay 235 meters Bufo caemleocellatus Fowler Rana brevipalmata rhoadsi Fowler Camp Chinguancay (in Rio Chanchan Valley) Bufo typhonius chanchanensis Fowler Cuenca del Guayas Bufo marinus fluminensis Espada (also many other type localities) Rio Daule Micmms ecuadorianus ecuadoriahus Schmidt Guayaquil 5 meters Engystomops pustula~ Shreve. Gastrotheca weinlandii Steindacbner ("probably from region about Guayaquil") Tetraprion jordani Stejneger and Test Atractus elaps Gunther (in error) *Barbourina equatoriana. Amaral Chrironius carinatus flavopicta Werver Coniophanes dromicifonnis Peters *Coniophanes signatus Garman *Dromicus frenatus Peters Drymobius reissi Peters *Hehninthophis petersi Boulenger *Herpetodryas brunneus GUnther *Herpetodryas reticulata Peters ("umgebung von Guayaquil") Leimadophia albiventris Jan (also Latacunga and Western Andes) Leptophis richardi occidentalis Gunther (also western Ecuador) *Rhabdosoma microrhynchum Cope *Streptophorus sebae schmidti Jan *Tachymenis canilatus Cope Tantilla supracincta Peters Trachyboa gularis gularis Peters * Ameiva leucostigma Boulenger Anolis binotatus Peters Anolis fasciatus Boulenger *Ecpleopus fraseri O'Shaughne~sy Euspondylus maculatus Tschudl al Sarayaeu) Liocephalus. guentberi Booleuger ( so Liocepbalus ornatus ornatus Gray Ph Jlodactylus guayaqm 1 en sis Werner Phy Uodactylos reissi Peters Poylychms femoralis Werne_r.... stris Peters *Chelydra serpentina acuu.ao Pimocha ("orillas del Rio Daule") Leptodactylus labrosu_s Espada San Francisco de PosorJa.. Garman Dicrodon lentiginosps lentigmosus IMBABURA PROVINCE Cotacachi 2453 meters Boulenger (at 13,000 feet; Eleutherodactylus whympen also from Totorillas) Ibarra 2296 meters Dipsas ellipsifera Boule~ger Intac (see Pichincha Provtnce) Rio Li~a-.. Boulenger (300 feet) Caecilia mgncans '-also San Javier, Salidero, and * Anolis princeps Boulenger ". Paramba) Paramba 777 meters Hyla ocellifera Boulenger Hyla picturata Boulenger *Hylella parambae Boulenger Diapborolepis miops Boulenger *Elaps roseubergi. Boul~~er Boulenger (also Cachabe) his. chardi boco\llu Leptop n. I. Boulenger (3500 feet) Liopbis subocu a:ari Boulenger Rbadinaea suboc s Anolis gracilipes Boulenger Anolis cbloris Boulenger Anolis granuliceps Boulenger (3500 feet) Anolis maculiveutris Boulenger

5 *Anolis princeps Boulenger (also San Javier, Salidero and Rio Lita) Proctoporus hypostictus Boulenger (3500 feet) LOJA PROVINCE Loja 2150 meters Eleutherodactylus carrioni Parker Eleutberodactylus flavomaculatus Parker (15 km. E of Loja, 3000 m.). Gastrotheca marsupiatum lojana Parker Atractus carrioni Parker (2200 meters) Botbrops alticola Parker (5 km. E. of Loja, 9200 feet) Bothrops Iojana Parker (2200 meters) Macropholidus annectens Parker (2200 meters) LOS RlOS PROVINCE Babahoyo 5 meters *Bufo marinus fluminensis (many other type localities) *Urotheca coronata Stein.dachner. Lepidoblepharis buchwaldi Warner ("Hacienda Clementina") Vinces circa 15 meters. Alopoglossus festae Peracca MANARI PROVINCE Machalilla *Tropidurus continentalis MUller Palmar circa 300 meters Hyla pellucens Werner NAPO-PASTAZA PROVINCE Abitagua circa 1300 meters _ Caecilia abitaguae Cunn Eleutherodactylus nigrovittatus Andersson Eleutherodactylus ventrivittatus Andersson Alpayacu 3600 feet *Lachesis pleuroxanthus Boulenger Tropidurus holotropis Boulenger Archidona 610 meters (see Rio Cosanga) *Bufo marinus napensis Espada ("Archidona de Quijos", also Cdtopino and San Jose de Moti) Cerathyla braconnieri Espada (also Macana-Hambato) Cerathyla bubalus