BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN KERINCI SEBLAT NATIONAL PARK, SUMATRA, INDONESIA (2005, 2006, 2007)

Transcription

1 BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN KERINCI SEBLAT NATIONAL PARK, SUMATRA, INDONESIA (2005, 2006, 2007) Rana siberu Photograph by: Hellen Kurniati By : HELLEN KURNIATI Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Widyasatwaloka Building-LIPI, Jalan Raya Cibinong km 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, INDONESIA Phone : Fax : <hkurniati@yahoo.com> and <hellen.kurniati@lipi.go.id>

2 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 6 METHODS 7 A. Study Areas and Habitats 7 A.1 First Phase (January-March 2005) 8 A.2 Second Phase (February -March 2006) 11 A. 3 Third Phase (January-March 2007) 13 B Survey Methods 15 B.1 Lighting 15 B.2 Hand Collection 15 B.3 Trapping 15 C. Analysis 16 RESULTS 16 A. First Phase 16 B. Second Phase 18 C. Third Phase 20 GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 SPECIES ACCOUNT 35 AMPHIBIA 36 I. Family MEGOPHRYIDAE 36 Megophrys aceras 36 Megophrys nasuta 36 Megophrys paralella 37 II. Family BUFONIDAE 37 Ansonia cf glandulosa 37 Ansonia leptopus 38 Bufo asper 38 Bufo claviger 39 Bufo divergen 40 Bufo juxasper 40 Bufo melanostictus 41 Bufo parvus 41 Pelophryne brevipes 42 Leptophryne borbonica 42 III. Family MICROHYLIDAE 43 Kalophrynus pleurostigma 43 Kaloula baleata 43 Metaphrynella cf pollicaris 44 Metaphrynella sundana 44 Microhyla borneensis 45 Microhyla heymonsi 45 Microhyla palmipes 46 Microhyla superciliaris 46 Microhyla sp 47 Phrynella pulchra 47 IV. Family RANIDAE 48 Fejervarya cancrivora 48 Fejervarya limnocharis 49 Huia modiglianii 49 Huia sumatrana 50 Limnonectes acuticeps 50 Limnonectes barisani 50 Limnonectes blythii 51 Limnonectes crybetus 52 Limnonectes kuhlii 52 Limnonectes laticeps 53 Limnonectes macrodon 53 Limnonectes microdiscus 54 Limnonectes paramacrodon 54 Limnonectes prajatmoi 55 Limnonectes shompenorum 55 Occidozyga laevis 56

3 Rana chalconota 56 Rana crassiovis 57 Rana erythraea 57 Rana hosii 58 Rana kampeni 58 Rana nicobariensis 59 Rana nigrovittata 59 Rana picturata 60 Rana raniceps 60 Rana siberu 61 V. Family RHACOPHORIDAE 62 Nyctixalus pictus 62 Philautus aurifasciatus 62 Philautus cornutus 63 Polypedates leucomystax 63 Polypedates macrotis 64 Polypedates otilophus 64 Rhacophorus achantharrhena 65 Rhacophorus angulirostris 65 Rhacophorus appendiculatus 66 Rhacophorus barisani 66 Rhacophorus bifasciatus 67 Rhacophorus catamitus 67 Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus 68 Rhacophorus modestus 68 Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 69 Rhacophorus pardalis 69 Rhacophorus poecilonotus 70 Rhacophorus prominanus 70 Rhacophorus reinwardtii 71 Rhacophorus sp1 72 Rhacophorus sp2 72 REPTILIA 73 Order OPHIDIA 73 Family COLUBRIDAE 73 Ahaetulla prasina 73 Amphiesma sp 73 Aplopeltura boa 74 Boiga dendrophila 74 Boiga cynodon 75 Chrysopelea paradise 75 Dendrelaphis pictus 76 Lepturophis borneensis 76 Liopeltis baliodeirus 77 Pareas malaccanus 77 Pareas sp 78 Ptyas korros 78 Ptyas mucosus 79 Rhabdophis chrysargus 79 Rhabdophis trianguligerus 80 Family ELAPIDAE 80 Ophiophagus hannah 80 Order LACERTILIA 81 I. Family VARANIDAE 81 Varanus salvator 81 II. Family AGAMIDAE 82 Aphaniotis acutirostris 82 Bronchocela cristatella 82 Dendragama boulengeri 83 Draco melanopogon 83 Draco sumatranus 84 Draco sp 85 Gonocephalus grandis 85 Lophocalotes ludekingi 86 III. Family LACERTIDAE 86 Tachydromus sexlineatus 86 IV. Family GEKKONIDAE 87 Cyrtodactylus marmoratus 87 Cyrtodactylus sp1 87 3

4 Cyrtodactylus sp2 88 Gecko gecko 88 Gecko monarchus 88 Gehyra mutilata 89 Hemidactylus frenatus 89 V. Family SCINCIDAE 90 Dasia olivacea 90 Mabuya multifasciata 90 Mabuya rudis 91 Mabuya rugifera 91 Order TESTUDINATA (Turtle) 92 Family TRIONYCHIDAE 92 Amyda cartilaginea 92 REFERENCES 93 4

5 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have given supports for the implementations of this project and field works. Financial support of this project has come from Nagao Natural Environment Foundation (NEF) and Rufford Small Grant (RSG). For these supports, I would like to thank to Prof. Yasuhiko Taki, Dr. Makoto Komoda, Mrs. Keiko Ando and Mr. Hiroshi Kobayashi from Nagao Natural Environment Foundation and also to Mr. Josh Cole and Mrs. Jane Raymond from Rufford Small Grant for Nature Conservation. I also give my special thanks to Dr. Jenny Daltry (FFI), Prof. Yasuhiko Taki (NEF) and Dr. Gono Semiadi (LIPI) for their helpful recommendation. Official support has come from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Directorate General for Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) and the Head Office of the Kerinci Seblat National Park. For this I would like to thank to Dr. Mulyadi and Dr. Dedy Darnaedi from LIPI; Dr. Tachrir Fathoni from PHKA and Ir. Soewartono, from the Head Office of the Kerinci Seblat National Park. Field photographs have been given by Mr. Jeremy Holden from Fauna and Flora International (FFI) and accommodation has been provided by Ms. Debbie Martyr from FFI. To those people I am very gratefully for their support. Finally, many thanks are given to all field assistants and porters who have supporting me for the success of the field works.

