SOME NEMATODE PARASITES FROl\1 EGYPTIAN CARNIVORA. Harold C. Gibbs

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2 SOME NEMATODE PARASITES FROl\1 EGYPTIAN CARNIVORA By Harold C. Gibbs A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research of McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science April, 1956

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Professer T. W. M. Cameron, Director of the Institute of Parasitology, under whose direction this thesis was prepared, for his assistance and advice during its preparation. Thanks are also due to Dr. G. Lubinsky and Professer L. K. Whitten for their advice and encouragement. I would also like to express my appreciation of the help given by Miss O. Wood who did the photography and to my wife who typed the preliminary manuscript.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS r. II. III. IV. v. VI. VII. VIII. INTIDDUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS... DESCRIPI'ION IDENTIFIED Ge nus AND DISCUSSION OF THE NEMATODES... Ancfliostoma Doc oides O.xynema Toxocara Toxascaris Spirura. Spirocerca.... Mastophorus Ctathospirura R ctu1aria... Cosmocepha1us. Physa1optera Dirofi1aria.... HOST LIST... DISCUSSION SUMMARY... BIBLIOGRAPHY... PLATES

5 I. INTRODUCTION Between January 1952 and May 1953 the United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, stationed at Cairo, Egypt, undertook an extensive survey of the local fauna for the presence of schistosomes. As a result, a large number of helminths, other than schistosomes, was collected and sorne were forwarded to the Institute of Parasitology at Macdonald College for identification. This thesis deals with the classification of those nematodes collected from Carnivora. It is hoped that eventually a complete host list for all the parasites obtained in the area will be published. There have been a number of surveys done on the helminth fauna of North Africa, of Egypt and the Sudan in particular, over the past one hundred years or so. Probably the first was that reported on by Wedl in 1862 who described two genera of the family Oxyuridae which he found in Egypt. Looss of the medical school at Cairo also did some comprehensive work on the helminth fauna of Egypt over a period of years. His most famous work was that on the hookworms in man (1905). In 1901 Sweden sent a zoological expedition to Egypt and the White Nile. This was reported on in 1909 by Jagerskiold who directed the expedition and who described a number of species of nematodes parasitic in Carnivora. Leiper (1908) published a paper on a collection of nematodes made by Wenyon in the Sudan, which consisted mainly of parasites from birds.

6 2 One of the most prolific workers in the North African area was L. G. Seurat who, between the years 1899 and 1930, published a large number of papers on the parasitic nematodes found in this area. Although much of his work was done in Algeria and Tunisia he also described nematodes from Egypt, many of which were from Carnivora. Baylis (1923) and later Boulenger (1926) published a series of papers on a collection of nematodes from Egypt. This collection was obtained from the medical school at Cairo and had apparently been made by Looss. However, few of the described species were parasitic in Carnivora. In 1934, Witenberg made a survey of the parasites of cats and dogs in Palestine. Later Azim (1939) surveyed the parasites of cats and dogs in Egypt and recently Choquette et al (1952) reported on a survey of the parasites of dogs in Algeria. It will be seen that none of the previous workers has produced a comprehensive survey of the nematode parasites of Carnivora in Egypt. The hosts that have been studied in this work are: Canis aureus, the jackal; c. familiaris, the dog; Felis chaus, the wild cat; F. domesticus, the cat; Genetta genetta, the genet cat; Fennecus zerda, the fennec fox; Vulpes vulpes aegyptiaca, the egyptian fox; and Mustela nivalis subpalmata, the weasel. From these hosts 13 genera represented by 18 species are recorded.

7 3 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The specimens collected from 91 carnivore hosta were sent to the Institute in small rubber or cork stoppered vials containing 70 per cent ethanol as a preservative. For pu~poses of examination the specimens were cleared in lactophenol or beechwood creosote, 1nto either of which they could be introduced directly from 70 per cent ethanol. Lactophenol was the one most generally used and proved very satisfactory, especially for the smaller specimens. For larger specimens, auch as Ascaris sp. or Physaloptera sp., beechwood creosote was round to give better resolution. However, it had to be carefully removed with 5 per cent acid alcohol as it caused blackening of the worms if they were subjected to prolonged treatment with it. The specimens were gently rolled between the coverslip and slide for examination of their details. For more extensive manipulation of the specimens as, for example, to show the details of the male tail, glycerine jelly was found to be a very usef'ul medium. The wor.m was placed in a drop of war.m jelly on a slide and a coverslip placed in position with the portion to be examined left uncovered. After the jelly had hardened the uncovered portion was then manipula t e d as desired by using a second coverslip and some more warm jelly. For the study of the worm ~face, a similar procedure was used. This consisted of placing the worm in liquid jel ly and drawing out the anterior end in a small portion of the fluid which was

8 4 then allowed to harden. A scalpel was used for decapitation. The jelly was then reheated and the head orientated under the coverslip. Measurements were made with the aid of a calibrated ocular micrometer and a conversion calibration scale. In cases where the worms were curved the outline was traced using a camera lucida and these length then measured off. A piece of string was found to be very useful for this purpose. Before starting the work, mimeographed forms were made up listing all the important measurements. As soon as measurements were made they were converted and entered on these forms which greatly facilitated the recording of the data, one for.m being used for each species studied. All drawings were done with aid of a camera lucida. Completed drawings were made by tracing the original sketches onto drawing paper with the aid of a lighted ground glass screen and tben inking them in. Scaling was accomplished by copying the stage micrometer through the camera lucida.

9 5 III. DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF THE NE~~TODES IDENTIFIED Superfami1y: Strongy1oidea Wein1and, Family: Ancy1ostomidae Looss, Subfami1y: Ancylostominae Loess, Genus: Ancy1ostoma Dubini, Species: Ancylostoma caninum(ercolani, 185~. Hosts: 1) 4) Location: Canis aureus, 2) C. fami1iaris, 3) Vulpes vulpes. Sma11 intestine. Felis domesticus, Lpca1ity: 1) Abu Zabal, Qua.lyubia Prov.; Cairo-Alexandria Rd., W. Desert; Shaksshuk, Faiyum; 2) Caire; 3) Tanash, Giza Prov.; Abu R~uwash, Giza Prov.; 4) Abu Rauwash, Giza Prov.; Bilbeis, Sharqiya; Abu Gha1ib, Giza Prov.; Burg El Arab, W. Desert; Gizzaya, Giza Prov.; Giza Pyramids, Giza; El Mitimdiya, Giza; El Talbriza, Giza; Kom.. Aushim, Faiyum; L. Quarun, Faiyum; Beziret Hohamm.ad, Giza Prov. Severa1 specimens of this species were obtained from the above hosts and agreed in all respects with the description given by Lane (1916). Azim (1939) reported this species from beth cats and dogs in Egypt and it appears to be quite a common parasite in the Mediterranean area.

10 6 Genus: Docbmoides Cameron, There has been much discussion and misunderstanding over the correct name to be used in designating this genus. Unfortunately, Froelich (1789) when he namedthe genus Uncinaria gave an inadequate description of his type material. Because of this, both Railliet (1900) and Looss (1905) maintained that the n'ame was un tenable. However, the latter redescribed the genus from Froelich's (1789) description and Goeze 1 s (1782) description and figures of Ascaris criniformis and retained the name Uncinaria as a provisional measure. Cameron (1924), because the genus had as its type a species inquirenda, proposed a new generic name, Dochmoides, with D. stenocephala (Railliet, 1884) as the type species. This name unfortunately has not come into general usage. Baylis (1934) still used the name Uncinaria in his descriptions of species of the genus and it is the name in general use at present. Wolfgang (1956) strongl y upholds the generic name Dochmoides maintaining tha.t it is correct according to the rules of zoological nomenclature and also tha t Loess in his redescription of the genus was not objective. The author is in agreement with this viewpoint.

11 7 Species: Dochmoides stenocephala (Railliet, 1884). Host: Fennecus zerda, Vulpes vulpes. Location: Small intestine. Locality: Giza, Giza Prov.; Bilbeis, Sharqiya. This species is usually considered more of a temperate than a tropical zone parasite. However, Azim (1939) recorded it from dogs in Egypt, Gaiger (1915) from dogs in the Punjab, Witenberg (1934) from dogs in Palestine and Choquette et al (1952) from dogs in Algeria. Description: The worm is 7.2 mm. long and 0.2 mm. wide. The cuticle is finely striated transversely. The buccal capsule measures about 0.15 mm. in depth and 0.1 mm. in its dorsoventral diameter. It is roughly cone-shaped and the anteroventral portion of the capsule is continued forward in the form of two semilunar cutting plates. The inner ventral wall of the capsule bears a pair of cutting lancets. There is no dorsal cone. The oesophagus is about 0.7 mm. long and about 0.13 mm. wide at its maximum width. The excretory pore and nerve ring are situated just anterior to the middle of the oesophagus. The vulva is situated 4.5 mm. from the anterior end. The tail is 0.16 mm. long and is provided with a terminal spike. This specimen will therefore be seen to agree closely with the descriptions given by Cameron (1924) and Baylis (1936).

12 8 Superfamily: Oxyuroidea Railliet, Family: Subuluridae Yorke and Maplestone, Subfamily: Numidicinae Lopez-Neyra, Genus: Oxynema von Linstow, Sonsino in 1889 described Heterakis crassispiculum from Vulpes sp. in which he reported the presence of only one spicule. Later von Linstow (1899) described a species, Oxynema rectum, from the same host which he made the type species for a new genus, Oxynema. He too described only one spicule. Seurat (1915~ described a species from Vulpes sp. which he placed in the genus Allodapa, calling it A. numidica. He believed that it was closely related to H. crassispiculum Sonsino, 1889 and o. rectum von Linstow, 1899, and also showed that these latter two were synonymous, giving them the specifie name Allodapa crassispiculum. In 1919 Barreto erected the genus Numidica with A. numidica Seurat, 1915, as the type species. Following this three new species were added to the genus, N. monodi Baylis, 1930, N. suricattae M8nnig, 1931 and N. alata Mazhar, In 1945 Lopez-Neyra erected a new subfamily Numidinae (emended by Inglis (1955)to Numidicinae). Into this he placed the genera Oxynema, Numidica and Baylisnumidiéa. The differentiai characteristic between Oxynema and Numidica has always been that the former possessed only one spicule while the latter possessed two. However, Inglis (1955) re-examined von Linstow 1 s examples of o. crassispiculum and

13 9 showed that there were in reality two spicules present, that one of them was very poorly chitinized and had consequently been overlooked. In all other ways it appeared similar to the species placed in the genus Numidica. Thus the distinction between the two genera Numidica and Oxynema was no longer valid and Numidica became a synonym of Oxynema. He also showed that Baylisnumidica Lopez-Neyra, 1945 in reality belonged to the subfamily Parasubulurinae and he assigned it to the genus Parasubulura. This left the subfamily Numidicinae with only one genus Oxynema comprised of the following species: Species Host Location Ox~nema boueti Xe rus erythropus intestine (Gendre, 1911) O. numidica Vulpes vulpes caecum (Seurat, 1915) o. monodi Numidica meleasris caecum (Baylis, 1930) galeata o. suricattae Suricatta suricatta large and (Mt3nnig, 1931) small intestine o. alata VulEes vulees (Mazhar, 1933) intestine O. crassiseiculum Vulpes sp. caecum (Sonsino, 1889) Locality Africa N. Africa W. Africa S. Africa India N. Africa Species: Oxynema crassiseiculum (Sonsino 1889). Host: VulEes sp. Location: Caecum. Specimens examined by the writer from Vu1Ees sp. agreed c1osely with Seurat 1 s (1915~ description and they were therefore classified as Numidica numidica (Seurat, 1915).

