HOMING EXPERIMENTS ON PIGEONS SUBJECTED TO BILATERAL DESTRUCTION OF THE PARATYMPANIC ORGAN
|
|
- Ella Morris
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Journal of Experimental Biology 199, (1996) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 JEB OMIG EXPERIMETS O PIGEOS SUBJECTED TO BILATERAL DESTRUCTIO OF TE PARATYMPAIC ORGA F. GIAESSI 1, B. FATTORI 2, R. RUFFOLI 1 AD A. GAGLIARDO 3,4 1 Istituto di Anatomia ormale, Università degli Studi, Pisa, Italy, 2 Clinica Otorinolaringoiatrica, Università degli Studi, Pisa, Italy, 3 Dipartimento di Scienze del Comportamento Animale e dell Uomo, Università degli Studi, Pisa, Italy and 4 Centro per la Faunistica ed Ecologia Tropicali del CR, Firenze, Italy Accepted 9 May 1996 The paratympanic organ (PO) in birds is a specialised sensory organ whose function is still unknown. G. Vitali, who first described the PO from observations of the behaviour of PO-lesioned pigeons, proposed that this organ was needed to maintain normal wing muscle function and called it the organ of flight. This interpretation has since been disputed. To solve this controversy and to test Summary whether the PO is involved in flight and navigation, we performed release tests on homing pigeons subjected to bilateral destruction of this organ. o impairment of either flight or navigation was observed in the lesioned pigeons. Key words: pigeon, Columba livia, paratympanic organ, lesion, homing. Introduction In birds, the paratympanic organ (PO) is a small sensory organ located in the medial wall of the tympanic cavity near the surface of the mucosa; its functions are yet to be specified. Since Vitali (1911) described the PO in the domestic sparrow (Passer domesticus), the morphology of this organ has been the subject of several structural and ultrastructural studies. The PO is a small, tapering vesicle containing a mucus-like fluid (Vitali, 1912, 1913). The medial wall of the organ is composed of a sensory epithelium which appears similar to that of the lateral line organs and the statokinetic apparatus of fish and amphibians. The epithelium consists of supporting cells and type II hair cells (Jørgensen, 1984; Giannessi and Pera, 1986; Giannessi and Ruffoli, 1996a), the latter supplied by both afferent and efferent fibres running in the facial nerve (Vitali, 1912; Benjamins, 1925; Jørgensen, 1984; Giannessi and Pera, 1986; von Bartheld, 1990, 1994; Giannessi and Ruffoli, 1996b). The structural complexity of the PO suggests that it has important functions; moreover, as the organ is typical of birds, previous authors have generally hypothesised functions related to flight; however, conclusive evidence for this is still missing. Indeed, the only behavioural and functional studies to date were carried out at the beginning of this century and yielded contradictory results. Vitali (1921), on the basis of the results of PO lesion experiments, proposed a functional mechanism by which the organ could detect atmospheric pressure changes and, at the same time, control the wing muscles. Vitali bilaterally removed the PO from pigeons by using thermocautery or by scraping the mucosa using a small spoon and observed a reduced tone and progressive atrophy of the wing muscles. Thus, the birds became unable to lift their wings and showed a drastic impairment in flight performance. As a consequence of these experiments, the author called the PO l organo del volo (the organ of flight). Lesion experiments using the same techniques were later repeated on pigeons by Benjamins (1926) and did not produce any kind of postural deficit, but the author did not record systematic data on homing behaviour of the lesioned birds. Moreover, neither Vitali (1921) nor Benjamins (1926) described the consequences of the ablation of the PO on the tympanic membrane and the columella auris. Since then, research interest has focused on morphological and cytological features of the PO and, despite speculation on the nature of the stimuli to which this organ might be sensitive (air pressure changes, infrasound) and on its use in different situations (navigation, migration, flight), difficulty in reaching and removing this organ in vivo has so far prevented scholars from repeating functional studies using lesioned birds. Our work had several purposes; first, we aimed to develop a surgical technique for the removal of the PO without damaging other structures. Then, by performing homing releases with lesioned pigeons, we intended to solve the controversy surrounding the involvement of the PO in flight behaviour and to test a possible role of this organ in orientation. Materials and methods Pigeons Twenty-five adult homing pigeons (Columba livia L.) with previous homing experience, housed in a loft in Arnino (Pisa, Italy), were used in the experiment. Some pigeons (=13) were
2 2036 F. GIAESSI AD OTERS subjected to bilateral lesion of the PO while the remaining birds (=12) were used as intact controls. Surgery The birds were deeply anaesthetised by injecting a 20 % solution of chloralhydrate (dose 2 ml kg 1 ). The head of the pigeon was placed on a wooden plane inclined at approximately 30 to the horizontal, so as to allow a lateral view. The head was held still by a cloth, pinned to the wooden plane. A hole in the cloth left the ear region uncovered. Surgery was carried out with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. To reach the tympanic cavity, we used the transmeatal approach in accordance with a surgical technique similar to that used in human tympanotomy (Portmann, 1975). First, we created a posterior flap by making a clockwise semi-circular incision (using a Rosen s curved lancet), positioned approximately 3 mm from the tympanic sulcus. Then we disconnected the cutaneous flap from the underlying osseous tissue as far as the sulcus using a rounded blade scraper. After detaching the posterior part of the tympanum, we reached the tympanic cavity. Using this technique, we obtained a good view of the tympanic cavity, particularly of the columella and of the area in which the PO is situated (Vitali, 1912). We raised the osseous thin wall covering the PO using a Shambaugh s hook angled at 45 ; the PO was then removed using a cofosurgery aspirator. During this operation, the integrity of the columella was carefully maintained. Finally, we repositioned the tympanic