6 6 SUMMARY Study of herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) community was conducted in Kerinci-Seblat National Park from January-March 2005 (phase I), February-March 2006 (phase II) and January-March 2007 (Phase III). Fourteen survey sites were selected, which consisted of six sites in KSNP-Jambi Province (Gunung Tujuh, Rawa Bento, Tapan, Renah Kayu Embun, Lumayang, Sungai Durian); four sites in KSNP-West Sumatra Province (Muara Sako, Muara Kambang, Muara Labuh, Lubuk Selasih) ; and four sites in KSNP-South Sumatra Province (Sulap Hills, Seloso Hills, Napal Licin, Upper Rupit River). The elevation of the fourteen survey sites ranged from 50 meters to approximately 2000 meters above sea level (asl). The surveys employed visual observation, lighting, trapping and hand collection methodology in the major herpetofauna habitats at fourteen (14) sampling sites within the national park. Eight general herpetofauna habitat types were identified within the surveyed areas including hilly cultivated land, highland hill forest, lowland hill forest, marshland, edificarian, flat terrain cultivated land, secondary hill forest and heavily degraded forest. Tentatively, a total of 70 species of frog and 38 species of reptiles were recorded during the surveys. UPGMA diagram of species similarities between sites showed that all sites clustered as four distinct groups namely the low elevation forest group, the high elevation forest group, the marshland group and the disturbed forest group; however inside the disturbed forest group, the sites clustered as four groups; they were low elevation group, middle elevation group, cultivated land group and semi disturbed forest group. Based on major habitats, less than half of the herpetofauna species encountered in the fourteen survey sites were found in forested areas (47 species); 24 species were found in disturbed habitats, including cultivated land and human habitations; an additional 37 species occurred in both forest and disturbed habitat. Key words: Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Herpetofauna, Biodiversity INTRODUCTION Recent publication recorded that approximately 94 species of frogs are known from mainland Sumatra, of which there are 21 endemic species (IUCN, 2006; Inger and Iskandar, 2005). As well, there are approximately 72 lizard species (16 endemics) (Iskandar and Colijn, in print), 133 snakes (26 endemics) (Iskandar and Colijn, 2001) and 13 species of non-marine turtles (Iskandar, 2000). However, many new species are being discovered and described due to limited sampling efforts in many areas to date. Generally, the herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) of Sumatra remains poorly studied; only certain areas have been studied comprehensively including Leuser National Park (Mistar, 2003). Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) is the huge national park in Sumatra (total area approximately 1,400,000 hectares) (Figure 1). The park is located in 9 counties and 4 provinces, namely: Pesisir Selatan and Solok (West Sumatra Province); Batanghari, Sorolangun Bangko and Kerinci (Jambi Province); Bengkulu Utara and Rejanglebong (Bengkulu Province); and Musi Rawas (South Sumatra Province). KSNP lies geographically between the latitude of South, and the longitude of East. KSNP is part of the Barisan Mountain Range which starts from the altitude of 50 meters above sea level (asl) and extends to 3,805 meters asl. The park has led to the differentiation of vegetation types such as lowland tropical forest (50 m 600 m), highland rain forest (600 m 1,500 m), mountain vegetation (1,500 m 2,500 m), shrub or fern (2,500 m 2,800 m) and sub-alpine vegetation (above 2,300 m).

7 7 The large area of rain forest that covers most of the KSNP is important habitat for amphibians and reptiles with many reptile and amphibian species relying on specific habitats for their survival. The propose of herpetofauna study is focused on surveying all major habitat and reporting the distribution and relative abundance of all species recorded. Findings were based largely on field surveys conducted from January-March 2005, February-March 2006 and January-March 2007 together with specimens and accounts provided by local resident. The main objective of this studies are to consolidate information on the distribution, diversity and habitat assessment of herpetofauna in KSNP, and to furnish baseline information that can be used for species richness and population changed indicators in the future. Figure 1. Location of Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) METHODS A. Study Areas and Habitats Ten survey sites were selected (Figure 2), which consisted of six sites in KSNPJambi Province (Gunung Tujuh, Rawa Bento, Tapan, Renah Kayu Embun, Lumayang, Sungai Durian); four sites in KSNP-West Sumatra Province (Muara Sako, Muara Kambang, Muara Labuh, Lubuk Selasih); and four sites in KSNP-South Sumatra Province (Sulap Hills, Seloso Hills, Napal Licin and Upper Rupit River). Elevation of the fourteen sites ranged from 50 meters to approximately 2000 meters asl. The condition of the primary forest of KSNP in West Sumatra Province and South Sumatra Province regions were much different compared to the forest of KSNP in Jambi Province site. Illegal logging and deforestations were continuing happen up to present, as if there was no law enforcement exists in the park. Logging is a big business in the SE regions; so to stop illegal logging is just a useless effort of the headquarter of KSNP.