Espada _(also Macana-!Iambato) *Leptodactylus goliath Espada (also Chinitambo) Canelos 515 meters (see also Canelos-Sarayacu ) *Edalorhina buckleyi Boulenger Eleutherodactylus acurninatus Shreve Hyla granosa Boulenger (also Demera Falls, Santarem) Hyla tuberculosa Boulenger Nyctimailtis rugiceps Boulenger Atractus major Boulenger (also Pallatanga and Intac) *Eiaps buckleyi Boulenger (also Para, Brazil) Alopoglossus buckleyi O'Shaughnessy Alopoglossus copei Boulenger (also Pallatanga) Anolis boulengeri O'Shaughnessy Anolis buckleyi O'Shaughnessy Arthrosaura reticulata reticulata O'Shaughnessy Enyalioides praestabilis O'Shaughnessy (also Pallatanga) Euspondylus manicatus O'Shaughnessy (also Pallatanga) Gonatodes coneinnatus O'Shaughnessy *Goniodactylus buckle)'i O'Shaughnessy (also Pallatanga) Morunasaurus annularis O'Shaughnessy Canelos and Sarayacu (Boulenger described several species that he stated came from both of these localities. These species are listed here to save repetition.) Dendrobates parvulus Bou1enger Gastrotheca longipes Boulenger Hyla alboguttata Boulenger *Hyla appendiculata Boulenger (also Bahia and Santarem) Hyla buckleyi Boulenger (also Pallatanga) "Canelos to Maraiion River" Caecilia bassleri Dunn Rio Cos~nga ("Near Archidona, meters") Phyllobates cosangae Andersson Pbyllobates taeniatus Andersson Syrrhopus calcaratus Andersson Cotapino *Bufo. inarinus napensis Espada (also Archidona and San Jose de Moti) Mazan Hyla reticulata Espada

6 Napo 512 meters Edalorhina perezi Espada *Herpetodryas schliiteri Werner "Napo o~ Upper Marafion" (This is the rather vague locality data given by Cope for many of the species he described from the Orton collections.) Hemiphractos divaricatus Cope Hylella camea Cope Leptodactylus hylaedactylus Cope *Eiaps imperator Cope. Leimadophis pygmaeus Cope *Rhadinae chrysostoma Cope *Spilotes piceus Cope *Thrasops cupreus Cope * Ameiva petersi Cope Anolis ortoni Cope *Centropyx pelviceps Cope Ophiognomon trisanale Cope Rfo Napo Centrolene geckoideum Espada Chlorophilus olivaceus Andersson (400 feet) Leptodactylus h~midactyloides Andersson (also Rio Pastaza) Leptodactylus mgrescens Andersson (Rfo Napa Watershed 400 meters) ' Leptodactylus tuberculos~s Andersson (also Rio Pastaza) Phyllomedusa tarsius Cope ("Rio Napa or Upper Ama zons") Phyllomedu.sa to~opternus Cope (as for p. tarsius) Rana palm1pes nonapensis Andersson Rio Pastaza Atelopus palmatus Andersson (1000 meters) Cerathyla cristata Andersson (Rio Pastaza Watershed) Cerathyla fasciata Peters (Pastaza Valley) Ceratophrys testudo Andersson (Rio Pastaza Watershed) Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata Andersson Eleutherodactylus brevicrus Andersson (Watershed) Eletherodactylus bufonius Andersson (Watershed) Eleutherodactylus leptodactyloides Andersson Gastrotheca viviparom Andersson (Watershed, 500 meters, also from Banos) Hyla bifurca Andersson Hyla capitocarinata Andersson (Watershed) Hyla depressa Andersson (Watershed) Hyla macrotis Andersson (Wtershed) Hyla membranacea Andersson (Watershed) Hyla porifera Andersson Hvla riopastazae Andersson (1800 meters) L;ptodactylus hemidactyloides Andersson (also Rio Napo) Leptodactylus pentadactylus rubioides Andersson Leptodactylus tuberculosus Andersson (also Rio Napa) Phyllobates chalceus Peters Phyllobates. intermedius Andersson Phyllomedusa edentula Andersson (Watershed) Pseudoclelia guttata Rendahl and Vestergren ("between Rio Puyo and Rfo Copotaza") "Rio Pastaza, from Canelos to Marafion" Botbrops albocarinata Shreve Helicops