flap, applying some Gelfoam wads into the external acoustic meatus, in order to keep the meatal flap flat and make it adhere to the bone surface. Otoscopical examinations carried out after 10 days showed complete anatomical recovery of the tympanic membrane. Release tests After the surgery, the birds were allowed at least 10 days to recover. During the first test, the birds were carried 2 km from the loft, and the operated and control pigeons were released in two separate groups to test for a possible difference in their flight ability. The PO-lesioned birds (PO-l) and the intact controls (C) were then subjected to three further releases, the first of which was carried out at a site within their familiar area (R1, La Costanza), while the second and the third tests (R2, Marinella; R3, Monteriggioni) were at sites totally unfamiliar to the birds (see Table 1 for details). The release tests were carried out in sunny conditions with no wind. The pigeons were released singly and observed using binoculars until they vanished from the observer s sight. With the aid of a stopwatch and a compass, vanishing bearings and vanishing times were recorded for each pigeon. oming times were also recorded. Statistics From the vanishing bearings, the mean vector length and direction were calculated for each bird group. Bearing distributions for each group were tested for randomness using the Rayleigh test; the Watson U 2 -test was used to test for differences between the bearing distributions of the control and operated birds (Batschelet, 1981). The Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare the homing performance of control and lesioned pigeons (Siegel, 1956). istology At the end of the experiments, all the homed operated pigeons were deeply anaesthetised with pentobarbital and perfused through the left ventricle with Bouin s fluid. The middle and inner ear were dissected out and immersed in Bouin s fluid for 24 h. They were then decalcified, paraffin-embedded, serial-cut and finally stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Results Release tests When released 2 km from the loft, the operated pigeons were Table 1. oming data and statistics for two groups of homing pigeons released from three sites (R1 R3) at different distances from the home loft ome oming success direction Distance omeward Same (degrees) (km) Date Treatment n () r (degrees) component U 2 -test day Later Lost U-test 190 (R1) C 10 (10) 0.87*** S S PO-l 10 (10) 0.73** (R2) C 7 (9) 0.67* * S PO-l 8 (10) 0.61* (R3) C 10 (10) 0.94*** S S PO-l 9 (10) 0.96*** R1, familiar site; R2 and R3, unfamiliar sites; n, number of vanishing bearings recorded;, number of pigeons released; r, mean vector length;, mean vector direction; U 2 -test, comparison between distributions C versus PO-l (Watson U 2 -test); homing success (in number of birds); U-test, comparison between homing performances, C versus PO-l (Mann Whitney U-test); the levels of significance for the Rayleigh test for randomness are indicated in column r; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; S, not significant. C, controls; PO-l, paratympanic-organ-lesioned pigeons.
3 oming in paratympanic-organ-lesioned pigeons 2037 PO-lesioned pigeons Control pigeons Fig. 1. Initial orientation of control and paratympanic organ (PO)-lesioned pigeons for the three different release sites (see Table 1 for details). indicates the direction of the home loft. The mean vector directions and lengths are shown by the arrows for control (open arrowhead) and PO-lesioned (filled arrowhead) birds. A scale bar for vector length is shown in the left panel., magnetic north R1 R2 R Familiar area Unfamiliar area Unfamiliar area indistinguishable from the control group and no movement impairment was observed in the lesioned group. The results concerning the initial orientation in single releases from the three further release sites are shown in Table 1. Two control birds and two operated birds for site R2 and one operated bird for site R3 landed soon after being released. The vanishing times of the two groups of remaining pigeons were significantly different (Mann Whitney U-test, P<0.05) in only one test (R3), the operated birds being faster than the control ones (median: C, 3 min 23 s; PO-l, 2 min 39 s). The bearing distributions of both intact and operated birds were significantly different from random in all the test releases (see Table 1; Fig. 1). Operated birds differed from control birds in their initial orientation in one (R2) out of the three tests (Watson U 2 -test: P<0.05, see also Table 1 and Fig. 1); the lesioned birds showed a strong tendency to fly southwest which, for the pigeons housed in Arnino, corresponds to the preferred compass direction (PCD) (Wallraff, 1978; Ioalè, 1995, 1996) (see Discussion for details). Both groups of pigeons showed an equally proficient homing success in all releases (Mann Whitney U-test, P<0.1; see Table 1). Therefore, no difference was observed between the navigational abilities of the lesioned pigeons compared with those of the control ones. istology Fig. 2A shows the osseous crista of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity containing the PO. The PO is surrounded by connective tissue and is covered by two osseous laminae which are slightly separated (arrowheads, Fig. 2A). Thus, a thin layer of connective tissue separates the PO from the lumen of the tympanic cavity. After the surgical removal of the PO (Fig. 2B), the osseous laminae covering the organ had been removed and a layer of connective tissue occupied the region where the PO was situated. The operation clearly did not damage the structures located beneath the PO. A B Fig. 2. (A) Transverse section through the tympanic cavity of a non-operated pigeon. The paratympanic organ (PO, large arrow) is located near the free surface of the mucosa (small arrows) and is partly covered by two osseous laminae (arrowheads). Asterisk, tympanic cavity. Scale bar, 300 µm. (B) Transverse section through the tympanic cavity of an operated pigeon. The region where the PO was located is now occupied by connective tissue (arrow; compare with A). The arrowhead points to the zone of breakage of one of the osseous laminae previously covering the PO. The deep structures appear to be intact with respect to non-lesioned pigeons (see A). Scale bar, 300 µm.
