International Journal of Surgery

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1 International Journal of Surgery 9 (2011) 117e121 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Surgery journal homepage: Review Primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts: A review of 22 cases Cuneyt Kayaalp *, Abuzer Dirican, Cemalettin Aydin Inonu University, Department of General Surgery, Malatya, Turkey article info abstract Article history: Received 22 January 2010 Received in revised form 25 August 2010 Accepted 5 October 2010 Available online 25 October 2010 Keywords: Echinococcus Hydatid Cyst Soft tissue Subcutaneous Aim: We aimed to review cases of primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts whether this is a fearsome disease or a benign progressed pathology. These cysts are rare, have difficulty in diagnosis and management, particularly for inexperienced clinicians. Methods: We searched key words of "echinococcosis, hydatid, soft tissue, subcutaneous, cutaneous" at MEDLINE/PUBMED. We eliminated unrelated articles, cases with primary visceral hydatid focus or muscular cysts. Twenty publications including 22 patients were suitable for analysis. We contacted with authors of the articles for missing data. Follow-up periods and recurrences were updated. Results: All patients were from endemic areas and most from rural regions (90%). Most frequent locations were thigh (27%) and gluteal region (9%). Mean size was 5.7 þ 3.1 cm (2e15 cm). Main symptom (70%) was painless, slow growing mass with normal overlying skin. Serologic tests were usually negative (79%). Only 45% of the patients were diagnosed as hydatid cyst before treatment. Most cases (91%) were treated by surgical excision and spillage occurred at 25% of them. Cyst pouchs were irrigated with protoscolocidal solutions after cyst removal. There was no anaphylaxis during procedures. There was no recurrence with a mean follow-up of 26 þ 18 months (6e60 months). Conclusion: Primary subcutaneous hydatid cyst should be in mind for differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses particularly for patients who lived in regions where hydatid cyst is endemic. There is no reported anaphylaxis or recurrence during diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Complete excision is the best treatment option. Primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts generally look like a benign progressed disease. Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Surgical Associates Ltd. 1. Introduction Hydatid cyst disease is an endemic parasitic infestation caused by Echinococcus granulosus and it is an important public health problem in the Mediterranean countries, Middle East, Africa, South America, Asia and Australia. 1 Main hosts for Echinococcus granulosusis are dogs and human contacts with the disease after oral intake of infected dog feces. After ingestion of the eggs to the portal venous system, liver becomes the most frequently involved organ (60e70%) and lungs are the second most common site (5e27%). 1 If parasite passes liver and lungs, it may locate in any organ. 2e5 Primary subcutaneous hydatid disease means that there is not any primary focus of hydatidosis. This is a rare disease and can have difficulties in diagnosis and management, particularly for inexperienced clinicians. Even in the endemic areas, detection of a subcutaneous hydatid cyst results with apprehension for anaphylaxis or local/systemic recurrences. We experienced with two cases of subcutaneous hydatid cysts and despite our * Corresponding author. Department of General Surgery, Staff Surgeon of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey, Tel.: þ /3706; fax: þ addresses: ckayaalp@inonu.edu.tr, cuneytkayaalp@hotmail.com (C. Kayaalp). fears, patients demonstrated uneventful progress in the short and long term follow-up. Then we decided to review whether a subcutaneous hydatid cyst is a fearsome disease or a benign progressed pathology. For the first time, we reviewed the available literature regarding with primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts and we aimed to demonstrate the demographic features, diagnosis, risks, treatment and results. 