14 10 However, further investigation showed that they also closely resembled Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino 1889) redescribed by Inglis (1955) fron von Linstow 1 s (1899) original material. This prompted a comparison between Seurat 1 s and Inglis' descriptions. Table I is a comparison of the measurements given by Seurat (1915à) and Inglis (1955) with those obtained by the writer from his specimens. The measurements are seen to agree very closely. Seurat 1 s specimens were slightly larger than those of von Linstow and the writer and this would account for the slightly higher values for sorne of his figures. The actual descriptions given for the worms by the two authors were found to agree very closely. Both authors described the buccal cavity as being düided into two distinct portions with three large teeth being present at the base of the posterior portion. Seurat descr.ibes the oesophagus as being swollen in the posterior region followed by a narrow very short portion with a distinct bulb for the denticular apparatus. Inglis says 11 It extends backwards -- expanding slightly at the posterior end --. It then contracta sharply to join the posterior oesophageal bulb by a narrow isthmus." Both authors agree that there are no lateral alae. There is also close agreement in their descriptions of the male tail. Seurat states that the tail is curved at its extremity, sornetirnes rolled alrnost a complete turn, terminating in a fine point. The cloaca opens 275p from the extremity. It is lirnited by two lips, the lower lip being

15 11 Species Total length Male Female Width Male Fe male Dist. of Oesophagus from ant. end Male Female Oesophageal bulb Dist. of excretory pore from ant. end crassispicu1um numidica Writer s After Ing1is (1955) After Seurat (1915a) specimens 8-12 mm mm mm mm mm mm. x mm mm mm. 25 mm mm mm. 1.8 mm x 0.25 mm mm. 8.4 mm. 12 mm nnn. 0.3 mm mm mm x 0.22 mm mm. Dist. nerve ring from an t. end mm. 0.3 mm mm. Dist. of vulva from ant. end mm. approx. 6-7 mm. 4.2 mm. Tail length Male Female mm mm mm mm. 0.2 mm. 1.1 mm. Spicules Le ft Right mm mm mm. 0.6 mm mm mm. Dist. preanal sucker to tail mm mm. Size of ova 76-78p x 46-56)1 63p x 58).1 78]1 x 57p Host Canis sp. Vulpes sp. Vulpes sp. Habitat Caecum Caecum Caecum Locality Egypt Egypt Egypt Table I. Comparison of Measurements of O. crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889), O. numidica (Seurat, 1915) and the Author 1 s Specimens from Vulpes sp.

16 12 raised and very prominent. The sucker is replaced by an elliptical area with transverse striations, very pronounced, and surrounded by a ridge covered with small rectangular bumps, the formation situated 600p in front of the cloaca and surrounded by radiating muscle fibres. Ten pairs of p eduncula ted genital papillae, four pre anal and six pos tanal. The third and fourth pairs external. Tenth pair on either side of the sucker. Caudal glands apparent, open immediately behind the second pair of papillae and in front -of the third. Two unequal spicules, the right one strongly chitinized and very apparent is 600p: long, enlarged at its free half and transversely striated; the left spicule, shorter (440~), is more feebly chitinized, from a side view it is entirely masked by the right spicule. directed transversely. Fan-like portion is spoon-shaped, Inglis describes the tail of his specimens as being "tightly curled ventrally" with "a fine terminal spike. The posterior lip of the cloacal opening bears a cushion-like ~elling covered by fine granulations. tying 0.3 nnn. in front of the cloacal opening is the elo.ngate preanal sucker -- bounded by longitudinal ridges developed from the cuticle. The sucker is flanked by a pair of sessile papillae. There are a further nine or ten pairs of sessile papillae, one pair lying approximately half way between the preanal sucker and the cloacal opening, and two pairs which vary in position may be either precloacal, cloacal or postcloacal in position. There are also five or six pairs of postcloacal papillae, one lying immediately behind and sub-

17 13 lateral to the swollen poste~ior lip of the cloacal opening, two or three of them grouped just anterior to the commencement of the terminal spike and one pair lying between this group and the immediately postcloacal pair. The last of the postcloacal pairs lies lateral to the terminal group of two or three. There are two spicules of vastly different shape and aize. The larger, right, spicule is strongly alate and mm. in width and mm. in length. The smaller left spicule is alate and very poorly 11 chitinized". It is extremely difficult to see because in a lateral view it is masked by the bulk of the right spicule and in a ventral view its poor chitinization renders it almost transparent so that its exact limita are difficult to determine with accuracy. It is about mm. in length and 9p wide at the distal end." It will be seen that there is substantial agreement in the above descriptions. However, there is a difference of opinion as to whether the papillae are sessile or pedunculated. A comparison of the figures given by the two authors (Plate I) shows that they are essentially similar and it is just a case of individual interpretation. The writer agrees with Inglis in calling them sessile, this being.borne out in his own specimens. Seurat states that the vulva is salient being immediately behind the anterior quarter of the body (approximately 6-7 mm. from anterior end). The uteri are opposed. Inglis

18 14 agrees that "the vu1va occurs mm. from the anterior end of the body and is bounded by prominent 1ips. The uteri are opposed and in mature individuals they run forward to within 0.15 mm. of the oesophageal bulb and backwards to the level of the anus." This description tallies closely with the writer's observations on his specimens. The taihof Seurat s femaleswere terminated by a small point and those of Inglis by a fine terminal spike. Seurat suggested that his specimens closely approached those of Sonsino and von Linstow. He wrote that Sonsino 1 s specimens were differentiated by their larger size, the relatively greater length of the female tail and above all by the dimensions of the eggs. Unless these apparent differences are very great none of them are, in the wri ter 1 s opinion, very sound differen tial criteria. This cannot have been the case as Seurat considered Sonsino's specimens and von Linstow 1 s specimens to be identical and it was von Linstow's material that was examined by Inglis the data from which are compared above with that of Seurat. The close agreement between the two authors in their descriptions and the similarity of the values shown in Table I prompts the writer to suggest that there is every reason to suppose o. crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889) and O. numidica (Seurat, 1911) are identical and should be considered as one species, Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889).

19 15 Superrami1y: Ascaroidea Rai11iet and Henry, Fami1y: Ascaridae Baird, Subrami1y: Ascarinae (Rai1liet and Henry, 1912). Genus: Toxocara Stiles, Species: Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782). Host: Canis ramiliaris. Location: Locality: Small intestine. Cairo. Sorne examples or this species were round in one individual. Azim (1939) remarked that not a single specimen or the genus Toxocara was obtained from either the dogs or cats in his survey in Egypt. Species :- Toxocara mystax (Zeder, 1800). Hoste: l) Felis chaus; 2) F. domesticus. Location: Small intestine. Locality: l) Lake Quarun, Faiyum; 2) Baltim, Fouadiya Prov.; Cairo Fish Market; Salum, W. Desert; Imbaba, Giza Prov. This was the most common ascarid found in Fe1is sp. It was found in three out of four Felis chaus and six out of thirty-two Felia domesticus. The specimens agreed closely with the description given by Baylis (1936).

20 16 Genus: Toxascaris Leiper, Species: Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902). Hosts: 1) Canis aureus; 2). C. familiaris; 3) domesticus; 4) Vulpes vu1pes. Fe1is Location: Small intestine. Loca1ity: 1) Kafi A.mmar, Giza Prov.; Shakshuk ~ Faiyum; Kom Aushim, Faiyum; 2) Caire; Faiyum, Faiyum; 3) El Lisht, Giza Prov.; Abbassia Fish Market, Caire; 4) Abu Gha1ib, Giza Prov.; Giza Pyramida, Giza; Lake Quarun, Faiyum; Geziret Muhummad, Giza Prov.; Beziret Muhammad, Giza Prov.; Gizzaya, Giza Prov. These were the most common worms found in Canis fami1iaris. The species was present in 21 out of 23 dogs. It was present in four out of nine jackals and eight out of 25 foxes.