4 2038 F. GIAESSI AD OTERS Discussion The sensory epithelium of the PO is characterised by receptors similar to the type II hair cells of the acousticlateralis system (Jørgensen, 1984; Giannessi and Pera, 1986; Giannessi and Ruffoli, 1996a). Stimulation of this type of receptor is caused by deflection of the stereocilia in response to a mechanical stimulus (udspeth, 1983). In this connection, it has been observed recently that pressure changes on the external surface of the tympanic membrane induce shape modifications of the PO by means of a ligament (the drumtubal ligament); this ligament connects the tympanic membrane to the mucosa of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, near the rostral end of the Vitali organ (von Bartheld, 1994). Thus, movements of the tympanic membrane might produce a displacement of the fluid contained in the PO and, therefore, cause deflection of the stereocilia. One hypothesis regarding the function of the PO, which is in agreement with this proposal, ascribes to the organ the ability to register atmospheric pressure changes (Vitali, 1921; Federici, 1927; Griffin, 1969; Kreithen and Keeton, 1974; Kreithen and Quine, 1979; von Bartheld, 1990, 1994); these authors proposed that the PO might work as an altimeter, a useful property during flight. This hypothesis does not explain the occurrence of a well-developed PO in chickens, which have a poor flight ability (Vitali, 1912; Simonetta, 1959; Giannessi and Pera, 1986). owever, it is possible that the PO may have different morphology and functions in the chicken from its function in species with good flight abilities. Detection of atmospheric pressure changes might also serve for meteorological forecasting. von Bartheld (1994) has recently suggested that the PO might be a component of a reflex controlling, by means of the stapedial muscle, the tension of the tympanic membrane, thus modulating the transmission of lower frequencies of sound. Our observations on PO-lesioned pigeons indicated that their flight behaviour was unimpaired, and thus we have clearly disproved Vitali s (1911) hypotheses on the involvement of the PO in maintaining wing muscle tonicity. Our PO-lesioned pigeons were, in fact, always indistinguishable from the controls, whether flying or walking, and the consequences of this procedure on their posture described by Vitali (1921) did not occur. It is likely that the effects observed by Vitali were due to lesions of the statokinetic apparatus (Wallraff, 1965). The results of the test releases at both familiar and unfamiliar sites showed that the homing ability of the POlesioned pigeons was unimpaired. In the first release test at an unfamiliar site, the initial orientation of the lesioned birds differed significantly from that of the intact pigeons (R2, see Table 1; Fig. 1). In this test, the initial orientation of the experimental birds showed a deviation towards southwest. This deviation might be explained as an increased tendency to fly towards their preferred compass direction (PCD; south or southwest for Arnino pigeons) (Ioalè, 1995, 1996). This phenomenon has frequently been described in the literature (Matthews, 1961, 1984; Wallraff, 1978, 1979, 1986; Ioalè, 1995, 1996) and can be affected by several factors, one of which is the stress following a treatment and/or a new situation (Papi, 1995; Del Seppia et al. 1995). In test R2, the operated birds were released for the first time after surgery from a novel site, and both these factors (operation and novel site) might have influenced their initial orientation. This interpretation is supported by the observation that the operated pigeons were as fast as the controls in returning home and also by their homeward orientation in the next test (R3, see Table 1; Fig. 1). ote that the PCD phenomenon is subject to greater variability than other factors affecting initial orientation (e.g. clock-shift treatment, olfactory deprivation) (see also Papi, 1995). On the basis of the results achieved under our experimental conditions (clear sky, light or no wind, release sites up to 79 km from home), there is no evidence to suggest an involvement of the PO in the pigeon s navigational system. owever, further investigations are needed to draw definitive conclusions and to exclude the participation of the PO in the homing processes. Our experiments do not invalidate several of the hypotheses suggested for the function of the PO (as an altimeter, barometer, infrasound detector). In addition, we suggest that the PO may be involved in a reflex allowing fast opening of the pharyngeal orifice of the Eustachian tube during rapid changes in altitude during flight, in order to balance air pressures between the middle ear and the external auditory meatus. In conclusion, the functions of the PO remain unknown and further studies are needed to test all the hypotheses proposed to date. owever, we have developed a technique for the production of a specific and reproducible lesion of the PO. The reliability of our surgical method is verified by the histological results and by the absence of any secondary effects resulting from lesion of the adjacent structures of the middle and inner ear. We believe that this method could be a useful tool for future research on the PO. References BATSCELET, E. (1981). Circular Statistics in Biology. ew York: Academic Press. BEJAMIS, C. E. (1925). Einiges über die Entwicklung der Innervation des von Vitali enteckten Sinnesorgans im Mittelohr der Vögel. Anat. Anz. 60, BEJAMIS, C. E. (1926). Y a-t-il une relation entre l organ paratympanique de Vitali et le vol des oiseaux? Archs. neerl. Physiol. 11, DEL SEPPIA, C., LUSCI, P. AD PAPI, F. (1995). Influence of emotional factors on pigeon initial orientation. Anim. Behav. (in press). FEDERICI, F. (1927). Über die Innervation des von Vitali entdeckten Sinnesorgans im Mittelorhr der Vögel (sogen. paratimpanisches Organ). Anat. Anz. 62, GIAESSI, F. AD PERA, L. (1986). The ultrastructure of the paratympanic organ in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). J. Anat. 147, GIAESSI, F. AD RUFFOLI, R. (1996a). The ultrastructure of the sensory hairs in the paratympanic organ receptor cells of chicken. Anat. Embryol. 193,