8 Figure 2. Study areas of amphibians and reptiles in Kerinci-Seblat National Park (red, green and black circles). Red circles (surveyed in 2005): sites were located in Jambi Province. (1) Gunung Tujuh; (2) Rawa Bento; (3) Tapan; (4) Renah Kayu Embun; (5) Lumayang; (6) Sungai Durian. Green circles (surveyed in 2006): sites were located in West Sumatra Province. (7) Muara Sako; (8) Muara Kambang; (9) Muara Labuh; (10) Lubuk Selasih. Black Circles (surveyed in 2007): sites were located in South Sumatra Province. (11) Bukit Sulap; (12) Bukit Batu; (13) Upper Rupit River; (14) Napal Licin. below: General habitat that found in the fourteen sites that divided into three phases were described A.1. First Phase (January-March 2005) Six sampling sites were selected within Kerinci-Seblat National Park where the sites were located in Jambi Province (Figure 2). Elevation of the study sites ranged from 700 meters at Lumayang and Sungai Durian to approximately 2000 meters asl at the Gunung Tujuh. Four general herpetofauna habitat types were identified within the surveyed areas including : 1. Hilly cultivated land : Consisting of paddy field, vegetables and fruit land and sweet wood plantation (Figure 3).

9 9 Figure 3. Cultivated land in Gunung Tujuh survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). 2. Highland hill forest : This is characterized by dominant laurels and oaks trees. Mosses and fern festoon the trunks, limbs and branches of trees and shrubs (Figure 4). Figure 4. Highland hill forest in Gunung Tujuh survey site (Photograph by J. Holden). 3. Lowland hill forest : This is the most widespread and abundant vegetation type, which occurs from about 500 meters to 1000 meters asl. Dipterocarpacea are dominant trees in this forest (Figure 5).

10 10 Figure 5. Lowland hill forest in Sungai Durian survey site (Photograph by J. Holden). 4. Marshland : This is one type of wetland which consists of grassy and weedy areas and few small trees (Figure 6). Figure 6. Marshland area in Gunung Tujuh survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). Amphibians and reptiles occupy a wide variety of habitats from subterranean cavities to the forest canopy. Consequently, survey sites were selected that sampled as many of the major habitat types as possible, while at the same time focusing effort on more common habitats. A brief description of sampling sites surveyed: 1. Tapan (GPS position : S ; E ; 550 meters asl). Habitat at Tapan survey site consisted of lowland hill forest. Microhabitat types which are important to amphibians and reptiles included fast flowing streams, slow flowing streams, fallen logs and forest floor litter. 2. Lumayang (GPS position : S ; E ; 700 meters asl). Most habitats at Lumayang consisted of hilly lowland forest, where Dipterocarp are dominant trees at this site. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area included slow flowing streams, fast flowing stream, fallen logs, forest floor litter and water filled holes in tree trunks.

11 11 3. Sungai Durian (GPS position: S ; E ; 700 meters asl). Habitat types at Sungai Durian survey site is similar to Lumayang survey site. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area included slow flowing streams, fast flowing stream, fallen logs, forest floor litter, water-filled holes in tree trunks and temporary and permanent pools (including animal wallow). Animal wallow (Figure 7) is very important microhabitat for some tree frogs in the forest (Inger and Stuebing, 1989). Figure 7. One of animal wallows at Sungai Durian survey site (Photograph by J.Holden). 4. Gunung Tujuh (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type at Gunung Tujuh survey site consisted of high land hill forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area includes, grassy swamp, fast flowing streams, fallen logs and forest floor litter. 5. Rawa Bento (GPS position : S ; E ; 1200 meters asl). This survey area is a wetland which consists of grassy and weedy areas and few small trees. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles included ditches, sloughs and swamp areas. 6. Renah Kayu Embun (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type in this site is similar to habitat type at Gunung Tujuh survey site. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles included grassy swamp, fast flowing stream, slow flowing steam, fallen logs, temporary and permanent pools and forest floor litter. A.2. Second Phase (February-March 2006) The second phase study, four sampling sites were selected within Kerinci-Seblat National Park where the sites are located in West Sumatra Province (Muara Sako, Muara Kambang, Muara Labuh and Lubuk Selasih). Elevation of the study sites ranged from 50 meters at Muara Kambang and to approximately 1200 meters asl at Lubuk Selasih survey area. Four general herpetofauna habitats and forest types were identified within the surveyed areas including:

12 1. Edificarian : Manmade structure that provide important habitat for some reptiles which associate with human. 2. Flat terrain cultivated land : Paddy field is covered almost the flat lowland inside protected area (Figure 8). 12 Figure 8. General view of protected area in KSNP -West Sumatra. Photo was taken at Muara Kambang survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). 3. Secondary hill forest: The forest that is consisting mainly of thickets of small trees, shrubs and vines where the forest has been disturbed and most of the mature trees have been removed (Figure 9) Figure 9. Secondary hill forest in Muara Sako survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). 4. Heavily degraded forest : This type of habitat that almost trees were cut (forest clearing) and usually the land is prepared for cultivated land (Figure 10).

13 13 Figure 10. Forest clearing in Muara Kambang survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). A brief description of the four sampling sites that surveyed are as follow: 1. Muara Kambang (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat at Muara Kambang survey site consisted of edificarian, cultivated land, secondary hill forest and heavily degraded forest. Microhabitat types important to amphibians and reptiles included house, fast flowing river, slow and fast flowing streams, standing water (permanent and temporary pool), tree trunks, fallen logs and forest floor litter. 2. Muara Sako (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Most habitats at Muara Sako consisted of edificarian, cultivated land and secondary hill forest, heavily degraded forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area included house, fast flowing river, slow and fast flowing streams, standing water, tree trunks, fallen logs, forest floor litter. 3. Muara Labuh (GPS position: S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat types at Muara Labuh survey site consisted of edificarian, cultivated land and secondary hill forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area included human habitation, fast flowing river, slow and fast flowing streams, standing water, tree trunks, fallen logs, forest floor litter. 4. Lubuk Selasih (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type at Lubuk Selasih survey site consisted of edificarian, cultivated land and secondary hill forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area includes house, fast flowing river, fast flowing streams, tree trunks, fallen logs and forest floor litter. A.3. Third Phase (January-March 2007) The third phase study, four sampling sites were selected within Kerinci-Seblat National Park (Sulap Hills, Seloso Hills, Napal Licin and Upper Rupit River) where the sites are located in South Sumatra Province. Elevation of the study sites ranged from 50 meters at Napal Licin and to approximately 700 meters asl at Upper Rupit River survey area. Three general herpetofauna habitats and forest types were identified within the surveyed areas including :

