ZOOTAXA. Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography PAUL D. BROCK & JACK HASENPUSCH

Transcription

1 ZOOTAXA 1570 Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography PAUL D. BROCK & JACK HASENPUSCH Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand

2 PAUL D. BROCK & JACK HASENPUSCH Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography (Zootaxa 1570) 84 pp.; 30 cm. 31 August 2007 ISBN (paperback) ISBN (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2007 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box Auckland 1346 New Zealand zootaxa@mapress.com Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN ISSN (Print edition) (Online edition) 2 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

3 Zootaxa 1570: 1 81 (2007) Copyright 2007 Magnolia Press ISSN (print edition) ZOOTAXA ISSN (online edition) Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography PAUL D. BROCK 1 & JACK HASENPUSCH² 1 The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K. pauldbrock@btinternet.com ² Australian Insect Farm, PO Box 26, Garradunga, Nr. Innisfail, Queensland 4860, Australia. info@insectfarm.com.au Table of contents Abstract Introduction Studies made Abbreviations for depositories Diapheromeridae: Lonchodinae Denhama Werner, Diapheromeridae: Necrosciinae Austrosipyloidea Brock & Hasenpusch, gen. nov Candovia Stål, stat. rev Candovia robinsoni Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Robinson s Stick-insect] Cornicandovia Hasenpusch & Brock, gen. nov Rhamphosipyloidea Redtenbacher Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Paluma Winged Beak-abdomen Stick-insect] Scionecra Karny Scionecra milledgei Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Milledge s Stick-insect] Sipyloidea Brunner Sipyloidea brevicerci Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Short-cerci Winged Stick-insect] Sipyloidea garradungensis Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Garradunga Green-winged Stick-insect] Sipyloidea larryi Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Hurricane Larry Stick-insect] Sipyloidea lewisensis Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Mt. Lewis Winged Stick-insect] Sipyloidea rentzi Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Rentz s Sipyloidea Stick-insect] Sipyloidea whitei Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [White s Winged Stick-insect] Spinosipyloidea Hasenpusch & Brock, gen. nov Spinosipyloidea doddi Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Dodd s Spiny Stick-insect] Diapheromeridae: Pachymorphinae Pachymorpha Gray Pachymorpha spinosa Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Spiny Pachymorpha Stick-insect] Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, gen. n Davidrentzia valida Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Rentz s Strong Stick-insect] Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, gen. nov Micropodacanthus mouldsi Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Mould s Stick-insect] Micropodacanthus sztrakai Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Jiva s Stick-insect] Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, gen. nov Paratropidoderus spinosus Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Orange-spined Stick-insect] Podacanthus Gray Podacanthus keyi Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Key s Stick-insect] Checklist of Australian phasmids Conclusion Acknowledgements References Accepted by B. Mantovani: 2 Jul. 2007; published: 31 Aug

4 Abstract The Australian phasmid fauna has been revised prior to publication of a field guide by the same authors. Six new genera are described: Austrosipyloidea Brock & Hasenpusch, Cornicandovia Hasenpusch & Brock, Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch and Spinosipyloidea Hasenpusch & Brock. Sixteen new species from various parts of Australia are described and figured: Candovia robinsoni Brock & Hasenpusch, Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis Hasenpusch & Brock, Scionecra milledgei Hasenpusch & Brock, Sipyloidea brevicerci Hasenpusch & Brock, Sipyloidea garradungensis Hasenpusch & Brock, Sipyloidea larryi Hasenpusch & Brock, Sipyloidea lewisensis Hasenpusch & Brock, Sipyloidea rentzi Brock & Hasenpusch, Sipyloidea whitei Brock & Hasenpusch, Spinosipyloidea doddi Hasenpusch & Brock [all Necrosciinae], Pachymorpha spinosa Brock & Hasenpusch [Pachymorphinae], Davidrentzia valida Brock & Hasenpusch [Platycraninae], Micropodacanthus mouldsi Brock & Hasenpusch, Micropodacanthus sztrakai Brock & Hasenpusch, Paratropidoderus spinosus Brock & Hasenpusch and Podacanthus keyi Brock & Hasenpusch [Tropidoderinae]. A number of new combinations are proposed, new synonyms and incorrect synonymy corrected following detailed examination of type and other material: 1. (Lonchodinae): Austrocarausius Brock, 2000: Carausius macerrimus Brunner, 1907 is a new synonym of Austrocarausius nigropunctatus (Kirby, 1896). Denhama Werner, 1912: D. austrocarinata (Otte & Brock, 2005), D. longiceps (Brunner, 1907), D. striata (Sjöstedt, 1918) and D. eutrachelia (Westwood, 1859) are transferred from Hyrtacus Stål, 1875, the latter species also removed from synonymy with Hyrtacus coenosa (Gray, 1833). D. gracilis (Sjöstedt, 1918), a former Marcenia species, is also transferred. Hyrtacus Stål, 1875 (= Marcenia Sjöstedt, 1918 syn. n.): H. caurus (Tepper, 1905) comb. n. transferred from Lonchodes Gray, 1835 (three new synonyms also reported for this species: Bacillus peristhenellus Tepper, 1905, Hyrtacus cunctatrix (Sjöstedt, 1918) and Hyrtacus nigrogranulosus Sjöstedt, 1918). Marcenia frenchi (Wood-Mason, 1877) is a new synonym of Hyrtacus tuberculatus Stål, (Necrosciinae): Austrosipyloidea Brock & Hasenpusch, gen. n.: A. carterus (Westwood, 1859) comb. n., transferred from Sipyloidea Brunner, 1893 (= Sipyloidea filiformis Redtenbacher, 1908 syn. n.). Candovia Stål, 1875 is removed from synonymy with Hyrtacus, along with the type species, C. coenosa. This has resulted in all former Australian species placed in Parasipyloidea Redtenbacher, 1908 being transferred to Candovia i.e. C. aberrata (Brunner, 1907) comb. n., C. annulata (Brunner, 1907) comb. n., C. granulosa (Brunner, 1907) comb. n., C. pallida (Sjöstedt, 1918), comb. n., C. spurcata (Brunner, 1907) comb. n. and C. strumosa (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. In addition, C. evoneobertii (Zompro & Adis, 2001) comb. n. and C. peridromes (Westwood, 1859) comb. n. (including its new synonyms Clitarchus longipes Brunner, 1907, Bacunculus tener Brunner, 1907 and E. cercatus (Redtenbacher, 1908)) are transferred from Echetlus Stål, Cornicandovia Hasenpusch & Brock gen n.: C. australica (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. Sipyloidea Brunner, 1893: S. bella (Tepper, 1905) comb. n. (new synonym S. ovabdita Rentz & John, 1987) is transferred from Necroscia Serville, 1838, S. caeca Sjöstedt, 1918 rev. stat., is removed from synonymy with Sipyloidea carterus (Westwood, 1859). Rhamphosipyloidea Redtenbacher, 1908: R. queenslandica (Sjöstedt, 1918) comb. n. is transferred from Sipyloidea, also removed from synonymy with carterus. 3. (Pachymorphinae): Pachymorpha Gray, 1835: P. pasithoe (Westwood, 1859) is a new synonym of P. simplicipes Serville, (Eurycanthinae). Eurycantha Boisduval, 1835: E. sifia (Westwood, 1859) is a new synonym of E. calcarata Lucas, (Phasmatinae): Vetilia Stål, 1875 is a new synonym of Acrophylla Gray, 1835, resulting in the transfer of these species to Acrophylla: A. enceladus (Gray, 1835) comb. n. and A. thoon (Stål, 1875) comb. n. Vetilia ligia Redtenbacher, 1908 is a new synonym of Acrophylla wuelfingi Redtenbacher, A. paula (Tepper, 1905) and A. aliena Redtenbacher, 1908 are new synonyms of A. nubilosa Tepper, A. caprella (Westwood, 1859) comb. n. is transferred from Ctenomorpha Gray, Anchiale Stål, 1875 (= Ctenomorphodes Karny, 1923 syn. n.), resulting in the transfer of A. briareus (Gray, 1834) comb. n. and A. tessulata (Gray, 1835) which is renamed Anchiale austrotessulata name nov., as tessulata Gray is preoccupied by Anchiale tessulata (Goeze, 1778). Austroclonistria Redtenbacher, 1908 is a new synonym of Arphax Stål, 1875, as A. serrulataa Redtenbacher, 1908) is a new synonym of Arphax dolomedes (Westwood, 1859). Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833: Paractenomorpha macrotegmus (Tepper, 1887) is confirmed as a synonym of Ctenomorpha marginipennis Gray, Hermarchus Stål, 1875: H. polynesicus Redtenbacher, 1908 is a new synonym of H. insignis (Kaup, 1871). Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908: P. cornutus (Tepper, 1905) comb. n. is transferred from Acrophylla Gray, 1835 and P. pasimachus (Westwood, 1859) from Onchestus Stål, (Platycraninae): Megacrania batesii (Kirby, 1896) is removed from synonymy with Megacrania alpheus (Westwood, 1859). 7. (Tropidoderinae): Didymuria Kirby 1904: D. virginea Stål, 1875 is removed from synonymy with D. violescens (Leach, 1814). Lysicles Stål, 1877: L. periphanes (Westwood, 1859) comb. n. is transferred from Echetlus Stål, Tropidoderus Gray 1835: T. michaelseni Werner, 1912 is removed from synonymy with T. childrenii (Gray, 1833). 8. (Xeroderinae): Cooktownia Sjöstedt, 1918 becomes a new synonym of Xeroderus Gray, 1835, as Cooktownia plana Sjöstedt, 1918 is a new synonym of Xeroderus kirbii Gray, Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