5 oming in paratympanic-organ-lesioned pigeons 2039 GIAESSI, F. AD RUFFOLI, R. (1996b). Fine structure of the afferent synapses in the paratympanic organ of chicken, with special reference to the synaptic bodies. Ann. Anat. 178, GRIFFI, D. R. (1969). The physiology and geophysics of birds navigation. Q. Rev. Biol. 44, UDSPET, A. J. (1983). Mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells in the acousticolateralis sensory system. A. Rev. eurosci. 6, IOALÈ, P. (1995). Preferred compass directions of homing pigeons in Italy. Boll. zool. 62, IOALÈ, P. (1996). The preferred compass directions of homing pigeons can be affected by suitable screening of the home loft. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. (in press). JØRGESE, J. M. (1984). Fine structure of the paratympanic organ in the avian middle ear. Acta zool. 65, KREITE, M. L. AD KEETO, W. T. (1974). Detection of changes in atmospheric pressure by the homing pigeon, Columba livia. J. comp. Physiol. A 89, KREITE, M. L. AD QUIE, D. B. (1979). Infrasound detection by the homing pigeon: a behaviour audiogram. J. comp. Physiol. 129, 1 4. MATTEWS, G. V. T. (1961). onsense orientation in mallard: Anas platyrhynchos and its relation to experiments on bird navigation. Ibis 103a, MATTEWS, G. V. T. (1984). onsense orientation in mallard; a resumé and an investigation of the mechanism of a sun-compass. Wildfowl 35, PAPI, F. (1995). Recent experiments on pigeon navigation. In Behavioural Brain Research in aturalistic and Semi-naturalistic Settings (ed. E. Alleva, A. Fasolo,.-P. Lipp, L. adel and L. Ricceri), pp Dorthrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. PORTMA, M. (1975). Traitè de Technique Chirurgicale O.R.L. et Cervico-faciale, Tome I, Oreille et os Temporal. Paris: Masson. SIEGEL, S. (1956). onparametric Statistics for the Behavioural Sciences. ew York: McGraw-ill Book Co. SIMOETTA, A. M. (1959). Distribuzione e significato dell organo paratimpanico del Vitali. Atti Soc. Tosc. Scienze aturali 66, VITALI, G. (1911). Di un interessante derivato della prima fessura branchiale nel passero. Anat. Anz. 39, VITALI, G. (1912). Di un interessante derivato della prima fessura branchiale nel passero: un organo nervoso di senso nell orecchio medio degli uccelli. Anat. Anz. 40, VITALI, G. (1913). Di un nuovo organo nervoso di senso nell orecchio medio degli uccelli. Ulteriore destino dell organo della prima fessura branchiale. Int. Monats. Anat. Physiol. 30, VITALI, G. (1921). L organo nervoso paratimpanico e la sua funzione. Riv. Biol. 3, VO BARTELD, C. S. (1990). Development and innervation of the paratympanic organ (Vitali Organ) in chick embryos. Brain Behav. Evol. 35, VO BARTELD, C. S. (1994). Functional-morphology of the paratympanic organ in the middle-ear of birds. Brain Behav. Evol. 44, WALLRAFF,. G. (1965). Über das eimfindevermögen von Brieftauben mit durchtrennten Bogengängen. Z. vergl. Physiol. 50, WALLRAFF,. G. (1978). Preferred compass directions in initial orientation of homing pigeons. In Animal Migration, avigation and oming (ed. K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton) pp Berlin, eidelberg, ew York: Springer. WALLRAFF,. G. (1979). Goal-oriented and compass oriented movements of displaced homing pigeons after confinement in differentially shielded aviaries. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5, WALLRAFF,. G. (1986). Directional components derived from initial-orientation data of inexperienced homing pigeons. J. comp. Physiol. 159,
HOMING BEHAVIOUR OF PIGEONS SUBJECTED TO UNILATERAL ZINC SULPHATE TREATMENT OF THEIR OLFACTORY MUCOSA
The Journal of Experimental Biology 199, 2531 2535 (1996) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 JEB0542 2531 HOMING BEHAVIOUR OF PIGEONS SUBJECTED TO UNILATERAL ZINC SULPHATE
More informationHoming in Pigeons: The Role of the Hippocampal Formation in the Representation of Landmarks Used for Navigation
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 1999, 19(1):311 315 Homing in Pigeons: The Role of the Hippocampal Formation in the Representation of Landmarks Used for Navigation Anna Gagliardo, 1 Paolo Ioalé,
More informationPigeons with ablated pyriform cortex home from familiar but not from unfamiliar sites
Proc. ati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, pp. 3783-3787, May 1990 eurobiology Pigeons with ablated pyriform cortex home from familiar but not from unfamiliar sites (bird navigation/brain lesions/olfaction) FLORIAO
More informationTHE EFFECT ON PIGEON HOMING OF ANESTHESIA. CHARLES WALCOTT AND KLAUS SCHiYIIDT-KOENIG
THE EFFECT ON PIGEON HOMING OF ANESTHESIA DURING DISPLACEMENT CHARLES WALCOTT AND KLAUS SCHiYIIDT-KOENIG DESPITE an enormous proliferation of experimental attempts to explain the homing of pigeons, some
More informationMETHODS FOR PRODUCING DISTURBANCES IN PIGEON HOMING BEHAVIOUR BY OSCILLATING MAGNETIC FIELDS
J. exp. Biol. 116, 109-120 (1985) \ QO, Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 METHODS FOR PRODUCING DISTURBANCES IN PIGEON HOMING BEHAVIOUR BY OSCILLATING MAGNETIC FIELDS BY PAOLO
More informationThe Effect of Phase Shifts in the Day-Night Cycle on Pigeon Homing at Distances of Less than One Mile
The Ohio State University Knowledge Bank kb.osu.edu Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 63, Issue 5 (September, 1963) 1963-09 The Effect of Phase Shifts in
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE Olfactory lateralization in homing pigeons: a GPS study on birds released with unilateral olfactory inputs
593 The Journal of Experimental Biology 214, 593-598 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.049510 RESEARCH ARTICLE Olfactory lateralization in homing pigeons: a GPS study on
More informationThe role of visual landmarks in the avian familiar area map
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences Papers in the Biological Sciences 2003 The role of visual landmarks in the
More informationEffects of monocular viewing on orientation in an arena at the release site and homing performance in pigeons
Behavioural Brain Research 136 (2002) 103/111 Research report Effects of monocular viewing on orientation in an arena at the release site and homing performance in pigeons Bettina Diekamp a, Helmut Prior
More informationI. Introduction. Orientation and Navigation 3/8/2012. Most difficult problem Must know. How birds find their way. Two terms often misused
Orientation and Navigation How birds find their way I. Introduction Most difficult problem Must know Where it is Direction of goal Two terms often misused Orientation Navigation Orientation identify compass
More informationIN MEMORIAM: WILLIAM T. KEETON STEPHEN T. EMLEN. Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York USA
IN MEMORIAM: WILLIAM T. KEETON STEPHEN T. EMLEN Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA William Tinsley Keeton, Professor of Biology at Cornell University,
More informationOLFACTORY CUES PERCEIVED AT THE HOME LOFT ARE NOT ESSENTIAL FOR THE FORMATION OF A NAVIGATIONAL MAP IN PIGEONS
J. exp. Biol. 155, 643-660 (1991) 643 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1991 OLFACTORY CUES PERCEIVED AT THE HOME LOFT ARE NOT ESSENTIAL FOR THE FORMATION OF A NAVIGATIONAL MAP
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE Evidence for discrete landmark use by pigeons during homing
3379 The Journal of Experimental Biology 215, 3379-3387 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.071225 RESEARCH ARTICLE Evidence for discrete landmark use by pigeons during homing
More informationPIGEONS AT MAGNETIC ANOMALIES: THE EFFECTS OF LOFT LOCATION BY CHARLES WALCOTT
J. exp. Biol. 170, 127-141 (1992) 127 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1992 PIGEONS AT MAGNETIC ANOMALIES: THE EFFECTS OF LOFT LOCATION BY CHARLES WALCOTT Cornell University,
More informationNavigation-induced ZENK expression in the olfactory system of pigeons (Columba livia)
European Journal of Neuroscience European Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 31, pp. 2062 2072, 2010 doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07240.x BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE Navigation-induced ZENK expression in the olfactory
More informationSUN-COMPASS ORIENTATION IN HOMING PIGEONS: COMPENSATION FOR DIFFERENT RATES OF CHANGE IN AZIMUTH?