21 17 Superfamily: Spiruroidea Railliet and Henry, Family: Spiruridae Oerley, Subfamily: Spirurinae Railliet, Genus: Spirura Blanchard, Chabaud (1954) remarks that the taxonomy of Spirura has been very confused because workers have not been in agreement in their utilization of sorne of the original names. In 1824 Deslongchamps described sorne larvae found in cysts from cockroaches as Filaria rytipleurites. This was confirmed in 1878 by Galeb who fed the cysts to rats and obtained adult worms. Seurat in his first publications (1911, 1912a and 1912b) called the parasite of the Algerian hedgehog, Spirura talpae. However, later (1913) having compared his rnaterial with sorne obtained from a mole captured in France he noted important differences between the two types. Thereafter, in all his publications, he described the parasite of the hedgehog under the name Spirura gastrophila (Mueller, 1894). Later (1913c), he used the name s. gastrophi1a to describe parasites of Macrosce1idae which proved eventually to be synonymous with those he narned S. rothschildi (1915d). Chabaud (1954) has shown that Seurat admitted in his first work (1911) the identity of his material with the larvae of Filaria rytipleurites Des1ongchamps It therefore seems that he then had the opportunity to take the name S. rytip1eurites and to abandon S. gastrophila. Yorke and Maplestone (1926) adopted this

22 18 solution and placed S. gastrophila Seurat, 1913c, described from Macroscelidae, in synonymy with s. rothschi1di Seurat, 1915d. Unfortunate1y they did not specify that the parasite of the hedgehog described as S. gastrophi1a by Seurat (1913a) was identica1 to Fi1aria gastrophi1a of Mue11er and thence to S. rytip1eurites. As a result we find Stefanski (1934) in his paper on s. rytip1eurites maintaining that the parasite of the hedgehog was synonymous with S. rothschi1di which was untrue. Later, because he considered that Seurat's evidence was inconc1usive, Sandground (1935) proposed that Fi1aria rytip1eurites Des1ongchamps, 1824 and F. gastrophi1a Mue11er, 1894 be 1eft as species inquirendae and that s. gastrophi1a Seurat, 1913a, be retained. However, Chabaud (1954) fe1t that this was too forma1 an attitude and wou1d 1ead to confusion between F. gastrophi1a Mue11er, 1894, S. gastrophi1a Seurat, 1913a and S. gastrophi1a Seurat, 1913c. In 1933 McLeod described a new species, S. infundibu1iformis, from Cite11us sp. in Canada and 1ater Sandground (1935) reported a new species from Eutamias sp. in the U. S. A. Since then species ~ave been described by Mirza and Basir (1938), S. narayani from Herpestes sp. in Hyderabad, India, and by Campana and Chabaud (1950), S. portesiana from Xerus sp. in West Africa.

23 19 At the present time therefore one may distinguish the following species: 1. Spirura talpae (Gmelin, 1790) from Talpa europea. 2. S. rothschildi Seurat, 1915 from Elephantulus deserti. 3. s. infundibuliformis McLeod, 1933 from Citellus sp. 4. S. michiganensis Sandground, 1935 from Eutamias striatus lysteri. 5. s. narayani Mirza and Basir, 1938 from Herpestes mungo. 6. S. portesiana Campana and Chabaud, 1950 from Xerus rutilus. 7. S. rytipleurites (Deslongchamps, 1824) which Chabaud (1954) has divided into two varieties: a. s. rytipleurites rytipleurites from the cat and accidentally the rat; b. S. rytipleurites seurati from Aetechinus a1~irus, Vu1pes vu1pes at1antica, Zori11a ly ica and Herpestes ichneumon. Chabaud (1954) based his separation of s. rytipleurites (Des1ongchamps, 1824), into two varieties on three main criteria: 1) Differences in morpho1ogy between his specimens and those described by Stefanski (1934). 2) Epidemiological considerations -- the larvae of s. rytipleurites were very abundant in North Africa, both in insect and in vertebrate hosts. However, S. rytipleurites to his knowledge had never been reported from cats in this area, while it had been from cats in Europe. 3) On the basis of infection experimenta. Stefanski (1934) was able to infect cats with S. rytip1eurites by feeding cysts obtained from insects. Chabaud was not able

24 20 to duplicate these results by feeding either cysts or free larvae. However, he did infect a rat by this method. Species: Spirura rytipleurites seurati Chabaud, Hasts: l) 3) Mustela nivalis; 2) Felis domesticus. Fennecus zerda; Location: 1) Neck and tangue muscles, stomach and intestinal wall; 2) Stomach; 3) Lung. Locali ty: 1) 3) Abbassia, N. Cairo; Cairo. 2) Giza, Giza Prov.; Specimens of s. rytipleurites were obtained from the above hasts. The specimens from the cat were obtained from the lung, an unusual location, and were much larger than those from Mustela and Fennecus. However, except for this difference in size they were very similar and appeared to be members of the same species. The following is a description of those obtained from Mustela nivalis. Description: The body is robust with a thick cuticle bearing fine transverse striations. It is characterized by a ventral cuticular boss situated approximately 1.9 mm. from the anterior end. The cervical portion of the worm anterior to the boss is straight while that posterior to the boss is rolled ventrally. The mouth is elongated dorsoventrally and surrounded by a strong chitinous framework. The internal border of this framework is marked by three pairs of internal projections. The centre pair is bifid and papillate. The vestibule is strongly chitinized, roughly funnel-shaped and compressed

25 21 laterally. framework. It is prolonged externally to give the buccal The oesophagus is very long and indistinctly divided into two parts, muscular and glandular. The excretory pore opens just behind the nerve ring at the junction of the two oesophageal portions. Female: The females average 31.5 mm. long and 0.36 mm. wide. The boss is 1.97 mm. from the anterior end. The oesophagus is 9.5 mm. long. The nerve ring and excretory pore are 0.29 mm. and 0.35 mm. respectively from the anterior end. The vulva is 18.5 mm. from the anterior end and has salient lips. The ova are 54~ x 36p in aize. Male: The males average 24.0 mm. long and 0.3 mm. wide. The boss is 1.97 mm. from the anterior end. The oesophagus is 9.5 mm. long. The male tail is characterized by thick lateral alae, and the ventral cuticle is covered by longitudinal rows of tubercles. There is a characteristic cloacal pad covered by a warty cuticle. Anterior to the cloaca is a fleshy prominence covered by smooth cuticle. There are four pairs of precloacal papillae, one pair of postcloacal close to the edge of the pad, one pair at about the middle of the tail and three small pairs at the posterior extremity. The left spicule is 540p long, thick and rough. The right spicule is 370p long, slender and smooth. The gubernaculum appears to form a crown 220p long. Table II compares the values given by Stefanski (1934) for S. rytipleurites from the cat, and those for s.

26 22 Variety rftieleurites seurati ex ex e.x Stefanski, (Chabaud, Fe lis Mustela Fennec us 1934) 1954) LEmgth Male Female mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm. Width Male }1 300)1 300)1 Female 550p 525p 350p. 525}1 Boss Male 1.75 mm. 2.4 mm mm. Female 1.9 mm. 2.4 mm mm mm. Nerve ring Ivlale Female 280p 340)1 300p. 290,u 290p 260p Oesophagus Total mm mm mm nm. 8.6 mm. Ante ri or 0.32 mm. o. 57 nnn mm. o. 46 mm. Posterior mm mm. 9.1 mm mm. Excretory pore Male Female 350J.1 305)1 375,u 350p. 350p 330p Tai1 Female 290p. 270p 300,u 255p Vagina from anterior end 20.5 mm mm mm mm. Ova 56-57U.x 35-37;u 6~.x 35p 58p x 36,u 54,:t.x 36)1 54p.x 36p Spicules Le ft Right 540.U 270p 580J.1 320p 570)1 330}1 540).1 370,u Gubernaculum 220p. 210)1 220)1 Table II. Comparison of S. rytieleurite~ rytipleurites and S. rytie1eurites seurati with Specimens Obtained From Fe1is sp., Mustela sp. and Fennecus sp.

27 23 rytipleurites seurati from Aetechinus algirus given by Chabaud (1954) with the values obtained by the author from specimens taken from the cat, weasel and fox. From these figures (Table II) and Chabaud's and Stefanski's descriptions of their ~pecimens, the author believes that, from a morphological standpoint, there is little of value as a differential criterion between the two sets of specimens. Chabaud admitted that it was difficult to extract differential characters from Stefanski's descriptions with, perhaps, the exception of the tail. to be longer in those from the cat. In the female it appeared Also Stefanski's figure of the male tail differed from Chabaud's observations. However, Stefanski's figure is very diagrammatic and does not give much structural detail, therefore few defini-te conclusions can be drawn. Although Chabaud stated that he had never heard of a report of S. rytipleurites from the cat in North Africa, Witenberg (1934) has reported the species from cats in Palestine which is in the same region. I could see no reason, on a purely morphological basis, for not classifying this material from the cat as S. rytipleurites var. seurati Chabaud, These specimens were sexually mature and appeared to be quite normal. It therefore seems as though they were well established in their host. Their unusual location, the lungs, could conceivably be due to inaccurate recording at the time that they were collected. They may have been misplaced during autopsy or they may have been vomited up and inhaled during the agonal struggles.

28 24 Genus: Spirocerca Railliet and Henry, Species: Spirocerca sanguinolenta (Rudolphi, 1819). Host: Mustela nivalis subpalmata. Location: Locality: Intestinal wall. El Mansuriya, Giza Prov. A single larval spirurid was obtained from the weasel. When compared with the descriptions given by Seurat (1916~ it was identified as a third stage larva of s. sanguinolenta (Rudolph!, 1819). Description: The mouth is limited dorsally by two lips and ventrally by two projecting triangular portions. The buccal capsule is tubular with thick cuticular walls. The oesophagus is divided into two portions, an anterior muscular portion surrounded by the nerve ring and a posterior glandular portion. A striking characteristic is the tail which is tipped by a distinct butten adorned with finger-like processes. Total length Width Buccal cavity Head to nerve ring Muscular oesophagus Entire oesophagus Length of tail Author's specimen (mm.) Seurat ( l916a) (mm.) Table III. Comparison of Author's Measurements for S. sanguinolenta wi th Those of Seura t (1916a~.

29 25 Seurat (1916~ states that these larvae are extremely common in Algeria in a variety of hosts. He lists several species of Coleoptera, reptiles, birds and mammals as hosts, among the latter being Erinaceus sp., Vulpes sp. and Herpestes sp.