5 Lectotypes are designated for Clitarchus longipes Brunner, 1907, Sipyloidea filiformis Redtenbacher, 1908 and Vetilia ligula Redtenbacher, As a result of this work, there are now 104 Australian species (+ 1 subspecies) and in order to facilitate further research on these insects, an updated checklist is provided, also a detailed bibliography. Key words: Phasmida, new genera, new species, new combinations, synonyms, Australia Introduction The Australian phasmids are nocturnal and generally poorly studied before 1998, except for a few pest species reported on by a few authors. This lack of knowledge inspired the authors to write a field guide (in progress) with detailed taxonomic changes presented in this paper. Even basic information, such as details of food plants, is rarely recorded. The fauna, is, however, not neglected. There are several recent revisions of genera (Brock (1998, 2000, 2002), Brock & Hasenpusch (2003, 2006), Hasenpusch & Brock (2006)) and several catalogues on Australian phasmids. Rainbow (1897) published the first list, followed by Tepper (1902), Vickery (1983) and Balderson et al (1998). Estimates of the true number of Australian phasmids have ranged from 150 to 200 species. Although Balderson et al is a comprehensive catalogue, many species are only known from the type (originally described) material. Studies made Our studies are based on widespread collecting by ourselves and others, review of literature records, also detailed examination of a number of museum and private collections (including nearly all known type material). This has resulted in the need to describe a number of new species, list others as synonyms and correct erroneous synonymy, hence an up to date checklist of species has been prepared, along with a detailed bibliography. Vickery s 1983 list of Australian species is worth a comment, as he stated All synonymy is from the literature; no new synonymy is presented in this work, but it has been difficult locating references to some of the presumably non-cited classification he used. Some obscure references relate to Rainbow (1897) and may not have been confirmed by Kirby (1904) or Brunner & Redtenbacher ( ) (the sequence for each species can be found in Otte & Brock, 2005, expanded in the Phasmida Species File It is likely that some classification has been obtained from the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra (ANIC) (for example, the genus Anasceles Redtenbacher, 1908 is cited specimens thought to be undescribed species of Anasceles are in ANIC. ). However, the classification presented here is fully researched and whilst, in some cases, agrees with Vickery, decisions for synonymy have been reassessed. The taxonomy used is that of Bradley & Galil (1977), as updated by subsequent authors (summarised in Otte & Brock (2005)). Abbreviations for depositories AMSA Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia ANIC Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom MVMA Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia QMBA Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia SAMA South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 5

6 The above depositories house new taxa. Some paratypes are lodged in the authors private collections. Paul Brock s collection is affiliated with BMNH and it his intention to transfer paratypes to BMNH at a later date. As part of this study, type and other specimens have been examined in many museum and private collections, outside of Australia, much time spent on checking type material in: MCSN NHMW OXUM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom Diapheromeridae: Lonchodinae Whilst revising Hyrtacus Stål, 1875 (= Marcenia Sjöstedt, 1918 syn. n.), from critical examination of the type species, it became evident from body morphology and eggs that only small, robust species belong to this genus, leaving a another genus to accommodate the related, slender species normally strongly associated with the genus Hyrtacus. In the event, Denhama Werner, 1912 has already been described and is here transferred from Tropidoderinae. The genus is redescribed in the light of additional species. Denhama Werner, 1912 Type species. Denhama aussa Werner, 1912: 53, by monotypy. Characteristics of the genus Remarkably elongate wingless, small to large phasmids (several species awaiting description), body smooth or ridged, plain or with a bold longitudinal black stripe running the length of the body. Males could not conceivably be any slenderer. Head elongate. Pronotum little more than half length of head. Mesonotum very elongate, typically eight to nine times length of pronotum. Metanotum much shorter. Antennae long, considerably exceeding length of fore femora. Legs unarmed, long, hind legs easily exceeding end of anal segment. Operculum exceeding 9th abdominal segment (male subgenital plate similar). Supraanal plate rather weakly formed, often a long extension ending in a rounded or almost truncate tip. End of anal segment in males usually excised in centre. Cerci short, in both sexes, often concealed. Egg. Remarkably long, thin cigar-shaped, simple capsule, glued to suitable surfaces. Micropylar plate elongate, from rim to base. Notes: no other known Australian genera have such long, slender bodies, this distinguishes them at a glance from the related, small, more robust Hyrtacus spp, in which females have a beak-like end of abdomen, unlike the flimsy structure in Denhama, which can easily drop off dead material. Species included D. aussa Werner, 1912, D. austrocarinata (Otte & Brock, 2005) comb. n. (= Marcenia carinata Sjöstedt, 1918, = Hyrtacus cylindricus Sjöstedt, 1918), D. eutrachelia (Westwood, 1859) stat. rev. (removed from synonymy with Bacteria coenosa Gray, 1833), D. gracilis Sjöstedt, 1918 comb. n., D. longiceps (Brunner, 1907) comb. n. (= Hyrtacus imitans Brunner, 1907), D. striata (Sjöstedt, 1918) comb. n. Notes These insects are mainly found in drier parts of Australia, amongst herbaceous vegetation and grasses, on or near the ground. 6 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

7 Diapheromeridae: Necrosciinae Austrosipyloidea Brock & Hasenpusch, gen. nov. Type species. Necroscia carterus Westwood, 1859: 138, pl. 15:5, here designated. Characteristics of the genus Elongate medium-sized winged phasmids, body length c. 110 mm in females, c. 75 mm in males. Body smooth, pale, with a bold longitudinal black stripe running the length of the body in type species, fainter on the abdomen. Head slightly longer than wide. Pronotum same length as head or slightly longer. Mesonotum elongate, four to five times length of pronotum. Metanotum and medium segment slightly shorter. Antennae long, easily exceeding length of fore legs. Fore wings short, hind wings reasonably long, not reaching end of 5 th 6 th abdominal segment. Legs unarmed, moderately long, hind legs short of anal segment, particularly in females. Operculum curved sharply to slightly rounded tip, not reaching end of 9th abdominal segment. Male subgenital plate similar length, end broader, subtruncate. Cerci remarkably long, narrow double pronged structure, over twice length of elongate anal segment. Egg. Smooth oval capsule, with dome-shaped operculum. Micropylar plate broad, almost running the full length of the dorsal surface. Notes: no other known Australian (or world) Necrosciinae have the double pronged, fragile long cerci characteristic of this genus, which is close to Sipyloidea. Slenderer than nearly all Necrosciinae, there is, however, a look-alike species (Sipyloidea gracilipes Sjöstedt, 1918) in north Queensland, which even has a similar black longitudinal body stripe, but it lacks the long cerci; to complicate matters, there is an intermediate form in Western Australia (near Millstream), which has cerci of an intermediate length. The egg of S. gracilipes appears sufficiently different to be excluded from this new genus for the time being, pending further studies. Species included A. carterus (Westwood, 1859) comb. n. (transferred from Sipyloidea Brunner, 1893) (= Sipyloidea debilitata Redtenbacher, 1908, Sipyloidea filiformis Redtenbacher, 1908 syn. n.). Derivation of name Australian Sipyloidea, named after a mountain in Lydia, where Niobe was turned into stone. Candovia Stål, stat. rev. Candovia Stål, 1875c: 12, 70. Type species. Phasma (Bacteria) coenosa Gray, 1833: 17, 28, pl. 2:2, by monotypy. Candovia; Kirby, 1904: 331, Brunner, 1907: 301, Vickery, 1983: 7, Balderson et al, 1998: 370, Otte & Brock, 2005: 162 (all as synonym of Hyrtacus Stål, 1875) Genus reinstated (removed from synonymy with Hyrtacus Stål, 1875), as C. coenosa belongs to this group of small to medium-sized, wingless Australian Necrosciinae, formerly placed in Parasipyloidea Redtenbacher, It includes species with short and moderately long cerci, which has caused confusion with other genera, particularly Echetlus Stål, 1875 (Phasmatidae: Platycraninae), which is not related. Species included C. aberrata (Brunner, 1907) comb. n., C. annulata (Brunner, 1907) comb. n. (both from Parasipyloidea), C. coenosa (Gray, 1833) comb. n., (transferred from Hyrtacus) (=Phasma (Bacteria) fragilis Gray, 1833), C. evoneobertii (Zompro & Adis, 2001) comb. n., (transferred from Echetlus Stål, 1875), C. granulosa (Brunner, 1907) comb. n., C. pallida (Sjöstedt, 1918) (both from Parasipyloidea), C. peridromes (Westwood, 1859) AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 7