The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 889 894 (2000) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JEB2365 889 SUN-COMPASS ORIENTATION IN HOMING PIGEONS: COMPENSATION FOR DIFFERENT
More informationtexp. Biol. (196a), 39,
texp. Biol. (196a), 39, 239-242 ith 1 plate Printed in Great Britain INNERVATION OF LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS BY THE LUMBOSACRAL CORD IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS BY J. TEN CATE Physiological Laboratory, University
More informationAnimal Spatial Cognition:
The following is a PDF copy of a chapter from this cyberbook Not all elements of the chapter are available in PDF format Please view the cyberbook in its online format to view all elements Animal Spatial
More informationHow the viewing of familiar landscapes prior to release allows pigeons to home faster: evidence from GPS tracking
The Journal of Experimental Biology 25, 3833 3844 (22) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited JEB44 3833 How the viewing of familiar landscapes prior to release allows pigeons to home
More informationMigration. Migration = a form of dispersal which involves movement away from and subsequent return to the same location, typically on an annual basis.
Migration Migration = a form of dispersal which involves movement away from and subsequent return to the same location, typically on an annual basis. To migrate long distance animals must navigate through
More informationHISTOPATHOLOGY. Introduction:
Introduction: HISTOPATHOLOGY Goats and sheep are the major domestic animal species in India. Much of the economy of the country has been depend upon the domestication of these animals. Especially economy
More informationAnOn. Behav., 1971, 19,
AnOn. Behav., 1971, 19, 575-582 SHIFTS OF 'ATTENTION' IN CHICKS DURING FEEDING BY MARIAN DAWKINS Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Abstract. Feeding in 'runs' of and grains suggested the possibility
More informationHOMING EXPERIMENTS WITH STARLINGS DEPRIVED OF THE SENSE OF SMELL
The Condor 97120-26 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1995 HOMING EXPERIMENTS WITH STARLINGS DEPRIVED OF THE SENSE OF SMELL H. G. WALLRAFF, J. KIEPENHEUER, M. F. NEUMANN AND A. STRECNG Max-Planck-Institut
More informationThe influence of experience in orientation: GPS tracking of homing pigeons released over the sea after directional training
178 The Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 178-183 Published by The Company of Biologists 2009 doi:10.1242/jeb.024554 The influence of experience in orientation: GPS tracking of homing pigeons released
More informationAn edge-detection approach to investigating pigeon navigation
Journal of Theoretical Biology 239 (6) 71 78 www.elsevier.com/locate/yjtbi An edge-detection approach to investigating pigeon navigation Kam-Keung Lau a,, Stephen Roberts a, Dora Biro b, Robin Freeman
More informationDevelopment of the Intestinal Villi Associated
Development of the Intestinal Villi Associated with the Increased Epithelial Cell Mitosis in Chickens Koh-en YAMAUCHI, Eiji NAKAMURA and Yutaka ISSHIKI Laboratory of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
More informationJUDITH R. ALEXANDER AND WILLIAM T. KEETON
THE EFFECT OF DIRECTIONAL TRAINING ON INITIAL ORIENTATION IN PIGEONS JUDITH R. ALEXANDER AND WILLIAM T. KEETON SEVERAL investigators (Riviere, 1929; Kramer and St. Paul, 1950; Matthews, 1951; Hitchcock,
More informationTaste bud distribution and innervation on the palate of the rat
Chemical Senses Volume 7 Number 1 1982 Taste bud distribution and innervation on the palate of the rat Inglis J.Miller,Jr. and Kevin M.Spangler Department of Anatomy, Wake Forest University, Bowman Gray
More informationAnat. Labor. of Prof. H. SETO, Tohoku University, On the Sensory Terminations Formed along the Ductus
Anat. Labor. of Prof. H. SETO, Tohoku University, Sendai. On the Sensory Terminations Formed along the Ductus Pancreaticus in Cat. The existence of PACINIan bodies in the pancreas of mammals, especially
More informationAN INVESTIGATION OF HOMING ABILITY IN PIGEONS WITHOUT PREVIOUS HOMING EXPERIENCE
AN INVESTIGATION OF HOMING ABILITY IN PIGEONS WITHOUT PREVIOUS HOMING EXPERIENCE BY J. G. PRATT* Parapsychology Laboratory, Duke University (Received 14 January 1954) INTRODUCTION Recent experimental studies
More informationFormoguanamine-induced blindness and photoperiodic responses in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica
J. Biosci., Vol. 19, Number 4, October 1994, pp 479-484. Printed in India. Formoguanamine-induced blindness and photoperiodic responses in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica 1. Introduction
More information$? 479 THE FUNCTION OF M. DEPRESSOR CAUDAE AND M. CAUDOFEMORALIS IN PIGEONS
Oct.1 $? 479 THE FUNCTION OF M. DEPRESSOR CAUDAE AND M. CAUDOFEMORALIS IN PIGEONS BY HARVEY I. FISHER THE usual method of determining the function of a muscle is by gross dissection and study of attachments.