30 26 Subfamily: Spiroxyinae Baylis and Lane, Genus: Mastophorus Diesing, "The genus Protospirura was proposed by Seurat ( 1914) with P. numidica Seurat, 1914 as type. Later Seurat (1915) transferred the species Lumbricus muris Gmelin, 1790, to the genus Protospirura, and in 1916 he synonymized Mastophorus echiurus Diesing, 1853, with P. muris. Since M. echiurus was designated as type of the genus.mastophorus by Stiles and Hassau (1905), this would appear to invalidate the genus Protospirura. 11 (Chi twood, 1938). Chitwood (1938) also proposed that the members of the genus Protoapirura be further divided into two genera on the basis of certain differentia! criteria. genera were Protospirura and 1\Iastophorus. The proposed In Protospirura, as exemplified by P. numidica, each of the lobes of the pseudolabia was bidentate or quadridentate; the stoma was laterally compressed; the caudal papillae were sessile; the male tail was relatively short; and the vulva was usually, if not always posterior to the middle of the body. In Mastophorus, as exemplified by P. muria, each of the lobes of the pseudolabia was ~~penta-, setpa- or novemdentate; the stoma was cylindrical; the caudal papillae were stalked; the male tail was relatively long; and the vulva was anterior to the middle of the body. On this basis he transferred the following species from Protospirura to Mastophorus: P. muria (Gmelin, 1790), P. columbiana Gram, 1926, P. gracilis Gram,

31 , P. labiodentata (Linstow, 1899), P. ascaroidea Hall, 1916, P. oligodonta Kreis, 1937 and P. marsupialis Baylis, Chitwood further stated that the only morphological character of value in separating these species was the size and shape of the teeth, and this he considered to be of varietal value only. Thus, the genus Mastophorus consisted of one species and two varieties: M. muris var. muris, with large teeth, and M. muris var. ascaroidea with small teeth, the other species being shown to be synonymous with one or other of these varieties. Since that time a number of new species have been described which appear to have characteristics intermediate between the two genera. Kreis (1938) described a species P. anopla from Cephalophus sp. in which the vulva was posterior to the middle of the body but there was an absence of teeth on the pseudolabia. Hannum (1942) reported two species of Protospirura from Arizona rodents: P. anodon, in which the vulva was posterior to the middle of the body but the stoma was cylindrical and the lips were devoid o~ t eeth, and ~ tetradon in which the vulva was anterior and the pseudolabia bore bifid teeth. Read and Millemann (1953) described a species, M. dipodomis, intermediate between the two genera in that the vulva was anterior to the middle of the body, the male tail was relatively long, the papillae were stalked but the stoma was compressed laterally. The author obtained a specimen from Felis domesticus which also shows characteristics

32 28 intermediate between the two genera. The vulva is posterior to the middle of the body as in Protospirura, yet the stoma is cylindrical and the pseudolabia bear seven teeth. As Read and Millemann (1953) have pointed out, if Chi twood' s parti ti on of Mas tophorus and Pro tospirura is accepted the above species cannot be referred to either of these genera. They suggest that rather than erect a new genus the species of the two genera should be placed in a single genus, Mastophorus, as this name has priority. The author strongly supports this viewpoint. He feels that in the first place Chitwood's differential characteristics while satisfactory as specifie or subgeneric criteria were not of generic value. The most important criterion was the difference between the stomata of the two species. Nevertheless the stomata were basically very similar. In another spirurid genus, Cyathospirura, the stomal characteristics show appreciable differences between individual species yet these differences are not considered significant enough to warrant the creation o~ new genera. The splitting o~ a genus with uni~orm morphological features into two or more very closely related groups often leads to much confusion.

33 29 Species: Mastophorus sp. Host: Felis domesticus. Location: Locality: Small intestine. Sayeda Zenab, Cairo. A single female of tbe above genus was obtained from the cat. Although it is badly mutilated most of the structures of value taxonomically are still distinguishable. Description: This is a rather small slender worm about 9.0 mm. long and 0.25 mm. wide. The mouth is characteristic and consista of two large lateral trilobed lips bearing teeth. The centre lobe appears to have seven sharply pointed teeth while the median lobe bears one or two. The pharynx has heavily sclerotized walls, is cylindrical and mm. in depth. The oesophagus is about 3.9 mm. long and is divided into two portions, an anterior muscular portion approximately 0.5 mm. long and a posterior glandular portion approximately 3.4 mm. long. The nerve ring occurs 0.23 mm. from the anterior end. The vulva has prominent lips and is situated about 5.0 mm. from the anterior end. The uteri are filled with embryonated, thick-shelled ova which are 0.04 mm. long and mm. wide. The tail is mm. long and terminates in a sharp point. This individual is smaller in size tban the average for the genus. Since the members of the genus are usually parasites of redents this is probably an instance of parasitism in an unnatural host. The larval forms of these parasites usually occur in Coleoptera and it is possible that the cat could have consumed a beetle containing this parasite.

34 30 Subfamily: Arduenninae Railliet and Henry, Genus: Cyathospirura Baylis, Seurat (1913~ described a parasite from the stomach of Felis ocreata which he called Habronema chevreuxi. La ter (1915o) he recorded two other species of Habronema from Carnivora, H. grimaldae from the stomach of Vulpes atlantica and H. nouveli from the stomach and intestine of Genetta afra bonapartei. In 1919 he again recorded H. chevreuxi from the stomach of a leopard and gave further measurements which showed considerable variations from the original types. Tschernikowa (1934) described a new species of Habronema from the wild cat (Prionailurus captilura) in the area around Vladivostok. This she called H. skrjabini. She provided a useful key for the differentiation of her species from those of Seurat. Later Baylis (1934) described ~ chevreu~i from the stomach of an elephant shrew (Petrodromus nigriseta) in Tanganyika. He discussed the taxonomy of the genus and stated that the species possessed characters which did not correspond with the original type of Habronema. The most important feature was the presence of dorsal and ventral cephalic cuticular shields overlapping the edges of the distinct lateral lips. In H. chevreuxi the borders of the mouth were not apparently divided into distinct latera~ dorsal and ventral portions. He believed that on the basis of the mouth, which was comparable to that of Steptopharagus and Cylicospirura, it should be placed in the subfamily Arduenninae rather than

35 31 Spirurinae. Cyathospirura. He thus erected a new s enus for the group, This would therefore include the following species: Genotype: Cyathospirura chevreuxi (Seurat, 1913). C. grimaldae (Seurat, 1915). C. nouveli (Seurat, 1915). C. skrjabini (Tschernikowa, 1934). Species: Cyathospirura chevreuxi (Seurat, 1913). Host: Fennecus zerda. Location: Stomach. Locality: Giza, Giza Prov. A single female of this species was obtained from Fennecus sp. It is often difficult to identify a species from the female alone but from the following descriptions it will be seen that this one closely agreed with that described by Seurat (1913~ from Felis ocreata. The two lateral alae which Seurat (1913~ described as being very prominent are difficult to distinguish. The anterior cervical papilla is readily distinguishable and is situated just anterior to the origin of the ala. The left one is not discernible. same level as the former. However, it does not occur at the The mouth is limited by two lateral lips which are sloped outwards from about their middle. Each is provided with tbree teeth, a prominent median one and two less prominent lateral ones. A dorsal and a ventral tooth are

36 32 also present. The oesophagus is divided into three regions, an anterior, short dense muscular portion, a middle muscular portion surrounded by the nerve ring and a posterior glandular portion. The vulva has prominent lips and is situated behind the middle of the body. The vagina is directed caudally. from the vulva. The ova have thick shells, are embryonated, and measure 36p by 18~. Length Width Vestibule Tail Ova Origin of alae Ratio in which vulva divides body Seurat (19131;>) mm. 280).1 50,u 180Jl 36p x 21)1 2l0Jl Author's specimen 10.6 mm. 400u 40Jl 180)1 36)1 x 18p. 198] Table IV. Comparison of Seurat 1 s ( 19131;>) Measurements for C. chevreuxi (Female) with Those Obtained by the Author. The measurements shown in Table IV are very similar. The greater width of the author 1 s specimen is due to flattening by excess pressure on the coverslip.

37 33 Species: Cyathospirura seurati sp. nov. Host: Fennecus zerda. Location: Locality: Stomach. Giza, Giza Prov. Four males and three females of thewove genus were found which did not appear identical with any of the species of this genus previously reported from Carnivora. The author has therefore proposed a new species, C. seurati, named in honour of L. G. Seurat who did pioneer work in this genus. ~scription: They are short, stout worms with a thick cuticle which is very finely striated. The lateral alae are difficult to see as they are narrow. They appear to start just in front of the nerve ring about 0.2 mm. from the anterior end and to continue for most of the length of the body. The re are two cervical papillae, the left one situated at the commencement of the ala and tbe right one in the ala just posterior to the nerve ring. The buccal capsule contains three pairs o~ ~orwardly directed lateral teeth, a dorsal and a ventral tooth. They are supported by a strong, longitudinal vestibular framework. This is characterized by longitudinal, chitinous plates which appear to be ribbed. The oesophagus consista of tbree portions, a short muscular anterior portion, followed by a longer, narrower muscular portion surrounded by the nerve ring at about its middle, and a final major glandular portion.

38 34 Male: The males range from 4.56 mm. to 8.15 mm. in length and 0.25 mm. to 0.3 mm. in width. The oesophagus is 1.55 mm. to 2.0 mm. long, the anterior portion being about 0.05 mm. to 0.07 mm. long, the middle 0.18 mm. to 0.27 mm. long and the posterior portion 1.33 mm. to 1.66 mm. long. occurs about 0.25 mm. from the anterior end. The nerve ring The buccal cavi~ is 0.05 mm. deep. The ventral surface of the tail is characterized by longitudinal cuticular ridges which appear to be continued onto the caudal alae. These alae are about 0.06 mm. wide at the level of the cloaca. There are four pairs of pedunculated precloacal papillae, one pair of pedunculated postcloacal papillae, one pair of sessile postcloacal papillae and a 3roup of two or three pairs of small sessile papillae on the tip of the tail. The shorter spicule (left) is 0.24 mm. to 0.33 mm. long and fairly thick. The longer (right) spicule is slender and 0.73 mm. to 0.79 mm. long. The lips of the cloaca are prominent. shaped accessory piece is present. An asymmetrically Female: The f'emales are 6.7 mm. to 9.27 mm. long and 0.34 mm. to 0.35 mm. wide. The excretory pore opens 1.22 mm. from the anterior end. The buccal cavity is 0.05 mm. to 0.06 mm. deep. The oesophagus is 2.2 mm. to 2.25 mm. long, the anterior portion is mm. to 0.07 mm. long, the middle portion 0.34 mm. to 0.35 mm. long and the posterior portion 1.79 mm. to 1.83 mm. long. end. The nerve ring occurs about 0.3 mm. from the anterior The tail is 0.12 mm. to 0.17 mm. long with a conical or blunt end. The vulva is very inconspicuous, situated at

39 35 approximately 4/7 of the length of the worm from the anterior end. The vagina is directed caudally from the vulva giving rise to paired uteri which appear to parallel each other as far as the tail and then are directed anteriorly as far as the end of the oesophagus. Details of the uterine structure are difficult to ascertain with certainty because the uteri are packed wi th ova. The ova have thick shells, are mm. by mm. in aize and are embryonated in utero. Rela ted species Cyatho"spirura seurati sp. nov., c. chevreu.xi (Seurat, 1913) and C. nouveli (Seurat, 1915) appear to be closely related. C. nouveli is much longer than the other two, the vulva is situated in the anterior half of the body and the tail of the female is tipped with spines. In the two former species the vulva is posterior to the middle of the body and the tail is spineless. C. seurati and c. chevreuxi may be differentiated on the basis o~ their buccal structures. C. seurati possesses characteristic ribbed supporting structures which are absent in the latter. species. In 1919 Seurat reported finding c. chevreuxi from a panther (Felis pardus antiquorum). However, the measurements he gave for these specimens differed greatly from those (1913b) / for his original specimens from the Chat gante (Felis ocreata). These measurements are compared in Table V with those of C. seura ti.

