MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KUTTA THE NATIVE SHEEP BREED FROM NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.25, No.2, 2009 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KUTTA THE NATIVE SHEEP BREED FROM NORTHERN PAKISTAN SOHAIL AHMAD*, AMIR JALIL*, IHSANULLAH*, UROOBA PERVAIZ**, HASSAN KHAN*** and ALTAF-UR-RAHMAN* * Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan ** Department of Extension Education & Communication, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan *** Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, NWFP, Peshawar, Pakistan ABSTRACT This study investigated the morphological features of a local sheep breed harbouring at Swat, locally called Kutta or Arerhai or Watani. Data were collected on 207 animals (174 ewes and 33 rams) of different ages in 59 different flocks at the native tract. Traits studies included: Head and neck traits, back and tail traits, teats and testes, height, and depth traits, coat covert and colouring. Kutta was characteristically black coat colour; however some white spots on face and limbs were uncommon. Kutta was a small sized breed, possessed a small sized, thin short tail sheep with an average weight of 23.2±0.34 kg (males: 26.0±0.56 kg; females: 22.9±0.41 kg) and slightly convex nose. Males were horned and females were polled. Birth weight averaged 1.3±5.32kg and ranged between 1.0±0.00 and 1.4± 0.09 kg. Average body was 23.9±0.34 cm. Sex and age were important contributors to differences in most traits; however, location differences also affected few of the traits. Location differences existed for weight traits and animals at Kabal, Biha and Sakhra were slightly bigger and heavier as compared to Kalam, Malamjaba, Marghuzar and Shawar Valleys. Sex and age contributed significantly to weight differences. Animals had medium size head, with slightly bulging forehead, tapering face and shining eyes. Ewes were characteristically polled; however, rams carried horns, 24.9±0.93 cm long, affected by sex, age and their interaction significantly. In mature males, horns run backward, and grow outward some how spirally. Adult population had fully developed, floppy (semi pendulous) laterally protruded, and free of any pricks, small sized ears with an average of 10.5±0.22 cm and blade-width of 5.3±0.08cm, and was not affected by any factor. Lambs in Biha had higher respective body weight while lambs in Marghuzar and Kabal were inferior to the remaining valleys. Key Words: Kutta sheep, Morphological Characteristics, Swat Citation: Ahmad, S., A. Jalil, Ihsanullah, U. Pervaiz, H. Khan and Altaf-ur-Rahman. 2009. Morphological characterization of Kutta-The native sheep breed from Northern Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 25(2): 279-284. INTRODUCTION Thousands of farm animal breeds have been developed over millennia to thrive under specific conditions (FAO, 2000). Nearly 20% of the documented breeds are considered to be under the risk of extinction (FAO, 2000). Among the total 7600 breeds so far documented in the Global databank Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR), 11% got extinct and only 38% are out of the risk of extinction. Astonishingly, approximately 35% are not yet properly known (described) (FAO, 2007) and it is feared they may get extinct before they are attempted for