More information2 nd Term Final. Revision Sheet. Students Name: Grade: 11 A/B. Subject: Biology. Teacher Signature. Page 1 of 11
2 nd Term Final Revision Sheet Students Name: Grade: 11 A/B Subject: Biology Teacher Signature Page 1 of 11 Nour Al Maref International School Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Biology Worksheet (2 nd Term) Chapter-26
More informationRecall: The Earliest Thoughts about Flying Took place before the days of science.
Recall: The Earliest Thoughts about Flying Took place before the days of science. Before man began to investigate with carefully planned experiments, and to figure things out in an orderly fashion. Men
More informationPublication list Peer-reviewed papers
Publication list Peer-reviewed papers 1.# Scheffrahn,#W.,#Lipp,#H.2P.,#and#Mahler,#M.#(1975).#Serumproteine#und#Erythrozytenenzyme#bei#Callithrix)jacchus# (Platyrrhina).#Archiv#für#Genetik#47,#962104.#
More informationAltered Orientation and Flight Paths of Pigeons Reared on Gravity Anomalies: A GPS Tracking Study
Altered Orientation and Flight Paths of Pigeons Reared on Gravity Anomalies: A GPS Tracking Study Nicole Blaser 1 *, Sergei I. Guskov 3, Virginia Meskenaite 1, Valerii A. Kanevskyi 2, Hans-Peter Lipp 1
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE Development of the navigational system in homing pigeons: increase in complexity of the navigational map
2675 The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 2675-2681 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.085662 RESEARCH ARTICLE Development of the navigational system in homing pigeons:
More informationHans G. Wallraff Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm
Hans G. Wallraff Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm Hans G. Wallraff Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm With 98 Figures Dr. Hans G. Wallraff Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 82319
More informationThe contralateral impairment of the orienting ocular-following reflex after lesions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex in cats
The contralateral impairment of the orienting ocular-following reflex after lesions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex in cats Boguslaw ~ernicki and Maciej Stasiak Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki
More informationISSN , Volume 13, Number 3
ISSN 1435-9448, Volume 13, Number 3 This article was published in the above mentioned Springer issue. The material, including all portions thereof, is protected by copyright; all rights are held exclusively
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE A magnetic pulse does not affect homing pigeon navigation: a GPS tracking experiment
2192 The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 2192-2200 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.083543 RESEARCH ARTICLE A magnetic pulse does not affect homing pigeon navigation:
More informationA comparison of placental tissue in the skinks Eulamprus tympanum and E. quoyii. Yates, Lauren A.
A comparison of placental tissue in the skinks Eulamprus tympanum and E. quoyii Yates, Lauren A. Abstract: The species Eulamprus tympanum and Eulamprus quoyii are viviparous skinks that are said to have
More informationUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Policy: Surgical Guidelines EFFECTIVE ISSUE DATE: 2/21/2005 REVISION DATE(s): 2/14/15; 3/19/2018 SCOPE To describe guidelines and considerations
More informationTitle. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 24(1-2): 37. Issue Date DOI. Doc URL. Type. File Information
Title DISTRIBUTION OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES IN DUCK CAECA Author(s)KITAMURA, Hirokazu; SUGIMURA, Makoto; HASHIMOTO, Yos CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 24(1-2): 37 Issue Date 1976-05 DOI 10.14943/jjvr.24.1-2.37
More informationBEHAVIOUR OF DOGS DURING OLFACTORY TRACKING
J. exp. Biol. 180, 247-251 (1993) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1993 247 BEHAVIOUR OF DOGS DURING OLFACTORY TRACKING AUD THESEN, JOHAN B. STEEN* and KJELL B. DØVING Division
More informationF.L. Andr6s. Rua Tristao Vaz No Esq., 1400 Lisboa, Portugal
Supranumerary Barrels Develop in the Somatosensory Cortex of Mice, After the Implantation of the Vibrissal Follicle Parts Containing Large Numbers of Receptors F.L. Andr6s Rua Tristao Vaz No. 37 1 Esq.,
More informationORIENTATION TO OCEANIC WAVES BY GREEN TURTLE HATCHLINGS
J. exp. Biol. 171, 1-13 (1992) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1992 ORIENTATION TO OCEANIC WAVES BY GREEN TURTLE HATCHLINGS BY KENNETH J. LOHMANN AND CATHERINE M. FITTINGHOFF
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE Atmospheric propagation modeling indicates homing pigeons use loft-specific infrasonic ʻmapʼ cues
687 The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 687-699 213. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:1.1242/jeb.72934 RESERCH RTICLE tmospheric propagation modeling indicates homing pigeons use loft-specific
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD AND NECK PLACODES
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD AND NECK Placodes and the development of organs of special sense L. Moss-Salentijn PLACODES Localized thickened areas of specialized ectoderm, lateral to the neural crest, at the
More informationINSTRUMENTATIONS TO INVESTIGATE MAGNETORECEPTION IN HOMING PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA)
INSTRUMENTATIONS TO INVESTIGATE MAGNETORECEPTION IN HOMING PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) A thesis Submitted to Cardiff University in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Noor Shuaib Aldoumani,
More informationUTILITY OF THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN RATS
ACTA NEUROBIOL. ELW. 1980, 40 : 999-3 Short communication UTILITY OF THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN RATS David E. TUPPER and Robert B. WALLACE Laboratory of Developmental Psychobiology, University of
More informationA quantitative study of hair growth using mouse and rat vibrissal follicles
/. Embryol. exp. Morph. Vol. 72, pp. 209-224, 1982 209 Printed in Great Britain Company of Biologists Limited 1982 A quantitative study of hair growth using mouse and rat vibrissal follicles I. Dermal
More informationDLS Sample Preparation Guide
DLS Sample Preparation Guide The Leica TCS SP8 DLS is an innovative concept to integrate the Light Sheet Microscopy technology into the confocal microscope. Due to its unique optical architecture samples
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature11046 Supplementary Figure 1: Images of PB-positive cells in the subepidermal region (a-i) Representative images of PB positive cells in the subepidermis of the upper beak of the pigeon.