40 36 C. chevreuxi from Felis ocreata M F C. chevreuxi from the panther M F C. seurati from Fennecus zerda M F teng th Width Oesophagus Buccal cavi:ty Nerve ring Excretory pore Vulva Ta il Ova x x x Spicules long short Table V. Cornparison of Measurements (mm.) for C. chevreuxi (Seurat, 1913) from the Panther (1919) and the Chat ganté (1913b) with those for G. seurati sp. nov. It is felt that if both sets of Seurat 1 s measurements were accurate he should have considered his specimens from the panther to represent a n ew s pecies because the proportional differences between them and those from Felis ocreata are distinct. The author does not believe that c. seurati i s s ynonymous wi t h t he species f r om the panther. Seurat made n o

41 37 mention of any differences in the buccal structures between his 1913band 1919 specimens, while there is an apparent difference between the author s example of C. chevreuxi and his specimens of C. seurati. It is therefore felt that the specimens described as C. chevreuxi from the panther by Seurat in 1919 be considered as species inquirendae pending further investigation. Specifie diagnosis Small thick worms, females up to 9.27 mm. and males up to 8.15 mm. long. Buccal capsule with three pairs of lateral teeth, a dorsal and a ventral tooth; longitudinal, lateral ribbed chitinous plates. characterized by Oesophagus divided into three portions two muscular and one glandular. Vulva situated immediately posterior to the middle of the body. Caudal papillae of male, four pedunculated precloacal pairs, one pedunculated postcloacal pair, one sessile postcloacal pair and three pairs of small terminal sessile papillae. Spicules unequal, left 0.24~0.33 mm. thick, right mm., slender. Stomach, Fennecus zerda, Giza, Giza Prov., Egypt. Species: Cyathospirura sp. inq. Host: Fennecus zerda. Location: Locality: Stomach. Giza, Giza Prov. Two mature females which were ascribed to this genus were obtained from the above host. They did not seem to

42 38 resemble any previously described species of the genus but as there were only two-females the author did not feel that the erection of a new species was justified. He has therefore described them and left them. as species inquirendae. Description: They arè small, slender worms, about 6.0 mm. long and o.l5 mm. wide. The cu tic le is finely stria ted and thick. Two lateral alae are present which originate 0.1 mm. from the anterior end and are continued along the length of the body to the caudal extremity. There are two lateral cervical papillae, one anterior to the origin of the ala, situated mm. from the anterior end and the other along the course of the ala on the opposite side, 0.28 mm. from the anterior end. The vestibule is long, narrow and cylindrical. It is 0.28 mm. deep and bounded by cuticular walls. Two lateral cephalic shields are present. The oesophagus is 1.5 mm. long and divided into two portions; an anterior muscular portion, surrounded by the nerve ring and a posterior glandular portion. The nerve ring and the excretory pore appear to be situated at the same level, 0.24 mm. from the anterior end. The uteri are filled with eggs making it difficult to distinguish details of the reproductive system. The vulva is situated 3.1 mm. from the anterior end just posterior to the middle. The vagina appears to be directed caudally from the vulva. The uteri extend from the caudal extremity to slightly anterior to the end of the oesophagus. They are filled with embryonated, thick-shelled eggs which measure 36~ by l8p. The tail is

43 39 curved and about mm. long. Related species This species appears to be related toc. chevreuxi (Seurat, 1913) and C. seurati sp. nov. with which it has several characteristics in common. However, it is more slender than the other two and may be distinguished by the structure of the mouth, which does not appear to bear the teeth characteristic of the other two species. Key to the Species of the Genus Cyathospirura Baylis, 1934, Parasitic in Carnivora A. B. Vulva in front of the middle of the body: Tail of the female with a tuft of spines; over 10 mm. long. Spicules: left 540p., right 190p CyathosTirura nouveli Seurat, 1915) Vulva posterior to the middle of the body: 1. Under 10 mm. long: a. Buccal capsule without lateral ribbed chitinous plates. Spicules: left 480~, right 240p ~ C. chevreuxi (Seurat, 1913) b. Buccal capsule with lateral ribbed chitinous plates. Spicules: 1eft p, right p C. seurati sp. nov. 2. Over 10 mm. long: a. Buccal capsule with teeth. Spicules: left 1.26 mm., right 1.45 mm... C. grima1diae (Seurat, 1915) b. Bucea.l <iapsule"'.w.ithout teeth. Spicules: left mm., right 780p..... C. skrjabini (Tschernikowa, 193~ '* Seurat ( 1919) described specimens of C. chevreuxi from the panther which were over 10 mm. long and the spicule measurements were 815p for the left ane and 250p for the right one. The author believes that this should be considered as a species inquirendae until the material is reexamined.

44 40 Subfamily: Thelaziinae Baylis, Genus: Rictularia Froelich, Baylis (1934) stated that the genus Rictularia was one of the most difficult of all the genera of nematodes from the point of view of the systematist. According to Dollfus and Desportes (1945) about 30 species have been described. However, it is very uncertain how many of them are synonymous. In a number of species the male appears to be unknown while the characters of the female are frequently very unsatisfactory for the separation of species, even when a full description is given. This genus was first described by Froelich in 1802 when he described R. cristata from a mouse. This description was confirmed by Dujardin (1845). These authors described their specimens as having only one row of ventral combs or spines. Jagerskiold (1909) stated that if these descriptions were accurate tben a new genus would have to be created for the other species of Rictularia. Hall (1913) did not agree with Jagerskiold and believed that the previous authors' descriptions were erroneous. Hall (1913) considered the Rictular.linae as being a subfamily of the :Metastrongylidae Railliet and Henry, Seurat (1915) thought that they should be placed with the acuàrids or tl:).e physalopterans. Railliet and Henry (1915) placed the Rictulariinae Hall, 1913, as a subfamily in their superfamily Spiruroidea. Chitwood and Wehr (1934) placed

45 41 the Rictulariinae with four other subfami1ies in the fami1y The1aziidae Railliet, Finally Bay1is (1928, 1934) p1aced the genus Rictularia in the family Spiruridae and in the subfami1y Thelaziinae. Chitwood and Wehr (1934) gave the following definition for the Rictulariinae: Thelaziidae: Oral opening usually displaced towards the dorsal aspect, the degree of disp1acement varying with the species. Lips and pseudolips absent. Fapillae of the internal ring distinct with poriform terminations. Dorsoventral and ventroventral papillae of tbe external ring are small and situated close to the laterodorsal and lateroventral papillae. Cuticle armed with combs or spines. Cuticular bosses absent. Caudal alae present or absent. S~icules equal or unequal. Gubernaculum present. to it. Oviparous. Vulva at about the middle or anterior Type genus: Rictularia Froelich, Other genera Pneumonema Johnston, 1916, Echinonema Linstow, 1898 and Rictularoides Hall, Dollfus and Desportes (1945) gave the fol1owing key for distinguishing the genera; 1. Spines in transverse rings... Echinonema Spines in longitudinal rows Two longitudinal rows on each aide of the body Pne'lUJlonema Two or three rows on ventral aspect Two subventral.rows of spines... Rictularia Three subventral rows of spines. Rictularoides

46 42 About 30 species have been described for the genus Rictularia. Jagerskiold (1909), Hall (1913) and Seurat (1916b) have suggested that the many species could be divided into two main groups, those parasitic in Carnivora and those parasitic in Rodentia, Cheiroptera and Insectivore. Hall (1913) stated that in the species parasi tic in carnivores the comblike cuticular structures of the anterior portion of the body of the female change very gradually into the spinelike structures of the posterior portion of the body, with no noticeable alteration in the immédiate vicinity of the vulva. In those parasitic in redents, insectivores and bats the comblike structures anterior to the vulve become spinelike posterior to it. this area. The transition bein6 marked in For identification of the species parasitic in Carnivore it is important to know the level of the vulve relative to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus and the position of the pairs of spines opposite the vulva. The vulve is at the same level or a little in advance in the case of affinis (Jagerskiold 1909, Seurat 1915, Sandground 1933). It is posterior to the postoesophageal extremity in the case of cahirensis Jagerskiold, 1909, and splendide Hall, When comparing reports of the numbers of spines found in the three species affinis, cahirensis and splendide given by several workers, the writer was struck by the similarity in the numbers of these spines for the three species as shown

47 43 in Table VI. The similarity was so marked that it gave rise to doubt as to the existence of three separate species. Species Total No. of Pairs of Spines No. of Prevulvar Pairs No. of Position of Postvulvar Pair of Spines Pairs Opposite Vulva Author ai' finis Jagerskiol (1909) 140 and or 52 Sandground (1933) after Seurat ( 1915c) Seurat ( 1915c) cahirensis Jagerskiold ( 1909) between 49 and 50 Massina (1923) between 49 and 50 Massina (1925) splendida Hàll (1913) Table VI. Distribution of Spines on Females of R. affinis, R. cahirensis and R. splendida. Jagerskiold (1909) stated that in differentiating the species affinis and cahirensis the vulva was anterior to the end of the oesophagus in the case of affinis and posterior to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus in the case of cahirensis. Hall (1913) in his key made the same distinction

48 44 with the addition of splendida in which the vulva is similar in position to cahirensis. However, Sandground (1933) noted that this criterion was subject to variation in the case of specimens of R. affinis which he obtained from Canis adustus. The length3 of the females for the three species were given by Hall (1913). He stated that the three species made up an ascending series in which the maximum of the smaller species was the minimum of the next larger. R. splendida was mm. long, R. cahirensis was 10.5-~3.5 mm. long while R. affinis was mm. long. Egg size was given as 39-42p by 26-2Sr for cahirensis, 36-38p by 24-26p for affinis and 38-42r by 32-3~ for splendida. Females: The writer in his examination of 49 specimens of Rictularia females from Vulpes sp. found individuals possessing characteristics which by following the above criteria enabled hlm to place them into one or other of two species, affinis or cahirensis. They ranged in length from 12.4 mm. to 30.1 mm. In sorne worms the vulva was anterior, while in others it was posterior, to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. Egg sizes ranged from 39-46p by 30-35p. Total spine counts ranged from Vulvar pairs of spines were from the 45th-56th pair. Having placed the individuals in one or other of the above species it was decided to examine more closely the main features used in the differentiation of these females to see if it could be shown that these were really differences or

49 45 were just examples of a normal range of values. If these values were shown to represent a normal distribution, it would be justifiable to assume that one was dealing with but a single species. The following criteria were considered: 1. The total length of the worm. 2. The total number of pairs of spines. 3. The position of the pair of spines opposite the vulva. 4. The number of pairs of spines to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. 5. The position of the vulva with respect to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus (anterior or posterior). 6. The distance between the level of the vulva and the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. The values obtained were plotted in the form of histograms which are discussed below. Discussion of histograms: Fig. I. Total length of females. This histogram is slightly offset to the right. No ready explanation for this is forthcoming except that insufficient numbers of specimens were studied. Nevertheless the histogram does not deviate markedly from that for a normal distribution curve.