14 1. Hilly cultivated land : The protected area that were consisting dominantly of rubber plantation at hilly land and cacao vegetation covered almost the flat terrain (Figure 11). 14 Figure 11. View of Sulap Hills survey site. Local people usually tap the rubber vegetation for its latex (Photograph by H. Kurniati). 2. Edificarian : Manmade structure, included temporary shelters and house that provide important habitat for some reptiles which associate with human. 3. Lowland hill forest : This is the most widespread and abundant vegetation type, which occurs from about 50 meters to 700 meters asl. Dipterocarpacea are dominant trees in this forest (Figure 12). Figure 12. Hilly rain forest and shallow river in Upper Rupit River (Photograph by H. Kurniati).

15 15 A brief description of the four sampling sites that surveyed are as follow: 1. Sulap Hills (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type at Sulap Hills survey site consisted of hilly cultivated land. Rubber plant is dominant plant in this site. Before 1992, Sulap Hills was a heavily degraded forest, and replanted in 1992 by the national park. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area includes fast flowing streams, tree trunks and forest floor litter. 2. Seloso Hills (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type at Seloso Hills survey site consisted of heavily degraded forest, cultivated land and edificarian. Heavily degraded forest were located about half to up the top of the hills. Rubber plantation is dominant plant in the cultivated land. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this site includes fast flowing streams, tree trunks, fallen logs, forest floor litter and temporary human shelter. 3. Napal Licin (GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type at Napal Licin survey site consisted of hilly semi-disturbed rain forest and cultivated land. Microhabitats available for amphibians and reptiles included slow and fast flowing streams, temporary pools, fallen logs, water-filled holes in tree trunk, tree trunk and forest floor litter. 4. Upper Rupit River(GPS position : S ; E ; meters asl). Habitat type at Upper Rupit River survey site consisted of hilly rain forest. Condition of the forest was still good. Microhabitat available for amphibians and reptiles included slowly and fast moving streams, temporary pool, shallow river, fallen logs, tree trunk and forest floor litter. B. Survey Methods Species abundance determinations followed Buden (2000) using the following terms: 1. Common (at least 30 sightings/day in suitable habitat and under optima l weather conditions). 2. Fairly common (10-30 sightings/day). 3. Uncommon (5-10 sightings/day on most survey days). 4. Scarce (up to 5 sightings/day, but possibly unrecorded more than half of survey days) 5. Rare (under 5 sightings on most survey days). Counts were made by slowly walking through selected habitats and recording individual encounters for each species. Collecting techniques are based on intensive searching in microhabitats. Techniques used to collect specimens included: B.1. Lighting This technique uses a powerful flashlight to capture frogs at night. The frogs are temporarily blinded by the bright light in their eyes, making them easy to catch. B.2. Hand Collection This technique is suitable for snakes and lizards by searching in microhabitats including leaf litter, tree bark and buttresses, low lying vegetation and in or under logs.

16 B.3. Trapping Trapping was used only useful for small lizards including geckos (Gekkonidae) and skinks (Scincidae). Small rectangular pieces of wood (20 cm x 30 cm) were covered with rat glue and placed in suitable reptile habitats. The capture animals were removed from the traps using cooking oil. Photographic record of all species captured will be taken in the field using professional camera. Relatively little effort was expanded collecting specimens for animals that were easily identified, even at considerable distance. Greater effort was directed toward collecting specimens that were at times difficult to distinguish by sight under field conditions. All collected specimens were deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia. For identification, major taxonomy of amphibians followed Inger (1966), Inger and Stuebing (2005) and Mistar (2003); for lizards, geckos and skinks were based on de Rooij (1915); Ophidian or snakes were based on de Rooij (1917), Tweedie (1983) and Stuebing and Inger (1999); agamid identifications were based on Musters (1983) and Manthey and Schuster (1996). Major nomenclature of amphibians followed Iskandar and Colijn (2000) and for lizards and snakes, Iskandar and Colijn (2001) and Iskandar and Colijn (in print). General gekkonid identifications followed Bauer (1994). For amphibian common names followed IUCN, 2006), Stuebing and Inger (1999) for snakes, Manthey and Schuster (1996) for agamid lizards and Lim and Lim (1992) and Das (2004) for geckos. 16 C. Analysis UPGMA cluster analysis (Minitab version 13) was used to estimate similarities in amphibian and reptile diversity between survey sites based on species presence/absence (see Table 1 and 2); and Jaccard s Similarity Coefficient (Krebs, 1989) was used to estimate similarities in species richness of amphibian between Kerinci-Seblat National Park and Gunung Leuser National Park in North Sumatra. The following formula was used: In which: Sj = a/a+b+c Sj = Jaccard s Similarity Coefficient; a = Number of species in sample A and sample B (joint occurrence); b = Number of species in sample B but not in sample A; c = Number of species in sample A but not in sample B. RESULTS A. First Phase: Studying of all undescribed specimens that collected in first phase yielded additional species list. The total seventy (70) species of herpetofauna were found during the field work (January-March 2005); which consisted of 53 species of amphibians (47 described frogs, 4 have been described and 2 undescribed frog) and 18 species of reptiles (17 described reptiles and 1 undescribed snake). A detailed of final species list and taxonomically classification are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. The family Rhacophoridae dominated the frog fauna included 18 species (34.0%) and Ranidae with 17 species (32.1%). The families Microhylidae (9 species; 17.0%) and Bufonidae (7 species; 17.2%). The family Megophryidae (2 species) are poorly presented with just 3.8% of the frog fauna. The total number of the species that have been described are 4 (Limnonectes acuticeps, L. barisani, L. crybetus and L. prajatmoi). However, the total number of unknown frog species is 2 included 1 taxon of the family