More informationSmelling home: a good solution for burrow-finding in nocturnal petrels?
The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 259 2523 (2002) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited JEB4042 259 Smelling home: a good solution for burrow-finding in nocturnal petrels? Francesco
More informationMORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SYRINX IN THE BURSA ROLLER PIGEON (COLUMBA LIVIA)
Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 49, 323-327, 2005 MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SYRINX IN THE BURSA ROLLER PIGEON (COLUMBA LIVIA) HÜSEYIN YILDIZ 1, BESTAMI YILMAZ 2 AND İLKER ARICAN 1 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty
More informationOrientation of lizards in a Morris water-maze: roles of the sun compass and the parietal eye
98 The Journal of Experimental Biology, 98-9 Published by The Company of Biologists 009 doi:0./jeb.03987 Orientation of lizards in a Morris water-maze: roles of the sun compass and the parietal eye Augusto
More informationAnimal Behavior: Biology 3401 Laboratory 4: Social behaviour of young domestic chickens
1 Introduction: Animal Behavior: Biology 3401 Laboratory 4: Social behaviour of young domestic chickens In many species, social interactions among siblings and (or) between siblings and their parents during
More informationTHE EFFECT OF MUTILATION ON THE TAPEWORM TAENIA TAENIAEFORMIS
THE EFFECT OF MUTILATION ON THE TAPEWORM TAENIA TAENIAEFORMIS JOE N. MILLER AND WM. P. BUNNER The reader is undoubtedly aware of work which has been done by Child (1910) and others in mutilating certain
More informationSHORT TERM SCIENTIFIC MISSION (STSM) SCIENTIFIC REPORT
SHORT TERM SCIENTIFIC MISSION (STSM) SCIENTIFIC REPORT The STSM applicant submits this report for approval to the STSM coordinator Action number: CA15134 Synergy for preventing damaging behaviour in group
More informationActive sensing. Ehud Ahissar
Active sensing Ehud Ahissar 1 Active sensing Passive vs active sensing (touch) Comparison across senses Basic coding principles -------- Perceptual loops Sensation-targeted motor control Proprioception
More informationFlatworms Flatworms Platyhelminthes dorsoventrally free-living planarian parasitic fluke tapeworm label three body layers ectoderm mesoderm
Flatworms Flatworms are in the phylum Platyhelminthes. Flatworms are flattened dorsoventrally (top to bottom). The group includes the freshwater, free-living planarian and the parasitic fluke and tapeworm.
More informationIncubation Conditions and Integrity in Pekin Ducks
Incubation Conditions and Integrity in Pekin Ducks Ozan Akkus 1, Co-PI; Todd Applegate 2, Co-PI; Serife Agcaoglu 1 1 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
More informationHans G. Wallraff Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm
Hans G. Wallraff Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm Hans G. Wallraff Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm With 98 Figures Dr. Hans G. Wallraff Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 82319
More informationROSENTHAL(1) was the first to point out that the effect of section of
THE EFFECT OF SECTION OF THE VAGI ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE CAT. BY J. TREVAN AND E. BOOCK. (From the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories.) ROSENTHAL(1) was the first to point out that the effect
More informationPhylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms The Acoelomates The acoelomates are animals that lack a coelom. Acoelomates lack a body cavity, and instead the space between the body wall and the digestive tract is filled
More informationSCANNING electron - microscopy has
Characteristics of the Absorptive Surface of the Small Intestine of the Chicken from 1 Day to 14 Weeks of Age 1 R. C. BAYER, C. B. CHAWAN, F. H. BIRD AND S. D. MUSGRAVE Department of Animal and Veterinary
More informationZurich Open Repository and Archive. Flock flying improves pigeons' homing: GPS-track analysis of individual flyers versus small groups
University of Zurich Zurich Open Repository and Archive Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2008 Flock flying improves pigeons' homing: GPS-track analysis of individual flyers
More informationPre-natal construction of neural circuits (the highways are genetically specified):
Modification of Brain Circuits as a Result of Experience Chapter 24, Purves et al. 4 th Ed. Pre-natal construction of neural circuits (the highways are genetically specified): (1/6/2010) Mona Buhusi Postnatal
More informationFeline Lower Urinary Tract Disease FLUTD
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease FLUTD What is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease? Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) describes a collection of conditions in cats that can affect the bladder
More informationexamination, the slight resistance encountered being sufficient By J. HERBERT PARSONS.
PROCEEDI NGS OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL May 10, 1902. SOCIETY, A method of measuring a visual illusion. By HORACE DARWIN and W. H. R. RIVERS. The instrument we show is designed for the quantitative study of
More informationFrog Dissection Information Manuel
Frog Dissection Information Manuel Anatomical Terms: Used to explain directions and orientation of a organism Directions or Positions: Anterior (cranial)- toward the head Posterior (caudal)- towards the
More information(Received March 26, 1936) Mann[1925], Izquierdo and Cannon [1928], Barcroft and Stephens
189 6I2.4I:621.8 i SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DENERVATED SPLEEN BY J. BARCROFT AND R. H. E. ELLIOTT1 (From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge) (Received March 26, 1936) WITHIN the last decade, investigations
More informationINVESTIGATIONS ON THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF MOLAR AND ZYGOMATIC SALIVARY GLANDS IN SHORTHAIR DOMESTIC CATS
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (2009), 12, No 4, 221 225 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF MOLAR AND ZYGOMATIC SALIVARY GLANDS IN SHORTHAIR DOMESTIC CATS Summary A. A. MOHAMMADPOUR Department
More informationEvaluation of the hair growth and retention activity of two solutions on human hair explants
activity of two solutions on human hair explants Study Directed by Dr E. Lati of Laboratoire Bio-EC, Centre de Recherches Biologiques et d Experimentations Cutanees, on behalf of Pangaea Laboratories Ltd.