8 comb. n. (transferred from Echetlus) (= Clitarchus longipes Brunner, 1907 syn. n., = Bacunculus tener Brunner, 1907 syn. n. (previously listed as a synonym of Echetlus peristhenes (Westwood, 1859), = E. cercatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) syn. n.), C. robinsoni Brock & Hasenpusch sp. n., C. spurcata (Brunner, 1907) comb. n., C. strumosa (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. (both from Parasipyloidea) Notes Figures of the male, female and egg of C. coenosa (long-legged for the genus) will be included in Brock & Hasenpusch (in progress). This species is present in ANIC, as Parasipyloidea sp. 2 from New South Wales. The Asian Parasipyloidea species do not appear to belong to the same genus as Australian species; hence Parasipyloidea is retained as a valid genus. Candovia robinsoni Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Robinson s Stick-insect] (Figs. 1 12) Description Male (holotype) (Figs. 1 5): Small, slender dark brown insect, slightly mottled with darker flecks. Body length 40 mm. Head: Longer than wide, eyes small. Slightly raised area between eyes, dark central longitudinal line on this elevation only, crescent shaped anteriorly. Antennae with 40 rather indistinct segments, paler alternate segments towards tip, exceeding length of fore legs. Thorax: Elongate, mainly smooth with few sparse granulations. Pronotum marginally shorter than head, with bold central indentation and lines beneath. Mesonotum over five times length of pronotum, Metanotum almost three times shorter. Black central spot present at posterior of mesonotum. FIGURE 1. Candovia robinsoni holotype male (AMSA), 40 mm. FIGURE 2. Candovia robinsoni end of abdomen in holotype male, dorsal view. FIGURE 3. Candovia robinsoni end of abdomen in holotype male, lateral view. 8 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

9 Abdomen: Elongate, smooth, with a few small black spots and blotches. Subgenital plate compact, reaching over half length of 9th abdominal segment; anal segment shorter than 9th abdominal segment, emarginated in centre; cerci short and slender, rounded at tip. Legs: Slender and fairly elongate. Paratype males (10 specimens). Same as holotype except for minor size differences (body length mm), but one was rather darker in life, along with the corresponding female FIGURE 4 6. Candovia robinsoni. 4. end of abdomen in holotype male, ventral view. 5. male on Lomandra. 6. Candovia robinsoni female paratype (AMSA), 52 mm AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 9

10 Paratype females (3 specimens) (Figs. 6 9) Small, plump fairly plain green insects in the wild, but a darker form, mottled with darker flecks was found in copula. Mouthparts are orange. Body length mm. Apart from obvious size and colour differences, description as in male. In the female, however, the abdomen is carinate, with several lines. End of anal segment subtruncate, slightly emarginated in centre. Operculum flat, tapering sharply to almost pointed tip, just exceeding end of 9th abdominal segment. The smaller & (AMSA) has the left leg and right tibia broken off and missing FIGURE 7 9. Candovia robinsoni. 7. end of abdomen in female paratype (BMNH), dorsal view. 8. end of abdomen in female paratype (BMNH), lateral view. 9. end of abdomen in female paratype (BMNH), ventral view. Egg (Fig. 12). Almost oval, heavily sculptured and rugged capsule, broad central micropylar plate, darker, inset, with surrounding area swollen. Operculum flat, except for short capitulum, minimal sculpturing present. Capsule length 2.2 mm, width 1.2 mm, height 1.4 mm. Holotype %, Australia: New South Wales, Barren Grounds Nature Reserve, Nr. Robertson, 14.ii.2007, P.D. Brock (AMSA). Paratypes: All Australia: %, same data (AMSA), &, same locality, iii.2000 M. Robinson (AMSA), %, &, New South Wales, Rose Ella, Mt. Murray, Nr. Robertson, 15.ii.2007, P.D. Brock (ANIC), 4%, New South Wales, Springcroft, Mt. Murray, Nr. Robertson, 15.ii.2007, P.D. Brock (BMNH), %, &, New South Wales, Rose Ella, Mt. Murray, Nr. Robertson, 15.ii.2007, P.D. Brock (BMNH), 3%, New South Wales, Springcroft, Mt. Murray, Nr. Robertson, 15.ii.2007, P.D. Brock (P.D. Brock coll.). Eggs (not paratypes) have also been deposited in each collection mentioned above. 10 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

11 Distribution So far found in pockets of temperate rainforest in a small part of the Southern Highlands, New South Wales, near Robertson, but likely to be reasonably widespread. In addition to the localities / specimens mentioned, nymphs were observed just outside Barren Grounds Nature Reserve and at Robertson Nature Reserve. It may be the same species collected at Barrington Tops, New South Wales (ANIC, listed as Parasipyloidea sp. 13, % c. 43mm, & c. 68mm), but this form has rather longer cerci in the female; eggs are similar. Notes This species is easily distinguished from other Candovia species by its short size (males of other species are 50 mm+, females 70mm+) and stout appearance of the female. At Barren Grounds, several nymphs and two adult males were exclusively found on Lomandra (Lomandraceae), an unusual phasmid food plant. However, this species turned out to be a versatile feeder observed on Acer palmatum (Aceraceae), Doryphora sassafras (Monimiaceae), Hypericum (Clusiaceae), Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) and Rosa (Rosaceae). Numerous nymphs were found on one small Hypericum shrub along the roadside, also a darker coloured mating pair (Fig. 11), giving these individuals a rather different appearance. In different conditions, these insects gradually changed colour. The orange mouthparts in females may be a warning to possible predators, in any case these insects readily emit a secretion when disturbed, otherwise remain remarkably well hidden in the daytime. Derivation of name Named after Martyn Robinson (Australian Museum, Sydney), a very knowledgeable naturalist who informed the authors about this delightful little species, prompting a search for these insects in the Robertson area. FIGURE 10. Candovia robinsoni mating pair (Mt. Murray), female feeding on Rosa flower. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 11

12 FIGURE 11. Candovia robinsoni mating pair (Mt. Murray), unusual darker colour form. FIGURE 12. Candovia robinsoni egg a) dorsal, b) lateral (scale bar, 1 mm). 12 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

13 TABLE 1. Measurements of C. robinsoni. Male (holotype) Female (paratypes) Body length 40 mm* mm+ Head 2 mm 3.3 mm Antennae 36 mm 39 mm Pronotum 1.9 mm 3.3 mm Mesonotum 10 mm 14 mm Metanotum 3.5 mm 5 mm Median Segment 2.2 mm 3 mm Fore Femora 14.5 mm mm Mid Femora 9.5 mm mm Hind Femora 13 mm mm Fore Tibiae 16 mm 18 mm Mid Tibiae 11 mm mm Hind Tibiae 16 mm 18 mm Cerci 0.4 mm 1.2 mm *(paratypes mm) +Apart from length, other measurements exclude the 52mm specimen Cornicandovia Hasenpusch & Brock, gen. nov. Type species. Parasosibia australica Redtenbacher, 1908: 482, here designated. Characteristics of the genus Elongate small, green, wingless phasmid, body length c. 56 mm in female (male not yet known). Body mainly smooth, key feature is the double-horned head. Head slightly longer than wide, at posterior armed with two large conical horns, pointing forwards. Pronotum smooth, same length as head. Mesonotum sparsely and irregularly granulated, four times length of pronotum. Metanotum considerably shorter. Antennae long, probably exceeding length of fore legs (tip broken). Legs unarmed, moderately long, hind legs short of anal segment. Abdomen with carina present. 8 th abdominal segment half length of 7 th, 9 th considerably shorter than 8 th, but about same length as anal segment, whose tip is rounded, incised in centre. Operculum long, carina present, tapered to rounded tip, reaching end of 9th abdominal segment. Cerci short, fairly broad, tapering to rounded tip. Notes: no other known Australian (or world) Necrosciinae have the double-horned head. Other representatives of Parasosibia Redtenbacher, 1908 (all from India), have spined heads. This genus is one of several non-winged Necrosciinae. Vickery (1983: 9) stated This species should be placed in a new genus, near Chondrostethus Kirby, which belongs to the Lonchodinae. However, we agree with Redtenbacher, in that it belongs to the Necrosciinae. Species included C. australica (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. (transferred from Parasosibia Redtenbacher, 1908). Derivation of name Horned Candovia, due to a general similarity with Candovia species. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 13