17 Microhylidae (Microhyla sp) (Figure 13); 1 taxon of family Rhacophoridae (Rhacophorus sp1) (Figure 14). 17 Figure 13. Microhyla sp that found in Sungai Durian survey site (Photograph by J. Holden). Figure 14. Rhacophorus sp1 from Sungai Durian survey site (Photograph by J. Holden). A total of 18 reptile species (7 snakes and 11 lizards) were recorded during the survey implemented at the six sampling sites. The survey reported 1 family of snake (Colubridae) and 3 families of lizard (Agamidae, Gekkonidae and Scincidae). For the reptiles, 1 species are unknown, it is Parea sp which the snake found in Sungai Durian survey site (Figure 15). The unknown snake is likely new to science but further study of collected materials is required to confirm identifications. Figure 15. Pareas sp from Sungai Durian survey site (Photograph by J. Holden).

18 Species encounter were substantially different between sites. Survey site summaries are outline below: 1. Tapan: 20 species observed (14 species of amphibian and 6 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (9 species) at this site. Most abundant species were R.. chalconota, R. crassiovis and R. siberu ; and for reptile M. multifasciata. 2. Lumayang: 13 species were observed (9 species of amphibian and 4 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (5 species) in this site. The abundant amphibian species were R. chalconota and R. hosii; and for reptile M. multifasciata. 3. Sungai Durian: 32 species were observed (26 species of amphibian and 6 species of reptile). The family Rhacophoridae was dominant (8 species) and followed by families Ranidae (7 species) and Microhylidae (6 species). The abundant species were K. pleurostigma, H. sumatrana, L. kuhlii, R. chalconota and R. hosii. 4. Gunung Tujuh: 35 species were observed (28 species of amphibian and 7 species of reptile). The family Rhacophoridae was dominant (12 species). The abundant species were M. superciliaris, F. cancrivora, F. limnocharis, L. barisani, R. chalconota, R. crassiovis, R. nicobariensis, Philautus aurifasciatus, P. leucomystax and R. achantharrena ; and for reptiles M. multifasciata and M. rudis. 5. Rawa Bento: 6 species were observed (6 species of amphibian and 0 reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (4 species). The abundant species were F. cancrivora, F. limnocharis, R. chalconota, R. nicobariensis, P. leucomystax and R. bifasciatus. 6. Renah Kayu Embun: 17 species were observed (14 species of amphibian and 3 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (7 species) and followed by family Rhacophoridae (6 species). The abundant species were R. chalconota, R. crassiovis, R. nicobariensis, Philautus aurifasciatus, P. leucomystax; and for reptiles M. multifasciata and M. rudis. 18 B. Second Phase: The total of forty-seven (47) species herpetofauna were found during the second phase field work (February-March 2006), which consisted of 28 species of amphibians (27 described frog species and 1 undescribed frog species) and 19 species of reptiles (18 described reptiles and 1 undescribed snake). A detailed of the list are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. The family Ranidae still dominated the frog fauna included 18 species (64.3%). The family Bufonidae and Rhacophoridae are represented with 4 species (16.0%) respectively. The family Megophryidae (1 species) and Microhylidae (1 species) are poorly presented with just 3.6% of the frog fauna. The total number of unknown frog species is 1 taxon of the family Rhacophoridae. A total of 19 reptile species (7 snakes and 12 lizards) were recorded during the survey implemented at the four sampling sites. The survey reported 1 family of snake (Colubridae) and 5 families of lizard (Varanidae, Agamidae, Lacertidae, Gekkonidae and Scincidae). For the reptiles, 1 species are unknown species included 1 species of snake (Amphiesma sp). All of the unknown species are likely new to science but further study of collected materials is required to confirm identifications. Photographs of the two unknown species are shown in Figure

19 19 Figure 16. Rhacophorus sp2 from Muara Labuh survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). Figure 17. Amphiesma sp from Muara Labuh survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). Species encounter in each site are summarized below: 1. Muara Kambang : 29 species observed (17 species of amphibian and 12 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (12 species) at this site. Most abundant species were Fejervarya limnocharis, Limnonectes shompenorum, R.ana chalconota and R. nicobariensis; and for reptile Mabuya multifasciata. 2. Muara Sako : 33 species observed (19 species of amphibian and 14 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (12 species) at this site. Most abundant species were F. limnocharis, L. shompenorum, R. chalconota and R.. nicobariensi,; and for reptile M. multifasciata. 3. Muara Labuh : 33 species observed (19 species of amphibian and 14 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (12 species) at this site. Most abundant species were Bufo asper, Microhyla heymonsi, F. limnocharis,, R. raniceps, and R. nicobariensis; and for reptile M. multifasciata and M. rudis.. 4. Lubuk Selasih : 19 species observed (15 species of amphibian and 3 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (12 species) at this site. Most abundant species were Bufo juxasper, R. hosii and R. kampeni ; and for reptile M. multifasciata and M. rudis.