50 46 -. ~ \Il '. E -3 1,---J If ' ' t l " 'tl l o ll Le" %t:h op Fhno.le ('m.,'"".) Fig. I. Distribution of lengths of females. Glass interval = 3 mm f-- Fig. II. Distribution of total number of spines in female. Glass interval = 4 ' - ' r--- r - ' ,...- ' 1 l t. ~ '"' 1) '1. I H 't-t- ' 1 I S1 To t o.\ Nu"Mbt:,.. Of Sp\ncs E 1 i - n r Fig. III. Distribution of vulvar pair of spines. r--- r ~., r ~ Nv.-"'btT of v ~~.I ~ ~T Spi"e p ~ 1 1 J" f 5"

51 47 Fig. II. Total numbers of spines in females. This histogram is offset to the left. A probable explanation for this is tbat the relatively larger number of worms noteà as having spines is due to errors in counting. Sorne individuals were badly twisted and in others the cuticle was very uneven. This made counting of spines difficult especially as one approached the posterior extremity. Consequently the counts on these worms tended to be lower than was actually the case. Other than this the values show a fairly close approximation to a normal distribution curve~ Fig. III. "Vulvar pair" of spines. This histogram shows the distribution of the position of the vulva with respect to the pair of spines opposite it, as indicated by the spines' number from the anterior end. This figure was quite an accurate one and the histogram obtained closely approximates a normal distribution curve. The irregularities in the 49 to the 51 region are not due to the fact tbat we have two separate populations, since they are only one class interval apart but are probably due to the small size of the sample.

52 ; v.. ~.:J O!f.,,,. ~..,,. 1 1 Fig. IV. Distribution of distances from the posterior extremity of oesophagus to the vulva. Glass interval = 0.16 mm...! ' > ' -. '. ; s JJ f z " Sp ' "~ s * 1,.- ) \J <.i..\-.,a.?o~~ Cri.III T' l '") '<J u \ Q."fttc.Y\o'f" Fig. V. Distribution of numbers of spines from the posterior extremity of oesophagu s to the vulva.

53 49 Fig. IV. Distances from the vulva to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. Initially this value appeared to be a very useful one to examine as one of the main criteria for separation of the species was the position of the vulva relative to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. The results obtained have made the assumption of a normal population distribution seem justified. However, due to the lack of specimens there were not enough individuals with the vulva in the posterior position to give a conclusive result. It was observed that in a few of the worms shrinkage or wrinkling of the cuticle had occurred. The oesophagus is a fairly rigid structure while the vulva is attached to the cuticle. Therefore, if there was much cuticular wrinkling the vulva would tend to be displaced anteriorly to the end of the oesophagus. the result seen in this histogram. This would produce Fig. V. Numbers of spines between the vulva and the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. As an alternative to measuring the dirrerence in levels between the posterior end of the oesophagus and the vulva, it was decided to make use of the differences in position of the spines opposite these levels. The histogram obtained showed a reasonably close approximation to a normal distribution curve. The displacement to the right in this instance could also be partly explained by wrinkling of the cuticle.

54 50 Although only 49 females were examined the resulta obtained were enough for the writer to conclude that he was dealing with a single species. The main criticism that can be levelled at the resulta is that an insufficient number of individuals was examined. Males: There were not enough males available for a critical analysis of the significant characteristics to be made. However, 20 of them were examined and the following characteristics noted: Characteristic Total numbers of pairs of spines Total length Spicule length Result pairs Average 9.0 mm ~ Number of precloacal or midventral fans 7-9 In the following table a comparison is made of these resulta with those of Jagerskiold (1909) for affinis and cahirensis and Hall (1913) for splendida. These figures all show a marked similarity, the writer's specimens most closely approximating those of affinis. Jagerskiold (1909) examined only one male of cahirensis and this he cons idered to be immature. Hence his values for length and spicule length are considered low. Hall (1913) c onside red that the number of precloacal fans was an important differential criterion between the t hree s pecies. However, it was noticed that this number was not cons t ant i n the present author's specimens. This has also been the experience of Tiner (1948)

55 51 Species Total No. of Pairs of Combs Total Length (mm.) Spicule Length (p) No. of Precloacal or Midventral Fans affinis cahirensis splendida Writer's specimens Table VII. A Comparison of the Male Characteristics of R. affinis, R. cahirensis and R. splendida with Specimens from Vulpes sp. who concluded that ttthe number of precloacal fans on male Rictularia is variable and of little taxonomie significance". Also Kobulej (1951) stated 11 that the number of fans does not representa constant character in males of Rictularia species". Hall (1913) also stated that one of the distinguishing characteristics of splendida was that the male possessed three pairs of large conoidal preanal papillae. In his drawing of the male tail of splendida he appears to have considered what the writer thinks are really pedunculated papillae contained in a lateral ala to be conoidal papillae and has not figured the ala (see Plate II, Figure 6). Seurat (191&) raised the question of placing R. splendida Hall, 1913, in synonomy wi th R. affinis. Discussion: On examination of the criteria used for the differentiation of the three species one is struck by the similari ties rather than the differences tbat exist. The data on the males

56 52 (Table VI) reveal that there is no one characteristic which is sufficiently distinct to serve as a criterion for differentiation of the spe ci es. In fact any differences appear to be more in the nature of variations from a common mean. Initially it appeared that in the female the position of the vulva relative to the end of the oesophagus would be a useful means of differentia tion. However, among the writer's specimens both types of vul va were se en and if the evidence off ered by the his tograms is valid, it must be assumed that they were all members of the same species. Thus it appears that the main cbaracteristic used in differentiating the three species is of doubtful value. To summarize, the writer has attempted to show that the differences between these three "sp~cies" are not distinct enough to warrant their separation into three separate species. The three type speci mens were taken from three different hosts. R. cahirensis was taken from Felis sp., R. affinis from Vulpes 1 sp. and R. splendida from Canis sp. H. cahirensis and R. affinis are African parasites while R. splendida is a North American parasite. Any di~~ e rence s coul ~ then probably be due to environmental influences such as host or locality. The writer, there fore, ventures to suggest that these three species be considere d as c onspecif ic on the basis of tl~ir morphologica l characteristics but that they still be considered as varieties of a common species. The specifie name would then be cahirensis wi th the following varietie s:

57 53 Variety Host Locality R. cahirensis var. cahirensis Vulpes niloticus Cairo, Egypt R. cahirensis var. affinis Felis catus Cairo, Egypt domesticus R. cahirensis var. s;elendida Canis nebracensis Arno, Colorado, u. s. A.

58 54 Family: Acuariidae Seurat, Subfamily: Acuariinae Rail1iet, Henry and Sisoff, Genus: Cosmocephalus Molin, Species: Cosmocephalus sp. Host: Felis domesticus. Location: Small intestine. Locality: Abassia, N. Cairo. A single female of this genus was obtained from a cat. The author is unable to decide on the species but it appears to resemble most closely C. asturis Yorke and Maplestone, 192~which is parasitic in Astur tachine, a species of hawk, from which it differs mainly by its smaller size. It is characterized by the presence of four cuticular cordons which anastomose about 0.35 mm. from the anterior end. The cordons bound raised cuticular shields. The worm is 7.5 mm. long and 0.20 mm. wide. The oesophagus is divided into two portions, an anterior muscular portion which is 0.21 mm. long and a posterior gl a ndular portion which is 0.71 mm. long. There are two lateral trifid papillae situated 0.44 mm. from the anterior end. The vulva is situated 0.75 mm. from the head and the uterus cont a ins embryona ted ova which are mm. by mm. in size. The tail is 0.15 mm. long. It was first c onsidered that this was an example of spurious parasitism resulting from consumption of a hawk

59 55 by the host. However, it is suggested that this may not be simply a case of spurious parasitism but is an instance of true parasitism in an unnatural host. This would explain the smaller dimensions of the worm, resulting from life in an unnatural environment, as well as its excellent state of preservàtion.

60 56 Family: Physalopteridae Leiper, Subfamily: Physalopterinae Railliet, Genus: Physaloptera Rudolphi, The genus Physaloptera was established by Rudolphi in From that time until the present it has been the subject of much discussion. As Morgan ( 1941) wrote, 11 It is one of the largest and taxonomically one of the most unwieldy of the genera of parasitic nematodes". A brief review of sorne of the work that has been done is ' a propos at this point. Dujardin in 1845 decided that there was reason for uncertainty in Rudolphi's generic diagnosis and therefore transferred the species of Physaloptera to the genus Spiroptera. Diesing (1851) reestablished the genus and presented a precise generic definition. Following these authors papers on the genus were published by Leidy (1856), Molin (1860), Schneider (1866), Von Drasche (1883), Von Linstow (1878, 1889), Gedoelst (191~, Hall (1916), Seurat (1914, 1917a and b), Leiper (1908), Travassos (1919), Irwin Smith (1921, 1922) and others. Ortlepp in 1922 published an excellent monograph on the genus in which he discussed the work that had previously been done. He critically reexamined old material, redescribing sorne species and rejecting others. He also described several new species. In all he listed 28 species from reptiles, 22 species from birds and 43 specie s from mammals.