pastazae Shreve. San Jose de Sumaco (There are two towns named San Jose on the slopes of Sumaco, called Nuevo and Viejo. The collection containing the type of the species listed below was made by Carlos Olalla and sons. I have spent some time in the field with one of the sons (Ramon), and he informs me that all the field work was done in the inmediate environs of San Jose Viejo.) Neosticurus ecpleopus cochrannae Burt and Burt Sarayacu 700 meters (see als<'t-"canelos and Sarayacu", above) Dendrobates Ininututs ventrimaculatus Shreve Eleutberodactylus pseudoacnminatus Shreve Hyla albopunctulata Boulenger (also "Ecuador") Hyla leucophyllata sarayacoensis Shreve Hyla parviceps Boulenger Phyllomedusa bucldeyi Boulenger Phyllomedusa feftoni Shreve *Eiaps heterozonus Peters *Eiaps melanotus Peters Enyalioides microlepis O'Shaughnessy Euspondylus gnentberi O'Shaughnessy. Liocephalus guentheri Boulenger (also Guayaquil) Neusticurus tuberculatus Shreve Ophiognomon abendrothi Peters

7 L_ Sumaco Cerathyla proboscldae Espada Gastrotheca testudineum Espada Rfo Suno circa 300 meters *Limnophys napaeus Espada Lithodytes cornutus Espada (also San Jose de Moti) Tena 518 meters Caecilia dumu Herschkovitz ("near. Tena, 1700 feet") EL ORO PROVINCE Salvias 3500 feet Phyllobates -anthonyi Noble PICHINCHA PROVINCE No additional locality Atractus microrhynchus Cope "Guatea" (probably same as Gualea) *Leptognathus hammoudi Boulenger Intac 3900 feet *Caecilia buckleyi Boulenger Rhinatrema bicolor Boulenger Amphignatbodou guentheri Boulenger Centrolenella tiuckleyi Boulenger (also Pallatanga) Eleutherodactylus buckleyi Boulenger Eleutherodactylus curtipes Boulenger Gastrotheca plumbeum Boulenger Eletherodactylus vertebralis Boulenger *Hyla purpurea Nieden (also "Paitanga") Atractus major Boulenger (also Pallatanga and Canelos) Euspondylus vertebralis O'Shaughnessy Proctoporus oculatus O'Shaughnessy Proctoporus simoterus O'Shaughnessy Milligalli 1800 meters *Coronella whymperi Boulenger Anolis andianus Boulenger Papallacta 3205 meters Syrr~opus festae Peracca (In his published report on his tnp.t~ Ecuador ( 1909), Festa does not show Papallacta as VIsited on the map of his itinerary, nor does he mention going there in his text. It is quite likely that this is in error.) type l~cality Rfo Peripa Anolis peracca Boulenger. (also Chimbo) Quito 2819 meters (In view of the depauperate herpetological fauna found in the Quito valley today, it is quite unlikely that most. of the species listed below were ever to be found there. Frogs of the ge11era Atelopus, Eleutherodactylus, and Gastrotbeca are known from there, as are lizards of the genera Liocephalus, Proctoporus, and Pholidobolus. No snakes are known from the region, and all the species of snakes listed below that have been taken by collectors since the original. description have come fr?m lowland localities in Ecuador. The length of the followmg list merely indicates that Quito was the base of activities for many collectors, who purchased specimens from nati~ ves with little regard for accurately defined locality data. ) Atelopus laevis Iaevis GUnther (also Panama and Chili) Atelopus longirostris Cope (Valley of Quito) *Bufo audianus Cope (Valley of Quito) Eusophus quixensis Espada ("La provincia de Quijos en el Ecuador") Hyla quitoe Fowler., "" *Bothriopsis. quadriscutatus Peters. Bothrops pulchra Peters Dipsa oreas Cope (Valley of Quito) Dryadophis pulchriceps Cope ('I alley of Quito) *Leptoguatbus andianus Boulenger Liophis boursieri Jan *Opheomorphus alticolus Cope (Valley of Quito) Rhadinaea brevirostris Peters * Anolis viridiaeneus Peters Pholidobolus montium Peters Santo Domingo de los Colorados 500 meters * Atractus paucidens Des pax Tanti 600 meters Atelopus elegans Boulenger Phyllobates whymperl Boulenger SANTIAGO-ZAMORA PROVINCE.. Gualaquiza 2400 feet... Atelopus bouleugeri Peracca (also San Jose)