14 Rhamphosipyloidea Redtenbacher Sipyloidea (Rhamphosipyloidea) Redtenbacher, 1908: 543. Type species. Sipyloidea (Rhamphosipyloidea) brevipennis Redtenbacher, 1908: 550, by subsequent designation of Zompro, 2004: 321. Rhamphosipyloidea; Bradley & Galil, 1977: 183, Zompro, 2004: 321, Otte & Brock, 2005: 309. Species included Australian: R. palumensis Hasenpusch & Brock, sp. n., R. queenslandica (Sjöstedt, 1918) comb. n. (removed from synonymy with Sipyloidea carterus (Westwood, 1859)). There are also six Asian species, including the type species R. brevipennis (Redtenbacher, 1908). Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Paluma Winged Beak-abdomen Stickinsect] (Figs ) Description Female (holotype) (Figs ): Slender brown short-winged species, mottled with darker flecks and lines; femora and tibiae faintly banded. Body length 76 mm. FIGURE 13. Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis holotype female (QMBA), 76 mm. FIGURE 14. Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis end of abdomen in holotype female, dorsal view. FIGURE 15. Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis end of abdomen in holotype female, lateral view. 14 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

15 FIGURE 16. Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis female, colour in nature AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 15

16 Head: Longer (4 mm) than wide (3 mm), eyes small. Black central longitudinal line, also two fainter lines running either side of eyes to back of head, the inner line dark brown, outer line black, also running through the eyes. Antennae with 44 indistinct segments, exceeding length of fore legs. Thorax: Elongate, with few sparse, short, tubercles. Pronotum slightly shorter than head, with bold central indentation and lines beneath. Mesonotum less than five times length of pronotum, sparsely granulated, dorsally, laterally and on the paler ventral surface. Also with 5 almost paired, but well spaced tubercles, dorsally. Laterally with thicker, but partly obscured black line, with some darker mottled areas dorsally. Metanotum almost four times shorter. Wings: Rather abbreviated, fore wings short, subtruncate. Hind wings whitish brown, reaching just over end of 3 rd abdominal segment; pre-anal part mottled brown. Abdomen: Elongate, smooth, with mottled darker spots and blotches, with an irregular black line laterally on raised segments Anal segment typical beak-shaped in this genus, operculum tapered to rounded tip, 2 mm short of end of beak. Legs: Long and elongate, hind legs easily exceeding body length. Left mid-leg broken off and missing. Paratype females (2). Same as holotype except for minor size differences (body length mm), rather plainer, with less conspicuous dark lines and bands in 71mm specimen (ANIC), which has left mid-leg broken off and missing. In 80mm AMSA specimen fore legs and left mid leg missing. Male not yet known. Egg (Fig. 17). Capsule long and thin, heavily sculptured, with bold, darker, micropylar plate on lower half, with a marked central ridge. Operculum flat, sculpturing present. Capsule length 2.7 mm, width 1.1 mm, height 1.1 mm. The eggs in Rhamphosipyloidea more closely resemble the type species of Sipyloidea (S. sipylus) than many species attributed to that genus. FIGURE 17. Rhamphosipyloidea palumensis egg a) dorsal, b) lateral (scale bar, 1 mm). Holotype &, Australia: Queensland, Paluma, 914 m., 19 0 S; E (GPS), 18.ii.2006, Stop 5. D.C.F. Rentz, P.D. Brock & J. Hasenpusch (QMBA). Paratype: &, same data, reared from a large nymph (ANIC), &, Queensland, Birthday Cr[ee]k, near Paluma, 18.i.1967, K (AMSA). Eggs (not paratypes) have also been deposited in QMBA and ANIC. Distribution So far found in only in rainforest in Paluma, north Queensland, but likely to be reasonably widespread. Notes This species is closely related to, but easily distinguished from the gaudier R. queenslandica (Sjöstedt, 1918) by its lack of large conical thoracic spine-like tubercles in the female. Readily accepted raspberry leaves Rubus sp. in captivity. 16 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

17 Derivation of name Named after the type locality, Paluma, with its wonderfully varied habitats and fauna. TABLE 2. Measurements of R. palumensis. Female (holotype) Female (paratypes) Body length 76 mm mm Head 4 mm mm Antennae 57 mm mm Pronotum 3.3 mm mm Mesonotum 15.5 mm mm Metanotum 4 mm 4 mm Median Segment 3.5 mm 3 mm Fore wing 4.5 mm mm Hind wing 18 mm mm Fore Femora 22 mm 19.5 mm Mid Femora 16 mm mm Hind Femora 21.5 mm mm Fore Tibiae 23 mm 22 mm Mid Tibiae 16 mm 16 mm Hind Tibiae 24.5 mm 24 mm Cerci - - Scionecra Karny Scionecra Karny, 1923: 241. Type species. Necroscia osmylus Westwood, 1859: 135, by original designation. Scionecra; Vickery, 1983: 10, Balderson et al, 1998: 354, Otte & Brock, 2005: 312. Species included Australian: S. milledgei Hasenpusch & Brock, sp. n., S. queenslandica (Sjöstedt, 1918). There are also twenty-one other Asian species, including the type species, S. osmylus (Westwood, 1859). TABLE 3. Summary of differences between Australian Scionecra species. Species / body colour Body length Head / eyes Legs S. milledgei Male mm Female mm S. queenslandica Male mm (type), specimens from Kuranda as small as 43 mm Female 102 mm Light brown, two black longitudinal lines Dark brown Moderately long, in male exceeding end of abdomen, in female almost reaching end of 7 th abdominal segment Short, in male about reaching end of abdomen, in female only reaching end of 5 th abdominal segment We aim to examine more material, to check that features are consistent across a number of specimens. However, the egg differences alone clearly show these are distinct species AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 17

18 Scionecra milledgei Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Milledge s Stick-insect] (Figs ) Description Female (holotype) (Figs ): Elongate, dark brown, indistinctly mottled species, with short cerci. Body length 95 mm. FIGURE 18. Scionecra milledgei holotype female (QMBA), 95 mm FIGURE Scionecra milledgei. 19. end of abdomen in holotype female, dorsal view. 20. end of abdomen in holotype female, lateral view. 21. end of abdomen in holotype female, ventral view. Head: Longer than wide, eyes small, lighter brown with two black stripes. Narrow black central longitudinal line, with three broader partial blackish lines either side of eyes; the lateral mark no longer than eyes. Antennae with numerous indistinct segments, basal and second segments broader than third and subsequent segments; second segment shorter than third. Antennae exceeding length of fore legs (14 segments up to end of femora, a further 23 to end of tibiae, then many more to tip). Three orange ocelli between eyes. Thorax: Pronotum same length as head, with central indentation. Mesonotum over five times length of pronotum, with conspicuous, but sparse, short tubercles. Metanotum one third length of mesonotum. 18 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