20 20 C. Third Phase: The total of forty-seven (49) were found during the second phase field work (January-March 2007), which consisted of 26 species of amphibians and 23 species of reptiles. A detailed of the list are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. The family Ranidae still dominated the frog fauna included 13 species (50.0%). The others family consisted of 7 species (26.9%) of Bufonidae, 4 species (15.4%) of Microhylidae and 3 species (11.5%) of Rhacophoridae respectively. A total of 23 reptile species (6 snakes, 16 lizards and 1 freshwater turtle ) were recorded during the survey implemented at the four survey sites. The survey reported 2 families of snake (Colubridae and Elapidae), 4 families of lizard (Agamidae, Lacertidae, Gekkonidae and Scincidae) and 1 family of Trionychidae. Species encounter were substantially different between habitat types inside the four survey sites. Sampling site summaries are outlined below: 1. Sulap Hills : 19 species were recorded (12 species of amphibian and 7 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (7 species) in this site. No species was found abundant, however Limnonectes blythii was found common; and for reptile Mabuya multifasciata was also common in this site. Bufo claviger, one of endangered frog species in Sumatra was found in this site (Figure 18). Based on IUCN (2006), this species was only known with certainty from northern Bengkulu Province, where it occurred in lowland forest; however, in Sulap Hills, Bufo claviger was found at slow moving stream inside rubber plantation. Figure 18. Juvenile of Bufo claviger that was found in Sulap Hill survey site (Photograph by H. Kurniati). 2. Seloso Hills : 17 species were recorded (11 species of amphibian and 6 species of reptile). The family Ranidae was dominant (7 species) in this site. No species was found abundant, however for reptile, Mabuya multifasciata was common in this site. 3. Napal Licin : 35 species were recorded (18 species of amphibian and 16 species of reptile). The family Ranidae and Agamidae were dominant (11 species and 5 species respectively) in this site. Most abundant species were Limnonectes kuhlii, Rana. raniceps and Methaphrynella pollicaris,; and for reptile M. multifasciata. 4. Upper Rupit River : 28 species were recorded (15 species of amphibian and 13 species of reptile). The family Ranidae and Scincidae were dominant (8 species and 4 species respectively) in this site. Most abundant species were Leptophryne borbonica, Limnonectes kuhlii and Rana hosii ; and for reptile M. multifasciata.

21 21 C. General results and discussion: During the survey in Jambi, West Sumatra Provinces and South Sumatra Province that conducted from January-March 2005, February-March 2006 and January-March 2007, a total of 70 species of frog (63 described species, 4 species have been described and 3 undescribed species) and 38 species of reptiles (36 described species, 2 undescribed species). Herpetofauna studies in the KSNP (Jambi, West Sumatra Provinces and South Sumatra Province) documented an impressive diversity of amphibians and reptiles. A small number of reptiles and frog species were added to the total list as a result of surveys in South Sumatra region. Most of the additional species found during the surveys in South Sumatra region were observed at low elevation sites with variety of habitat types. Based on the UPGMA diagram of species similarities between sites showed that all sites clustered as four distinct groups (Figure 19). The sites were rain forest covered most of the areas and located at altitude between meters asl (Tapan, Lumayang, Upper Rupit River and Sungai Durian) clustered as one group; this group was named as the low elevation forest group. The second group included the sites that disturbed forest covered some of the areas and located at altitude between meters asl (Gunung Tujuh and Renah Kayu Embun) clustered as one group; this group was named as high elevation group. The third group only included Rawa Bento survey site, which has very specific habitat and located in high elevation. In this site, grass was the major plant that covered most of the open area. The fourth group, included the sites that disturbed forest and cultivated land covered most of the areas and located at altitude between meters asl (Muara Kambang, Muara Sako, Muara Labuh, Lubuk Selasih, Sulap Hills, Seloso Hills and Napal Licin ); this group was named as disturbed forest group. Possible reasons for the grouping of the fourteen sites are explained below: 1. Low elevation forest group Tapan, Lumayang, Upper Rupit River and Sungai Durian are hilly rain forest sites where the landscape with gentle and steep slopes. The forest within the sites is home for many forest species, which are restricted to lowland forest. Usually, the forest species have restricted ecological tolerance; they do not tolerate to habitat change including logging, deforestation and pollutant. Such herpetofauna, which have restricted ecological tolerance that found in the sites, Ansonia glandulosa, Bufo divergen, Leptophryne borbonica, Kalophrynus pleurostigma, Phrynella pulchra, Metaphrynella sundana, Limnonectes microdiscus, Pelophryne brevipes, Nyctixalus pictus, Polypedates otilophus, Rhacophorus nigropalmatus, Aphaniotis acutirostris, Aplopeltura boa, Boiga cynodon and Gonocephalus grandis. 2. High elevation group Landscape of Gunung Tujuh and Renah Kayu Embun are similar to Tapan, Lumayang and Sungai Durian; however these two sites are located at high elevation. The species that inhabit these sites have variety ecological tolerance. Some species are restricted to their habitats included Philautus aurifasciatus, P. cornutus, and Megophrys aceras, M. paralella ; and the others have widely ecological tolerance included Bufo juxasper, B. melanostictus, Rana crassiovis, Rhacophorus catamitus, Microhyla heymonsi, Dendragama boulengeri and Lophocalotes ludekingi. Basically, most of the species can tolerate the cool temperature that prevails above 1000 meters asl. 3. Marshland group Rawa Bento has very specific habitat, grass is the major plant that cover the open area. In the analysis, it is clustered with the high elevation group. Rhacophorus bifasciatus, the frog species that restricted in marshland was found in this site, and found very abundant. The frog was also at marshland area in Gunung Tujuh, but not so many.