61 57 Ortlepp discussed at length the characteristics used in their classification. He divided the genus into four groups on the basis of their uterine numbers: Didelphys (2), Tridelphys (3), Tetradelphys (4) and Polydelphys (over 4). He also considered that the mode of origin of the uteri was important. Morgan (1946a) stated tba.t the mode of origin had itself been divided into various groups: 2A (2 uteri with a common trunk), 2B (2 uteri without a common trunk), 2C (2 uteri without a common trunk, but with branches from the lateral sides), 3 (3 uteri without a common trunk), 4D (4 uteri with a common trunk), 4E (4 uteri with bifurcation of a common trunk), 4F (4 uteri without common trunk), 5-15G (5-15 uteri with a common trunk), and 7-15H (7-15 uteri without a common trunk). Schulz (1927) divided the genus Physaloptera into several genera according to pseudolabial dentition and the family Physalopteridae was broken into two subfamilies, namely Physalopterinae and Proleptinae. The genera in the Proleptinae were Proleptus, Thubunaea, Heliconema, Ortleppina and Physalopteroides. The subfamily Physalopterinae has been split into four 6enera by Schulz (1927) and Baylis (1934); these being, Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1918, Abbreviata (Travassos, 1920), Schulz, 1927, and Pseudophysaloptera Baylis, Morgan (l946a) stated that "Physaloptera is characterized by one externo-lateral tooth, one internal group of three teeth and usually no denticles on the margins of the pseudolabia 11 The characters of value for species determination

62 58 were the following, in order of importance: l) number of uteri, 2) mode of origin of uteri, 3) number of male ventral papillae, 4) arrangement of male ventral papillae, 5) shape of spicules, 6) length of spicules and 7) position of vulva. Morgan (1944) stated that the genus was very ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. we11 over 250 different species. The number of hosts totalled The order Carnivora had the largest number of families parasitized, six being represented. Morgan (l946b) described the Physaloptera from Carnivora. There appeardd to be nine va1id species recorded. He also provided a useful key for the differentiation of these species. Species: Physa1optera preputia1is Linstow, Host: Fe1is domesticus. Location: Loca1i ty: Stomach. Lisht Pyramids, Giza Prov.; El Burg, Baltim, Fouadiza; Abu Rawash, Giza Prov.; Wadi Natroum, W. Desert. This parasite is a very common one of cats and is of ubiquitous distribution. It was first described by von Linstow (1889) from a wild cat (Felis catus) from Brazil. Since then it has been reported from many countries. Some of these are: China, Ceylon, Dutch and British Guiana, Ma1aya and India by Ortlepp (1922), S. Africa by M8nnig (1923) and the U. S. A. by Morgan (1941). The author's specimens agreed c1ose1y with the

63 59 description s iven by Ortlepp (1922) and with the measurements given by Morgan (1946). They were found in five out of 32 cats. Species: Physaloptera rarasimilis sp. nov. Host: Vulpes sp. Location: Locality: Stomach. Gebel Elba, Sudan. Among the nematodes obtained from the stomach of Vul,p.es sp. were seven specimens (five females and two males) of a species of Physaloptera which the author was unable t9 place in any of the recorded species of the genus. He has therefore prop_osed the erection of a new species. Description: A definite cephalic collarette is present and the cuticle appears. to be finely striated. The cervical papillae are symmetrical and situated at about the level of the junction of the two portions of tbe oesophagus or slightly anterior to this point. The lips are hemispherical, each with a papilla on each of its lateroventral and laterodorsal borders. At the apex there is a well chitinized external tooth with a pointed tip, internal to this a tripartite tooth. No other teeth are present. The oesophagus consists of two parts, a muscular anterior portion and a glandular posterior portion. In the

64 60 females this is about 5.8 mm. long while in the males it is about 5.7 mm. long. The nerve ring encircles it at its anterior portion. Female: The females are large and robust and vary in length from 34.4 mm. to 36.0 mm. and in width from 0.98 mm. to 1.13 mm. The tail is comparatively long and pointed and is about 0.06 mm. in length. The vulva is situated slightly anterior to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. It is non-protuberant. The vagina passes straight back and has a corrugated outl~ne. The egg chamber is spindle-shaped and contains embryonated eggs. Two uteri originate immediately posterior to the egg chamber, a common trunk being absent (2B type). in length by mm. in width with thick shells. embryonated in utero. The eggs average mm. They are Male: The male is smaller than the female, being about 25.8 mm. long by about 0.84 mm. wide. The tail is bent ventrally.. Its ventral surface is covered by longitudinal rows of tubercles. The arrangement of the dorsal papillae is as follows: three pairs of precloacal pedunculated lateral papillae, one pair of postcloacal pedunculated lateral papillae, two precloacal sessile papillae, four postcloacal sessile papillae in a row on the posterior rim of the cloaca and three pairs of sessile postcloacal papillae in two rows situated medio-ventrally. The spicules are fairly large. The ri ght spicule is bent to the right. It is 0.47 mm. to 0.56 mm. in length. The left spicule is longer, slightly curved and is 0.67 mm. to 0.84 mm. long.

65 61 Related species Physaloptera rarasimilis, P. torquata and P. rara form a fairly close group. They have two uteri originating directly from the base of the egg chamber (2B type). P. rarasimilis and P. torquata both have the right spicule bent to the right. In P. rarasimilis the vulva is slightly anterior to the end of tbe oesophagus while in P. torquata it is postoesophageal and in F. rara it is equal. In P. rarasimilis the male shows only two precloacal sessile papillae while in both P. torquata and P. rara there are three. This species resembles P. rara closely and further study on more individuals may show that they are synonymous. Specifie diagnosis Fairly large worms, females up to 36.0 mm., males up to 25.8 mm. long. External tooth large and pointed. Internal tooth with tripartite tip. Vulva slightly anterior to end of oesophagus, two uteri, 2B type of origin. Arrangement of caudal papillae in male -- three pairs of precloacal and one pair postcloacal pedunculated lateral papillae, two precloacal sessile papillae, 4 postcloacal sessile papillae in a row on rim of cloace and three pairs of sessile postcloacal pa pillae in two rows media ventrally. Spicules unequal, left larger (0.84 mm.), the right ~~th a fairly definite bend to the right (0.47 mm.). Stomach, Vulpes sp., Gebel Elba, Sudan.

66 62 P. P. ra ra P. torg,uata rarasiiiiilis (Morgan,* (Morgan,-* sp. nov. 1946b) 1946b} Length Male Female Width Male Female Oesophagus Male Female Vu1va Ova Le ft Spicule Right Spicule 25.8 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm. 0.8 mm mm mm. 1.0 mm mm. 5.7 mm mm mm. 5.8 mm. 7.0 mm mm mm. 4.8 mm mm x mm. x mm. x mm mm mm mm. O mm mm mm. Table VIII. Comparative Measurements of P. rarasimi1is, P. rara and P. torquata. Key to The Three Species, P. rarasimilis, P. rara and P. torquata 1. Female with 2B uteri Male with five pairs postcloacal papillae, two pairs surrounding cloaca, three pairs equidistant on tail, two or tnreë precl9açal papillae Male with two precloacal papillae.. P. rarasimilis Male wi th tbree precloacal papillae Spicules unequal, slightly curved, slender; left spicule p, right spicule p P. rara Spicules slightly unequal, left spicule lp, right spicule )1 with a definite bend P. torquata ~ Measurements taken from this author.

67 63 Species: Physaloptera sp. Host: Fennecus zerda. Location: Locality: Stomach. Giza, Giza Prov. A single female of this genus was obtained from the above host. The following is a description of this wonn: Description: The worm is stout with a thick, transversely striàted cuticle. It is 28.8 mm. long and 1.0 mm. wide. There is a definite cephalic collarette present and the head closely resembles those of the specimens descrlbed from Vulpes sp. (vide supra). The oesophagus is 6.1 mm. long and is divided into two portions; the anterior one being 0.90 mm. long, muscular and s urrounded by the nerve ring which occurs 0.49 mm. from the anterior end. The posterior portion is 5.44 mm. long and glandular. The excretory pore occurs 0.9 mm. from the anterior end. The vulva is non-salient and is situated 4.15 mm. from the head. The vagina is directed caudally and leads into a spindle-shaped egg chamber containing ova. The two uteri appear to originate immediately posterior to the egg chamber (2B uterus). The eggs we.re distorted in shape, probably as a result of fixation, and so were not measured. The tail was about 0.15 mm. long. A comparison of these measurements with those in Table VII shows that this female probably belongs to this group but it is difficult to state the species in the absence of males.

68 64 The species of Physal~ptera that have been described from Carnivora are as follows: Species Host Physaloptera rara Canidae Hall and Wigdor, 1918 Procyonidae Felidae Locality N. America N. America N. America Au thor Hall and Wigdor, 1918 Leigh, 1940 Whitlock, 1937 P. maxillaris Molin, 1860 Mustelidae N. America Ortlepp, 1922 P. preputialis Linstow, 1889 Felidae S. America von Linstow, 1889 N. America Walton, 1927 Malaya Ortlepp, 1922 China Faust, 1929 In dia Chandler, 1925 G. Britain Ortlepp, 1922 Vi verridae Europe W. Africa S. Africa E. Africa S. Africa Gedoelst, 1911 Ortlepp, 1922 MBnnig, 1923 Sandground, 1928 MBnnig, 1923 P. pseudo~reputialis Yutuc, 1 53 Felidae Phillipines Yutuc, 1953

69 . 65 P. torg,uata Muste1idae N. America Wa1ton, 1927 Leidy, 1886 Procyonidae N. America Morgan, 1942 P. anoma1a Fe1idae S. America Ort1epp, 1924 MoLin, 1860 P. breviseicu1um Fe1idae Ma1aya Ort1epp, 1922 Lins tow, 1906 W. Africa Ort1epp, 1922 India Mirza and Narain, 1934 P. canis Canidae S. Africa M~nnig, 1929 M8nnig, 1929 P. masoodi Felidae India.Mirza, 1934 (Mirza, 1934) P. terdentata Fe1idae s. America Molin, 1860 Molin, 1860 P. rarasimilis Canidae N. Africa Present study sp. nov.