19 Wings: Fore wings short, subtruncate at tip. Hind wings dusky brown, exceeding end of 5 th abdominal segment; pre-anal part mottled, as in body colour. Abdomen: 8 th 10 th segments significantly reduced in length. Anal segment subtruncate at tip; operculum tapered towards tip, not reaching half length of anal segment. Cerci short, rounded at tip. Legs: Moderate length, hind legs not reaching end of 7 th abdominal segment. Fore femora rather incurved at base and broadened. Paratype female (1) Same as holotype, except shorter. Body length 90 mm. FIGURE 22. Scionecra milledgei holotype female, colour in nature. Paratype males (3) (Figs ) Shorter and slenderer, otherwise similar to the female. Anal segment similar shape, subgenital plate also broad, but not quite reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Hind legs exceed end of abdomen. Body length mm. FIGURE 23. Scionecra milledgei male paratype (QMBA), 64 mm. Egg (Fig. 28). Oval, dark brown heavily sculptured capsule, net-like (including operculum), broad black micropylar plate almost from base to rim; broader at base. Operculum flat, sculptured. Capsule length 1.6 mm, width 1.2 mm, height 1.2 mm. Holotype &, Australia: Qld: 16 Km W. of Paluma, 807m., 18.ii.2006, D.C.F. Rentz, P.D. Brock & J. Hasenpusch, Stop 2 (QMBA). Paratypes (all north Queensland, Australia): %, same data (QMBA), %, Mt. Spec, Paluma Ra., 5 7.i.1965, Brooks (ANIC), %, &, 14km. N. Paluma, 25.i.2001, J. & P. Hasenpusch (J. Hasenpusch coll.). Eggs (not paratypes) have also been deposited in QMBA. Distribution So far found in only in and around Paluma, north Queensland. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 19

20 FIGURE Scionecra milledgei. 24. end of abdomen in male paratype, dorsal view. 25. end of abdomen in male paratype, lateral view. 26. end of abdomen in male paratype, ventral view. FIGURE 27. Scionecra milledgei male paratype, colour in nature. 20 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

21 FIGURE 28. Scionecra milledgei egg a) dorsal, b) lateral (scale bar, 1 mm). Notes Observed feeding on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in dry Eucalyptus country. We were extremely fortunate to collect two specimens, as a hunting spider took a liking to the male! Initially this new species was thought to be a size variant of the variable Scionecra queenslandica (Sjöstedt, 1918), but eggs are quite distinctive (the sculpturing is not present in queenslandica eggs), as well as other features (see table). We are not entirely convinced that S. queenslandica and S. milledgei are correctly placed in Scionecra, a study of eggs may assist, if any become known from Asian members of the genus. It appears that S. queenslandica (type localities in the Atherton Tableland) is a rainforest species whereas S. milledgei prefers dry Eucalyptus country. Derivation of name Named after Graham Milledge (Australian Museum, Sydney), a keen entomologist who has considerably assisted our studies on phasmids by obtaining interesting specimens and eggs from various parts of Australia. TABLE 4. Measurements of S. milledgei. Female (holotype) Male (paratype) Body length 95 mm 64 mm Head 3.3 mm 2.3 mm Antennae 63 mm 50 mm Pronotum 3.3 mm 2.3 mm Mesonotum 18 mm 11 mm Metanotum 7 mm 5.5 mm Median Segment 5 mm 3.5 mm Fore wing 4 mm 2.5 mm Hind wing 47 mm 31 mm Fore Femora 21 mm 18 mm Mid Femora 14 mm 10 mm Hind Femora 20 mm 17 mm Fore Tibiae 19.5 mm 18 mm Mid Tibiae 12 mm 10 mm Hind Tibiae 20 mm 18 mm Cerci 0.7 mm 0.3 mm Note: no additional measurements for 90 mm female paratype Sipyloidea Brunner Sipyloidea Brunner, 1893: 84, 86. Type species. Necroscia sipylus Westwood, 1859: 138, by original designation. Sipyloidea; Kirby, 1904: 374 (as synonym of Necroscia Serville, 1838), Redtenbacher, 1908: 540, Vickery, 1983: 10, Balderson et al, 1998: 355, Otte & Brock, 2005: 316. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 21

22 Species included Australian: S. bella (Tepper, 1905) comb. n., (= S. ovabdita Rentz & John, 1987, syn. n.), S. brevicerci Hasenpusch & Brock, sp. n., S. caeca (Sjöstedt, 1918), comb. n., S. garradungensis Hasenpusch & Brock sp. n., S. gracilipes (Sjöstedt, 1918), S. larryi Hasenpusch & Brock, sp. n., S. lewisensis Hasenpusch & Brock, S. nelida Rentz & John, 1987, S. rentzi Brock & Hasenpusch, sp. n., S. similis Rentz & John, 1987, S. whitei Brock & Hasenpusch, sp. n. There are also fifty-five other Asian species, including the type species, S. sipylus (Westwood, 1859). TABLE 5 Summary of differences between Australian Sipyloidea species. Species / body colour Head Thorax granulations Hind Wings Cerci S. bella, nelida and similis are colourful green and pink insects - - Micropterus in female These similar species belong to the Nelida group, are easily distinguished from all other taxa by the colour and micropterous wings (females) - they require a more detailed key (see John et al, 1987) S. brevicerci Dark brown, indistinctly mottled Bold central line and faint lines either side of eyes (brown with 1 black stripe); no spots present between eyes Mesonotum conspicuously, but sparsely granulated Long, brown Very closely related / similar to S. larryi, but legs are shorter than body length. Eggs also differ S. caeca Brown, mottled Bold black central line and faint lines either side of plain brown eyes; no spots present between eyes Mesonotum conspicuously, but sparsely granulated Long, brown dusky whitish - Short in both sexes (& 0.5 mm), hardly visible beyond end of abdomen Moderately long (& 1.4 mm) and slender A slenderer, smaller species in both sexes compared with similar mottled brown spp; again, legs shorter and eggs are very distinctly indented S. garradungensis Green S. gracilipes Usually light brown / sometimes mid brown; more elongate than other spp S. larryi Brown, mottled or plain Faint central line. Eyes dark brown; no spots present between eyes Bold black central and lateral lines may be present; eyes brown; no spots present between eyes Bold central line and bands either side of eyes (brown with 1 2 black stripes); usually with 3 black spots between eyes, unless heavily mottled Mesonotum inconspicuously granulated Mesonotum granulated sparsely Mesonotum conspicuously granulated Shortened in & in particular, yellow Long in %, whitish, rather shorter in & Long, brown Very closely related / similar to S. brevicerci, but legs longer than body length. Eggs also differ S. lewisensis Brown, mottled S. rentzi Green S. whitei Dark brown / black Dark central and outer bands / lines before eyes (brown with 1 black stripe); no spots present between eyes Pale lateral band by brown eyes; no spots present between eyes Bold black central and lateral lines; eyes brown with 2 narrow black stripes; no spots present between eyes Mesonotum conspicuously granulated, also tuberculated (unlike other species, comment also applies to head and pronotum) Mesonotum granulated Mesonotum granulated sparsely sparsely dusky Long in %, whitish brown, rather shorter in & Long, whitish with a hint of yellow Long in %, whitish brown, rather shorter in & Moderately long (& 1.5 mm) and slender Fairly short (& 0.8 mm) Moderately long (& 1.5 mm), stout Short (& 0.8 longer in % mm), Long (& 3.5 mm) and slender Fairly short (& 0.8 mm) 22 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

23 Sipyloidea brevicerci Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Short-cerci Winged Stick-insect] (Figs ) Description Female (holotype) (Figs ): Fairly stocky, robust-looking, dark brown, mottled species (legs indistinctly banded lighter and darker shades), with short cerci. Body length 79 mm. FIGURE 29. Sipyloidea brevicerci holotype female & male paratype (QMBA), 79 & 54 mm FIGURES Sipyloidea brevicerci. 30. end of abdomen in holotype female, lateral view. 31. end of abdomen in holotype female, ventral view. 32. end of abdomen in male paratype, lateral view. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 23