8 Atelopus festae Peracca (also Valle Santiago) Leptophis riveti Despax Cutucu Cordillera Atelo~us bicolor Noble ("East of Macas, meters") San Jose meters (This locality of Festa's is the same as San Jose de Cuchipamba). San Jose de Cuchipamba (Peracca used both "San Jose" nd "San. Jo. se ' d e c uc h"b I amba" in reference to this locality a w~1ch IS located about five miles above Glialaquiza, on th~ Rw Blanco at 1000 meters.) Atelopus boulengeri Peracca (also Gualaquiza) E!eutherodactylus festae Peracca Lepidoblepharis festae Peracca Rio Santiago (The map which Festa (1909) included in his repo~t of his trip to Ecuador shows that he considered the Santtag~ to begin at the junction of the Zamora and the ~a~garit.za ~ ~odern maps show this to be the Zamora until Its JUnctiOn wtth the Namangoza, about 40 kilometers from the ~cuador-peru border, from whence it is known as the Santiago. ~he map and text both indicate that Festa spent most of h1s time on the portion now known as the lower Zamora. Gualaquiza is located in this valley a few miles west _of the river, which flows northward to circunvent the Cordillera del Condor.) Atelopus festae Peracca (also Gualaquiza) Eleutherodactylus. macrocephalus Peracca Hyla festae Peracca Phyllobates festae Peracca Liophis festae Peracca Enyalioides laticeps festae Peracca Euspondylus festae Peracca (also valley of Rio Zamora) Zamora Stenocercus carrioni Parker (3250 feet) Rio Zamora Corallus annulata blombergi Rendahl and Vestergren Euspondylus festae Peracca (also valley of Rio Santiago) TUNGURAHUA PROVINCE Banos 1843 meters Gastrotheea viviparum Andersson (also Rio Pastaza Watershed) Pseudohyla nigrogrisea Anderson Leptotyphlops anthracinus Bailey ("near Banos") Mirador Eleutherodactylus riveti Despax El Topo 4200 feet Eleutherodactylus margaritifer Boulenger Eleutherodactylus trachyblepbaris Boulenger Elentberodactylus ventrimarmoratus Boulenger (also Chanmayo, Peru) Pbyllobates kingsburyi Boulenger PbyUomedusa loris Boulenger *Leptognatbus palmeri Boulenger Ptycboglossus brevifrontalis Boulenger.. "Mount Tungura" (This is probably a phonetic representation of Tungurahua, or perhaps a misspelling.) Eleutherodactylus pastazensis Andersson (also "Yaugilla") "Yaugilla" (It is likely that this is a misspelling for Yungilla) Eleutherodactylns pastazensis Andersson (also "Mount Tungura") PROVINCE UNKNOWN Bulu (Chapman (1926), p. 705) says this place is in the Tropical Zone of northwestern Ecuador, and that it is. the same as Pulu and Bulum. He does not say what provmce it is in and does not plot it on his map.) Leptod~ctylus ventrim;culata "lloulenger ( 160 feet) Geoemyda_ punctularia nasuta Botilenger (also Rio Durango) Chinitambo *Leptodactylus goliath Espada (also Archidona) Macana-Hambato Cerathyla braconnieri Espada (also Archidona) Ceratbyla bubalus Espada (also Archidona) Cerathyla palmarum Espada (also San Jose de Moti) "Oriente Province" (Probably Napo-Pastaza) Engystomops petersi Espada Palmira Desert. (Located at Chimborazo Province: Editor). Telmatobius niger Barbour and Noble (10,500 feet) (Editor's note: Bulu-B~u. Riyer Located in Guayas and Cafiar Provinces probably Chapman refers to this location)..