identification. Many nations of the world are losing their genetic heritage, which could be otherwise critical for both food security and sustainable development. According to an estimate industrial livestock operations are growing twice as fast as traditional mixed farming system, and six times as fast as traditional grazing system, which could resultantly limit the development and promotion to a few species and breeds among the domesticated AnGR. The primary task for those concerned with the conservation and maintenance of farm genetic diversity is to understand, collate and make useable all available information on agricultural genetic resources. Among the major principles as laid down by Javis et al., (2000), include collecting baseline and the morphological features of the breed, performance evaluation and analysis etc. Although the scope of morphological characterizing breeds is limited (FAO 2007), yet it is the first step for any breed to be identified to be brought into identification list and further promotion. In Pakistan, no organized efforts since have been made for bringing the over looked breeds into the identified list, except a fresh attempt where a native breed (Kari) in the Hindukush ranges was characterized extensively (Ahmad, 2008). The current study is a fresh attempt to morphologically characterize a native breed of

Sohail Ahmad et al. Morphological characterization of Kutta the native sheep breed 280 sheep in Swat, locally known as Kutta, or Watanai or Arerhai. This will help bring on the national inventory and will facilitate the policy makers to include on the national livestock census. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling Respondents for Survey This study investigated the morphological features of a local sheep breed from Swat called Kutta. Data were collected on 207 animals (174 ewes and 33 rams) of different ages spread over 59 different flocks in seven valleys in the native tract. The marketing of the Kutta sheep were also investigated. Morphological Examination of Sheep Data on morphological traits such as head (head, mouth width, ears, ears blade width, horns orientation and colour. Tail, general body description (body, height at wither and rump, body depth at heart and belly. coat cover and colour were collected using guidance suggested by FAO (1986). The colour, shape and physical appearance were studied with naked eye observation. Metric traits were measured with the help of the Hanging animal weighing scale, measuring frame (locally designed), measuring tape, meter sticks, Vernier Calliper and digital camera (8 mega-pixel). Data Analysis Univariate analyses were performed using generalized linear model. Non-parametric data were analyzed using chi-squared statistic and the continuous data through GLM. Least square means were computed for each variable in the model. Metric traits were analyzed using a linear model having effects of location (1-7), sex (1-2), age (1-6) and interaction of sex and age. Mathematical form of the model is as under Y ijkl = µ + L i + S j + A k + (S*A) jk + e ijkl Where: Y ijkl = Individual observation µ = Mean L i = Effect of i th location = Effect of the j th sex of sheep S j A k = Effect of the k th age of the sheep (S*A) jk = Interaction of sex and age e ijkl = Random error RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data