24 Head: Almost as wide as long, eyes small. Bold black central longitudinal line, with fainter lines either side of eyes, which have a narrow black stripe. Antennae with c. 80 indistinct segments, basal and second segments broader, but shorter than third segment. Antennae easily exceeding length of fore legs. Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter than head, with central almost central cross-like indentation. Mesonotum not quite three times length of pronotum, conspicuously granulated, mainly along ridges. Metanotum less than twice length of mesonotum. Wings: Fore wings large, subtruncate at tip. Hind wings dusky brown, reaching end of 6 th abdominal segment; pre-anal part mottled, as in body colour. Abdomen: Ridged. Anal segment shorter than 9 th, tapered to an almost rounded at tip, deeply incised in centre; operculum broad, almost rounded at tip, exceeding end of 9th segment. Cerci short, rounded at tip, almost hidden beneath abdomen. Legs: Moderate length, hind legs not reaching end of abdomen. Inconspicuously banded dark brown and paler brown, fore femora rather broadened. Paratype females (9). Same as holotype except for minor size differences (body length mm). Paratype males (4) (Figs. 29, 32). Smaller, similar to the female, except much slenderer. Anal segment similar shape, subgenital plate also broad, but not quite reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Hind legs exceed end of abdomen. Body length mm. Egg (Fig. 33). Small, oval, dark brown heavily sculptured capsule (including operculum), broad central micropylar plate almost central rim. Capsule length 1.6 mm, width 1.2 mm, height 1.2 mm. Holotype &, Australia: north Queensland, Polly Creek, Garradunga, nr. Innisfail, 20.i.1993, J. Hasenpusch (QMBA). Paratypes (all north Queensland, Australia): %, same data (in copula with holotype), &, same data except 11.i.2006 (both QMBA), &, same data, except i.iii.2006 (ANIC), &, same data, except ii.2006, J. Hasenpusch & P.D. Brock (BMNH), &, same data, except 25.x.1997, P.D. Brock & J. Hasenpusch, 2&, same data as previous entry, except 29.x.1997, &, same data, except reared by P.D. Brock on Rubus fruticosus, xii.1998 (all P.D. Brock coll.), & same data, J. Hasenpusch, except 19.xi.2006, 3 %, same data except collected 25.ix.2000, 13.i.2006, 13.xi.2006, &, Ella Bay, 16.xi.2006 (all J. Hasenpusch coll.). Eggs (not paratypes) have also been deposited in all collections mentioned above. FIGURE 33. Sipyloidea brevicerci egg a) dorsal, b) lateral (scale bar, 1 mm). Distribution So far found only in rainforest in north Queensland, from Garradunga. Notes Observed feeding on rainforest plants, including Brombya platynema (Rutaceae) and fairly easy to rear, including on Rubus (Rosaceae). This species is very similar in appearance to S. larryi, although the eggs indicate an affinity with S. garradungensis; it is possible they have a hybrid origin. 24 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

25 Derivation of name Short cerci, a key feature in this species. TABLE 6. Measurements of S. brevicerci. Female (holotype) Female (paratypes) Male (paratypes) Body length 79 mm mm mm Head 4.5 mm mm 2.5 mm Antennae 65 mm mm 40 mm Pronotum 4 mm mm 2.3 mm Mesonotum 11 mm mm 8.5 mm Metanotum 5 mm mm 3.5 mm Median Segment 5 mm mm 3.5 mm Fore Wing 5 mm 4 5 mm 2.5 mm Hind Wing 45 mm mm 30 mm Fore Femora 19 mm mm 17 mm Mid Femora 12 mm mm - mm Hind Femora 17 mm mm 15 mm Fore Tibiae 17 mm mm 23 mm Mid Tibiae 10 mm 9 10 mm - mm Hind Tibiae 16 mm mm 15 mm Cerci 0.5 mm mm 0.2 mm Sipyloidea garradungensis Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Garradunga Green-winged Stick-insect] (Figs ) Description Female (holotype) (Figs ): Slender, uniform mid-green, species with short cerci; wings shortened. Body length 73 mm. FIGURE 34. Sipyloidea garradungensis holotype female (QMBA), 73 mm. Head: Rather longer than wide, eyes small, dark brown. Faint central longitudinal line. Antennae with numerous indistinct segments, basal and second segments broader; first segment longer, second and third segments same length. Antennae easily exceeding length of fore legs, final segment but one, white. Thorax: Pronotum marginally shorter than head, with central almost central cross-like indentation. Mesonotum well over four times length of pronotum, inconspicuously, sparsely granulated. Metanotum only one third length of mesonotum. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 25

26 FIGURES end of abdomen in holotype female, dorsal view. 36. end of abdomen in holotype female, lateral view. 37. end of abdomen in holotype female, ventral view. Wings: Fore wings large, subtruncate at tip. Hind wings whitish, with a hint of pale yellow, rather shortened, hence not reaching end of 4 th abdominal segment; pre-anal part plain, as in body colour, except base brownish green. Abdomen: Elongate, tapering from longer 7 th abdominal segment. Segments 8 10 (anal segment) about equal in length, end of anal segment tapered, deeply incised in centre; operculum slender, tapering sharply to the tip, reaching end of 9th segment. Cerci moderately long and slender, rounded at tip. Legs: Long, hind legs easily exceeding end of abdomen. Paratype females (6). Same as holotype except for size differences (body length mm). Paratype males (19) (Figs ) Smaller, similar to the female, except much slenderer. Anal segment similar shape, subgenital plate similar, tip broader and almost rounded, again not quite reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Body length mm. FIGURE 38. Sipyloidea garradungensis male paratype (QMBA), 57 mm. 26 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

27 a b FIGURES Sipyloidea garradungensis. 39. end of abdomen in male paratype, dorsal view. 40. end of abdomen in male paratype, lateral view. 41. end of abdomen in male paratype, ventral view. 42. egg a) dorsal, b) lateral (scale bar, 1 mm). Egg (Fig. 42). Small, stout pale brown capsule, not quite rounded, sculptured with larger network pattern. Operculum rising almost dome-like from ridge, circular sculpturing at peak. Micropylar plate, broad, running from centre of capsule to rim. Capsule length 1.5 mm, width 1.5 mm, height 1.8 mm. Holotype &, Australia: north Queensland, Polly Creek, Garradunga, nr. Innisfail, 13.ii.2006, P.D. Brock & J. Hasenpusch (QMBA). Paratypes (all north Queensland, Australia): %, same data (QMBA), %, &, same data, except 26.x.1997 (BMNH), %, same data, except 18.ix.2000, J. Hasenpusch (J. Hasenpusch coll.), %, same data, except reared by P.D. Brock on Eucalyptus, xii.1998, %, same data, except x.1997, %, north Queensland, Ella Bay, 14.ii.2006, J. Hasenpusch & P.D. Brock (all P.D. Brock coll.), %, north Queensland, Ella Bay, 5.xi.2006, J. Hasenpusch (J. Hasenpusch coll.), %, 17.15S E, Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, Qld, 28.i.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-8, %, & same data except 7.ii.1988, %, same data, except 12.iii.1988, & same data, except 6.xii.1985, J. Balderson, collected as nymph matured 23.i.[19]86, & Lake Eacham, Q[ueensland], 2.v.1955, Norris & Common, & 17.35S E, Palmerston Nat. Park, 12km SE of Millaa Millaa, Qld, 15.xii.1985, J. Balderson, 2%, 17.06S E, Mt. Haig road, 11km NE. of Tinaroo Dam Wall, Atherton Tableland, Qld, 5.ii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-15, &, 17.05S E, Mt. Haig, 22km NE by N of Atherton, Qld, 16.iii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-35, %, 17.23S E, nr. Butchers Creek (village), Atherton Tableland, Qld, m., 2.iii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-29, 2%, 17.10S E, nr. Cathedral Fig, Danbulla Forestry Reserve, 13km NE by N. of Yungaburra, Qld, 25.iii.1988 at light, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-19a, %, 17.35S E, 9km W. of Crawfords Lookout (1 road km S. of Palmerston Hwy.), Palmerston Nat. Park, Qld, 9.ii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-16, %, 17.16S E, The Crater, Mt. Hypipamee Nat. Park, Atherton Tableland, Qld, 24.ii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-22, %, 17.02S E, Davies Ck, (15 road km from Kennedy Hwy.), 22km E. by S. of Mareeba, Qld, 24.iii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-28b, %, 17.12S E, Gillies Range (1.2 km S. of Cathedral Fig turn-off), 12km NE. of Yungaburra, Atherton Tableland, Qld, 9.iii.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-33 (all ANIC). Eggs (not paratypes) have also been deposited in all collections mentioned above. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 27