22 22 4. Disturbed forest group Inside the disturbed forest group, the sites clustered into four groups; they are low elevation group (Muara Kambang and Muara Sako), middle elevation group (Muara Labuh and Lubuk Selasih), cultivated land areas (Sulap Hills and Seloso Hills) and Napal Licin. Sulap Hills and Seloso Hills are the most closely related with very high similarity index, and followed by Muara Kambang-Muara Sako and Muara Labuh-Lubuk Selasih. Most of the species that found in the three groups were non-forest species, they usually found in degraded forest or human created habitats. However, Napal Licin stands as outer group among the six survey sites. Napal Licin survey site can be categorized as semi disturbed group. In this site, some species addition were found only in this area, included Metaphrynella poillicaris, Limnonectes macrodon, and Draco spp. Figure 19. UPGMA diagram of species richness similarities between sites by using cluster analysis. Ta: Tapan; Lu: Lumayang; SD: Sungai Durian; GT: Gunung Tujuh; RB: Rawa Bento; RKE: Renah Kayu Embun; MK: Muara Kambang; MS: Muara Sako; ML: Muara Labuh; LS: Lubuk Selasih; SuH: Sulap Hills; SeH: Seloso Hills; NL: Napal Licin; URR: Upper Rupit River. Based on major habitats (Table 3), less than half of the herpetofauna species encountered in the fourteen survey sites were found in forested areas (47 species; 43.5%); 24 species (22.2%) were found in disturbed habitats, including cultivated land and human habitations; an additional 37 species (34.3%) occurred in both forest and disturbed habitat. Although 43.5% of the species were restricted to the forest, many species of amphibians and reptiles that have widely ecological tolerance use disturbed habitats as temporary residences. However, they still require forested areas as their primary habitat and the significant changes occurring when forest is removed or severed impacted can quickly bring about the demise of numerous species through desiccation, lethal temperatures and loss of prey items (Stuebing and Inger, 1999). Classification of these groups is based on amphibians and reptiles lifestyle, details of their lifestyle are explained below: 1. Forest species None of these species can tolerate to habitat change, especially for amphibians. Forestry modifications can produce changes in microclimate, soil moisture and habitat complexity. Of particular importance is land drainage for reservoirs and other developments, frequently resulting in removal of breeding sites and fragmentation of populations (Gardner, 2001).

23 Although the detail of amphibian lifestyle vary widely, these forest species exhibit four major behaviour (Inger and Stuebing, 1989) including: 1. Frogs that never leave the stream bank. Frogs using this strategy include Leptophryne borbonica, L. kuhlii, L. blythii, R. picturata, R. siberu, R. kampeni, R. crassiovis and Huia spp which live in similar microhabitats such as strong moving streams or slow moving water. These species also include frog species confined to animal wallow in the forest, such as Microhyla spp. 2. Frogs found along stream banks, but live away from water as juvenile. Young froglets hop into the forest often moving several hundred meters away from streams where they feed and grow. As they approach adult size, they return to a stream where they remain, to breed and feed for the rest of their lives. Frogs with this life cycle include R. hosii and L. crybetus. 3. Frogs that use streams only for breeding. Adult frogs from this group live on the forest floor among the leaf litter for most its life. They return to a stream at intervals only for breeding. These frogs include species such as Megophrys spp and K. pleurostigma. 4. Forest frogs wander widely through the forest at all ages, and are seen along stream banks occasionally. Most of these types of frogs lay egg in small pools of water in the forest floor. However, some use water-filled tree holes and a few species even lay their eggs under forest floor litter where there is no standing water, but humidity is high. Species that use this microhabitat for breeding include Ansonia spp, L. microdiscus and P. brevipes. Pool on the forest floor form when a large tree falls pulling its root mass out of the soil, or in mud wallows produced by forest pigs. Several species of three frogs descend to deposit their foam nest at the edge of such pools or attach them to low overhanging vegetation (Figure 20). Frog species exhibiting these behaviours include P. pulchra, N. pictus, P. macrotis and Rhacophorus spp. 23 Forest clearing in and around the four sites in Kerinci Seblat National Park has surely not been beneficial to forest-dwelling species intolerant of open areas. Herpetofauna habitat loss from logging by local habitants in these areas is likely the main cause of the observed decreases in herpetofauna diversity. Figure 20. Foam nest of Rhacophorus nigropalmatus that found at Sungai Durian survey site (Photograph by J.Holden).

24 24 2. Non-forest species This species group closely associated with human and almost entirely dependent on human disturbance to create preferred environment condition (i.e. open spaces, disturbed ground and standing water). When human build a village or housing or create paddy field or fishpond, besides removing the forest, human make new climates and instantly daily temperature increase. The increase for sunshine results in faster drying of small pools of rainwater. These changes can make it impossible for many forest species to exist. Most amphibians and reptiles are very sensitive to high temperature; direct exposure to sunshine can kill them in a few minutes. Rapid drying of rain pool can lead to the death of an entire clutch of forest tadpole, which usually takes several weeks to complete development. Cultivated land usually becomes a suitable habitat for some species include paddy field, garden, house and fishpond. On the positive side, when human make a flooded paddy field or a ditch, they also make a fine breeding place for frogs and, therefore, a place where some snakes can find a lot of prey. Most of non-forest species seem to require man to open up or clear forest before they can find suitable habitat and they seem unable to invade the forest. 3. Forest and non-forest species This species group consists of amphibians and reptiles with a broad ecological tolerance, they are classified as forest or non-forest species. Some of these species are not truly at home in the forest including Rana chalconota and Polypedates leucomystax, they do well in cultivated land and penetrate the edge of rainforest. 37 species of the herpetofauna species encountered in the survey sites have a broad ecological tolerance, they occur in both forest and disturbed habitat (Table 3). Although about 34% of the total species are not restricted to the forest, many species of amphibians and reptiles use disturbed habitats as temporary residences. However, they still require forested areas as their primary habitat and the significant changes occurring when forest is removed or severed impacted can quickly bring about the demise of numerous species through desiccation, lethal temperatures and loss of prey items (Stuebing and Inger, 1999). Tentative comparison of frog species richness (Table 4) using multivariate analysis of Similarity index indicated a value of 0.35 between KSNP and Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) in north Sumatra. This result suggested that occurrence of amphibian species in KSNP and GLNP was quite difference. KSNP referred to species which restricted to Central Sumatra region, included Ansonia cf glandulosa, A. leptopus, Rana crassiovis, Rhacophorus angulirostris, Rhacophorus achantharrhena, Rhacophorus bifasciatus, Rhacophorus catamitus, Rhacophorus modestus, Rhacophorus poecilonotus; and also referred to the species which restricted to south Sumatra region, included Limnonectes macrodon and Bufo claviger (IUCN, 2006; Van Kampen, 1923) ; however those species has not been recorded in North Sumatra region. A total of 63 described frog species are found in the KSNP (Table 4). Frog species richness in the KSNP indicated a value of 67% of total described frog species in Sumatra mainland. These results suggest that the diversity of amphibian in the KSNP is high.