collected on 207 adult animals (174 females and 33 males) in seven valleys from Swat District was analysed for morphological characterization of the native sheep breed Kutta. Traits included: head and neck traits; back and tail traits; teats and testes; height and depth traits; coat colour and coverings. Coat Colour and Coverings All the animals had dark black coat colour, however, white or brown patches were existed on face, forehead and sometimes on the lower limbs. Wool covered the whole body except face, limbs and testes, where the limbs were covered with hairs. Head, Neck, Back and Tail Traits Estimated marginal means of majority of Morphometric traits and the effect of location, sex, age, sex to age is presented in Table I-II. Kutta was a small sized breed, possessed a small sized, thin short tail sheep with an average weight of 23.2±0.34 kg (males: 26.0±0.56 kg; females: 22.9±0.41 kg) and slightly convex nose. Location differences existed for weight traits and animals at Kabal, Biha and Sakhra were slightly bigger and heavier as compared to Kalam, Malamjaba, Marghuzar and Shawar Valleys. Sex and age contributed significantly to weight differences.

Sohail Ahmad et al. Morphological characterization of Kutta the native sheep breed 281 Animals had medium size head, with slightly bulging forehead, tapering face and shining eyes. The skull was comparatively wide, narrowed at the lower facial parts and the head was 21.8±0.32 cm long, which was affected by location (P<0.01), age (P<0.001) and age by sex (P<0.001). Mean mouth width was 12.2±0.26 cm and was affected by age (P<0.001) and age sex (P<0.05). Ewes were characteristically polled; however, rams carried horns had 24.9±0.93 cm mean, affected by sex, age and their interaction significantly. In mature males, horns ran backward, and grew outward some how spirally. Horns coloured black, cylindrical shaped, roughly triangular in cross section and pointed at the tip. Adult population had fully developed, floppy (semi pendulous) laterally protruded, and free of any pricks, small sized ears with an average of 10.5±0.22 cm and blade-width of 5.3±0.08cm, and was not affected by any factor. The head is supported by the neck having of 33.3±0.59 cm and girth of 40.0±0.55 cm which was affected by location, sex, age and age sex. The back was slightly curved downward; ending in a thin tail had mean 25.1±0.70 cm, affected by age, sex and their interaction. Table I. Factors affecting different body measurements in Kutta sheep Trait N Environmental factors Location Sex Age Sex age Body weight 207 * * *** *** Head 207 ** NS *** *** Mouth width 207 NS NS *** * Horn Length 33 NS *** ** ** Ear 207 NS NS NS NS Ear blade width 207 NS NS NS * Neck 207 ** *** * *** Neck girth 207 *** *** *** *** Tail 207 NS *** ** *** Body height at wither 207 NS NS *** * Body height at rump 207 NS * *** ** Body 207 NS NS ** * Girth at heart 207 NS *** NS * Girth at belly 207 NS ** * *** Body depth at heart 207 NS NS *** * Body depth at belly 207 NS * *** * Rump width at front 207 NS NS *** NS Rump width at back 207 NS * *** NS Rump 207 *** * *** ** No of teats 174 NS NS NS NS Extra teats 174 NS NS NS NS Teats 174 NS NS *** NS Distance b/w two teats 174 NS NS NS NS Scrotal circumference 33 NS NS ** * Testes 33 NS NS ** * (Key: NS = Non-Significant, * = P < 0.05, ** = 0.01, *** = 0.001)