2. Material and methods In September 2008 and 2009 for two separate times, wesearchedthe key words of [(echinococ* OR hydati*) AND (soft tissue* OR subcutaneous* OR cutaneous*)] at PUBMED/MEDLINE and this resulted with 330 articles. We eliminated unrelated articles, cases with concomitant hydatid focus or muscular hydatid cysts. The resulting publications were searched and the references of all articles were cross-checked to decrease the possibility of missing relevant publications. The search revealed 32 publications, of which 20 included suitable data. 6e25 All the publications were case reports between 1994 and Patient s age, gender, location of cyst, symptoms, signs, size of the cyst, diagnostic radiology, serology, preoperative diagnosis, treatment, adjuvant medications, morbidity, recurrences and follow-up time were recorded. If there were any missing data, we contacted with the authors of articles via . By this way, the follow-up periods and the recurrences were updated. Data were tabulated in tables, and sum of the colons in the tables and the means were calculated. Chi-square test and student-t test (SPSS 13.0) were used for statistical analysis /$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Surgical Associates Ltd. doi: /j.ijsu

2 118 C. Kayaalp et al. / International Journal of Surgery 9 (2011) 117e Results There were 22 cases, 15 female and seven male, with a mean age 40 (range between 10e73) (Table 1). All patients were from endemic areas for echinococcosis and the most patients who had available data were from rural area (90%). The most frequent locations for subcutaneous hydatid cysts were thigh (27%) and gluteal region (9%) (Fig. 1). Three (14%) cases were located in head and neck, only one (4.5%) in upper extremities, 11 (50%) in trunk and the remaining seven (31.5%) cysts were in lower extremities. Head and neck located cysts were in younger patients than trunk located and lower extremity located cysts ( years vs years and vs years, p ¼ 0.023, p ¼ respectively). Mean cyst size was cm (ranged 2e15 cm). Head and neck located cysts were smaller than lower extremity cysts ( cm vs cm, p ¼ 0.044). Main symptom (70%) was painless, slow growing mass and only 30% of the patients complained with pain. Pain was more frequent with lower extremity cysts than other locations (57% vs. 10%, p ¼ 0.036). Most cysts (77%) were mobile in subcutaneous fat tissue and sometimes they were fixed to peripheral tissues (23%). Overlying skin was usually normal in appearance (92%) but rarely erythematous. Diagnostic radiology was performed 57% of the patients and the most preferred tool was superficial ultrasound examination (92%). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were usually preferred after ultrasound examination. Sixty-one percent of the cysts were multiloculated and 33% of them were uniloculated, the remaining 6% were degenerated cysts. Multiloculated cysts were greater than uniloculated cysts ( cm vs cm, p ¼ 0.060). Hydatid serologic tests were usually negative (79%) (Table 2). Fine needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis was performed for five patients and none of them complicated with allergic reactions. Only 45% of the patients were diagnosed as hydatid cysts before treatment. Half of the patients were treated with a diagnosis of soft tissue mass, and rarely the diagnosis was abscess or hernia. Usually general surgeons (59%) and orthopedic surgeons (18%) were related with subcutaneous hydatid cysts. However, other surgeons (plastic, pediatric, thoracic or ear-nose-throat) were faced with subcutaneous hydatid cysts according to cyst locations. Most cases (91%) were treated by surgical excision and spillage occurred at 25% of them without any anaphylactic reactions. Adjuvant treatment with mebendazole or albendazole was administered in 82% of cases and the remaining received no treatment. Recurrence rate was zero after a mean follow-up of months (ranged 6e60 months). 4. Discussion 4.1. Mechanism of subcutaneous disease During surgical treatment of hydatid cysts, iatrogenic spillage of cyst contents to incision area can result with secondary subcutaneous hydatid cysts. 26 Sometimes, subcutaneous hydatid cyst can be a part of disseminated (abdominal, thorasic, etc) disease. 27,28 Rarely, spontaneous rupture of a visceral hydatid cyst into subcutaneous tissue can cause subcutaneous hydatid cysts. 29e32 All these are secondary hydatid cysts. The mechanism of primary subcutaneous localization is unclear. There are two potential mechanisms; (a) direct subcutaneous contamination through an injured skin or (b) subcutaneous colonization of ingested eggs after passing liver and lungs. This review demonstrated that hand location was less than thigh or gluteal locations (4.5% vs, 36%). If the direct contamination mechanism was correct, risk of contact should be higher for hands than thigh or gluteus. We believe that subcutaneous colonization of the parasite in the circulation after ingestion is a more reliable mechanism than the direct contact theory Epidemiology of subcutaneous disease We found that incidence of subcutaneous hydatid disease is 1.5% (ranges between 0.6% and 2.6%) among all cases of hydatid disease in endemic areas 2,3,33,34 (Table 3). However, real incidence can be different. Studies in Table 3 include mainly general surgery clinics and this can result in overlooking total number of hydatid patients (thoracic, cranial, etc) in hospitals. Additionally, most soft tissue masses are treated at small medical centers and this can result in under-reported cases Age and sex distribution of subcutaneous hydatid cysts were similar to the liver hydatid cysts. 