25 25 A. Amphibians Table 1. Total list of amphibian species that found in ten survey sites in KSNP (Jambi, West Sumatra and South Sumatra Provinces), Sumatra. (+) species found; (-) species not found; (*) species endemic to Sumatra; (**) species has been described by Djoko Iskandar. Ta: Tapan; Lu: Lumayang; SD: Sungai Durian; GT: Gunung Tujuh; RB: Rawa Bento; RKE: Renah Kayu Embun; MK: Muara Kambang; MS: Muara Sako; ML: Muara Labuh; LS: Lubuk Selasih; SuH: Sulap Hill; she: Seloso Hill; NL: Napal Licin; URK: Upper Rupit River Classification Species list Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Megophryidae Megophrys nasuta Megophrys aceras Megophrys paralella Sites Jambi Province Sites West Sumatra Province Sites South Sumatra Province Ta Lu SD GT RB RKE MK MS ML LS SuH SeH NL URR Abundance status Uncommon Rare Common Family Bufonidae Ansonia cf Rare glandulosa* Ansonia leptopus Scarce Bufo asper Common Bufo claviger* Rare Bufo divergen Scarce Bufo juxasper Common Bufo Common melanostictus Bufo parvus Rare Pelophryne Rare brevipes Leptophryne Common borbonica Family Microhylidae Kalophrynus Common pleurostigma Kaloula baleata Common Microhyla Common borneensis Microhyla Common heymonsi Microhyla Uncommon palmipes Microhyla Common superciliaris Microhyla sp Rare Metaphrynella cf Common pollicaris Metaphrynella Common sundana Phrynella Uncommon pulchra

26 26 Family Ranidae Fejervarya Common cancrivora Fejervarya Common limnocharis Huia Common modiglianii* Huia Common sumatrana* Limnonectes Rare acuticeps** Limnonectes Common barisani** Limnonectes Fairly blythii common Limnonectes Common crybetus** Limnonectes Common kuhlii Limnonectes Scarce laticeps Limnonectes Scarce macrodon Limnonectes Uncommon microdiscus Limnonectes Common paramacrodon Limnonectes Scarce prajatmoi** Limnonectes Common shompenorum Occidozyga Rare laevis Rana chalconota Common Rana crassiovis* Common Rana erythraea Uncommon Rana hosii Common Rana kampeni* Common Rana Common nicobariensis Rana Scarce nigrovittata Rana picturata Common Rana raniceps Common Rana siberu* Common Family Rhacophoridae Nyctixalus pictus Rare Philautus Common aurifasciatus Philautus Uncommon cornutus* Polypedates Common leucomystax Polypedates Fairly macrotis common Polypedates Scarce otilophus Rhacophorus Common achantharrhena* Rhacophorus Common angulirostris Rhacophorus Common appendiculatus

27 27 Rhacophoru barisani* Rhacophorus bifasciatus* Rhacophorus catamitus* Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus Rhacophorus modestus* Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Rhacophorus pardalis Rhacophorus poecilonotus* Rhacophorus prominanus Rhacophorus reinwardtii Rhacophorus sp1 Rhacophorus sp2 Number of species Scarce Common Common Rare Scarce Uncommon Rare Uncommon Common Scarce Rare B. Reptiles Classification Species list Table 2. Total list of reptiles species that found in ten survey sites in KSNP (Jambi, West Sumatra and South Sumatra Provinces), Sumatra. (+) species found; (-) species not found; (*) species endemic to Sumatra; (**) specie s has been described by Djoko Iskandar. Ta: Tapan; Lu: Lumayang; SD: Sungai Durian; GT: Gunung Tujuh; RB: Rawa Bento; RKE: Renah Kayu Embun; MK: Muara Kambang; MS: Muara Sako; ML: Muara Labuh; LS: Lubuk Selasih; SuH: Sulap Hill; she: Seloso Hill; NL: Napal Licin; URK: Upper Rupit River Sites Jambi Province Sites West Sumatra Province Sites South Sumatra Province Ta Lu SD GT RB RKE MK MS ML LS SuH SeH NL URR Abundance status Class Reptilia Order Ophidia (Snakes) Family Colubridae Ahaetulla Rare prasina Amphiesma Rare sp Aplopeltura Rare boa Boiga Rare dendrophila Boiga Rare cynodon Chrysopelea Rare paradisii Dendrelaphis Scarce pictus Lepturophis Rare borneensis Liopeltis Rare baliodeirus Pareas Scarce malaccanus Pareas sp Rare