Sohail Ahmad et al. Morphological characterization of Kutta the native sheep breed 282 Table II. Least square mean for head and neck traits (cm) in Kutta sheep Age class (years) Trait Sex N Body Weight Head Mouth width Horns Ear Ear blade width Neck Neck girth Tail Overall 1 2 3 4 5 6 33 21.0±0.76 26.1±0.64 27.1±0.45 29.3±1.27 26.0±0.56 174 17.4±0.13 19.5±0.35 22.7±0.38 22.3±0.21 23.8±1.90 23.8±1.26 22.9±0.41 Means 207 19.0±0.27 21.3±0.33 22.8±0.16 22.90±0.59 23.8±1.90 23.8±1.26 23.2±0.34 33 21.0±0.56 22.5±0.69 20.8±0.46 20.3±1.47 21.0±0.56 174 22.4±0.33 25.1±0.36 23.3±0.28 22.3±0.31 22.8±1.93 22.8±1.46 22.4±0.33 Means 207 19.0±0.70 24.3±0.34 21.8±0.26 21.93±0.69 22.8±1.93 22.8±1.36 21.8±0.32 33 12.7±0.85 13.5±0.43 13.1±0.27 13.4±0.85 13.9±1.19 12.7±0.85 174 11.8±0.19 13.7±0.21 11.5±o.16 13.7±0.18 13.9±1.19 12.7±0.85 13.0±0.19 Means 207 12.2±0.43 13.8±0.21 12.2±0.16 13.5±0.43 13.9±1.19 12.7±0.85 13.0±0.19 33 25.4±2.51 23.9±1.18 25.0±0.79 25.4±2.5 24.9±0.93 174 10.9±0.20 11.5±0.57 11.2±0.18 11.0±0.19 10.1±1.33 9.5±0.94 10.6±0.21 33 10.7±0.93 10.0±0.44 9.1±0.25 10.7±0.93 10.1±0.35 Means 207 10.8±0.48 10.5±0.24 10.2±0.18 10.9±0.48 10.1±1.33 9.5±0.94 10.5±0.22 174 5.1±0.78 5.3±0.08 5.2±0.06 5.8±0.07 6.3±0.49 5.0±0.34 5.5±0.08 33 5.0±0.34 5.2±0.16 5.4±0.11 5.1±0.35 5.2±0.13 Means 207 5.1±0.17 5.2±0.08 5.3±0.06 5.4±0.17 6.3±0.49 5.0±0.34 5.3±0.08 33 36.83±2.5 35.5±1.21 33.4±0.81 34.4±2.59 34.7±2.1 34.2±2.5 33.0±0.58 174 33.0±0.57 29.2±0.63 35.0±0.50 31.8±0.50 35.0±0.98 Means 207 34.9±1.30 31.9±0.65 34.5±0.48 33.1±1.29 30.4±3.59 34.2±2.54 33.3±0.59 33 43.1±2.38 41.2±1.12 41.2±0.46 42.0±2.39 41.7±0.91 174 37.2±0.53 33.7±0.58 40.2±0.46 37.2±0.50 41.5±1.94 40.6±2.38 38.6±0.54 Means 207 40.2±1.22 37.6±0.60 40.7±0.45 39.6±1.21 43.1±3.36 40.6±2.38 40.0±0.55 174 21.14±0.69 20.3±0.79 19.4±0.60 19.0±0.65 19.0±2.05 21.5±3.05 21.9±0.70 33 25.4±3.08 30.4±1.45 30.4±0.47 30.4±3.10 29.2±1.71 Means 207 23.3±1.54 30.4±0.77 24.8±0.57 25.1±1.54 21.5±4.27 21.5±3.02 25.0±0.70 Body Height, Length and Depth Mean body height at withers and rump was 48.0±0.74 and 52.8±0.81 cm, affected by sex (P<0.05), age (P<0.001) and age sex (P<0.01) (Table I & III). Withers and back were generally flat. Body averaged 64.4±0.41 cm affected by age (P<0.01) and age sex (P<0.05). Average girth at heart and belly were 70.7±0.55 and 86.2± 0.77 cm respectively, affected by only age (P<0.001) and sex in case of belly girth. Heart girth was more in male, contrary to belly girth which is higher in female. Body depth at heart and belly were 24.5±0.50 and 31.0± 0.58 cm respectively. Both were affected by age (P<0.001) and age sex (P<0.05) whereas body depth at belly was by an additional factor of sex also. The bony frame seemed apparently firm to support the animal in grazing over steep flanks and in escaping from the wild predators, if any. Rump was 12.5±0.16 cm long; wide down at the distal end, comparatively wider at front (14.1±0.24 cm) and narrow down at the distal end (13.7±0.25 cm). Rump was affected by location (P<0.001), age (P<0.05), sex (P<0.001) and age sex (P<0.01). Rump width at front was affected by age (P<0.001), whereas rump width at back was additionally affected by sex (P<0.05).