More informationPERFUSION OF ISOLATED DOG SKIN*
PERFUSION OF ISOLATED DOG SKIN* AAGE RITS KJAERSGAARD, M.D. Internal organs lend themselves easily to perfusion experiments. Important knowledge about intermediary metabolism of kidneys, liver, thyroid,
More informationStation 1. Echolocation
Echolocation Station 1 A lot of animals use echolocation to both navigate and hunt. They send out high-frequency sounds and use the returning echoes to form images of our environment. As if by singing,
More informationNUMBER: R&C-ARF-10.0
1. PURPOSE PAGE 1 OF 6 This policy describes the procedures for keeping and maintaining animal medical records. This procedure is approved by the Creighton University Institutional Animal Care and Use
More informationDistance and the presentation of visual stimuli to birds
Anim. Behav., 1997, 54, 1019 1025 Distance and the presentation of visual stimuli to birds MARIAN STAMP DAWKINS & ALAN WOODINGTON Department of Zoology, University of Oxford (Received 16 October 1996;
More informationComparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Presented by BIOBUGS: Biology Inquiry and Outreach with Boston University Graduate Students In association with LERNet and The BU Biology Teaching Laboratory Designed and
More informationAvian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm
Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm Bearbeitet von Hans G. Wallraff 1. Auflage 2004. Buch. xii, 229 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 22385 6 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1150 g Weitere
More informationField necropsy techniques in mammal and poultry
Field necropsy techniques in mammal and poultry Kidsadagon Pringproa, DVM, MS, PhD Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University
More informationON FORCE-FEEDING GEESE AND DUCKS (GAVAGE)
Jacopo Ghione ON FORCE-FEEDING GEESE AND DUCKS (GAVAGE) October 2018 ON FORCE-FEEDING GEESE AND DUCKS (GAVAGE) Gavage is the practice of feeding ducks and geese an excessive amount of calories, using instruments
More information1. Examine the specimens of sponges on the lab table. Which of these are true sponges? Explain your answers.
Station #1 - Porifera 1. Examine the specimens of sponges on the lab table. Which of these are true sponges? Explain your answers. 2. Sponges are said to have an internal special skeleton. Examine the
More informationcyst&' appeared to be of two kinds-one smaller and Smnith "is inclined to regard these epithelial cell parasites as
COCCIDIA IN SUBEPITHELIAL INFECTIONS OF THE INTESTINES OF BIRDS PHILIP B. HADLEY From the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Rhode Island State College' Received for publication, July 10, 1916 In an
More informationThe birds of London. Reading Practice
Reading Practice The birds of London There are more than two hundred different species and sub-species of birds in the London area, ranging from the magpie to the greenfinch, but perhaps the most ubiquitous
More informationThe Brain and Senses. Birds perceive the world differently than humans. Avian intelligence. Novel feeding behaviors
The Brain and Senses Birds perceive the world differently than humans Color and IR vision are highly developed Hearing is superior, owls track prey in total darkness Birds navigate using abilities to sense:
More informationMorphological Studies on the Adrenal Gland of Kuttanad Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) During Post Hatch Period
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 6 Ver. III (Jun. 2014), PP 58-62 Morphological Studies on the Adrenal Gland of Kuttanad
More informationCOULD OSMOTAXIS EXPLAIN THE ABILITY OF BLUE PETRELS TO RETURN TO THEIR BURROWS AT NIGHT?
The Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 1485 1489 (2001) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 JEB3091 1485 COULD OSMOTAXIS EXPLAIN THE ABILITY OF BLUE PETRELS TO RETURN TO THEIR
More informationWaved albatrosses can navigate with strong magnets attached to their head
The Journal of Experimental Biology 26, 4155-4166 23 The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:1.1242/jeb.65 4155 Waved albatrosses can navigate with strong magnets attached to their head Henrik Mouritsen 1, *,
More informationBiology Review: Amphibians
Name: Biology Review: Amphibians NOTE: USE THE SCANNED CHAPTER ON MY WEBSITE, NOT YOUR TEXTBOOK FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT 1-6. Amphibians were the first group of vertebrates to adapt to a land existence. What
More informationA. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Title: Euthanasia Guidelines Document #: 006 Version #: 01 UNTHSC Approved by IACUC Date: October 22, 2013 A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION a. Euthanasia techniques
More informationFrom Reptiles to Aves
First Vertebrates From Reptiles to Aves Evolutions of Fish to Amphibians Evolution of Amphibians to Reptiles Evolution of Reptiles to Dinosaurs to Birds Common Ancestor of Birds and Reptiles: Thecodonts
More informationEXOSTOSIS OF THE MANDIBLE OF THE CHICKEN
EXOSTOSIS OF THE MANDIBLE OF THE CHICKEN COMPLICATING EDEMA OF THE WATTLES GEORGE MILTON SMITH, M.D.1 (AnutomioaZ Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut) During the past year opportunity
More informationMedical Department PHYSIOLOGICAL EAR CLEANSER
PHYSIOLOGICAL EAR CLEANSER Their ears are fragile, take care! Structure of the external ear Pinna Ear canal External ear Border Collie Jack Russel Inner ear? Tympanic membrane Middle ear Bearded Collie
More informationThe Worms / Chapter 34 and Partial 35 (pgs )
Name: The Worms / Chapter 34 and Partial 35 (pgs.712-716) 1-6. Worms are not the simple organisms most people think of at first sight. List three specific features that support the idea that worms are
More informationInternational Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, No 6, 2016,
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, No 6, 2016, 4370 4374 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) Clinical article OTITIS EXTERNA ASSOCIATED WITH SCABIES AND ITS ZOONOTIC IMPORTANCE
More informationExamining and Medicating the Ears of Your Cat
Examining and Medicating the Ears of Your Cat Source: Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine https://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/outreach/pet Health Topics/categories/procedures/cats/examining
More informationReport. From Compromise to Leadership in Pigeon Homing
Current Biology 16, 2123 2128, November 7, 2006 ª2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.087 From Compromise to Leadership in Pigeon Homing Report Dora Biro, 1, * David J.T. Sumpter,
More informationVigilance Behaviour in Barnacle Geese
ASAB Video Practical Vigilance Behaviour in Barnacle Geese Introduction All the barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) in the world spend the winter in western Europe. Nearly one third of them overwinter in
More information