1 All patients were from endemic areas and most patients were from rural areas. Location around the Table 1 Demographics of the patients with primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts. No Author, year Age/sex Endemic area Living area Location Size* Pain with mass Mobility of mass Overlying skin Radiology Cyst type 1 Chevalier /Male Yes NA Thigh 15 cm Yes NA NA US, CT, MRI Multilocular 2 Voucharas /Female Yes Rural Thigh 5 cm No Mobile Normal No NA 3 Ok /Female Yes NA Submandibular 4 cm No Mobile Normal No Unilocular 4 Ozturk /Male Yes Rural Malar 3 cm No Mobile Normal US Unilocular 5 Acar /Female Yes Rural Thigh 5 cm Yes Mobile Normal No Multilocular 6 Baldi /Female Yes NA Scapula 6 cm NA NA NA No Multilocular 7 Arinc /Male Yes Rural Sternum 4 cm No NA NA No Unilocular 8 Orhan /Female Yes NA Thigh 5 cm Yes NA Erytematous US Unilocular 9 Guiral /Female Yes Rural Knee 11 cm No Mobile Normal US, MRI Multilocular 10 Koybasioglu /Female Yes NA Infraumblical 3 cm NA NA NA CT Degenerated 11 Kiyak /Female Yes NA Inguinal 4 cm Yes NA NA US NA 12 Gurbuz /Female Yes NA Retroauricular 4 cm No Fixed Normal US Multilocular 13 Bedioui /Female Yes NA Hypogastric 6 cm NA NA Normal NA Multilocular x 14 Daoudi /Female Yes Rural Gluteal 6 cm NA NA NA US, MRI Multilocular 15 Demirel /Female Yes NA Subclavicular 5 cm NA NA NA No Unilocular 16 Dogmus /Female Yes NA Lumbal 3 cm No Mobile NA US Multilocular 17 Safioleas /Male Yes NA Gluteal 6 cm No Mobile NA US Multilocular 18 Parsak /Female Yes NA Thigh 6 cm Yes Fixed NA US, MRI Multilocular 19 Dirican /Male Yes Rural Thigh 9 cm No Mobile Normal US,CT Multilocular 20 Dirican /Male Yes Rural Palm 3 cm No Fixed Normal No Unilocular 21 Gupta /Female Yes Rural Shoulder 2 cm No Mobile Normal No NA 22 Gupta /Male Yes Urban Back 10 cm No Mobile Normal No NA US: Ultrasound, CT: Computed tomography, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, x Including calcification, NA: Not available. * Largest diameter.

3 C. Kayaalp et al. / International Journal of Surgery 9 (2011) 117e Fig. 1. Location of subcutaneous cysts. Numbers are correlated with Table 1 and sizes of the cysts are proportional with a 180 cm height man. trunk and roots of limbs could be explained due to an increase in vascularization and less muscular activity in these areas. 35 Head and neck cysts were smaller than trunk and lower extremity cyst, possibly due to earlier admission of the patients with aesthetic anxieties Diagnosis Most patients complained of slow growing, painless, mobile masses with normal overlying skin. radiological evaluation can provide diagnosis. radiological findings of a thick cyst wall, calcification, daughter cysts, and a germinative membrane separate from the cyst wall are findings specific to hydatid cysts. 1 AmericanCollege of radiology has guidelines for soft tissue masses and, if a soft tissue mass is not related with bone (X-ray negative) they usually recommend MRI for the first study to order and ultrasound or CT recommended for the alternative methods. 36 in this review of subcutaneous hydatid cysts, the most preferred radiological method was ultrasound. we believe that ultrasound in experienced hands is useful for diagnosis. MRI and CT are both useful to demonstrate relationship of cyst to adjacent organs. Routine laboratory tests generally do not show any specific results for hydatid cysts. Serologu is a useful tool particularly for the differential diagnosis of hydatid liver cysts, however, it is usually negative (%79) for subcutaneous hydatid cysts The differential diagnosis of the soft tissue masses included abscess, sebaceous cyst, lipoma, tuberculous abscess, aneurysm, hernia, sarcoma, chronic hematoma, synovial cyst and necrotic soft tumor. Previously, we thought that preoperative correct diagnosis of a subcutaneous hydatid cyst was mandatory for the risks of anaphylaxis or recurrences due to spillage. This review demonstrated that the preoperative diagnosis was accurate in only 45% of the patients. Despite this low diagnostic rate, there were no early or late complications such as anaphylaxis or recurrences. We believe that preoperative definitive diagnosis is not always necessary. After diagnosis of subcutaneous hydatid cyst, radiological screening of the body should be done to look for another focus Treatment and results Hydatid liver cyst is traditionally treated by surgery, but recently minimal invasive percutaneous treatment options are promising. 1 Subcutaneous surgery is less extensive than visceral surgery and complete excision of subcutaneous hydatid cyst is almost always possible contrary to liver hydatid cysts. Subcutaneous cysts were usually multiloculated and percutaneous treatment has a lower success rate for these cysts. Therefore, we believe that subcutaneous hydatid cysts should be treated by total excision. Rupture of the cyst