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.25, No.2, 2009 283 Table III. Least square mean for body measurement traits (cm) in Kutta sheep Trait Sex Age class (years) Overall N 1 2 3 4 5 6 33 36.8±3.20 52.4±1.54 51.2±1.01 50.3±3.21 47.7±1.22 174 40.2±0.71 48.1±0.79 46.6±0.62 50.2±0.68 48.1±2.61 54.6±3.20 48.0±0.72 Means 207 38.6±1.63 51.1±0.81 48.4±0.60 50.5±1.63 48.2±4.51 54.6±3.19 48.0±0.74 33 39.7±3.44 58.9±1.62 58.1±1.09 57.9±3.46 53.5±1.31 174 44.9±0.77 51.17±0.8 51.6±0.67 54.9±0.73 53.1±2.81 55.8±3.41 52.0±0.78 Body height at wither Body height at rump Body Girth at heart Girth at belly Body depth at heart Body depth at belly Rump width at back Rump width at front Rump Teats and Testes Means 207 42.2±1.77 55.8±0.88 54.5±0.66 56.6±1.77 53.3±4.91 55.8±3.47 52.8±0.81 33 63.5±1.70 64.6±0.86 65.1±0.54 66.6±1.7 64.9±0.65 174 57.3±0.38 61.9±0.42 62.6±0.33 65.3±0.36 67.7±1.3 68.8±1.7 63.9±039 Means 207 60.4±0.88 63.4±0.44 63.8±0.33 66.0±0.88 68.5±2.45 68.5±1.73 64.4±0.41 33 72.39±2.3 74.35±1.18 71.8±0.75 69.72±2.3 72.0±0.90 174 64.3±0.53 68.5±0.58 69.5±046 71.97±0.5 72.3±1.93 72.39±2.3 69.8±0.54 Means 207 68.3±1.21 71.4±0.68 70.7±0.45 70.8±1.21 72.3±3.36 72.3±2.37 70.7±0.55 33 79.0±0.7 80.14±0.8 84.3±0.6 88.5±0.69 89.9±2.67 89.53±3.26 85.2±0.7 174 91.4±3.26 85.5±1.5 88.6±1.03 83.19±3.2 87.2±1.24 Means 207 85.3±1.69 83.1±0.84 86.5±0.63 86.2±1.68 90.1±4.67 89.5±3.30 86.2±0.77 33 20.03±0.48 20.78±0.53 23.4±0.42 25.86±0.46 30.4±1.76 25.40±2.15 24.3±0.49 174 20.95±2.15 25.82±1.07 24.1±0.68 24.11±2.16 23.7±0.82 Means 207 20.9±1.09 23.0±0.54 23.8±0.40 25.0±1.08 35.5±3.01 24.4±2.13 24.5±0.50 33 24.76±0.55 26.00±0.6 28.3±0.48 32.26±0.53 37.2±2.0 33.02±2.4 30.2±0.56 174 27.94±2.4 31.60±1.17 32.5±2.5 32.98±2.5 31.2±0.95 Means 207 26.4±1.26 28.5±0.63 30.5±0.47 32.7±1.26 40.6±3.50 33.0±2.47 31.0±0.58 33 12.7±1.09 13.2±0.56 13.0±0.36 12.7±1.09 12.9±0.41 174 11.9±0.24 14.4±0.27 13.2±0.21 12.9±0.23 13.5±0.89 17.1±1.98 13.8±0.24 Means 207 12.3±0.54 14.1±0.27 13.0±0.20 12.7±0.54 15.2±1.51 17.1±1.07 13.7±0.25 33 15.8±0.79 15.2±0.37 15.2±0.25 15.3±0.80 15.4±0.30 174 13.7±0.17 14.1±0.19 13.8±0.15 13.6±0.17 15.6±0.65 17.7±0.79 14.8±0.18 Means 207 14.8±0.40 14.7±0.200 14.5±0.14 14.4±0.14 17.7±1.10 17.7±0.78 15.2±0.18 33 11.4±0.71 13.8±0.33 12.9±0.22 12.8±0.79 12.7±0.27 174 12.1±0.16 12.8±0.17 12.6±0.14 11.6±0.15 12.7±0.58 12.7±0.57 12.4±0.16 Means 207 11.8±0.36 13.4±0.18 12.7±0.13 12.1±0.36 12.7±0.99 12.7±0.70 12.5±0.16 Ewes had two laterally placed teats with average of 3.6±0.14 cm; on the average 8.5±0.08 cm apart (Table IV). Testes was 13.9±0.24 cm and mean scrotal circumference was 16.9±0.20 cm in rams. Teats in ewes were laterally placed on the udder with average of 2.0±0.04 cm and 8.1±0.03 cm distance between them. Teats increased with age (P<0.001). Yearling Kutta had average teat of 2.1±0.10 cm which increased to 5.0±0.47 cm at the age of 6 years. Table IV. Least squares means for Teat and Testes Traits (cm) in Kutta sheep Trait Sex N Age class 1 2 3 4 5 6 Overall Teats 174 2.1±0.10 2.6±0.11 3.1±0.09 3.3±0.10 5.0±0.66 5.0±0.47 3.6±0.14 Distance b/w 174 8.0±0.08 8.6±0.09 8.4±0.07 8.5±0.08 8.8±0.55 8.8±0.39 8.5±0.08 two teats Scrotum 33 16.5±0.51 16.0±0.23 17.5±0.51 17.7±0.51 16.9±0.20 circumference Testes 33 13.9±0.63 13.4±0.29 14.9±0.20 13.9±0.63 13.9±0.24 In male, testes had a mean of 13.9± 0.34 cm. Age and age sex were among the significant factors for the testes and scrotal circumference (Table I) for Kutta breeding rams aging 1 to 4 years.