70 66 Superfami1y: Fi1arioidea Weinland, Family: Filariidae. Cobbold, Subfamily: Filariinae Sti1es, Genus: Dirofilaria Railliet and Henry, Species: Dirofilaria repens Rai1liet and Henry, Hosta: 1) Canis aureus, 2) Fe1is chaus, 3) Vulpes vulpes. Location: Locality: Subcutaneous tissues of the back and thigh. 1) Kafir Ammar, Giza Prov.; 2) El Amar, El Kubra, Qalyubiza; 3) Bilbeis, Sharqiya. This species was at first confused by early workers with D. immitis (Leidy, 1856). Desportes (1941) stated that as early as 1888 Gra s si corn.mented on its smaller size. However, i t was not un til 1911 tba t the individuali ty of the species was established by Bauche and Barnard, and Rail1iet and Henry (1911) named it D. repens. Vogel (1927 ) gave a good description of the male caudal extremity. In 1933 Chitwood placed it in synonomy with D. acutiuscula but Lent and de Freitas (1937) redescribed the species and easily separated it from the l atter one. Desportes (1941) redescri bed the fema1e and showe d that there were ten cephalic papillae present, eight submedian and two amphids. He state d that this served to f urther differentiate it from D. immitis and to emphas ize its close resemblanc e to D. conjunctivae (Addario, 1885). The species appears to be very cosmopolitan and has been desc r ibed from a number of hosts in many countries. Sorne of tbese are : Argentina by Lent and de Freitas (1937) in dogs,

71 67 France by Bauche and Barnard (1911) in dogs, India by Panda (1932) in dogs, Russia by Skrjabin, Althusen and Schulman (1930) in man, Palestine by Witenberg (1934) in dogs, the Sudan by Kellas and Webber (1955) in the lion and by the author in Vulpes sp. and Felis sp. in Egypt. The author examined several individuals from the above hosts two of which were males. This enabled him to make a number of measurements which are recorded in Table IX. Total length Width Distance of oesophagus from anterior end Distance of nerve ring from anterior end Ta il Spicules Male Fe male Table IX. Measurements (mm.) of D. repens Railliet and Henry, 1911 These values agree closely with those given by Baylis (1939) and Desportes (1941). The wri ter is entire1y in agreement wi-th Desportes' (1940) description of the head. The eight submedian papil1ae are quite small but are definite1y present and the two amphids are easi1y discernib1e. In one female, the vagina is situated about mm. from the anterior end, which is a marked

72 68 deviation from tbe usual position. However, in all other respects it appears to closely resemble the other individuals and it is concluded that this rèpresents simply an aberrant individual.

73 69 III. HOST LIST Frequency Carnivora Fe1idae Felis chaus Jungle Cat Toxocara mystax (Zeder, 1800) Dirofilaria repens Railliet and Henry, Felis domesticus Domestic Cat Toxocara mystax (Zeder, 1800) Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902) Rictularia cahirensis cahirensis var. nov. Spirura rytipleurites seurati Chabaud, 1954 Physaloptera preputialis Linstow, 1889 Cosmocephalus sp. Mastophorus sp. Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859) Canidae Canis aureus Common Jackal Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902) Rictularia cahirensis affinis var. nov. Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859) Dirofilaria repens Railliet and Henry,

74 70 Canis fami1iaris Domestic Dog Toxascaris 1eonina (Linstow, 1902) Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) Ancy1ostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859) Vu1pes vu1pes Egyptian Fox Toxascaris 1eonina (Linstow, 1902) Rictu1aria cahirensis affinis var. nov. Cyathospirura sp. Physa1optera rarasimi1is sp. nov. *Dirofi1aria repens Rai11iet and Henry, 1911 Ancy1ostoma caninum (Erco1ani, 1859} Dochmoides stenocepha1a (Rai11iet, 1884) Oxynema crassispicu1um (Sonsino, 1889) Fennecus zerda Fennec Fox *Rictu1aria cahirensis affinis var. nov. *Spirura rytip1eurites seurati Chabaud, 1954 *Cyathospirura chevreuxi (Seurat, 1913) Cyathospirura seurati sp. nov. Cyathospirura sp. Physa1optera sp. Dochmoides stenocepha1a {Rai11iet, 1884) Oxynema crassispicu1um (Sonsino, 1889)

75 71 Viverridae Genetta genetta Genet Cat *Rictu1aria cahirensis cahirensis var. nov. 1 1 l Mustelidae Muste1a niva1is Weasel 5 5 ~Spirura rytipleurites seurati Chabaud, *Spirocerca sanguino1enta (1arva) (Rudo1phi, 1819) 1 *New record for this host.

76 Hall Lewis Skrjabin Andrews Choquette Witenberg Azim Present ( 1923) (1927) (1924) ( 1937) (1952) ( 1934) (1939) Study Ge nus u.s.a. Wa1es Russia China A1geria Palestine ~gy_pt Anc~ostoma d c d c d c d c d c d c Doc oides d d c d d d Necator d Rictularia d d c d c d c SEirocerca d d d d d d Ph~saloptera d c d c c c Toxocara d c d c d c ' d c d d c d c Toxascaris d d d d d c d c d c SEirura c c AgamosEirura c Gnathostoma d c Mastophorus c CJ:1icosEirura c CosmoceEhalus c Ca:Eillaria c c d c Osleurus d 011u1anus c c Aleurost~ngr1us c Haemostrone;_;y:lus d DioctoEhyma d Trichuris d 'l'richinella d c d c Strongrloides d Dirofi1aria d d d d Dracunculus d --- Table X. Comparison of the Nematodes Obtained by a Number of Workers from Dogs and Cats (c = cat, d = dog)....;j t\)

77 73 V. DISCUSSION Unfortunately, most of the parasite surveys that have been done on Carnivora in this area and elsewhere, have been on cats and dogs. However, Table X is a comparison of the results obtained from dogs and cats in the present study with those obtained by sorne other workers in the North Africa area and in other countries of the world. It will be seen that the results obtained in the present survey are quite similar to those obtained by the other workers in this area. These results are typical of those for a hot dry climate. Among the parasites from cooler, more humid areas we see many more species which have direct life cycles. Under the conditions of a hot, dry climate and a wide feeding range the tendency should be for a preponderance of types which require an intermediate host in their life cycle. This was found to be the case as members of the Spiruroidea were in the majority and these parasites usually require insects or small vertebrates as intermediate hos ts during their development. Foxes and cats are notorious foragers and in so doing consume large quantities of small vertebrates, such as rodents, frogs and lizards, as well as many of the larger insects, such as cockroaches and beetles. Another result of these food habits was shown by the fact that many species were often present simultaneously in the same host. In one individual of Fennecus zerda seven species were identi fied comprised of the following:

78 74 Rictularia cahirensis affinis, Physaloptera sp., Cyathospirura seurati, Cyathospirura sp., Spirura rytipleurites seurati, all from the stomach and Dochmoides stenocephala and Oxynema crassispiculum from the intestine. In very few instances, and the exceptions were mainly the ascarids of dogs, could it be said that any of the hosts were heavily parasitized. This would be expected where animals are ranging over a large dry area with consequent lessening of their chances of exposure to reinfection. However, in the case of the dog which tends to remain among the habitations of man, and thus in the same locality for long periods, infections wi th ascarids, which have a direct life cycle, were in some cases quite heavy. It was interesting to find examples of Dochmoides stenocephala (Railliet, 1884) among the specimens. Ransom (cited by Hall, 1923) and Looss (1905) have pointed out that this parasite appears to have a more northerly range than the other hookworms and this seems to be the current belief. However, its recorded occurrence by Choquette et al (1952) in Algeria, by Witenberg (1934) in Palestine and by Azim (1939) and the present worker in Egypt indicates that it probably occurs right across North Africa.

79 75 VI. SUMMARY 1. Nineteen species, representing 13 genera of nematodes, were identified from examples of Egyptian Carnivora. The following superfamilies were represented: Strongyloidea (2 species), Oxyuroidea (l), Ascaroidea (3}, Spiruroidea (11), and Filaroidea (l). 2. Cyathospirura seurati sp. nov. has been described from Fennecus zerda. 3. Physaloptera rarasimilis sp. nov. has been described from Vulpes sp. 4. It has been suggested that Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889) and o. numidica (Seurat, 1915) are synonymous. 5. An attempt has been made to show that Rictularia cahirensis Jagerskiold, 1904, R. affinis Jagerskiold, 1904, and R. splendida Hall, 1913, are conspecific by a comparison of the morphological criteria used in their differentiation. However, the three have been retained with the taxonomie status of variety. 6. A host list showing the frequency of occurrence of the nematode species has been given. 7. The relationship of environmental factors and host peculiarities to the nematode fauna has been discussed.

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89 85 PLATE I Spirura rytipleurites seurati Chabaud, Fig. l. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Anterior extremity. Anterior extremity. Male tail. Lateral aspect. Dorsal aspect. Cyathospirura seurati sp. nov. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Anterior extremity. Lateral aspect. Anterior extremi~. Dorsal aspect. Male tail. Lateral aspect. Male tail. Ventral aspect. Detail of ovejector. Comparison of Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino 1889) and O. numidica (Seurat, 1915). O. numidica (After Seurat (1915a)). A. Male tail. Ventral aspect. B. Male Tail. Lateral aspect. O. crassispiculum (After Inglis (1955)). C. Male tail. Ventral aspect. D. Male tail. Lateral aspect. (Present study). E. Male tail. Lateral aspect. ~rassispiculum

90 86 001,,. 1

91 87 PLATE II Rictularia cahirensis affinis var. nov. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Anterior extremity. Lateral aspect. Anterior extremity. Buccal capsule ~face. Male tail. Female tail. Detail of vulva and end of oesophagus. R. splendida Hall, Fig. 6. Male tail (After Hall (1913)). Cyathospirura sp. inq. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Tail of female. Anterior extremity. Dorsal aspect.

92 88 l: 1 ' 1 '; ' \l 1 '

93 89 PLATE III Physaloptera rarasimilis sp. nov. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. ll. Anterior extremity. En face. Anterior extremity. Lateral aspect. Male tail. P. rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918 (After Morgan (1946b)). P~ torquata Leidy, 1886 (After Morgan (1946b)). P. ~arasimilis sp. nov. Origln of uteri of P. rarasimilis. 2A type uterus (After Morgan (l946bd. 2B type uterus (After Morgan (1946bD. 2C type uterus (After Morgan ( l946b )). Vagina and egg reservoir. Dochmoides stenocephala (Railliet, 1884). Fig. 12. Anterior extremity. Lateral aspect.

94 ~ (ï 2 q ' i t 9..