28 Distribution So far found only in rainforest in north Queensland, from Garradunga to Atherton Tableland. This species most probably has a restrictive range, as searches in many other localities in north Queensland have not produced further specimens. Notes Occasionally observed feeding on rainforest plants, including Rubus and fairly easy to rear, including on raspberries Rubus (Rosaceae) and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). From the eggs, this species may be closely related to S. brevicerci, but is very similar in general appearance to the larger S. rentzi, which has considerably longer cerci. S. garradungensis is quick to take flight, or females use a startle display, flashing open their yellowish hind wings and holding them open for several seconds. The type series size variation relates to smaller specimens from the Atherton Tableland; large specimens are all from Garradunga. In ANIC, listed as Sipyloidea sp. 2. Derivation of name Named after the type locality at Garradunga, a rainforest area rich in insect life, including phasmids. TABLE 7. Measurements of S. garradungensis. Female (holotype) Female (paratypes) Male (paratypes) Body length 73 mm mm mm Head 3.5 mm mm mm Antennae 65 mm mm mm Pronotum 3.3 mm mm mm Mesonotum 15 mm mm 8 10 mm Metanotum 5 mm mm mm Median Segment 5 mm mm mm Fore Wing 5 mm mm mm Hind Wing 23 mm mm mm Fore Femora 20 mm mm mm Mid Femora 15 mm mm 8 11 mm Hind Femora 20 mm mm mm Fore Tibiae 22 mm mm mm Mid Tibiae 15 mm mm mm Hind Tibiae 21 mm mm mm Cerci 1.5 mm mm mm Sipyloidea larryi Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Hurricane Larry Stick-insect] (Figs ) Description Female (holotype) (Figs , 51): Fairly stocky, robust-looking, mid brown, mottled wings (dark blotches) and indistinctly mottled legs; cerci moderately long. Body length 80 mm. Head: Almost as wide as long, eyes small. Bold central longitudinal line, with two fainter lines before eyes, which have a partly obscured dark stripe reaching back of head. Three black spots present between eyes. 28 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

29 Antennae with c. 88 indistinct segments, basal and second segments broader, third segment marginally longer than second. Antennae easily exceeding length of fore legs. FIGURE 43. Sipyloidea larryi holotype female (QMBA), 80 mm FIGURES Sipyloidea larryi holotype female 44. end of abdomen, dorsal view. 45. end of abdomen, lateral view. Thorax: Pronotum same length as head, with central almost central cross-like indentation. Mesonotum not quite three times length of pronotum, indistinctly carinate, ridges conspicuously granulated. Metanotum less than twice length of mesonotum. Wings: Fore wings large, subtruncate at tip; hind part with large black blotch; lateral margin darker brown. Hind wings dusky brown, reaching almost end of 7 th abdominal segment; pre-anal part same as body colour except for several large blackish blotches. Abdomen: Anal segment same length as 8 th & 9 th segments, tapered to an almost rounded tip, incised in centre; operculum tapered to a rounded tip, fractionally short of end of anal segment. Cerci moderately long, fairly slender, rounded at tip. Legs: Long, hind legs exceeding end of abdomen. Apices of all femora and tibiae darker brown, fore femora hardly broadened. Right hind leg broken off and missing. Paratype females (15). Same as holotype except for minor size differences (body length mm) and variation in colour. The attractive black blotches are absent in some specimens, but vary in extent and may be present on the thorax. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 29

30 Plainer examples lack the dark band from eyes to back of head, so far always noted in males; whilst often pale to mid-brown, some females are dark brown and rather mottled. Paratype males (22) (Figs ). Smaller, similar to the female, except much slenderer. Anal segment similar shape, subgenital plate reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Hind legs exceed end of abdomen. Body length mm. FIGURE 46. Sipyloidea larryi male paratype (QMBA), 52 mm a b 48 FIGURE 47. Sipyloidea larryi end of abdomen in male paratype, dorsal view. 48. end of abdomen in male paratype, lateral view. 49. egg a) dorsal, b) lateral (scale bar, 1 mm). Egg (Fig. 49). Large for the size of the species, oval, dark brown, rather plain capsule (including operculum), although sometimes mottled. Narrow micropylar plate from base to three-quarter length of capsule. Capsule length 2.4 mm, width 1.5 mm, height 1.8 mm. Holotype &, Australia: north Queensland, Polly Creek, Garradunga, nr. Innisfail, 13.ii.2006, J. Hasenpusch & P.D. Brock (QMBA). Paratypes (all north Queensland, Australia): %, same data (QMBA), 2%, &, same data (ANIC), 2%, same data, &, Ella Bay, 25.ii.2006, J. Hasenpusch (all BMNH), 2%, &, ex. Cairns, reared on bramble (Rubus fruticosus) by P.D. Brock, iii.1996, &, Cairns, 26.x.1997 (as nymph), P.D. Brock, %, Polly Creek, Garradunga, nr. Innisfail, x.1997, %, same data, except 26.x.1997, P.D. Brock & J. Hasenpusch, 2&, same data, except 19.i.2002, J. Hasenpusch, &, same data, except 21.ix.2006, J. Hasenpusch (all P.D. Brock coll.), &, S; E (GPS), Qld, Kuranda, 335 m., (Top of the Range) 19 Butler Dr, i.2005, D.C.F. Rentz, %, same data, except xi.2004, %, S; E (GPS), Qld, Kuranda, 30 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

31 335 m., (Top of the Range) 11 Victor Pl, 12.i.2006, 381m, G. & R. Wilson & D.C.F. Rentz (all ANIC), %, 5&, Polly Creek, Garradunga, nr. Innisfail, 12.xi.2006, J.Hasenpusch, 4%, same data except 2.xi.2006, 3%, 1&, 19.xi.2006, 2%, &, 26.xi.2006, %, 19.i.2007 (all J.Hasenpusch coll.). Eggs (not paratypes) have also been deposited in all collections mentioned above. FIGURE 50. Sipyloidea larryi mating pair, Garradunga. FIGURE 51. Sipyloidea larryi holotype female, Garradunga (note parasite). Distribution So far found only in rainforest in north Queensland, where it appears to be widespread. In addition to the type series, also noted from Davies Creek (17km E. by S. of Mareeba), Mt. Haig, The Boulders and Yungaburra. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 31

32 Notes Observed feeding on low-growing rainforest plants, including Rubus (Rosaceae). This species is very similar in appearance to S. brevicerci, but commoner is some years than others, and appears to be much more widespread. The three black spots between the eyes in larryi is a reasonably reliable feature enabling them to be distinguished from brevicerci, whose eggs are, however, quite distinct. S. larryi is sometimes found paired and readily takes flight. In captivity, known to accept a wide range of plants, including Acronychia acidula, Eucalyptus, Meliocope elleryana, Psidium guajava, and Rubus. Derivation of name Named after cyclone Larry, a Category 5 Cyclone that devastated the town of Innisfail and much of its surrounding rainforests in March 2006, home of these and many other wonderful and unusual insects. TABLE 8. Measurements of S. larryi. Female (holotype) Female (paratypes) Male (paratypes) Body length 80 mm mm mm Head 4 mm 4 mm mm Antennae 65 mm mm mm Pronotum 4 mm 4 mm mm Mesonotum 11 mm mm mm Metanotum 5 mm 5 6 mm 4 mm Median Segment 4 mm 4 5 mm 3 mm Fore Wing 6 mm 5 6 mm mm Hind Wing 46 mm mm mm Fore Femora 21 mm mm mm Mid Femora 15 mm mm mm Hind Femora 21 mm mm mm Fore Tibiae 23 mm mm 18.5 mm Mid Tibiae 14 mm mm mm Hind Tibiae 21 mm mm mm Cerci 1.5 mm mm mm Sipyloidea lewisensis Hasenpusch & Brock, spec. nov. [Mt. Lewis Winged Stick-insect] (Figs ) Male (holotype) (Figs ): Slender, dark brown, indistinctly mottled, particularly on legs; cerci moderately long. Body length 50 mm. Head: Almost as wide as long, eyes small. Broad cream side band between eyes and back of head, dark brown stripe beneath, narrower dark brown stripe between. Eye brown, with a black stripe. Head also with narrow central longitudinal line; three darker lines mentioned, continuing to end of pronotum. Antennae with 82 indistinct segments, basal and second segments broader and slightly longer than third / subsequent segments. Right antenna partly broken off, but left antenna easily exceeding length of fore legs. Back of head rather swollen. Thorax: Pronotum slightly longer than head, slightly granulated, with central indentation. Mesonotum almost three times length of pronotum, heavily granulated, some smaller tubercles also present. Metanotum less than twice length of mesonotum. 32 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

33 FIGURE 52. Sipyloidea lewisensis holotype male (QMBA), 50 mm FIGURES Sipyloidea lewisensis holotype male. 53. head and thorax. 54. end of abdomen, dorsal view. 55. end of abdomen, lateral view. 56. end of abdomen, ventral view. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 33