9 351 L Pagma Forest Elentherodactylus pagmae Fowler San Jose de Moti Atelopus planispina Espada *Bufo marinus napensis Espada (also Archidona and Cotapino) Cerathyla palmarum Espada (also Macana-Hambato) Eletitherodactylus galdi Espada Hyloxalus bocagei Espada Hyloxalus fuliginosus Espada Leptodactylus stenodema Espada Litbodytes cornutus Espada (also Rio Suno) VAGUE OR GENERAL LOCALITIES Ecuador *Spelerpes palmatos Werner *Spelerpes simos Vaillant Gymnopis albiceps Boulenger *Atelopus longirostris marmoratus Werner Bufo ceratophrys Boulenger Eleotherodactylus appendiculatus Werner Eleutherodactylus ornatissimus Despax Eleutherodactylus surdus Boulenger Coniophanes brevifrons Bailey *Phryniscus boussingaulti Thominot.lf'byllobates equatorialis Barbour llvla depressiceps Boulenger tiyla pulicaria Werner iyla verrucigera Wernet. Atractos bocourti Boulenger * Atractus torquatus resplendens Werner *Eiaps aequicinctos Werner (Venezuela oder Ecuador") *Elaps alienus Werner ("Venezuela oder Ecuador") *Eiaps fasslii Werner *Eiaps steindachneri Werner *Erythrolamprus Iabialis Werner *Eteirodipsas wieneri Sauvage Leimadophis epinephalus ecuadorensis Laurent Leptodeira nycthemera Werner Leptomicrurus narducci Jan Liophis albiceps Amaral ("probably from Ecuador") Liopbis mimus Cope ("High regions of Ecuador or New Grenada") *Liopbis regidae qac1rilid.e8ta Jan (also Colombia and Central America) Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis Jan *Rhabdosoma maculatum Bocourt *Sibynomorphus macrostomus Amaral *Streptophorus spilogaster Peters Tropidopbis battersbyi Laurent Ameiva bridgesi Cope (note with type says "Ecuador?") Anolis aequatorialis Werner Anolis irregularis Werner Echinosaura horrida Boulenger *Enyalioides mocquardi Despax Envalius zonatus Wettstein Enyalioides oshaughnessyi Boulenger Euspondylus ocellifer Werner Euspondylus strangulatus Cope Gonatodes oxycephalus Werner *Liocephalus angulifer W t!mer '~Proctoporus lividus Thominot *Ptychoglossus bilineatus Boulenger "Andes of Ecuador" Hyla rhodopepla GUnther *Byla fasciata GUnther *Hylodes conspicillatus GUnther Eleutberodactylus devillii Boulenger Eleutherodactylus glandulosus Boulenger Atractus duboisi Boulenger. Diaphorolepis wagneri Jan * Anolis devillei Boulenger Liocephalus formosus Bou\enger "Andes of Western Ecuador" Caecilia pachynema GUnther Bufo caeruleostictus Gunther *Bufo intermedius Gunther Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus Gunther * Ameiva sexscutata GUnther Anadia rhombifera GUnther

10 Anolis fraseri GUnther Liocephalus Mdescens iridescans GUnther *Monoplocus dorsalis GUnther Stenocercus humeralis. (}unther "Eastern Ecuador"....,. Ate!opus carinatus Andersson Syrrhopus coeruleus Andersson Imantodes lentiferus Cope (also Pebas, Peru ) *Leptognathus robusta Miiller "Western Andes of Ecuador" A tractus occipitoalbum Jan ( 4000 feet). Leimadophis albiventris Jan (also Latacunga and Guayaquil) *Lachesis nitidus GUnther Leptodactylus wagneri Peters "Western Ecuador" Caecilia guentheri Peters.. *Caecilia rostrata Gunther Hyla quadrangulum Boulenger Atractus modestus Boulenger *Elaps fraseri Boulenger Leimadophis fraseri Boulenger Leptophis richardi occidentalis Gunther (also Guayaquil) Anolis bitectus Cope Gonatodes caudiscutatus caudiscutatus Giinther