Sohail Ahmad et al. Morphological characterization of Kutta the native sheep breed 284 Majority of the sheep breeds in Pakistan are white (Husnain, 1985) yet, brown, red or black coloured sheep are also found, however, dark black colour characterise Kutta sheep. White and brown patches are however common. Kutta has maximum resemblance in colour and appearance with Kaghani sheep, which is considered as one of the threatened breeds (Ahmad, 2008). Molecular studies based on SSR markers revealed that these two breeds are among the closest in the province (Ahmad 2008). The situation emphasizes designing a sound conservation strategy based on current population status and trend. Medium ears were comparatively larger than Kari, Buchi and Damani (Khan et al., 2005). Horns shape somehow resembled Kari, Bibrik and Balochi but were comparatively smaller in size. Body weight, height and were comparatively larger than those reported for Kari, yet lower to many indigenous breeds (Isani and Baloch, 1996) Generally breeds from plain areas are heavier: such as Kajli and Balkhi may weigh more than 70 kg but breeds native to mountainous terrain of the country are light: such as Kail may weigh 35-40 kg on the average (Khan, 2003) which is still larger than the Kutta. Breeds such as Garole have been reported to be the lightest breed, weighing 8.08±0.11 and 8.68±0.11 kg for rams and ewes, respectively, as reported by Pan and Sahoo (2002). In some of the other traits some similarity with other breeds exists however, age differences were according to expectations. Location differences however, suggested that animals at Biha were comparatively larger and heavier than the other locations indicating the possibility of presence of variation in different ecotypes probably because of factors such as topography, feed and fodder resources variation. Presently major utility of the breed is limited to wool production feeding local cottage industry for manufacturing hand woven cloth; locally called Lamsay and sharri. Mutton is the main economic trait and is of considerable importance. Migratory farmer are normally dependent upon their flocks and therefore give considerable attention to its breeding. A ram of good reputation was usually based on apparent phenotype which was highly valued amongst the Ajars. About 43% of the rams were sold on eid and about 29% on their sickness. None of the ram was reported are sold for cash and consumed at home however approx 29% were sold upon their reduced productivity (old age). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Kutta is a small sized, thin tail breed of sheep, black coated, where males are horned and females polled. Location differences existed for most of the height and weight traits; however these are insufficient to differentiate these in to different strains. Sex and age and their combined effect were more pronounced on many traits. The breed was seasonal in oestrous manifestation and invariably gestated in 5 months. The breed is recommended to be listed on the national inventory and may be included in the forth coming livestock. However, performance for conventional and non-conventional traits (disease resistance and adoptability to harsh conditions, organic produce and their quality, and fluctuation feed supply etc) needs to be focused to explore its genetic worth. Molecular studies will prove helpful in exploring its worth further. REFERENCES Ahmad. S. 2008. Performance and Phylogenetic position of Kari sheep in Pakistan. Ph.D Thesis, Deptt. of Anim. Breed. and Genet. Univ. of Agric. Faisalabad, Pakistan. 219p. FAO. 1986. Animal genetic resource data banks, 2. Descriptor lists for cattle, buffalo, pigs, sheep and goats. Anim. Prod. and Health paper 59/2. FAO. 2000. United Nations Statement of Food Security in Pakistan. FAO, Rome. FAO. 2007. State of the World Report on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agric. ISBN 978-92-5-105762-9, (Ed: B. Rischkowsky and D. Pilling) Rome Italy. 511p. Husnain, H.U. 1985. Sheep and goat in Pakistan. FAO Anim. Produc. and Health paper 56, FAO, Rome. Isani, G.B. and M.N. Baloch. 1996. Sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan. Press Corp. Pakistan. Jarvis, D.I., L. Myer, H. Klemick, L. Guarino, M. Smale, A.H.D. Brown, M. Sadiki, B. Sthapit and T. Hodgkin. 2000. A Training Guide for in situ conservation on-farm. Ver. 1. Int l Plant Genet. Resources Instt., Rome, Italy. Available by download at: http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp/id PUB=611). Khan, A.G. 2003. Rangelands and Livestock. NASSD Background Paper: Rangelands and Livestock. IUCN Pak. Northern Areas Program., Gilgit. Rosette Printers, Karachi. 47p. [www.northernareas.gov.pk/nassd] Khan, B.B., M. Younas, M. Riaz and M. Yaqoob. 2005. Breeds of Livestock in Pakistan. 55p. Pan, S. and A.K. Sahoo. 2002. Current status of prolific Garole sheep breeding in low input system of the breeding tract in India. 7th World Cong. on Genet. Appl. to Livest. Prod. Aug. 19-23, 2002.