34 Wings: Fore wings large, subtruncate, margin with a pale longitudinal band. Hind wings whitish, reaching half length of 7 th abdominal segment; pre-anal part same as body colour. Abdomen: Segments with median and lateral longitudinal carina. End of anal segment subtruncate, slightly rounded at edges, subgenital plate tapering to an almost rounded tip, slightly incised in centre, reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Cerci almost as long as anal segment, rounded at tip. Legs: Long, hind legs exceeding end of abdomen. Right mid leg broken off and missing. Paratype male (1). Same as holotype except for minor size and colour (paler) differences (body length 51 mm), left fore leg broken off and missing. Paratype females (3) (Figs ). Larger, similar to the male, except much broader, paler brown and more mottled in two instances. Differences include: a much more granulated and tuberculated head, pronotum and mesonotum, hind wings rather short, only reaching about half of 5 th abdominal segment. Abdomen with five longitudinal carina. Operculum tapered to tip, reaching beyond end of 9 th abdominal segment. Smaller specimen in QMBA with both fore legs broken off and missing. Body length mm. Holotype %, Australia: north Queensland, Burton Ridge, Mt. Lewis, 1050 m., 11.i.2002, J. Hasenpusch (QMBA). Paratypes (all north Queensland, Australia): 2&, same data, %, same data, except 7.i.2002 (all QMBA), &, ca S; E (GPS), ca 7 km N. of Mount Lewis (ca 31.5 road km. from Julatten turnof), 16.i.1988, D.C.F. Rentz, Stop A-12 (ANIC). FIGURE 57. Sipyloidea lewisensis 2 x female paratypes (QMBA), 64 & 74 mm. FIGURE 58. Sipyloidea lewisensis head and thorax in female paratype. 34 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

35 59 60 FIGURES Sipyloidea lewisensis female paratype. 59. end of abdomen, dorsal view. 60. end of abdomen, lateral view. 61. end of abdomen, ventral view. 61 Distribution So far found only in rainforest on Mt. Lewis, north Queensland. Notes Observed feeding on low-growing rainforest plants. Easily distinguished from similar brown, mottled Sipyloidea species, by the heavily granulated and tuberculated head, pronotum and mesonotum. In ANIC, listed as Sipyloidea sp. 17. Derivation of name Named after the type locality, Mt. Lewis, a dense rainforest regarded as a Gondwanan refuge area with high altitudes and many endemic plants and some insects. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 35

36 TABLE 9. Measurements of S. lewisensis. Male (holotype) Male (paratype) Female (paratypes) Body length 50 mm 51 mm mm Head 2.5 mm 2.5 mm 4 mm Antennae 55 mm 58 mm mm Pronotum 2.8 mm 2.6 mm 4 mm Mesonotum 8 mm 8 mm mm Metanotum 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3 4 mm Median Segment 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3 4 mm Fore Wing 4 mm 4 mm mm Hind Wing 29 mm 28 mm mm Fore Femora 16 mm 16.5 mm 22 mm Mid Femora 10 mm 10.5 mm mm Hind Femora 15 mm 15 mm mm Fore Tibiae 17 mm 18 mm 14.5 mm Mid Tibiae 10 mm 10 mm mm Hind Tibiae 17 mm 17 mm mm Cerci 0.8 mm 0.8 mm mm Sipyloidea rentzi Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [Rentz s Sipyloidea Stick-insect] (Figs ) Description Female (holotype) (Figs ): Elongate, dark green, long-winged; cerci long and thin. Body length 84 mm. Head: Almost as wide as long, eyes small, dark brown. Narrow cream line from eyes to back of head. Antennae with numerous indistinct segments, basal and second segments broader, third segment marginally longer than second. Antennae easily exceeding length of fore legs. FIGURE 62. Sipyloidea rentzi holotype female (ANIC), 84 mm. 36 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

37 FIGURES Sipyloidea rentzi holotype female. 63. head and thorax, lateral view. 64. end of abdomen, dorsal view. 65. end of abdomen, lateral view. Thorax: Pronotum same length as head, with almost central indentation. Mesonotum sparsely granulated, more than four times length of pronotum, with paler lateral line. Metanotum considerably shorter than mesonotum. Wings: Fore and hind wings large, latter whitish with a hint of yellow, exceeding end of 6 th abdominal segment. Abdomen: Anal segment slightly longer than 9 th abdominal segments, sharply tapered from half length to an almost rounded tip. Operculum tapered to a rounded tip, not reaching half length of anal segment. Cerci long, very slender, rounded at tip. Legs: Long, hind legs exceeding end of abdomen. Paratype females (1). Same as holotype except body length 85 mm. Paratype males (4) (Figs ). Smaller, similar to the female, except much slenderer. Cream line from eyes to head broader. Anal segment similar shape, subgenital plate not reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Body length mm. Holotype &, S; E (GPS), Qld, Kuranda, 335 m., (Top of the Range) 19 Butler Dr, i.2005, D.C.F. Rentz (ANIC). Paratypes (all north Queensland, Australia): &, same data, except i.2004, %, same data, except 1 15.ix.2003, %, same data, except 1 15.xi.2003, %, S; E (GPS), Qld, Kuranda, 335 m., (Top of the Range) 11 Victor Pl, 12.i.2006, 381m, G. & R. Wilson & D.C.F. Rentz, %, S; E (GPS), Qld, 1.5 km S. of Kuranda on Kennedy Highway Arona, 10.xii.[20]03, D.C.F. Rentz & J. Van Pelt, rainforest, grassland & Acacia (all ANIC). AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 37

38 FIGURE 66. Sipyloidea rentzi male paratype (ANIC), 60 mm FIGURES Sipyloidea rentzi male paratype. 67. end of abdomen, dorsal view. 68. end of abdomen, lateral view. Distribution So far mainly found at garden lights in Kuranda, Queensland. Notes Closely related to S. garradungensis, but rentzi is more elongated, with some different features, notably long, thin cerci almost two and a half times longer. Wings in the female are also much longer than garradungensis. Unfortunately no eggs of rentzi are available for study. Derivation of name Named after the collector and well known specialist in orthopteroid insects, David C. F. Rentz (born 1942). 38 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

39 TABLE 10. Measurements of S. rentzi. Female (holotype) Female (paratype) Male (paratypes) Body length 84 mm 85 mm mm Head 3.5 mm Otherwise as HT 2.2 mm Antennae 74 mm mm Pronotum 3.5 mm 2 mm Mesonotum 15 mm 12 mm Metanotum 5 mm 3 mm Median Segment 5 mm 4 mm Fore Wing 5.5 mm 3 mm Hind Wing 48 mm 29 mm Fore Femora 24 mm mm Mid Femora 17 mm mm Hind Femora 23 mm mm Fore Tibiae 27 mm mm Mid Tibiae 17 mm mm Hind Tibiae 23 mm 19 mm Cerci 3.5 mm 1.7 mm Sipyloidea whitei Brock & Hasenpusch, spec. nov. [White s Winged Stick-insect] (Figs ) Description Male (holotype) (Figs ): Slender, dark brown insect; body, legs and antennae indistinctly mottled. Bold black central longitudinal line runs whole length of body. Body length 56 mm. FIGURE 69. Sipyloidea whitei holotype male (ANIC), 56 mm. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 39

40 FIGURES Sipyloidea whitei holotype male. 70. head and thorax. 71. end of abdomen, dorsal view. 72. end of abdomen, lateral view. 73. end of abdomen, ventral view. Head: About as wide as long, eyes moderate size. Apart from the narrow, bold black central longitudinal line, lines run between eyes to back of head, inner line narrow, laterally a broader black band. Antennae with c. 46 indistinct segments. Thorax: Pronotum longer than head, with central indentation. Mesonotum four times length of pronotum, sparsely granulated. Metanotum less than three times length of mesonotum. 40 Zootaxa Magnolia Press BROCK & HASENPUSCH

41 Wings: Fore wings large. Hind wings whitish brown, reaching almost end of 6 th abdominal segment; preanal part same as body colour, with several darker flecks. Abdomen: End of anal segment subtruncate, subgenital plate reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. Cerci slender, of moderate length, rounded at tip. Legs: Moderately long, about reaching end of abdomen. Paratype males (19). Same as holotype except for size differences (body length mm), rather unusually, two specimens longer than the shortest females. Paratype females (4) (Figs ). About the same size or slightly longer, similar to the male, except much broader, one specimen paler, wings relatively short, only reaching about half length of 5 th abdominal segment. Operculum tapered to tip, reaching beyond end of 9 th abdominal segment. Cerci fairly short. Body length mm. FIGURE 74. Sipyloidea whitei female paratype (MVMA) 61 mm. FIGURE 75. Sipyloidea whitei end of abdomen in female paratype, lateral view. AUSTRALIAN STICK INSECTS (PHASMIDA) Zootaxa Magnolia Press 41