Proctoporus meleagris Boulenger Proctoporus unicolor Gray LITERATURE CITED Dunn, E. ~. and L. C. Stuart 1951 Comments on some recent restncttons of type localities of certain south and central American amphibians and reptiles. Copeia, 1951, no. 1, pp Chapman, F. M The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 55, pp Festa, _E De!'Darien e nell'ecuador. Turin, pp Hemmmg, F. (edttor) 1953 Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature. London, pp Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. 33, Part 2, no. 8, pp ~"\- \- (\ 1.. ' USE AND MISUSE OF THE BIOTIC PROVINCE CONCEPT JAMES A. PETERS Brown University, Providence, R~ I. It has been fq~ty years since Vestal (1914, p. 432) proposed the term province" in the pages of this journal, and the principles underly that term have undergone considerable refinement.since then. Dice crystallized the concept and applied it to North America, which he ;filii!vilied into twenty-nine provinces, Each province, according to Dice (1943, 3), ucovers a considerable and continuous geographic area and is char-.,_.,,..."'u by the occurrence of one or more important ecologic associations differ, at least in proportional area covered, from the associations of provinces, In general, biotic. provinces are also characterized by of vegetation type, ecological climax, flora, fauna, climate, n<>'""'" h" and soil." This implies, and partly states, that there is a within and a discontinuity between biotic provinces. Difficulty ofte1;1 experienced in locating the boundary between adjacent provinces, no,.. v..,r. and frequently they merge gradually into each other (Dice, loc, P 4). Vestal had two criteria for using the term "biotic province." One of was the similarity of geographic range among ecologically similar the second was closeness of correspondence of distribution of animals with that of vegetation provinces. His unit was to be upon the biological tout ensemble, His awareness of one of the stumbling blocks in the use of the concept is embodied in his state (1914, p. 444) that "the more restricted in area, or uniform in biologiconditions, this region is, the greater uniformity of _the collection of at ~l''"''"'"" " Dice (1943, p. 6) felt that "the limits of geographic range of and rac"es of plants and animals are not fully satisfactory criteria determining the boundaries of biotic provinces " Dice leaned heavily ecological principles for his delimitation for he stated (1943, p. 5) "the of biotic provinces should properly be based upon the diss and distribution of the various ecologic associations," and further (1943, p. 4) "each biotic province is characterized usually by a single association. " The difficulty in meeting these requirements in ir entirety is fairly obvious, however, and many zoogeographers have it convenient to work with smaller divisions of the biota in their of provincial divisions. Thus, Burt (1938, p. 11) discussed "Faunal and biotic provinces in Sonora, based on recent mammals." (1950) correlated the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates with vege types in his work on the biotic provinces of Texas. Mello Leitao 132) mapped the provinces of South America, as defined by the!" "u. L w.jluu of the scorpion fauna. That this practice has proven fruitful, 21