4 120 C. Kayaalp et al. / International Journal of Surgery 9 (2011) 117e121 Table 2 Diagnosis, treatment and results of the patients. No Author, year Serology FNAB Preoperative diagnosis Surgical departments Treatment Morbidity Adjuvant treatment Recurrence Follow-up (months) 1 Chevalier 1994 Negative Yes Abscess Orthopedics Excision NA Yes NA NA 2 Voucharas 1997 NA No Soft tissue mass General surgery Excision NA No NA NA 3 Ok 2000 NA No Soft tissue mass General surgery Excision No Yes No 60 4 Ozturk 2001 Negative No Soft tissue mass Plastic surgery Excision NA No No 14 5 Acar 2001 NA Yes Hydatid cyst General surgery Excision No Yes No 6 6 Baldi 2002 NA No Soft tissue mass NA Excision NA NA No 60 7 Arinc 2003 Negative No Hydatid cyst Thorasic surgery Excision NA Yes No 12 8 Orhan 2003 Negative No Hydatid cyst Orthopedics Excision NA Yes No 12 9 Guiral 2004 Negative No Hydatid cyst Orthopedics Excision Spillage Yes No Koybasioglu 2004 NA Yes Hydatid cyst General surgery Excision NA NA NA NA 11 Kiyak 2006 Negative No Femoral hernia General surgery Excision NA NA NA NA 12 Gurbuz 2006 NA No Hydatid cyst Ear Nose Throat Excision NA Yes No Bedioui 2007 Negative No Soft tissue mass General surgery Excision No NA NA NA 14 Daoudi 2007 Negative No Hydatid cyst Orthopedics Excision NA NA No Demirel 2007 Negative No Soft tissue mass General surgery Excision NA No No 6 16 Dogmus 2007 Positive No Soft tissue mass General surgery Excision Spillage Yes No Safioleas 2008 Positive No Hydatid cyst General surgery Excision No Yes No Parsak 2008 Positive No Hydatid cyst General surgery Excision NA Yes No Dirican 2008 Negative No Hydatid cyst General surgery Excision No Yes No Dirican 2008 Negative No Soft tissue mass General surgery Excision No Yes No Gupta 2008 NA Yes Soft tissue mass Pediatric Surgery Percutaneous NA Yes NA NA 22 Gupta 2008 NA Yes Abscess General surgery Percutaneous NA Yes NA NA FNAB: Fine neddle aspiration biopsy NA: Not available. Table 3 Incidence of primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts. Author, year should be avoided and if occurs, cyst pouch should be irrigated with protoscolocidal solutions after removal of cyst contents. Risk of anaphylaxis or other allergic reactions made us to suggest surgery under general anesthesia instead of local or regional anesthesia. Identifying a subcutaneous hydatid cyst can alert the clinician for disseminated hydatid cysts in the body. If a subcutaneous hydatid cyst was primary and treated by total surgical excision, the prognosis is generally good. There was no recurrence of 22 cases with a mean 26 months follow-up. 5. Conclusion Primary subcutaneous hydatid cyst should be a differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses particularly for patients who lived in regions where hydatid cyst is endemic. There is no reported anaphylaxis or recurrence during diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Complete excision is the best treatment option. Primary subcutaneous hydatid cysts generally look like a benign disease. Conflict of interest statement None to declare. Funding None. References Total number of hydatid cyst patients Patients with subcutaneous hydatid cysts (%) Department of publication Bal (2.6%) Pathology Yildirim (2.5%) Surgery Col (0.6) Surgery Lazar (1.3%) Surgery Total (1.5%) 1. Kayaalp C. Hydatid cyst of the liver. In: Blumgart LH, Belghiti RJ, DeMatteo RP, Chapman WC, Büchler MW, Hann LE, D Angleca M, editors. Surgery of liver biliary tract and pancreas. 4 th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; p. 952e Bal N, Kocer NE, Arpaci R, Ezer A, Kayaselcuk F. Uncommon locations of hydatid cyst. Saudi Med J 2008;29:1004e8. 3. Yildirim M, Erkan N, Vardar E. Hydatid cysts with unusual localizations: diagnostic and treatment dilemmas for surgeons. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2006;100:137e Kiresi DA, Karabacakoglu A, Odev K, Karakose S. Uncommon locations of hydatid cysts. 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